Aims. The use of cementless total knee arthroplasty (TKA) components has increased during the past decade. The initial design of cementless metal-backed
Introduction. Persistent patellofemoral (PF) pain is a common postoperative complication after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). In the USA, patella resurfacing is conducted in more than 80% of primary TKAs [1], and is, therefore, an important factor during surgery. Studies have revealed that the position of the
Introduction:. The widespread use of TKA promoted studies on kinematics after TKA, particularly of the femorotibial joint. Knee joint kinematics after TKA, including the range of motion (ROM) and the physical performance, are also influenced by the biomechanical properties of the patella. Surgeons sometimes report complications after TKA involvinganterior knee pain, patellofemoral impingement and instability. However, only few studies have focused specially on the patella. Because the patella bone is small and overlapped with the femoral component on scan images. In addition, the
Aims: The aim of the study was to determine the efþcacy of jet lavage in comparison to syringe lavage with respect to cement penetration and stability of the poly-ethylene
Purpose: Patellar complications are among the most frequent after total knee arthroplasty. Encasing the patellar piece is one way of resisting the shear forces leading to loosening. Material and Methods: We studied at more than five years the results obtained with a total knee prosthesis implanted with preservation of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL). This prosthesis has an asymmetric encased patellar insert with a cemented central pivot. The instrumentation ensures patellar thickness. We reviewed 104 implants at more than five years. Six had been lost to follow-up. Ninety-eight implants were still in place. Results: The following complications were observed: four fractures of the upper rim with little displacement (these fractures healed and pain regressed but the insert had moved); three vertical patellar fractures with little displacement (these fractures healed; two were symptomatic temporarily); one transverse fracture of the upper pole with displacement causing a defect in active extension; eight moderate asymptomatic impactions which were visible on the lateral x-ray (modified orientation of the insert with cement fracture). There was no significant difference for functional results (pain 40.9; movement 21.9; knee score 84.3) between patients with or without a patellar complication. Discussion: Insertion of an asymmetric prosthesis increased the risk of an orientation error (two cases early in our experience). Encasing the patellar insert limits medialisation yet the centering was satisfactory (centred patella 95.2%, shift 3.6%, subluxation 1.2%). Encasing provides a peripheral wall protecting against transverse sheer forces. The lateral wall did not fracture, demonstrating its efficacy. The upper wall can fracture under the force of flexion without functional consequences. The other fractures, favoured by section of the lateral patellar wing (p<
0.05), were not treated. Moderate but certain impaction was noted in eight cases at a mean 3.5 years (1–6 years). It was due to failure of bony support under the effect of the compression forces applied on a small surface. The diameter of the encased patellar inserts was rarely more than 25 mm. Once the prosthesis is in place, the periphery of the patella is the only component articulating with the trochlea and its impaction does not cause further aggravation. This contact did not lead to pain in any patients. Conclusions: Complications observed with encased
Purpose: Patellar complications are among the most frequent after total knee arthroplasty. Encasing the patellar piece is one way of resisting the shear forces leading to loosening. Material and methods: We studied at more than five years the results obtained with a total knee prosthesis implanted with preservation of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL). This prosthesis has an asymmetric encased patellar insert with a cemented central pivot. The instrumentation ensures patellar thickness. We reviewed 104 implants at more than five years. Six had been lost to follow-up. Ninety-eight implants were still in place. Results: The following complications were observed: four fractures of the upper rim with little displacement (these fractures healed and pain regressed but the insert had moved); three vertical patellar fractures with little displacement (these fractures healed; two were symptomatic temporarily); one transverse fracture of the upper pole with displacement causing a defect in active extension; eight moderate asymptomatic impactions which were visible on the lateral x-ray (modified orientation of the insert with cement fracture). There was no significant difference for functional results (pain 40.9; movement 21.9; knee score 84.3) between patients with or without a patellar complication. Discussion: Insertion of an asymmetric prosthesis increased the risk of an orientation error (two cases early in our experience). Encasing the patellar insert limits medialisation yet the centering was satisfactory (centred patella 95.2%, shift 3.6%, subluxation 1.2%). Encasing provides a peripheral wall protecting against transverse sheer forces. The lateral wall did not fracture, demonstrating its efficacy. The upper wall can fracture under the force of flexion without functional consequences. The other fractures, favoured by section of the lateral patellar wing (p<
0.05), were not treated. Moderate but certain impaction was noted in eight cases at a mean 3.5 years (1–6 years). It was due to failure of bony support under the effect of the compression forces applied on a small surface. The diameter of the encased patellar inserts was rarely more than 25 mm. Once the prosthesis is in place, the periphery of the patella is the only component articulating with the trochlea and its impaction does not cause further aggravation. This contact did not lead to pain in any patients. Conclusions: Complications observed with encased
Aims. Our intention was to investigate if the highly porous biological fixation surfaces of a new 3D-printed total knee arthroplasty (TKA) achieved adequate fixation of the tibial and
Abstract. Patellofemoral Arthroplasty (PFA) is an alternative to TKA for patellofemoral osteoarthritis that preserves tibiofemoral compartments. It is unknown how implant positioning affects biomechanics, especially regarding the patella. This study analysed biomechanical effects of femoral and
Abstract. Objectives. Patella resurfacing in primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) remains a contentious issue. Australian rates of patellar resurfacing are 66.6%, significantly higher compared to UK rates of 8–15% and Swedish rates of 2%. Resurfacing has gained popularity in Australia since registry data has shown decreased revision rates with no increase in
Introduction. We have been re-evaluating patellofemoral alignment after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) by using a weight- bearing axial radiographic view after detecting patellar maltracking (lateral tilt > 5° or lateral subluxation > 5 mm) on standard non-weight-bearing axial radiographs. However, it is unclear whether the
One of the most controversial issues in total knee replacement is whether or not to resurface the patella. In order to determine the effects of different designs of femoral component on the conformity of the patellofemoral joint, five different knee prostheses were investigated. These were Low Contact Stress, the Miller-Galante II, the NexGen, the Porous-Coated Anatomic, and the Total Condylar prostheses. Three-dimensional models of the prostheses and a native patella were developed and assessed by computer. The conformity of the curvature of the five different prosthetic femoral components to their corresponding patellar implants and to the native patella at different angles of flexion was assessed by measuring the angles of intersection of tangential lines. The Total Condylar prosthesis had the lowest conformity with the native patella (mean 8.58°; 0.14° to 29.9°) and with its own
Complications of the patellofemoral (PF) joint remain a common cause for revision of total knee replacements. PF complications, such as patellar maltracking, subluxation, dislocation and implant failure, have been linked to femoral and
INTRODUCTION. Wear and fracture of
Introduction. A large number of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) patients, particularly in Japan, India and the Middle East, exhibit anatomy with substantial proximal tibial torsion. Alignment of the tibial components with the standard anterior-posterior (A-P) axis of the tibia can result in excessive external rotation of the tibial components with respect to femoral component alignment. This in turn influences patellofemoral (PF) mechanics and forces required by the extensor mechanism. The purpose of the current study was to determine if a rotating-platform (RP) TKA design with an anatomic
Many recent knee prostheses are designed aiming to the physiological knee kinematics on tibiofemoral joint, which means the femoral rollback and medial pivot motion. However, there have been few studies how to design a
Introduction. Uncemented highly porous titanium implants have been shown to promote osseointegration, and may result in a durable construct for total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Given the mixed results of uncemented TKA, it is important to evaluate the early stability for this product. The objective of the following study was to use radiostereometric analysis (RSA) to assess early fixation of a highly porous tibial baseplate and metal backed patella. Methods. Twenty-seven patients (mean age 64 years, 30% female) undergoing primary TKA consented to participate in this prospective cohort study. All patients received a highly porous tibial baseplate, a metal backed patella and tantalum RSA bone markers. Implant migration was assessed using model-based RSA at 1.5, 3, 6, 12 and 24 months post-operative. Patient reported outcome measures were captured using the same follow-up schedule, and compared to pre-operative measures. Results. There were no adverse events affecting implant fixation, and no revisions. Patient function significantly improved by 3 months post-operation (p < 0.001). The highest rate of tibia and patellar component migration occurred over the first six post-operative weeks, with minimal migration thereafter. Mean maximum total point motion (MTPM) at 24 months was 0.72 (SD 0.34) mm for the tibia, and 0.44 (SD 0.25) mm for the patella. Three tibia baseplates migrated more than 1 standard deviation greater than the mean at 24 months, and also had continuous migration (> 0.2mm of MTPM) in the second post-operative year. One
Introduction A biomechanical model was developed to measure wear of all-polyethylene
INTRODUCTION: Following Total Knee Arthroplasties, patellofemoral complications have shown to be responsible for approximately 50% of re-operations. Contemporary patellar designs employ both “onlay” and “inset” configurations. The latter promotes ease of placement, reduced bone removal and a heralded theoretic advantage of increased strength at the fixation interface. However, to date, no reports have compared the disassociation strengths of these two
Purpose. Measurements of patellar kinematics are essential to investigate the link between anterior knee pain following knee arthroplasty and patellar maltracking. A major challenge in studying the patellofemoral (PF) joint postoperatively is that the
Introduction/Aim. Outcomes for guided motion primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in obese patients are unknown. Materials and Methods. 1,684 consecutive patients underwent 2,059 primary TKAs with a second-generation guided motion implant (Journey II Bi-Cruciate Stabilized Knee System, Smith & Nephew, Inc., Memphis) between 2011–2017 at three European and seven US sites. Results. Of 2,003 (97.3%) TKAs in 1,644 patients with BMI data: average age 64.5 years; 58.4% females; average BMI 32.5 kg/m. 2. ;13.4% had BMI ≥ 40 kg/m. 2. Subjects with BMI ≥ 40 kg/m. 2. had longest length of hospital stay (LOS) at European sites; LOS similar at US sites. Subjects with BMI ≥ 40 kg/m. 2. (P=0.0349) had longest surgery duration. BMI ≥ 40 kg/m. 2. had more re-hospitalizations or post-TKA reoperations than BMI < 40 kg/m. 2. (12.7% and 9.2% at five-year post-TKA, P<.0495). 62 TKAs were revised (3.39/100 TKA at five years) with no differences in revision risk between groups. 17 (27.4%) revisions involved femoral or tibial component removal; 45 (72.6%) involved tibial insert or
Introduction. Patellar tracking in total knee replacements has been extensively studied, but little is known about patellar tracking in isolated patellofemoral replacements. We compared patellar tracking and the position of the patellar groove in the natural knee, followed by implantation of the femoral component of a PFR (patella unresurfaced) and after implantation of the femoral &
Introduction: Patellar complications after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) remain a common reason for failure. Fully congruent
There is no question that at some point many TKAs will be cementless-the question is when. The advantages of cementless TKA include a shorter operative time, no need for a tourniquet, more suitability for MIS, no concern for cement extrusion, and the history of THA. The concerns for cementless TKA include the history to date with cementless TKA (tibia and metal-backed patella), variable bony substrate, surgical cut precision, cost, revision concerns, and the patella (for patella component resurfacers). Cemented total knee arthroplasty remains the gold standard and has proven to provide durable results in most patients. The early experience with cementless tibial fixation was problematic due to tibial micromotion leading to pain and loosening. Screw fixed tibial components had additional problems as portals for polyethylene debris leading to tibial osteolysis. Moreover, metal-backed
The low contact stress patellofemoral replacement consists of a trochlear component and a modular
Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a successful operation associated with a high rate of clinical success and long-term durability. Cementless technology for TKA was first explored 30 years ago with the hope of simplifying the performance of the procedure and reducing an interface for potential failure by eliminating the use of cement. Poor implant design and the use of first generation biomaterials have been implicated in many early failures of these prostheses due to aseptic loosening and reflected the failure of either the tibial or
General Principles. All repairs should be repaired in full extension. Repairs should be immobilised in full extension for 6–12 weeks. Gradual resumption of motion in a hinged brace over an additional 6–8 weeks almost always yields flexion to at least 90 degrees. Marlex mesh has been shown to be an excellent replacement as well as an augment for deficient soft tissue. Acute tibial tuberosity avulsion. Open repair is best accomplished with a non-absorbable heavy Krackow suture, secured distally around a screw and washer followed by 6 to 8 weeks of immobilization. Augmentation with a semitendinosus graft or Marlex mesh can provide additional support. Acute Patella Tendon Rupture. End-to-end repair is standard, but re-rupture is not uncommon, so supplemental semitendinosus reconstruction is recommended. The tendon is harvested proximally, left attached distally and passed through a transverse hole in the inferior patella. The gracilis tendon can be harvested and sutured to semitendinosus for additional length, if needed. Acute Quadriceps Tendon Rupture. These can be repaired end-to-end with a non-absorbable heavy Krackow suture. A superficial quadriceps fascial turndown or mesh may be a useful adjunct. Patella Fracture. Treatment depends on the status of the
Complications involving the patellofemoral joint,
caused by malrotation of the femoral component during total knee replacement,
are an important cause of persistent pain and failure leading to
revision surgery. The aim of this study was to determine and quantify
the influence of femoral component malrotation on patellofemoral
wear, and to determine whether or not there is a difference in the
rate of wear of the
Background. Multiple retrospective studies have compared UC with traditional bearings and shown comparable results and outcomes when looking at clinical and radiologic variables, complications rates, and implant survivorship; however, debate still exists regarding the optimum bearing surface. The present study seeks to determine whether there are any preoperative patient demographic or medical factors or anatomic variables including femoral condylar offset and tibial slope that may predict use of a UC bearing when compared to a standard CR group. Methods. The study cohort consisted of 117 patients (41 males, 76 females) who underwent primary TKA with the senior author. The implants utilized were either the CR or UC polyethylene components of the Zimmer Persona Total Knee System. Insert selection was based on intraoperative assessment of PCL integrity and soft tissue balancing. Patient demographics (age, gender, BMI) and co-morbidities (hypertension, diabetes, depression, cardiac disease, and lung disease) were recorded. Intraoperative variables of interest included extension and flexion range of motion, estimated blood loss (EBL), tourniquet time, and polyethylene and femoral component sizes. We calculated change in tibial slope and femoral condylar offset from pre- to post-surgery and computed the percentage of patients for whom an increase in tibial slope or femoral condylar offset was determined. Postoperative variables, including length of stay, complication rates and reoperation rates, were recorded. All dependent variables were compared between patients who received the UC component and patients who received the CR component. Continuous variables were assessed using independent samples t-tests, while categorical variables were compared using the chi-square test of independence. Results. There were 39 patients who received a UC insert and 78 patients who received CR insert. Patient age (p = 0.58), BMI (p = 0.34), or sex distribution (p = 0.84) did not differ between the UC and CR groups. Mean LOS (3.59 vs. 3.08; p = 0.017), EBL (54.5 vs. 46.7; p=0.021), and tourniquet time (61.2 vs. 57.4; p=0.032) were greater for the UC group. Intraoperative implant variables, including polyethylene component (p = 0.49), femoral component (p = 0.56), use of a narrow femoral component (p = 0.85), and
A retrospective review was performed of patients
undergoing primary cementless total knee replacement (TKR) using
porous tantalum performed by a group of surgical trainees. Clinical
and radiological follow-up involved 79 females and 26 males encompassing
115 knees. The mean age was 66.9 years (36 to 85). Mean follow-up
was 7 years (2 to 11). Tibial and
Introduction. Patellar resurfacing during Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) is controversial. Problems unique to patellar resurfacing may be influenced by available
Implant selection in TKA remains highly variable. Surgeons consider pre-operative deformity, patient factors such as BMI and bone quality, surgical experience, retention or substitution for the PCL, type of articulation and polyethylene, cost, and fixation with or without cement. We have most frequently implanted the same implant for the majority of patients. This is based on the fact that multiple large series of TKAs have demonstrated that the most durable TKAs have been non-modular metal-backed tibial components, retention of the PCL, with a cemented all-polyethylene
We analysed at a mean follow-up of 7.25 years the clinical and radiological outcome of 117 patients (125 knees) who had undergone a primary, cemented, modular Freeman-Samuelson total knee replacement. While the tibial and femoral components were cemented, the
Success in knee revision begins in the office. The initial evaluations determine the implant design and pre-operative diagnosis. The physical examination identifies the presence of instability, stiffness, extensor mechanism malfunction and previous incisions all of which influence the planned procedure. Prior to surgery arrangements are made to have all manner of revision implants, removal tools, and allograft material available. Removal of implants must be done with a focus on preserving bone stock and the extensor mechanism. Initial exposure involves release of the gutters, lateral subluxation of the patella and removal of the polyethylene insert. These maneuvers combined with a quadriceps snip provide exposure for implant removal in 80–90% of cases. More extensive exposure options include quadriceps turndown, tibial tubercle osteotomy, medial epicondylar osteotomy and a femoral peel. Tools needed for implant removal include thin osteotomes, offset osteotomes, thin saws and a high-speed bur. After polyethylene removal the femur followed by the tibia are removed. In many cases the existing well-fixed
Introduction: Patellar crepitus (PC) has been reported in 13% of cruciatesubstituting total knee arthroplasty (TKA) patients resulting from synovial tissue impingement within the femoral component intercondylar box (IB). Patient factors, component design, and technical errors have been implicated in PC. We compared primary TKA patients with PC requiring surgery against matched controls to identify significant variables. Methods: The databases of 2 institutions were reviewed to identify patients requiring surgery for PC. A control group matched for age, sex, and BMI was identified. Patient charts and radiographs were reviewed. Statistical analysis was performed. Significant variables associated with patient anatomy, implant size and alignment were subsequently investigated in a computational model to evaluate tendofemoral contact. Results: Between 2002 and 2008, over 4000 primary TKAs were performed using the Press Fit Condylar Sigma (DePuy, Warsaw, Indiana) TKA. Of these, 59 knees developed PC requiring surgery. The mean time to presentation was 10.9 months. The incidence of PC correlated with greater number of previous surgeries (1.18 vs. 0.44, p= 0.002), decreased patellar button size (35.7 vs. 37.1mm, p=0.003), shorter patellar tendon length (54.5 vs. 57.9mm, p=0.01), and increase in posterior femoral condylar offset (1.27mm vs. 0.17mm, p=0.022). Using a
We report the incidence of osteolysis in the femur, tibia, and patella of 44 consecutive patients (60 knees) who were followed for more than seven years after cementless knee arthroplasty with a Porous-Coated Anatomic prosthesis. The average age of the patients was 56.5 years (17 to 73); the operative diagnosis was osteoarthritis (33 knees), rheumatoid arthritis (17), tuberculous arthritis (7) and post-traumatic arthritis (3). All patellae were resurfaced. No femoral or tibial component was loose at the final follow-up examination. Thirty
The August 2023 Knee Roundup360 looks at: Curettage and cementation of giant cell tumour of bone: is arthritis a given?; Anterior knee pain following total knee arthroplasty: does the patellar cement-bone interface affect postoperative anterior knee pain?; Nickel allergy and total knee arthroplasty; The use of artificial intelligence for the prediction of periprosthetic joint infection following aseptic revision total knee arthroplasty; Ambulatory unicompartmental knee arthroplasty: development of a patient selection tool using machine learning; Femoral asymmetry: a missing piece in knee alignment; Needle arthroscopy – a benefit to patients in the outpatient setting; Can lateral unicompartmental knees be done in a day-case setting?
General Principles: All repairs should be repaired in full extension. Repairs should be immobilised in full extension for 6–12 weeks. Gradual resumption of motion in a hinged brace over an additional 6–8 weeks almost always yields flexion to at least 90 degrees. Marlex Mesh has been shown to be an excellent replacement as well as an augment for deficient soft tissue. Acute tibial tuberosity avulsion: Open repair is best accomplished with a non-absorbable heavy Krackow suture, secured distally around a screw and washer followed by 6 to 8 weeks of immobilization. Augmentation with a semitendinosus graft or Marlex can provide additional support. Acute Patella Tendon Rupture: End-to-end repair is standard, but re-rupture is not uncommon, so supplemental semitendinosus reconstruction is recommended. The tendon is harvested proximally, left attached distally and passed through a transverse hole in the inferior patella. The gracilis tendon can be harvested and sutured to semitendinosus for additional length, if needed. Acute Quadriceps Tendon Rupture: These can be repaired end-to-end with a non-absorbable heavy Krackow suture. A superficial quadriceps fascial turndown or mesh may be a useful adjunct. Patella Fracture: Treatment depends on the status of the
Revision total knee arthroplasty (rTKA) is a technically challenging and costly procedure. It is well-documented that primary TKA (pTKA) have better survivorship than rTKA; however, we were unable to identify any studies explicitly investigating previous rTKA as a risk factor for failure following rTKA. The purpose of this study is to compare the outcomes following rTKA between patients undergoing index rTKA and those who had been previously revised. This retrospective, observational study reviewed patients who underwent unilateral, aseptic rTKA at an academic orthopaedic speciality hospital between June 2011 and April 2020 with > one-year of follow-up. Patients were dichotomized based on whether this was their first revision procedure or not. Patient demographics, surgical factors, postoperative outcomes, and re-revision rates were compared between the groups.Aims
Methods
Introduction. Tibial tuberosity and trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance has been investigated for the patients with primary patellofemoral subluxation/dislocation. To date, TT-TG distance after TKA has not been evaluated, and the effect of postoperative TT-TG distance on patellar tracking is unknown. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effect of TT-TG distance and rotational position of the femoral and tibial
The battle of revision TKA is won or lost with safe, effective, and minimally bony-destructive implant removal, protecting all ligamentous stabilisers of the knee and, most importantly, the extensor mechanism. For exposure, incisions should be long and generous to allow adequate access. A standard medial parapatellar capsular arthrotomy is preferred. A synovectomy is performed followed by debridement of all scar tissue, especially in the medial and lateral gutters. All peripatellar scar tissue is excised followed by release of scar tissue within the patellar tendon, allowing for displacement or everting of the patella. As patellar tendon avulsion at any time of knee surgery yields disastrous results, the surgeon should be continuously evaluating the patellar tendon integrity, especially while displacing/everting the patella and bringing the knee into flexion. If displacement/eversion is difficult, consider rectis-snip, V-Y quadricepsplasty, or tibial tubercle osteotomy. The long-held requisite for patellar eversion prior to component removal is inaccurate. In most cases simple lateral patellar subluxation will provide adequate exposure. If a modular tibial system is involved, removal of the tibial polyethylene will decompress the knee, allowing for easier access to patellar, femoral, and tibial
Avoidance of extensor mechanism complications is best obtained by using components with an appropriately designed femoral trochlea and
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the clinical and radiographic outcomes at a minimum follow-up of ten years of patients who underwent a total knee arthroplasty with an inset
Introduction: The aim of introducing mobile-bearing knee replacements was to improve long term survival by maintaining large areas of surface contact, while allowing motion to occur at the bearing-metal interface on the tibial and
Introduction: Although the problems of patello-femoral kinematics in contemporary total knee arthroplasty are multifactorial, meticulous surgical technique is pivotal in providing optimal and durable function. The goal of this study was to evaluate the incidence of lateral release comparing fixed and mobile bearing posterior stabilized modular press-fit condylar TKA’s with patellar resurfacing. Materials and methods: Cohort 1 comprised 100 consecutive cemented Press-Fit Condylar Sigma, (Johnson &
Johnson, Raynham, Massachusetts) modular total knee prostheses with a posterior cruciate substituting design and dome shaped single peg
A series of 100 consecutive osteoarthritic patients was randomised to undergo total knee replacement using a Miller-Galante II prosthesis, with or without a cemented polyethylene
Extensor mechanism complications after or during total knee arthroplasty are problematic. The prevalence ranges from 1–12% in TKR patients. Treatment results for these problems are inferior to the results of similar problems in non-TKR patients. Furthermore, the treatment algorithm is fundamentally different from that of non-TKR patients. The surgeon's first question does not focus on primary fixation; rather the surgeon must ask if the patient needs surgery and if so am I prepared to augment the repair? Quadriceps tendon rupture, periprosthetic patellar fracture, and patellar tendon rupture have similar treatment algorithms. Patients who are able to perform a straight leg raise and have less than a 20-degree extensor lag are generally treated non-operatively with extension bracing. The remaining patients will need surgical reconstruction of the extensor mechanism. Loose
We have previously reported the mid-term outcomes of revision total knee arthroplasty (TKA) for flexion instability. At a mean of four years, there were no re-revisions for instability. The aim of this study was to report the implant survivorship and clinical and radiological outcomes of the same cohort of of patients at a mean follow-up of ten years. The original publication included 60 revision TKAs in 60 patients which were undertaken between 2000 and 2010. The mean age of the patients at the time of revision TKA was 65 years, and 33 (55%) were female. Since that time, 21 patients died, leaving 39 patients (65%) available for analysis. The cumulative incidence of any re-revision with death as a competing risk was calculated. Knee Society Scores (KSSs) were also recorded, and updated radiographs were reviewed.Aims
Methods
Advanced 3D imaging and CT-based navigation have emerged as valuable tools to use in total knee arthroplasty (TKA), for both preoperative planning and the intraoperative execution of different philosophies of alignment. Preoperative planning using CT-based 3D imaging enables more accurate prediction of the size of components, enhancing surgical workflow and optimizing the precision of the positioning of components. Surgeons can assess alignment, osteophytes, and arthritic changes better. These scans provide improved insights into the patellofemoral joint and facilitate tibial sizing and the evaluation of implant-bone contact area in cementless TKA. Preoperative CT imaging is also required for the development of patient-specific instrumentation cutting guides, aiming to reduce intraoperative blood loss and improve the surgical technique in complex cases. Intraoperative CT-based navigation and haptic guidance facilitates precise execution of the preoperative plan, aiming for optimal positioning of the components and accurate alignment, as determined by the surgeon’s philosophy. It also helps reduce iatrogenic injury to the periarticular soft-tissue structures with subsequent reduction in the local and systemic inflammatory response, enhancing early outcomes. Despite the increased costs and radiation exposure associated with CT-based navigation, these many benefits have facilitated the adoption of imaged based robotic surgery into routine practice. Further research on ultra-low-dose CT scans and exploration of the possible translation of the use of 3D imaging into improved clinical outcomes are required to justify its broader implementation. Cite this article:
General Principles - All repairs should be repaired in full extension. Repairs should be immobilised in full extension for 6–12 weeks. Gradual resumption of motion in a hinged brace over an additional 6–8 weeks almost always yields flexion to at least 90 degrees. Marlex Mesh has been shown to be an excellent replacement as well as an augment for deficient soft tissue. Acute Tibial Tuberosity Avulsion - Open repair is best accomplished with a non-absorbable heavy Krackow suture, secured distally around a screw and washer followed by 6 to 8 weeks of immobilisation. Augmentation with a semitendinosus graft or Marlex can provide additional support. Acute Patella Tendon Rupture - End-to-end repair is standard, but re-rupture is not uncommon, so supplemental semitendinosus reconstruction is recommended. The tendon is harvested proximally, left attached distally and passed through a transverse hole in the inferior patella. The gracilis tendon can be harvested and sutured to semitendinosus for additional length, if needed. Acute Quadriceps Tendon Rupture - These can be repaired end to end with a non-absorbable heavy Krackow suture. A superficial quadriceps fascial turndown or mesh may be a useful adjunct. Patella Fracture - Treatment depends on the status of the