Aims. Loosening of components after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) can be associated with the development of radiolucent lines (RLLs). The aim of this study was to assess the rate of formation of RLLs in the cemented original design of the ATTUNE TKA and their relationship to loosening. Methods. A systematic search was undertaken using the Cochrane methodology in three online databases: MEDLINE, Embase, and CINAHL. Studies were screened against predetermined criteria, and data were extracted. Available National Joint Registries in the Network of Orthopaedic Registries of Europe were also screened. A random effects model meta-analysis was undertaken. Results. Of 263 studies, 12 were included with a total of 3,861 TKAs. Meta-analysis of ten studies showed high rates of overall tibial or femoral RLLs for the cemented original design of the ATTUNE TKA. The overall rate was 21.4% (95% confidence interval (CI) 12.7% to 33.7%) for all types of design but was higher for certain subgroups: 27.4% (95% CI 13.4% to 47.9%) for the cruciate-retaining type, and 29.9% (95% CI 15.6% to 49.6%) for the fixed-bearing type. Meta-analysis of five studies comparing the ATTUNE TKA with other implants showed a significantly higher risk of overall tibial or femoral RLLs (odds ratio (OR) 2.841 (95% CI 1.219 to 6.623); p = 0.016) for the ATTUNE. The rates of loosening or revision for loosening were lower, at 1.2% and 0.9% respectively, but the rates varied from 0% to 16.3%. The registry data did not report specifically on the original ATTUNE TKA or on revision due to loosening, but ‘all-cause’ five-year revision rates for the cemented ATTUNE varied from 2.6% to 5.9%. Conclusion. The original cemented ATTUNE TKA has high rates of RLLs, but their clinical significance is uncertain given the overall low associated rates of loosening and revision. However, in view of the high rates of RLLs and the variation in the rates of loosening and revision between studies and registries, close surveillance of patients who have undergone TKA with the original ATTUNE system is recommended. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2023;105-B(6):610–621

Aims. We aimed to evaluate the long-term outcome of highly cross-linked polyethylene (HXLPE) cemented acetabular components and assess whether any radiolucent lines (RLLs) which arose were progressive. Methods. We retrospectively reviewed 170 patients who underwent 187 total hip arthroplasties at two hospitals with a minimum follow-up of ten years. All interventions were performed using the same combination of HXLPE cemented acetabular components with femoral stems made of titanium alloy. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed for the primary endpoint of acetabular component revision surgery for any reason and secondary endpoint of the appearance of RLLs. RLLs that had appeared once were observed over time. We statistically assessed potential relationships between RLLs and a number of factors, including the technique of femoral head autografting and the Japanese Orthopaedic Association score. Results. The mean follow-up period was 13.0 years (10.0 to 16.3). Femoral head autografting was performed on 135 hips (72.2%). One acetabular component was retrieved because of deep infection. No revision was performed for the aseptic acetabular loosening. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve for the primary and secondary endpoints were 98.2% (95% confidence interval (CI) 88.6% to 99.8%) and 79.3% (95% CI 72.8% to 84.6%), respectively. RLLs were detected in 38 hips (21.2%), at a mean of 1.7 years (1 month to 6 years) postoperatively. None of the RLLs were progressive, and the presence of RLLs did not show a significant association with the survival and clinical score. RLLs were more frequently observed in hips without femoral head autografts than in those with autografts. Conclusion. The use of HXLPE cemented acetabular components in total hip arthroplasty demonstrated excellent clinical outcomes after ten years, and no RLLs were progressive, and their presence did not affect the outcome. Femoral head autografting did not negatively impact the acetabular component survival or the appearance of RLLs. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(10):1604–1610

The radiolucent lines and the stability of the components of 66 knee arthroplasties were assessed by six orthopaedic surgeons on conventional anteroposterior and lateral radiographs and on fluoroscopic views which had been taken on the same day. The examiners were blinded as to the patients and clinical results. The interpretation of the radiographs was repeated after five months. On fluoroscopically-assisted radiographs four of the six examiners identified significantly more radiolucent lines for the femoral component (p < 0.05) and one significantly more for the tibial implant. Five examiners rated more femoral components as radiologically loose on fluoroscopically-assisted radiographs (p = 0.0008 to 0.0154), but none did so for the tibial components. The mean intra- and interobserver kappa values were higher for fluoroscopically-assisted radiographs for both components. We have shown that fluoroscopically-assisted radiographs allow more reproducible, and therefore reliable, detection of radiolucent lines in total knee arthroplasty. Assessment of the stability of the components is significantly influenced by the radiological technique used. Conventional radiographs are not adequate for evaluation of the stability of total knee arthroplasty and should be replaced by fluoroscopically-assisted films

Introduction: Prostheses radiolucent lines are currently used to evaluate the components fixation. The objective of this study is to determine concordance and reproducibility of humeral stem radiolucent lines evaluation. Material and method: Five observers evaluated 64 x-ray belonging to 32 pairs (1 antero-posterior view and 1 outlet view) obtained from 16 shoulder prostheses. 16 x-ray pairs were obtained immediately after surgery and 16 one year after surgery. Evaluation in four degrees of radiolucent width for each of the 7 zones that the humeral component was divided for. Evaluation of the component-cement interface and the cement-bone interface. Each observer made two evaluations of the 64 x-ray separated in 6 weeks. Statistics : index kappa with quadratic weighting. Results: Intra-observer results: mean kappa index for component-cement interface: 0,3274. mean kappa index for cement-bone interface: 0,5269. Inter-observer results: mean kappa index for component-cement interface: 0,1242. mean kappa index for cement-bone interface: 0,2478. Evaluation of 2 pairs of x-ray of the each prostheses taken in a period of 1 year: component-cement interface: mean of 91,67% of plausible results, cement-bone interface: mean of 80,2% of plausible Results:. Conclusions:. - low kappa index of reproducibility (0,3274–0,5269) of humeral component radiolucent lines evaluation for component-cement interface as well as for cement-bone interface. - low kappa index of concordance (0,1242–0,2478) of humeral component radiolucent lines evaluation for component-cement interface as well as for cement-bone interface. - High number of plausible observations when the same prostheses was evaluated immediately after surgery and at 1 year follow-up

Aims. Post-operative migration of cemented acetabular components as measured by radiostereometric analysis (RSA) has a strong predictive power for late, aseptic loosening. Also, radiolucent lines predict late loosening. Migration has been reduced by systemic bisphosphonate treatment in randomised trials of hip and knee arthroplasty. Used as a local treatment, a higher local dose of bisphosphonate can be achieved without systemic exposure. We wished to see if this principle could be applied usefully in total hip arthroplasty (THA). Patients and Methods. In this randomised placebo-controlled, double-blinded trial with 60 participants, we compressed gauze soaked in bisphosphonate solution (ibandronate) or saline against the acetabular bone bed immediately before cementing the acetabular component. RSA, classification of radiolucent lines, the Harris Hip Score (HHS) and the Western Ontario McMasters Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) were carried out at three-, six-, 12-, and 24-month follow-up. Results. Migration of the cemented acetabular component relative to the pelvis was reduced by movement almost half in the ibandronate group, when measured as maximum total point or as movement of the femoral head (p = 0.001 and 0.004, respectively). Radiolucent lines after one year were classified as absent, partial or complete, and correlated with treatment (rho 0.37; p = 0.004). Only three of 30 patients in the ibandronate group had complete lines, compared with 13 of 28 in the placebo group (p = 0.002). There were no significant effects on HHS or WOMAC score. Conclusion. Considering the power of RSA to predict loosening of cemented acetabular components, and the likelihood that radiolucent lines indicate risk of loosening, these data suggest that local treatment with a bisphosphonate can reduce the risk of late aseptic loosening. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2017;99-B:317–24

The Oxford unicompartmental knee replacement gives good results in patients with symptomatic osteoarthritis of the medial compartment. Previous studies have suggested that the presence of radiolucent lines (RLLs) does not reflect a poor outcome in such patients. However, the reliability and validity of this assessment have not been determined. Our aim was to assess the intra- and interobserver reliability and the sensitivity and specificity of the assessment of RLLs around both tibial and femoral components using standard radiographs. Two reviewers assessed the radiographs of 45 patients who had loosening of the tibial or femoral component confirmed at revision surgery and compared them with those of a series of 45 asymptomatic patients matched for age and gender. The results suggested that, using standard radiographs, tibial RLLs were 63.6% sensitive and 94.4% specific and femoral RLLs 63.9% sensitive and 72.7% specific for loosening. Overall intra- and interobserver reliability was highly variable, but zonal analysis showed that lucency at the tip of the femoral peg was significantly associated with loosening of the femoral component. Fluoroscopically guided radiographs may improve the zonal reliability of the assessment of RLLs, but further independent and comparative studies are required. In the meantime, the innocence of the physiological RLLs detected by standard radiographs should be viewed with caution

Survivorship of unicondylar knee replacement (UKR) exceeds 85% at 10 years. During long term follow-up, progressive osteoarthritis (OA) and loosening are typical of UKR failure. The decision to revise UKR is complex as radiographic findings are not always consistent with clinical symptoms. This study of revised UKR compares intraoperative assessment of component fixation and progressive OA with prerevision radiographic evaluations. Twenty-seven UKR were retrieved from 22 female and 5 male patients. Patient age and time in situ averaged 76 (68–87) years and 79 (25–156) months, respectively. At index arthroplasty, all knees received a fixed-bearing medial UKR with cement fixation. Prior to revision, radiolucent lines and component alignment were assessed on radiographs according to Knee Society guidelines. Suspected revision reasons based on clinical and radiographic evaluation included aseptic loosening (63%), progressive OA (22%), and wear (15%). During revision surgery, component fixation was manually assessed and graded as well-fixed or loose, and progressive OA was graded using Outerbridge classification. Intraoperative and radiographic assessments were completed independently. Average Knee Society Scores declined > 30 points to 53+18 (pain) and 43+11 (function) before revision. During revision surgery, femoral and tibial component fixation were graded as loose in 19 (70%) and 9 (33%) knees, respectively. There was Grade III or IV progressive OA in the lateral or patellofemoral compartment of 15 (56%) and 16 (59%) knees, respectively. Radiolucent lines were evident in 8 of 19 loose femoral components and 5 of 9 loose tibial components. In contrast, 3 of 8 well-fixed femoral components and 6 of 18 well-fixed tibial components had radiolucent lines. There were 11 loose femoral components and 4 loose tibial components without radiolucent lines. Radiographic limb alignment averaged 3°+3° valgus immediately after index UKR. Change in limb alignment ranged from 0° to 17° at revision. Tibial or femoral component alignment changed 5° to 9° in 12 (44%) knees and > 10° in 5 (19%) knees. Eight of these 17 knees (47%) had malaligned components graded as loose. The prevalence of progressive OA at revision UKR was more than double occurrence suspected from radiographs. Interpreting radiographic indications for loosening was difficult. Radiolucent lines predicted loosening in 46% (13/28) of the components graded as loose and falsely predicted loosening in 35% (9/26) of the components graded as well-fixed. Radiolucent lines were absent in 15/28 (54%) of the loose components and changes in component alignment > 5° were associated with component loosening in < 50% of the knees. Rigorous attention to clinical symptoms and careful interpretation of radiographic phenomena are needed to determine indications for revision in UKR patients

Introduction. Various 2D and 3D surfaces are available for cementless fixation of acetabular cups. The goal of these surface modifications is to improve fixation between the metallic cups and surrounding bone. Radiographs have historically been used to evaluate the implant-to-bone fixation around the acetabular cups. In general, a well fixed cup shows no gaps or radiolucency around the cup's outer diameter. In post-operative radiographs, the presence of progressive radiolucent zones of 2mm or more around the implant in the three radiographic zones is indicative of aseptic loosening, as described by DeLee and Charnley [1]. In this cadaveric study, we investigated the X-ray image characteristics of two different types of acetabular shell surfaces (2D and 3D) to evaluate the implant-to-bone interface in the two designs. Methods. Six human cadavers were bilaterally implanted with acetabular cups by an orthopaedic surgeon. 2D surface cups (Trident, Stryker, Mahwah, NJ) and 3D surface cups (Tritanium, Stryker, Mahwah, NJ) were randomized between the left and right acetabula. The surgeon used his regular surgical technique (1 mm under reaming) to implant the acetabular cups. The cadavers were sent for X-ray imaging after the operation, Figure 1A. Following the X-ray imaging, the acetabular cups were carefully resected from the cadavers. Enough bone around the cups was retained for analysis of the implant-to-bone interface by contact X-ray. The acetabular cups with the surrounding bone were fixed in 70% isopropyl alcohol for about a week and subsequently embedded in polymethyl methacrylate. The embedded cups were sectioned at 30° intervals using a diamond saw in the coronal plane, as recommended by Engh et al [2], Figure 1B. The sectioning of the samples produced 6 slices of each cup where the implant-bone interface could easily be visualized for evaluation with contact X-ray. Results. The AP X-rays of the cadavers demonstrated radiolucent lines, as well as gap defects in some cases. The same phenomenon was observed on the contact X-rays of the embedded implant sections as well, where one could easily identify the gap between the metal cup and the surrounding bone. The most striking finding was that, in a few cases, the contact X-rays showed radiolucency around the metal cup whereas the physical section did not seem to have any gaps. This phenomenon is illustrated in Figure 2. Conclusions. The physical gap or radiolucent lines around the acetabular cups have been reported in literature; however, they seem to fill up with time as biological fixation progresses between the surrounding bone and the implant. In our study we found radiolucency that was not associated with the presence of a physical gap. In contrast, we found gaps on physical sections that were not correlated with radiolucencies. This phenomenon may be attributed to the interaction of X-rays with the cup surface modifications. The contact X-ray images demonstrated that radiolucency around cups may not always correlate with physical gaps. Further analysis is required to understand the implications of these findings

A total of 397 hips were randomised to receive Metasul metal-on-metal (MoM), metal-on-conventional polyethylene (MoP) or ceramic-on-polyethylene (CoP) bearings using a cemented triple-tapered polished femoral component (MS-30). There were 129 MoM hips in 123 patients (39 male and 84 female, mean age 63.3 years (40.7 to 72.9)), 137 MoP hips in 127 patients (39 male and 88 female, mean age 62.8 years (24.5 to 72.7)) and 131 CoP hips in 124 patients (51 male and 73 female, mean age 63.9 years (30.6 to 73.8)). All acetabular components were cemented Weber polyethylene components with the appropriate inlay for the MoM articulation. Clinical evaluation was undertaken using the Harris hip score (HHS) and radiological assessments were made at two, five and seven years. The HHS and radiological analysis were available for 341 hips after seven years. The MoM group had the lowest mean HHS (p = 0.124), a higher rate of revision (p < 0.001) and a higher incidence of radiolucent lines in unrevised hips (p < 0.001). In all, 12 revisions had been performed in 12 patients: eight in the MoM group (four for infection, four for aseptic loosening, three in the MoP group (one each of infection, dislocation and pain) and one in the CoP group (infection). Our findings reveal no advantage to the MoM bearing and identified a higher revision rate and a greater incidence of radiolucent lines than with the other articulations. We recommend that patients with a 28 mm Metasul MoM bearing be followed carefully. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:881–6

When Radiolucent lines (RLL) are observed around cemented acetabular components, they may progress and be associated with loosening. We reviewed the incidence and progression of RLLs around the Exeter Contemporary flanged acetabular component and compared our results with other published series. We reviewed a consecutive series of 203 sockets with a minimum 10-year follow-up. Up to date radiographs were reviewed by 2 independent assessors for the presence, location and thickness of RLL and an assessment for loosening/migration was made. Initial post-operative radiographs were examined for any case with RLLs at review. There were no revisions for aseptic loosening. 103 hips remained in situ with a minimum follow up of 10 years. Lucent lines were seen on 37/103 (36%) of hips with a mean follow up of 12.1 years (10.0–13.9 years). In these 37 hips, the lucency was present in one zone in 84%, two zones in 8% and all three zones in 8%. Of the 37 hips with a RLL at minimum 10 years follow up, five exhibited a RLL immediately post-operatively. All 5 of these lines were initially isolated to zone 1 and progressed over the 10 years around at least 1 more zone. Only one line became circumferential, although the cup did not migrate. Compared to previous papers (DeLee & Charnley, Hodgkinson and Garcia-Cimbrelo) the presence of RLL at 10 years is reduced in our series (table 2) and no cup migrated. All RLL seen in cups at both 10 years and immediate post-operatively in our series progressed (table 3), unlike in the previous studies. This reduction in lucent lines may be down to modern cementing techniques, cup design or a combination of both. For any figures or tables, please contact the authors directly by clicking on ‘Info & Metrics’ above to access author contact details

We studied 185 total hip replacements and related the identification of radiolucent lines (RLLs) at two years to the later development of lytic lesions and loosening. Linear polyethylene wear was also measured. RLLs appeared in 34 hips at a mean of 2.0 years after operation, and lytic lesions in ten hips at 5.7 years. Of 151 THRs without RLLs there was neither rapid migration nor loosening and only one developed a possible lytic lesion. Of 23 hips with non-progressive RLLs there was neither rapid migration nor loosening, but six developed a lytic lesion. By contrast, 11 THRs with progressive RLLs migrated rapidly and seven developed a lytic lesion. Six THRs with progressive RLLs failed. The wear rates were the same in all groups, although limited numbers were available for study. If the surgeon achieves secure initial fixation as shown by slow or no migration and no RLLs during the first two years, it is likely that no lytic lesions will develop by five years or aseptic loosening by ten years. If an imperfect, but adequate, interface is achieved, as shown by slow migration and non-progressive RLLs lytic lesions adjacent to the RLLs may develop by five years, but aseptic loosening will be unlikely at ten. Insecure initial fixation, as shown by more rapid migration and progressive RLLs at two years, is likely to lead to the formation of lytic lesions at five years and loosening at ten. The outcome after THR is therefore determined at the initial operation and may be predicted at two years. The presence of lytic lesions reflects soft tissue at the interface as shown by the RLLs which accompany and promote loosening but, in our study, did not cause it

Abstract

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY. The objective of this study is to establish the medium-term clinical and radiological results with the cementless three-dimensional Vektor-Titan stem compared with conventional cementless stem, such as PerFix stem. The latter stem has a double-wedge design with a rounded distal portion for canal filling (Fig. 1). MATERIALS AND METHODS. From July, 2004, to May, 2010, fifty seven Vektor-Titan stems and 150 PerFix stems were implanted for the patients with osteoarthritis, avascular necrosis, femoral neck fracture, and rheumatoid arthritis in our hospital. The results were evaluated clinically using Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) scores and the Merle d’Aubigne and Postel (M&P) scores. Radiographs were analyzed retrospectively. The criteria used for determining loosening were migration or a total radiolucent zone between the prosthesis/bone cement and host bone, wherein the width increased progressively or change of position, i.e., migration or subsidence of the prosthesis. Migration of the socket seen on the radiograph was defined as either the presence of a ≥2-mm position change or rotation. Position changes of the stem seen on the radiograph were defined as the presence of a progressive subsidence of ≥2 mm or change of position, e.g., varus or valgus. The follow-up period was 9.2 ± 2.6 (range, 5.0–14.0) years. RESULTS. One patient had intraoperative femoral shaft fracture and healed by conservative treatment. The mean JOA and M&P scores improved from preoperative 39.3 and 6.8 points to postoperative 90.9 and 17.2 points, respectively. Thigh pain was less frequent for Vektor-Titan stems (Table 1). Radiolucent lines was far less likely to appear for Vektor-Titan stems evaluated by Gruen's zonal analyses (Table 2). On the other hand, there were radiolucent zones of more than 90% in zone 4 with cementless PerFix stems (Table 2). There was no cases of loosening or postoperative infection. Although signs of bone atrophy were found in the proximal femur and the trochanters in 66.7 % of all cases, bone structure was radiologically normal without stress shielding in most cases (Table 2). On the contrary, there was evidence of an even denser bone structure, such as trabeculae, at the tip of the stem and the lateral implant fixation within the greater trochanter in Vektor-Titan stem cases. These findings remained unchanged over observation periods. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. The cementless Vektor-Titan stem is made of Ti6AI7Nb, has got the shape of a straight three-dimensional cone. It has a high proximal volume in the form of a three-dimensional taper with longitudinal ribs. This design achieves strong primary fixation in the proximal metaphysis. Radiologically, newly formed trabeculae toward to the stem were indicative of direct biological fixation at the bone-implant interface. Medium-term results with the cementless Vektor-Titan stem show no implant loosening with stable metaphyseal fixation and preservation of bone structure in the proximal femur and the absence of radiolucent zones around the stem compared with conventional cementless stem

Introduction. The clinical impact of radiolucent glenoid lines is controversial, where the presence of a radiolucent glenoid lines has been suggested to be an indicator of clinical glenoid loosening. The goal of this database analysis is to quantify and compare the pre- and post-operative outcomes of 427 patients who received a primary aTSA with one specific prosthesis and were sorted based upon the radiographic presence of a radiolucent glenoid line at latest clinical followup. Methods. 427 patients (mean age: 67.0yrs) with an average follow-up of 49.4 months was treated with aTSA for OA by 14 fellowship trained orthopaedic surgeons. Of these 427 patients, 293 had a cemented keel glenoids (avg follow-up = 50.8 months) and 134 had a cemented pegged glenoids (avg follow-up = 48.7 months). Cemented peg and keel glenoid patients were analyzed separately and also combined into 1 cohort: 288 patients (158 female, avg: 68.7 yrs; 130 male, avg: 64.9 yrs) did not have a radiolucent glenoid line (avg follow-up = 46.9 months); whereas, 139 patients (83 female, avg: 68.5 yrs; 56 male, avg: 64.6 yrs) had a radiolucent glenoid line (avg follow-up = 54.4 months). Outcomes were scored using SST, UCLA, ASES, Constant, and SPADI metrics; active ROM also measured. A two-tailed, unpaired t-test identified differences (p<0.05) in pre-operative, post-operative, and pre-to-post improvements. Results. The overall rate of radiolucent line formation in the glenoid for the combined peg and keel glenoid aTSA cohort was 32.6% (139 of 427 patients). The rate of radiolucent lines for the keel and peg glenoids was similar at nearly the same followup (∼50 months): 96 of 293 peg patients (32.8%) and 43 of 134 keel patients (32.1%) had a radiolucent glenoid line. Patients with cemented keeled glenoids had an average radiographic line score of 2.4 ± 1.3 which trended larger (p = 0.0875) than the average radiographic line score of 2.0 ± 1.1 of patients with cemented peg glenoids. Pre-operatively, no difference was noted between patients with and without radiolucent glenoid lines. (Figure 1) However post-operatively, patients with radiolucent glenoid lines were associated with significantly poorer clinical outcome scores according to all 5 clinical metrics and also had significantly less improvements in outcomes according to 4 of 5 outcome metrics; (Figure 2) poorer outcomes were observed for the combined cemented keeled and pegged glenoid cohorts and when each glenoid prosthesis type is analyzed separately. Additionally, patients with glenoid radiolucent lines were associated with significantly lower improvements in outcomes. (Figure 3) Finally, 24 complications were reported (5.6%), 14 for patients without radiolucent glenoid lines (4.9%) and 10 for patients with radiolucent glenoid lines (7.2%). Conclusions. This large-scale clinical outcome study demonstrated that aTSA patients with radiolucent glenoid lines were associated with significantly poorer clinical outcomes and a higher complication rate as compared to aTSA patients without radiolucent glenoid lines. The overall radiolucent line rate and the negative impact of radiolucent lines were no different between cemented keeled and cemented pegged glenoid components. Additional and longer-term follow-up is needed to confirm these conclusions. For figures/tables, please contact authors directly.

Introduction. Humeral radiolucent lines after anatomic TSA (aTSA) have been well described; however, little clinical consequences have been attributed to them. The recent emergence of shorter humeral stems has demonstrated higher incidences of humeral radiolucencies than has been reported historically with standard length components. This large scale database analysis quantifies and compares the clinical outcomes of aTSAs with and without radiolucent humeral lines using one specific prosthesis to determine their impact on clinical outcomes. Methodology. This is a multicenter, retrospective, case controlled radiographic and clinical review. Preoperative and postoperative data was analyzed from 671 aTSA patients with a minimum of 2 years followup. 538 of these 671 aTSA patients had full radiographic followup (80.2%) and were included in this study; these patients had an average followup of 45.3 months). 459 patients had noncemented humeral stems; whereas, 79 patients had cemented humeral stems. Radiographs were reviewed at latest follow up for humeral radiolucent lines based on the technique described by Gruen et al. Patients were evaluated and scored pre-operatively and at latest follow-up using the SST, UCLA, ASES, Constant, and SPADI scoring metrics; ROM was also recorded. A Student's two-tailed, unpaired t-test was used to identify differences in pre-operative, post-operative, and improvement in results, where p<0.05 denoted a significant difference. Results. All patients demonstrated significant improvements in pain and function following treatment with the primary shoulder arthroplasty. 14 patients (8 female, avg: 65.6 yrs; 6 male, avg: 61.7 yrs) were observed to have radiolucent lines around the humeral component (2.6%). The rate of humeral radiolucent lines was observed to be significantly higher in patients with cemented (7.6%) vs. noncemented (1.7%) humeral stems (p = 0.0025). Pre-operatively, no difference was noted in any clinical metric score between patients with or without radiolucent humeral lines. (Figure 1) However post-operatively, patients with radiolucent humeral lines had significantly worse ASES (p=0.0087), UCLA (p=0.0371), SST (p=0.0341), and SPADI (p=0.0051) scores (Figure 2) and significantly lower improvements in outcomes according to ASES (p=0.0120) and SPADI (p=0.0247) scores (Figure 3), relative to patients without radiolucent humeral lines. Additionally, radiolucent lines had a more profound effect on cemented stems (as compared to noncemented stems), where cemented stems with radiolucent humeral liners were associated with significantly lower post-operative outcomes and significantly lower improvements in outcomes. Finally, patients with humeral radiolucent lines had a significantly higher complication rate (21.4% vs 4.6%, p = 0.004) as compared to the complication rate of patients without radiolucent humeral lines. Conclusions. The study demonstrated a relatively low incidence of humeral radiolucent lines with anatomic TSA. Cemented stems were associated with a significantly higher rate of humeral radiolucent lines as compared to noncemented stems. Patients whose shoulders had radiolucent humeral lines were associated with significantly lower clinical outcomes and significantly less active ROM as compared to those without radiolucent lines. This diminished outcome was more pronounced with cemented humeral stems. Additional and longer term clinical followup is necessary to confirm the results of this study

Aims

The highly cross-linked polyethylene Exeter RimFit flanged cemented acetabular component was introduced in the United Kingdom in 2010. This study aimed to examine the rates of emergence of radiolucent lines observed when the Rimfit acetabular component was implanted at total hip arthroplasty (THA) using two different techniques: firstly, the ‘rimcutter’ technique in which the flange sits on a pre-prepared acetabular rim; and secondly, the ‘trimmed flange’ technique in which the flange is trimmed and the acetabular component is seated inside the rim of the acetabulum.

Introduction: Early non progressive horizontal RLLs (< 2mm) under the tibial component following cemented TKR have been noted to be due to poor cement injection into cancellous bone. They may facilitate the entry of joint fluid and wear debris into the interface, which may proceed to ballooning osteolysis. At present, there is no consensus on the preferred cementing technique (single mix versus dual mix cementation) in TKR.

Purposes of the study: To assess RLLs in immediate postoperative radiographs in cemented TKRs at the cement-bone and cement-implant interface.

To compare the RLLs following single mix and dual mix cementation techniques.

Study Design: Prospective, consecutive radiographic analysis.

Material and Methods: 53 consecutive cemented TKRs in 39 patients (12: 27, F: M) with mean age of 72.5 years (range 50–90 y) who were operated on between 2001 to 2004 by the senior author (NMG). 27 had single mix and 26 had double mix cementation. Immediate postoperative radiographic assessment (AP and LAT standing view) was blinded for single mix versus dual mix cementation. All the radiographs were independently assessed by two of the authors for the presence of RLLs using the zonal pattern of the Knee Society scoring system. We have evaluated the RLLs in the cement-implant interface in a similar manner as described for the bone-cement interface.

Results: Most common TKR used was the Maxim (31) followed by the PFC (9). 29(54.7%) TKRs had RLLs (11in single mix : 18 in dual mix). There were more RLLs at the Cement-implant interface (29), than the bone-cement interface (10). In AP view, Zones 1(medial) and 4 (lateral) were the common sites for RLLs in both groups (< 2mm). In Lateral view, Zone 1 (Anterior) followed by Zone 2 (Posterior) were the common sites of RLLs (< 2mm). In AP view, there was no significant difference in the number of RLLs (Zone 4) between the two groups. The total number of RLLs in all zones (Zone 1–4) was significantly low in the single mix group (p< 0.05). There was no difference between the two groups in the lateral view.

Conclusions: Single mix cementation technique reduces the incidence of RLLs in the immediate postoperative radiographs following cemented TKRs.

Aims. Highly polished stems with force-closed design have shown satisfactory clinical results despite being related to relatively high early migration. It has been suggested that the minimal thickness of cement mantles surrounding the femoral stem should be 2 mm to 4 mm to avoid aseptic loosening. The line-to-line cementing technique of the femoral stem, designed to achieve stem press-fit, challenges this opinion. We compared the migration of a highly polished stem with force-closed design by standard and line-to-line cementing to investigate whether differences in early migration of the stems occur in a clinical study. Methods. In this single-blind, randomized controlled, clinical radiostereometric analysis (RSA) study, the migration pattern of the cemented Corail hip stem was compared between line-to-line and standard cementing in 48 arthroplasties. The primary outcome measure was femoral stem migration in terms of rotation and translation around and along with the X-, Y-, and Z- axes measured using model-based RSA at three, 12, and 24 months. A linear mixed-effects model was used for statistical analysis. Results. Results from mixed model analyses revealed a lower mean retroversion for line-to-line (0.72° (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.38° to 1.07°; p < 0.001), but no significant differences in subsidence between the techniques (-0.15 mm (95% CI -0.53 to 0.227; p = 0.429) at 24 months. Radiolucent lines measuring < 2 mm wide were found in three and five arthroplasties cemented by the standard and line-to-line method, respectively. Conclusion. The cemented Corail stem with a force-closed design seems to settle earlier and better with the line-to-line cementing method, although for subsidence the difference was not significant. However, the lower rate of migration into retroversion may reduce the wear and cement deformation, contributing to good long-term fixation and implant survival. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2022;104-B(1):19–26

Aims. The use and variety of stemless humeral components in anatomical total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) have proliferated since their advent in 2004. Early outcomes are reassuring but independent mid-term results are scarce. This independent study reports a consecutive series of 143 Eclipse stemless shoulder prostheses with a minimum five-year (5 to 10) follow-up. Methods. Outcomes of 143 procedures undertaken for all indications in 131 patients were reviewed, with subset analysis of those for osteoarthritis (OA) (n = 99). The primary outcome was the Oxford Shoulder Score (OSS) at a minimum of five years. Secondary outcomes were ranges of motion and radiological analysis of humeral radiolucency, rotator cuff failure, and glenoid loosening. Results. Mean OSS at mean follow-up of 6.67 years (5.0 to 10.74) was 40.12 (9 to 48), with no statistically significant difference between those implanted for a non-OA indication and those for OA (p = 0.056) or time-dependent deterioration between two years and five years (p = 0.206). Ranges of motion significantly improved compared with preoperative findings and were maintained between two and five years with a mean external rotation of 38° (SD 18.1, 0 to 100) and forward elevation of 152° (SD 29.9, 90 to 180). Of those components with radiographs suitable for analysis (n = 83), 23 (28%) were found to have a least one humeral radiolucent line, which were predominantly incomplete, less than 2 mm, and in a single anatomical zone. No humeral components were loose. A radiolucent line was present around 22 (15%) of glenoid components, and 15 (10%) of components had failed. Rotator cuff failure was found in 21 (15%) components. The mean time to either glenoid or rotator cuff failure was greater than three years following implantation. Survivorship was 96.4% (95% CI 91.6 to 98.5, number at risk 128) at five years, and 94.3% (95% CI 88.2 to 97.3, number at risk 76) at seven years, both of which compare favourably with best results taken from available registries. Conclusion. Functional and radiological outcomes of the Eclipse stemless TSA are excellent, with no loose humeral components at minimum five-year follow-up. The presence of radiolucent lines is of interest and requires long-term observation but does not impact on the clinical results. Of the eight revisions required, this was predominantly for glenoid and rotator cuff failure. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2022;104-B(1):83–90

We carried out a prospective investigation into the radiological outcomes of uncemented Oxford medial compartment unicondylar replacement in 220 consecutive patients (231 knees) performed in a single centre with a minimum two-year follow-up. The functional outcomes using the mean Oxford knee score and the mean high-activity arthroplasty score were significantly improved over the pre-operative scores (p < 0.001). There were 196 patients with a two-year radiological examination performed under fluoroscopic guidance, aiming to provide images acceptable for analysis of the bone–implant interface. Of the six tibial zones examined on each knee on the anteroposterior radiograph, only three had a partial radiolucent line. All were in the medial aspect of the tibial base plate (zone 1) and all measured < 1 mm. All of these patients were asymptomatic. There were no radiolucent lines seen around the femoral component or on the lateral view. There was one revision for loosening at one year due to initial inadequate seating of the tibial component. These results confirm that the early uncemented Oxford medial unicompartmental compartmental knee replacements were reliable and the incidence of radiolucent lines was significantly decreased compared with the reported results of cemented versions of this implant. These independent results confirm those of the designing centre

Aims. Our aim was to examine the clinical and radiographic outcomes in 257 consecutive Oxford unicompartmental knee arthroplasties (OUKAs) (238 patients), five years post-operatively. Patients and Methods. A retrospective evaluation was undertaken of patients treated between April 2008 and October 2010 in a regional centre by two non-designing surgeons with no previous experience of UKAs. The Oxford Knee Scores (OKSs) were recorded and fluoroscopically aligned radiographs were assessed post-operatively at one and five years. Results. The median age of the 238 patients was 65.0 years (interquartile range (IQR) 59.0 to 73.0), the median body mas index was 30.0 (IQR 27.5 to 33.0) and 51.7% were male. There were no intra-operative complications. There was a significant improvement in the median OKS at six weeks (34, IQR 31.0 to 37.0), one year (38, IQR 29.0 to 43.0) and five years (37, IQR 27.0 to 42.0) when compared with the pre-operative scores (16, IQR 13.0 to 19.0) (all p = < 0.01). No patient had progressive radiolucent lines or loosening. A total of 16 patients had died by five years. The cumulative survival at five years was 98.8% and the mean survival time was 5.8 years (95% confidence interval 5.6 to 5.9). A total of seven OUKAs (2.7%) were revised; three within five years and four thereafter, between 5.1 and 5.7 years post-operatively. Five (1.9%) had re-operations within five years. Conclusion. The proportion of patients requiring revision at five years is lower than that generally reported for UKA. These findings add support for the use of the cementless OUKA outside the design centre. Longer follow-up is required. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2017;99-B:623–31

Aims. The mean age of patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA) has reduced with time. Younger patients have increased expectations following TKA. Aseptic loosening of the tibial component is the most common cause of failure of TKA in the UK. Interest in cementless TKA has re-emerged due to its encouraging results in the younger patient population. We review a large series of tantalum trabecular metal cementless implants in patients who are at the highest risk of revision surgery. Methods. A total of 454 consecutive patients who underwent cementless TKA between August 2004 and December 2021 were reviewed. The mean follow-up was ten years. Plain radiographs were analyzed for radiolucent lines. Patients who underwent revision TKA were recorded, and the cause for revision was determined. Data from the National Joint Registry for England, Wales, Northern Island, the Isle of Man and the States of Guernsey (NJR) were compared with our series. Results. No patients in our series had evidence of radiolucent lines on their latest radiological assessment. Only eight patients out of 454 required revision arthroplasty, and none of these revisions were indicated for aseptic loosening of the tibial baseplate. When compared to data from the NJR annual report, Kaplan-Meier estimates from our series (2.94 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.24 to 5.87)) show a significant reduction in cumulative estimates of revision compared to all cemented (4.82 (95% CI 4.69 to 4.96)) or cementless TKA (5.65 (95% CI 5.23 to 6.10)). Our data (2.94 (95% CI 1.24 to 5.87)) also show lower cumulative revision rates compared to the most popular implant (PFC Sigma Cemented Knee implant fixation, 4.03 (95% CI 3.75 to 4.33)). The prosthesis time revision rate (PTIR) estimates for our series (2.07 (95% CI 0.95 to 3.83)) were lower than those of cemented cases (4.53 (95% CI 4.49 to 4.57)) from NJR. Conclusion. The NexGen trabecular (tantalum) cementless implant has lower revision rates in our series compared to all cemented implants and other types of cementless implants, and its use in younger patients should be encouraged. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2024;5(4):277–285

Aims. Highly cross-linked polyethylene (HXLPE) has greatly improved the durability of total hip arthroplasty (THA) in young patients because of its improved wear characteristics. Few studies have followed this population into the second decade, and therefore the purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the clinical outcome for THA patients 50 years of age and younger at a minimum of 15 years postoperatively. The second purpose was to evaluate the radiological findings secondary to wear or mechanical failure of the implant. Methods. Between October 1999 and December 2005, 105 THAs were performed in 95 patients (53 female, 42 male) aged 50 years and younger (mean 42 years (20 to 50)). There were 87 patients (96 hips) that were followed for a minimum of 15 years (mean 17.3 years (15 to 21)) for analysis. Posterior approach was used with cementless fixation with a median head size of 28 mm. HXLPE was the acetabular bearing for all hips. Radiographs were evaluated for polyethylene wear, radiolucent lines, and osteolysis. Results. Clinical outcomes showed significant improvement of mean Harris Hip Scores from 52.8 (SD 13.5) preoperatively to 94.8 (SD 7.6) postoperatively. One hip was revised for recurrent instability, and there were no infections. No hips were revised for mechanical loosening or osteolysis. Mean polyethylene linear wear was 0.04 mm/year and volumetric wear was 6.22 mm. 3. /year, with no significant differences between head size or material. Osteolysis was not present in any of the hips. Conclusion. The use of HXLPE in THA for patients aged 50 years and younger has performed exceptionally well without evidence of significant wear causing mechanical loosening or necessitating revision. The radiolucent lines of the acetabular component must be followed to determine the prognostic significance. This investigation represents the longest clinical follow-up of a large, consecutive cohort of patients aged 50 years or younger with THA using HXLPE. This long-term analysis found negligible polyethylene wear, no incidence of aseptic loosening, and excellent clinical outcomes at and beyond 15 years of follow-up. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(7 Supple B):78–83

Narrow, well-defined radiolucent lines commonly observed at the bone-implant interface of unicompartmental knee replacement tibial components have been referred to as physiological radiolucencies. These should be distinguished from pathological radiolucencies, which are poorly defined, wide and progressive, and associated with loosening and infection. We studied the incidence and clinical significance of tibial radiolucent lines in 161 Oxford unicondylar knee replacements five years after surgery. All the radiographs were aligned with fluoroscopic control to obtain views parallel to the tibial tray to reveal the tibial bone-implant interface. We found that 49 knees (30%) had complete, 52 (32%) had partial and 60 (37%) had no radiolucent lines. There was no relationship between the incidence of radiolucent lines and patient factors such as gender, body mass index and activity, or operative factors including the status of the anterior cruciate ligament and residual varus deformity. Nor was any statistical relationship established between the presence of radiolucent lines and clinical outcome, particularly pain, assessed by the Oxford Knee score and the American Knee Society score. We conclude that radiolucent lines are common after Oxford unicompartmental knee replacement but that their aetiology remains unclear. Radiolucent lines were not a source of adverse symptoms or pain. Therefore, when attempting to identify a source of postoperative pain after Oxford unicompartmental knee replacement the presence of a physiological radiolucency should be ignored

Since 1977 we did implant ceramic on ceramic THR in younger and active population. In 1991 we published (JBJS B N°4) data's in a consecutive group of patients under 50 years of age. What about the same patients for more than 30 years? Eighty-six hips in 75 patients, 41 males 34 females, mean age 43 (18 to 50), mean weight 68 kg (36 to 100), Charnley class: 38 A, 28 (38 hips) B, 9 patients (10 hips) C. Sixty-six primary procedures, 20 revisions (18 failed arthroplasties: 6 THR, 5 resurfacing, four single cup, two hemiarthroplasty, one bipolar), one after acetabular fractures. Four hips previously infected. Eight Patients deceased (8 hips) prosthesis still in place, ten lost to follow-up before 2 years, eight hips in 8 patients were revised before the review, partially followed: from 2 to 20 years: 35, completely followed: 25 hips in 23 patients resuming in: No pain in 20, slight pain in 2, severe disability in 3 not related to the hip, no radiolucent lines in 22, radiolucent lines in 3, no osteolysis in 25. Revision for: early sepsis in one, socket loosening in 8 (3 revisions cases), femoral head fractures in 2: one extra small head (22mm) for Crowe 3 DDH, one fractured at 24 years. Inertness, stability related to fibrous tissue generation, no noise

The benefits of HXLPE in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) have not been as evident as total hip arthroplasty (THA). A systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the impact of highly-crosslinked polyethylene (HXLPE) on TKA outcomes compared to conventional polyethylene (CPE) is described. All studies comparing HXLPE with CPE for primary TKA were included for analysis. The minimum dataset included revision rates, indication for revision, aseptic component loosening and follow-up time. The primary outcome variables were all-cause revision, aseptic revision, revision for loosening, radiographic component loosening, osteolysis and incidence of radiolucent lines. Secondary outcome measures included postoperative functional knee scores. A random-effects meta-analysis allowing for all missing data was performed for all primary outcome variables. Six studies met the inclusion criteria. In total, there were 2,234 knees (1,105 HXLPE and 1,129 CPE). The combined mean follow-up for all studies was 6 years. The aseptic revision rate in the HXLPE group was 1.02% compared to 1.97% in the CPE group. There was no difference in the rate of all-cause revision (p = 0.131), aseptic revision (p = 0.298) or revision for component loosening (p = 0.206) between the two groups. Radiographic loosening (p = 0.200), radiolucent lines (p = 0.123) and osteolysis (p = 0.604) was similar between both groups. Functional outcomes were similar between groups. The use of HXLPE in TKA yields similar results for clinical and radiographic outcomes when compared to CPE at midterm follow-up. HXLPE does not confer the same advantages to TKA as seen in THA

Cup-cage constructs are one of several methods commonly used to treat severe acetabular bone loss during contemporary revision total hip arthroplasty. The purpose of this study was to provide a long-term results of the technique with emphasis on implant survivorship, radiographic results, and clinical outcomes for both full and half cup-cage reconstructions. We identified 57 patients treated with a cup-cage reconstruction for major acetabular bone loss between 2002–2012. All patients had Paprosky Type 2B through 3B bone loss, with 60% having an associated pelvic discontinuity. Thirty-one patients received a full cup-cage construct, and 26 a half cup-cage. Mean age at reconstruction was 66 years, 75% were female, and the mean BMI was 27 kg/m. 2. Mean follow-up was 10 years. The 10-year cumulative incidences of any revision were 14% and 12% for the full and half cup-cage construct groups, respectively. Of the 9 revisions, 3 were for dislocation, 2 for aseptic loosening and construct failure (both were pelvic discontinuities), 1 for adverse local tissue reaction, and 1 for infection with persistent pelvic discontinuity. The 10-year cumulative incidences of revision for aseptic loosening were 4.5% and 5% for the full and half cup-cage constructs, respectively. Of the unrevised cases, incomplete and non-progressive zone 3 radiolucent lines were observed in 10% of patients in each group. Three patients experienced partial motor and sensory sciatic nerve palsies (2 in the full and 1 in the half cup-cage group). Both the full and half cup-cage cohorts demonstrated significantly improved Harris hip scores. Full and half cup-cage reconstructions for major acetabular defects were successful at 10 years in regards to acetabular fixation without appreciable differences between the two techniques. However, zone 3 radiolucent lines were not uncommon in association with discontinuities, and dislocation continues to be a problem

Abstract. Introduction. Cementless fixation of Oxford Unicompartmental Knee Replacements (UKRs) is an alternative to cemented fixation, however, it is unknown whether cementless fixation is as good long-term. This study aimed to compare primary and long-term fixation of cemented and cementless Oxford UKRs using radiostereometric analysis (RSA). Methodology. Twenty-nine patients were randomised to receive cemented or cementless Oxford UKRs and followed for ten years. Differences in primary fixation and long-term fixation of the tibial components (inferred from 0/3/6-month and 6-month/1-year/2-year/5-year/10-year migration, respectively) were analysed using RSA and radiolucencies were assessed on radiographs. Migration rates were determined by linear regression and clinical outcomes measured using the Oxford Knee Score (OKS). Results. Preliminary analysis of Maximum Total Point Motion (MTPM) indicated cementless tibial components undergo significantly more migration than cemented components during the first 6 months (1.6mm/year, SD=0.92 versus 1.3mm/year, SD=1.1, p<0.001). Cementless migration was predominantly subsidence inferiorly (Mean=0.51mm/year, SD=0.29, p<0.001) and posteriorly (0.13mm/year, SD=0.21, p=0.03). Contrastingly, from 6 months to 10 years cemented components migrated significantly (MTPM=0.039mm/year, SD=0.11, p=0.04) whereas cementless components did not (MTPM=0.002mm/year, SD=0.02, p=0.744). Radiolucent lines occurred more frequently below cemented (10/13) than cementless (4/16) tibial components, but radiolucencies did not correlate with differences in migration or OKS. There was no significant difference in OKS between cemented and cementless. Conclusion. These results suggest that cementless tibial components migrate more than cemented before achieving primary fixation. However, long-term fixation of cementless tibial components appears to be as good, if not better, than cemented with the benefit of fewer radiolucent lines

We have investigated the mid-term outcome of total shoulder replacement using a keeled cemented glenoid component and a modern cementing technique with regard to the causes of failure and loosening of the components. Between 1997 and 2003 we performed 96 total shoulder replacements on 88 patients, 24 men and 64 women with a mean age of 69.7 years (31 to 82). The minimum follow-up was five years and at the time of review 87 shoulders (77 patients) were examined at a mean follow-up of 89.1 months (60 to 127). Cumulative survival curves were generated with re-operations (accomplished and planned), survivorship of the proshesis, loosening of the glenoid (defined as tilt > 5° or subsidence > 5 mm), the presence of radiolucent lines and a Constant score of < 30 as the endpoints. There were two re-operations not involving revision of the implants and the survival rate of the prosthesis was 100.0% for the follow-up period, with an absolute Constant score of > 30 as the endpoint the survival rate was 98%. Radiological glenoid loosening was 9% after five years, and 33% after nine years. There was an incidence of 8% of radiolucent lines in more than three of six zones in the immediate post-operative period, of 37.0% after the first year which increased to 87.0% after nine years. There was no correlation between the score of Boileau and the total Constant score at the latest follow-up, but there was correlation between glenoid loosening and pain (p = 0.001). We found that total shoulder replacement had an excellent mid-term survivorship and clinical outcome. The surgical and cementing techniques were related to the decrease in radiolucent lines around the glenoid compared with earlier studies. One concern, however, was the fact that radiolucent lines increased over time and there was a rate of glenoid loosening of 9% after five years and 33% after nine years. This suggests that the design of the glenoid component, and the implantation and cementing techniques may need further improvement

Aim. Radiologic signs such as radiolucent lines around the implant, hardware fracture or displacement and periosteal reaction have been considered suggestive of implant-associated infection. The goal of this study is to assess the correlation of these signs with confirmed internal fixation-associated infection evaluated in a prospective cohort. Method. We evaluated the radiologic appearance of preoperative standard x-ray images in 421 surgeries performed in 380 patients with internal fixation device in place (56.8% male, mean age 53 ± 17 years). This prospective study was performed in a large single center for musculoskeletal surgery from 2013–2017. Infection was suspected preoperatively in only 23.8% of the surgeries. The most common indications for surgeries in which infection was not suspected were nonunion (84 cases) and symptomatic hardware (57 cases). All removed implants were sent to sonication for biofilm removal and detection. In addition, several peri-implant tissue samples were collected. Radiographs were analyzed in a blinded fashion for signs of radiolucent lines around the implant before removal, hardware fracture or displacement, and soft periosteal reactions suggestive of infection. Diagnosis was established according to the IDSA criteria for PJI. Contingency tables were constructed to determine sensitivity and specificity, and to perform Chi-square tests to compare the presence of infection with radiological signs of infection. Results. Radiologic signs suggestive for infection were uncommon, including radiolucent lines in 48 cases (11.4%); hardware breakage in 542cases (12.4%); hardware displacement in 45 cases (10.7%); periosteal reaction in 30 cases (7.1%). Infection was confirmed in 27.6% of the surgeries, and radiological signs of infection were only marginally more common in this group. Only the presence of radiolucent lines (p = 0.47; OR = 1.86 [95% CI 1.00 – 3.38]) and periosteal reaction (p = 0.15; OR = 2.48 [1.17 – 5.26]) were significantly associated with confirmed infection. Sensitivity of radiolucent lines and periosteal reaction were low (16,4% and 12,1%, respectively), while specificity remained acceptable (90.5%and 94.8%, respectively). Conclusions. Radiologic signs of infection are uncommon, even in the context of a confirmed infection. Radiolucency surrounding the implant and the presence of a soft periosteal reaction were significantly associated with the presence of infection, though sensitivity of the signs remained very low

Introduction. THA for patient's 50 years and younger is a procedure at high risk for complications and failure because of the high level of activity of this population. Highly cross linked polyethylene (HXLPE) has greatly improved the durability of the implant because of the improved wear characteristics. Few studies have followed this population into the second decade and therefore the purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the clinical outcome for the patients 5o years of age and younger at a minimum of 15 years. The second purpose was to evaluate the radiographic findings secondary to wear or mechanical failure of the implant. Methods. Between October 1999 and December 2005, 105 THAs were performed in 95 patients (53 female, 42 male) age 50 years and younger (mean 42 years; range 20–50). Ten patients (10 hips) were lost to follow-up or deceased. The remaining 95 hips and 85 patients were followed for a minimum of 15 years (mean of 16.8, range 15–20.5) for analysis. HXLPE (Longevity, Zimmer Biomet) was the acetabular bearing for all hips. Radiographs were evaluated for radiolucent lines and osteolysis. Results. Clinical outcomes showed excellent results in 80 hips, good results in 10 hips, fair in 3 hips and poor in 2 hips. One hip was revised for recurrent instability, one patient suffered a DVT and there were no infections. None of the hips were revised for mechanical loosening or osteolysis. Radiolucent lines were present in Zone I of the acetabulum in 23 hips and Zone II in 6 and Zone III 7. Osteolysis was not present in any of the hips. Conclusions. The use of HXLPE in THA for patients 50 years of age and younger has performed exceptionally well without evidence of wear causing mechanical loosening or necessitating revision. Radiographic evidence of osteolysis was not identified, but progressive radiolucent lines of the acetabular component were noted

Abstract. Objective. Up to 20% of patients can remain dissatisfied following TKR. A proportion of TKRs will need early revision with aseptic loosening the most common. The ATTUNE TKR was introduced in 2011 as successor to its predicate design The PFC Sigma (DePuy Synthes, Warsaw, In). However, following reports of early failures of the tibial component there have been ongoing concerns of increased loosening rates with the ATTUNE TKR. In 2017 a redesigned tibial baseplate (S+) was introduced, which included cement pockets and an increased surface roughness to improve cement bonding. Given the concerns of early tibial loosening with the ATTUNE knee system, this study aimed to compare revision rates and those specific to aseptic loosening of the ATTUNE implant in comparison to an established predicate as well as other implant designs used in a high-volume arthroplasty centre. Methods. The Attune TKR was introduced to our unit in December 2011. Prior to this we routinely used a predicate design with an excellent long-term track record (PFC Sigma) which remains in use. In addition, other designs were available and used as per surgeon preference. Using a prospectively maintained database, we identified 10,202 patients who underwent primary cemented TKR at our institution between 01/04/2003–31/03/2022 with a minimum of 1 year follow-up (Mean 8.4years, range 1–20years): 1) 2406 with ATTUNE TKR (of which 557 were S+) 2) 4652 with PFC TKR 3) 3154 with other cemented designs. All implants were cemented using high viscosity cement. The primary outcome measures were all-cause revision, revision for aseptic loosening, and revision for tibial loosening. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox regression models were used to compare the primary outcomes between groups. Matched cohorts were selected from the ATTUNE subsets (original and S+) and PFC groups using the nearest neighbor method for radiographic analysis. Radiographs were assessed to compare the presence of radiolucent lines in the Attune S+, standard Attune, and PFC implants. Results. At a mean of 8.4 years follow-up, 308 implants underwent revision equating to 3.58 revisions per 1000 implant-years. The lowest risk of revision was noted in the ATTUNE cohort with 2.98 per 1000-implant-years where the PFC and All Other Implant groups were 3.15 and 4.4 respectively. Aseptic loosing was the most common cause for revision across all cemented implants with 76% (65/88) of involving loosening of the tibia. Survival analysis comparing the ATTUNE cohort to the PFC and All Other Cemented Implant cohorts showed no significant differences for: all-cause revision, aseptic loosening, or tibial loosening (p=0.15,0.77,0.47). Radiolucent lines were detected in 4.6%, 5.8%, and 5.0% of the ATTUNE S+, standard ATTUNE, and PFC groups respectively. These differences were not significant. Conclusion. This study represents the largest non-registry review of the original and S+ ATTUNE TKR in comparison to its predicate design as well as other cemented implants. There appears to be no significant increased revision rate for all-cause revision or aseptic loosening. Radiographic analysis also showed no significant difference in peri-implant radiolucency. It appears that concerns of early loosening may be unfounded. Declaration of Interest. (a) fully declare any financial or other potential conflict of interest

Aims. This study compares the PFC total knee arthroplasty (TKA) system in a prospective randomized control trial (RCT) of the mobile-bearing rotating-platform (RP) TKA against the fixed-bearing (FB) TKA. This is the largest RCT with the longest follow-up where cruciate-retaining PFC total knee arthroplasties are compared in a non-bilateral TKA study. Patients and Methods. A total of 167 patients (190 knees with 23 bilateral cases), were recruited prospectively and randomly assigned, with 91 knees receiving the RP and 99 knees receiving FB. The mean age was 65.5 years (48 to 82), the mean body mass index (BMI) was 29.7 kg/m. 2. (20 to 52) and 73 patients were female. The Knee Society Score (KSS), Knee Society Functional Score (KSFS), Oxford Knee Score (OKS), Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC), and 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey Physical and Mental Component Scores (SF-12 PCS, SF-12 MCS) were gathered and recorded preoperatively, at five-years’ follow-up, and at ten years’ follow-up. Additionally, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Scores (KOOS) were collected at five- and ten-year follow-ups. The prevalence of radiolucent lines (RL) on radiographs and implant survival were recorded at five- and ten-year follow-ups. Results. At the ten-year follow-up, the RP group (n = 39) had a statistically significant superior score in the OKS (p = 0.001), WOMAC (p = 0.023), SF-12 PCS (p = 0.019), KOOS Activities of Daily Living (ADL) (p = 0.010), and KOOS Sport and Recreation (Sport/Rec) (p = 0.006) compared with the FB group (n = 46). The OKS, SF-12 PCS, and KOOS Sport/Rec at ten years had mean scores above the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) threshold. There was no significant difference in prevalence of radiolucency between groups at five-years’ follow-up (p = 0.449), nor at ten-years’ follow-up (p = 0.08). Implant survival rate at 14 years postoperative was 95.2 (95% CI 90.7 to 99.8) and 94.7 (95% CI 86.8 to 100.0) for the RP and FB TKAs, respectively. Conclusion. At ten-year follow-up, the mobile-bearing knee joint arthroplasty had statistically and clinically relevant superior OKS, SF-12 PCS, and KOOS (Sport/Rec) than the fixed-bearing platform. No difference was seen in prevalence of radiolucent lines. There was a greater than 94% implant survival rate for both cohorts at 14 years. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2018;100-B:1336–44

Aims. The aim of this study was to longitudinally compare the clinical and radiological outcomes of anatomical total shoulder arthroplasty (aTSA) up to long-term follow-up, when using cemented keel, cemented peg, and hybrid cage peg glenoid components and the same humeral system. Methods. We retrospectively analyzed a multicentre, international clinical database of a single platform shoulder system to compare the short-, mid-, and long-term clinical outcomes associated with three designs of aTSA glenoid components: 294 cemented keel, 527 cemented peg, and 981 hybrid cage glenoids. Outcomes were evaluated at 4,746 postoperative timepoints for 1,802 primary aTSA, with a mean follow-up of 65 months (24 to 217). Results. Relative to their preoperative condition, each glenoid cohort had significant improvements in clinical outcomes from two years to ten years after surgery. Patients with cage glenoids had significantly better clinical outcomes, with higher patient-reported outcome scores and significantly increased active range of motion, compared with those with keel and peg glenoids. Those with cage glenoids also had significantly fewer complications (keel: 13.3%, peg: 13.1%, cage: 7.4%), revisions (keel: 7.1%, peg 9.7%, cage 3.5%), and aseptic glenoid loosening and failure (keel: 4.7%, peg: 5.8%, cage: 2.5%). Regarding radiological outcomes, 70 patients (11.2%) with cage glenoids had glenoid radiolucent lines (RLLs). The cage glenoid RLL rate was 3.3-times (p < 0.001) less than those with keel glenoids (37.3%) and 4.6-times (p < 0.001) less than those with peg glenoids (51.2%). Conclusion. These findings show that good long-term clinical and radiological outcomes can be achieved with each of the three aTSA designs of glenoid component analyzed in this study. However, there were some differences in clinical and radiological outcomes: generally, cage glenoids performed best, followed by cemented keel glenoids, and finally cemented peg glenoids. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2023;105-B(6):668–678

Aims. The aim of this study was to compare the mid-term patient-reported outcome, bone remodelling, and migration of a short stem (Collum Femoris Preserving; CFP) with a conventional uncemented stem (Corail). Methods. Of 81 patients who were initially enrolled, 71 were available at five years’ follow-up. The outcomes at two years have previously been reported. The primary outcome measure was the clinical result assessed using the Oxford Hip Score (OHS). Secondary outcomes were the migration of the stem, measured using radiostereometric analysis (RSA), change of bone mineral density (BMD) around the stem, the development of radiolucent lines, and additional patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). Results. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups regarding PROMs (median OHS (CFP 45 (interquartile range (IQR) 35 to 48); Corail 45 (IQR 40 to 48); p = 0.568). RSA showed stable stems in both groups, with little or no further subsidence between two and five years. Resorption of the femoral neck was evident in nine patients in the CFP group and in none of the 15 Corail stems with a collar that could be studied. Dual X-ray absorbiometry showed a significantly higher loss of BMD in the proximal Gruen zones in the CFP group (mean changes in BMD: Gruen zone 1, CFP -9.5 (95% confidence interval (CI) -14.8 to -4.2), Corail 1.0 (95% CI 3.4 to 5.4); Gruen zone 7, CFP -23.0 (95% CI -29.4 to -16.6), Corail -7.2 (95% CI -15.9 to 1.4). Two CFP stems were revised before two years’ follow-up due to loosening, and one Corail stem was revised after two years due to chronic infection. Conclusion. The CFP stem has a similar clinical outcome and subsidence pattern when compared with the Corail stem. More pronounced proximal stress-shielding was seen with the CFP stem, suggesting diaphyseal fixation, and questioning its femoral neck-sparing properties in the long term. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2022;104-B(5):581–588

Aims. Although the short stem concept in hip arthroplasty procedure shows acceptable clinical performance, we sometimes get unexplainable radiological findings. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate changes of radiological findings up to three years postoperatively, and to assess any potential contributing factors on such radiological change in a Japanese population. Methods. This is a retrospective radiological study conducted in Japan. Radiological assessment was done in accordance with predetermined radiological review protocol. A total of 241 hips were included in the study and 118 hips (49.0%) revealed radiological change from immediately after surgery to one year postoperatively; these 118 hips were eligible for further analyses. Each investigator screened whether either radiolucent lines (RLLs), cortical hypertrophy (CH), or atrophy (AT) appeared or not on the one-year radiograph. Further, three-year radiographs of eligible cases were reviewed to determine changes such as, disappeared (D), improved (I), stable (S), and progression (P). Additionally, bone condensation (BC) was assessed on the three-year radiograph. Results. CH was observed in 49 hips (21.1%), AT was observed in 63 hips (27.2%), and RLLs were observed in 34 hips (14.7%) at one year postoperatively. Among 34 hips with RLLs, 70.6% showed change of either D or I on the three-year radiograph. BC was observed in younger patients more frequently. Conclusion. The Fitmore stem works well in a Japanese population with favourable radiological change on hips with RLLs. Longer-term follow-up is required to determine clinical relevance. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2022;3(1):20–28

Aims. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term inducible displacement of cemented tibial components ten years after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Patients and Methods. A total of 15 patients from a previously reported prospective trial of fixation using radiostereometric analysis (RSA) were examined at a mean of 11 years (10 to 11) postoperatively. Longitudinal supine RSA examinations were acquired at one week, one year, and two years postoperatively and at final follow-up. Weight-bearing RSA examinations were also undertaken with the operated lower limb in neutral and in maximum internal rotation positions. Maximum total point motion (MTPM) was calculated for the longitudinal and inducible displacement examinations (supine versus standing, standing versus internal rotation, and supine versus standing with internal rotation). Results. All patients showed some inducible displacement. Two patients with radiolucent lines had greater mean standing-supine MTPM displacement (1.35; . sd. 0.38) compared with the remaining patients (0.68; . sd. 0.36). These two patients also had a greater mean longitudinal MTPM at ten years (0.64; . sd. 0.50) compared with the remaining patients (0.39; . sd. 0.13 mm). Conclusion. Small inducible displacements in well-fixed cemented tibial components were seen ten years postoperatively, of a similar magnitude to that which has been reported for well-fixed components one to two years postoperatively. Greater displacements were found in components with radiolucent lines. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2018;100-B:170–5

Aims. Conflicting clinical results are reported for the ATTUNE Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA). This randomized controlled trial (RCT) evaluated five-year follow-up results comparing cemented ATTUNE and PFC-Sigma cruciate retaining TKAs, analyzing component migration as measured by radiostereometric analysis (RSA), clinical outcomes, patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), and radiological outcomes. Methods. A total of 74 primary TKAs were included in this single-blind RCT. RSA examinations were performed, and PROMs and clinical outcomes were collected immediate postoperatively, and at three, six, 12, 24, and 60 months’ follow-up. Radiolucent lines (RLLs) were measured in standard anteroposterior radiographs at six weeks, and 12 and 60 months postoperatively. Results. At five-year follow-up, RSA data from 61 patients were available and the mean maximum total point motion (MTPM) of the femoral components were: ATTUNE: 0.96 mm (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.79 to 1.14) and PFC-Sigma 1.37 mm (95% CI 1.18 to 1.59) (p < 0.001). The PFC-Sigma femoral component migrated more in the first postoperative year, but stabilized thereafter. MPTM of the tibial components were comparable at five-year follow-up: ATTUNE 1.12 mm (95% CI 0.95 to 1.31) and PFC-Sigma 1.25 mm (95% CI 1.07 to 1.44) (p = 0.438). RLL at the medial tibial implant-cement interface remained more prevalent for the ATTUNE at five-year follow-up compared to the PFC-Sigma (20% vs 3%). RLL did not progress over time, and varied between patients at different timepoints for both TKA systems. Clinical outcomes and PROMs improved compared with preoperative scores, and were not different between groups. Conclusion. MTPM migration at five-year follow-up of the femoral and tibial component of the ATTUNE were similar and as low as that of the PFC-Sigma. MTPM migration of both knee implants did not significantly change from one year post-surgery, indicating stable fixation. Long-term ATTUNE performance may be expected to be comparable to the clinically well-performing PFC-Sigma. We have not found evidence of increased tibial component migration as measured by RSA to support concerns about cement debonding and a higher risk of aseptic loosening with the ATTUNE TKA. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2023;105-B(11):1168–1176

Aims. Recent total knee arthroplasty (TKA) designs have featured more anatomical morphologies and shorter tibial keels. However, several reports have raised concerns about the impact of these modifications on implant longevity. The aim of this study was to report the early performance of a modern, cemented TKA design. Methods. All patients who received a primary, cemented TKA between 2012 and 2017 with a minimum two-year follow-up were included. The implant investigated features an asymmetrical tibial baseplate and shortened keel. Patient demographic details, Knee Society Scores (KSS), component alignment, and the presence of radiolucent lines at final follow-up were recorded. Kaplan-Meier analyses were performed to estimate survivorship. Results. A total of 720 of 754 primary TKAs (95.5%) were included with a mean follow-up of 3.9 years (SD 1.3); 562 (78.1%) were cruciate-retaining and 158 (21.9%) were posterior-stabilized. A total of 11 (1.5%) required reoperation for periprosthetic joint infection and seven (1.0%) for aseptic tibial loosening (five cruciate-retaining, two posterior-stabilized). Loosening occurred at a mean of 3.3 years (0.9 to 6.5). There were no cases of loosening in the 33 patients who received a 14 mm × 30 mm tibial stem extension. All-cause survivorship was 96.6% at three years (95% confidence interval (CI) 95.3% to 98.0%) and 96.2% at five years (95% CI 94.8% to 97.7%). Survivorship with revision for aseptic loosening was 99.6% at three years (95% CI 99.1% to 100.0%) and 99.1% at five years (95% CI 98.4% to 99.9%). Tibial components were in significantly more varus in those with aseptic loosening (mean 3.4° (SD 3.7°) vs 1.3° (SD 2.0°); p = 0.015). There were no other differences in demographic, radiological, or surgical characteristics between revised and non-revised TKAs for aseptic loosening (p = 0.293 to 1.00). Mean KSS improved significantly from 57.3 (SD 9.5) preoperatively to 92.6 (SD 8.9) at the final follow-up (p < 0.001). Conclusion. This is the largest series to date of this design of implant. At short-term follow-up, the rate of aseptic tibial loosening is not overly concerning. Further observation is required to determine if there will be an abnormal rate of loosening at mid- to long-term follow-up. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(6 Supple A):51–58

Aims. Varus-valgus constrained (VVC) devices are typically used in revision settings, often with stems to mitigate the risk of aseptic loosening. However, in at least one system, the VVC insert is compatible with the primary posterior-stabilized (PS) femoral component, which may be an option in complex primary situations. We sought to determine the implant survivorship, radiological and clinical outcomes, and complications when this VVC insert was coupled with a PS femur without stems in complex primary total knee arthroplasties (TKAs). Methods. Through our institution’s total joint registry, we identified 113 primary TKAs (103 patients) performed between 2007 and 2017 in which a VVC insert was coupled with a standard cemented PS femur without stems. Mean age was 68 years (SD 10), mean BMI was 32 kg/m. 2. (SD 7), and 59 patients (50%) were male. Mean follow-up was four years (2 to 10). Results. The five-year survivorship free from aseptic loosening was 100%. The five-year survivorship free from any revision was 99%, with the only revision performed for infection. The five-year survivorship free from reoperation was 93%. The most common reoperation was treatment for infection (n = 4; 4%), followed by manipulation under anaesthesia (MUA; n = 2; 2%). Survivorship free from any complication at five years was 90%, with superficial wound infection as the most frequent (n = 4; 4%). At most recent follow-up, two TKAs had non-progressive radiolucent lines about both the tibial and femoral components. Knee Society Scores improved from 53 preoperatively to 88 at latest follow-up (p < 0.001). Conclusion. For complex primary TKA in occasional situations, coupling a VVC insert with a standard PS femur without stems proved reliable and durable at five years. Longer-term follow-up is required before recommending this technique more broadly. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2021;2(11):921–925

Aims. To date, there is insufficient evidence available to compare the outcome of cemented and uncemented fixation of the humeral stem in reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA). . Methods. A systemic review comprising 41 clinical studies was performed to compare the functional outcome and rate of complications of cemented and uncemented stems in RSA. These included 1455 cemented and 329 uncemented shoulders. The clinical characteristics of the two groups were similar. Variables were compared using pooled frequency-weighted means and relative risk ratios (RR). Results. Uncemented stems had a significantly higher incidence of early humeral stem migration (p < 0.001, RR 18.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 5.0 to 65.2) and non-progressive radiolucent lines (p < 0.001, RR 2.4, 95% CI 1.7 to 3.4), but a significantly lower incidence of post-operative fractures of the acromion compared with cemented stems (p = 0.004, RR 14.3, 95% CI 0.9 to 232.8). There was no difference in the risk of stem loosening or revision between the groups. The cemented stems had a greater relative risk of infection (RR 3.3, 95% CI 0.8 to 13.7), nerve injury (RR 5.7, 95% CI 0.7 to 41.5) and thromboembolism (RR 3.9, 95% CI 0.2 to 66.6). The functional outcome and range of movement were equivalent in the two groups. . Discussion. RSA performed with an uncemented stem gives them equivalent functional outcome and a better complication profile than with a cemented stem. The natural history and clinical relevance of early stem migration and radiolucent lines found with uncemented stems requires further long-term study. Take home message: This study demonstrates that uncemented stems have at least equivalent clinical and radiographic outcomes compared with cemented stems when used for reverse total shoulder arthroplasty. . Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:65–74

Aims. To establish the survivorship, function, and metal ion levels in an unselected series of metal-on-metal hip resurfacing arthroplasties (HRAs) performed by a non-designer surgeon. Methods. We reviewed 105 consecutive HRAs in 83 patients, performed by a single surgeon, at a mean follow-up of 14.9 years (9.3 to 19.1). The cohort included 45 male and 38 female patients, with a mean age of 49.5 years (SD 12.5). Results. At the time of review 13 patients with 15 hips had died from causes unrelated to the hip operation, and 14 hips had undergone revision surgery, giving an overall survival rate of rate of 86.7% (95% confidence interval (CI) 84.2 to 89.1). The survival rate in men was 97.7% (95% CI 96.3 to 98.9) and in women was 73.4% (95% CI 70.6 to 75.1). The median head size of the failed group was 42 mm (interquartile range (IQR) 42 to 44), and in the surviving group was 50 mm (IQR 46 to 50). In all, 13 of the 14 revised hips had a femoral component measuring ≤ 46 mm. The mean blood levels of cobalt and chromium ions were 26.6 nmol/l (SD 24.5) and 30.6 nmol/l (SD 15.3), respectively. No metal ion levels exceeded the safe limit. The mean Oxford Hip Score was 41.5 (SD 8.9) and Harris Hip Score was 89.9 (14.8). In the surviving group, four patients had radiolucent lines around the stem of the femoral component, and one had lysis around the acetabular component; eight hips demonstrated heterotopic ossification. Conclusion. Our results confirm the existing understanding that HRA provides good long-term survival and function in patients with adequate-sized femoral heads. This is evidenced by a 97.7% survival rate among men (larger heads) in our series at a mean follow-up of 14.9 years. Failure is closely related to head sizes ≤ 46 cm. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2022;3(1):68–76

Introduction:. We present the early results of 220 Rebalance Total Ankle Replacements performed in 6 centres in 4 different countries. Methods:. The Rebalance Total Ankle Replacement is a new 3 component uncemented mobile bearing prosthesis with a surface coating of ‘bonemaster’ and an ‘e’ poly bearing. The prosthesis was released in a limited way in May 2011. Since then 220 replacements have been implanted in 218 patients in 6 centres in 4 different countries (UK, Sweden, Canada, Czech Republic). All the x-rays and case notes were reviewed.63 prostheses have a minimum follow up of 2 years. Outcome measures included revision of the prosthesis, and the incidence of progressive and non-progesssive radiolucent lines around the prosthesis. Results:. 7 patients underwent revision or are awaiting revision of their prosthesis. Reasons for revision included loosening(2), infection(1), malposition(2), periprosthetic fracture(1), impingement(1). 9 patients had non-progressive radiolucent lines and 2 patients had progressive radiolucent lines. 1 patient with progressive radiolucent lines is waiting revision for suspected infection. 8 patients suffered fractures to the lateral malleolus and 4 to the medial malleolus. There were no cases of balloon osteolysis. 29 patients had pre-op AOFAS scores= 41(12–67). 21 had 1 year post-op AOFAS scores= 73.5(26–100). 12 had 2 year AOFAS scores= 75.5(50–100). Conclusion:. The early results are encouraging and we believe support its wider use

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the signiþcance of radiolucent lines observed around the MG unicompartmental knee replacement. Method: Weight bearing AP and lateral þlms of 75 knees were reviewed in 56 patients. Each patient had pre-op, post-op and up to date þlms reviewed. On each postoperative þlm the prosthesis was divided into zones. Each zone was observed for evidence of a radiolucent line suggestive of loosening. Results: 75 unicompartmental replacements were performed in 56 patients. The mean follow up was 67.2 months (24–112 months). The femoral component showed no radiolucent lines in any zone in 97% of the knees. 79% of the knees showed no radiolucent lines on the AP view of the tibial component and 71% showed no evidence of radiolucent lines on the lateral view of the tibial component. The most frequent observation was the presence of a radiolucency in zone 1 on both the AP and lateral view of the tibial component. The early appearance of a radiolucency in zone 1 did not progress to aseptic loosening of the implants. Conclusion: The femoral component of the MG implant very rarely shows evidence of radiolucent lines suggestive of loosening. The presence of a radiolucent line in zone 1 of the tibia on the AP or lateral þlm does not lead to early failure of the implant

Background. Core decompression (CD) is effective to relieve pain and delay the advent of total hip arthroplasty (THA) for osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH). However, the influence of CD on the subsequent THA has not been determined yet. Methods. Literatures published up to and including November 2018 were searched in PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane library databases with predetermined terms. Comparative studies of the clinical outcomes between conversion to THA with prior CD (the Prior CD group) and primary THA (the Control group) for ONFH were included. Data was extracted systematically and a meta- analysis was performed. Results. Overall, five retrospective cohort studies with 110 hips in the Prior CD group and 237 hips in the Control group were included and all the studies were of high quality in terms of Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. No difference in the rate of revision between the two groups showed (RR=1.92, P=0.46) after a minimal two-year follow-up. Postoperative Harris Hip Score were similar between the two groups in all the five studies. Two groups went through similar blood loss (P=0.38). But the operative time in the Prior CD group with tantalum rob was longer than that in the Control group (P=0.006, P<0,001, respectively in two papers). Moreover, intraoperative fracture and osteolysis or radiolucent lines were more likely to occur in the Prior CD group, though there is not statistical difference (RR=7.05, P=0.08; RR=3.14, P=0.05, respectively). Conclusion. The present evidence indicated that prior CD has no inferior effect on the survivorship nor hip scores to the subsequent THA. The operative time in the Prior CD group with tantalum rob was longer than that in the Control group. Attention should also be paid on possible more intraoperative fracture and postoperative osteolysis or radiolucent lines. For any figures or tables, please contact authors directly

Instability and aseptic loosening are the two main complications after revision total hip arthroplasty (rTHA). Dual-mobility (DM) cups were shown to counteract implant instability during rTHA. To our knowledge, no study evaluated the 10-year outcomes of rTHA using DM cups, cemented into a metal reinforcement ring, in cases of severe acetabular bone loss. We hypothesized that using a DM cup cemented into a metal ring is a reliable technique for rTHA at 10 years, with few revisions for acetabular loosening and/or instability. This is a retrospective study of 77 rTHA cases with severe acetabular bone loss (Paprosky ≥ 2C) treated exclusively with a DM cup (NOVAE STICK; SERF, DÉCINES-CHARPIEU, FRANCE) cemented into a cage (Kerboull cross, Burch-Schneider, or ARM rings). Clinical scores and radiological assessments were performed preoperatively and at the last follow-up. The main endpoints were revision surgery for aseptic loosening or recurring dislocation. With a mean follow-up of 10.7 years [2.1-16.2], 3 patients were reoperated because of aseptic acetabular loosening (3.9%) at 9.6 years [7-12]. Seven patients (9.45%) dislocated their hip implant, only 1 suffered from chronic instability (1.3%). Cup survivorship was 96.1% at 10 years. No sign of progressive radiolucent lines were found and bone graft integration was satisfactory for 91% of the patients. The use of a DM cup cemented into a metal ring during rTHA with complex acetabular bone loss was associated with low revision rates for either acetabular loosening or chronic instability at 10 years. That's why we also recommend DM cup for all high risk of dislocation situations

Aims. The Mathys Affinis Short is the most frequently used stemless total shoulder prosthesis in the UK. The purpose of this prospective cohort study is to report the survivorship, clinical, and radiological outcomes of the first independent series of the Affinis Short prosthesis. Methods. From January 2011 to January 2019, a total of 141 Affinis Short prostheses were implanted in 127 patients by a single surgeon. Mean age at time of surgery was 68 (44 to 89). Minimum one year and maximum eight year follow-up (mean 3.7 years) was analyzed using the Oxford Shoulder Score (OSS) at latest follow-up. Kaplan-Meier survivorship analysis was performed with implant revision as the endpoint. Most recently performed radiographs were reviewed for component radiolucent lines (RLLs) and proximal humeral migration. Results. Five shoulders underwent revision surgery (3.5%); three for rotator cuff failure, one for infection, and one for component malposition. Survivorship of the implant was 95.4% (95% confidence interval 90.1% to 97.9%) at five and nine years. Mean OSS improved significantly compared to preoperative values from 19.0 (1 to 35) to 43.3 (7 to 48) (p < 0.001). Radiological analysis was undertaken for 99 shoulders. This revealed humeral RLLs in one case (1%), glenoid RLLs in 15 cases (15.2%), and radiological rotator cuff failure in 22 cases (22.2%). Conclusion. This prospective cohort study shows encouraging short- to mid-term survivorship and clinical and radiological results for the Mathys Affinis Short, Short Stem Total Shoulder Prosthesis. Level of Evidence: IV. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2021;2(1):58–65

Varus malalignment after total knee replacement is associated with a poor outcome. Our aim was to determine whether the same was true for medial unicompartmental knee replacement (UKR). The anatomical leg alignment was measured prospectively using a long-arm goniometer in 160 knees with an Oxford UKR. Patients were then grouped according to their mechanical leg alignment as neutral (5° to 10° of valgus), mild varus (0° to 4° of valgus) and marked varus (> 0° of varus). The groups were compared at five years in terms of absolute and change in the Oxford Knee score, American Knee Society score and the incidence of radiolucent lines. Post-operatively, 29 (18%) patients had mild varus and 13 (8%) had marked varus. The mean American Knee Society score worsened significantly (p < 0.001) with increasing varus. This difference disappeared if a three-point deduction for each degree of malalignment was removed. No other score deteriorated with increasing varus, and the frequency of occurrence of radiolucent lines was the same in each group. We therefore conclude that after Oxford UKR, about 25% of patients have varus alignment, but that this does not compromise their clinical or radiological outcome. Following UKR the deductions for malalignment in the American Knee Society score are not justified

In recent years, use of anatomic stemless total shoulder arthroplasty (AsTSA) has increased. Despite evidence to suggest good mid-term results at 2-year follow-up there is a paucity of evidence for longer term follow-up. This study aimed to investigate outcomes at a minimum of 5 years post-operatively following primary AsTSA. This study is a retrospective case series of all patients who underwent a Mathys Affinis AsTSA from July 2010 (first case) to August 2018 (to allow minimum 5-year follow-up). Clinical outcomes included revision rate, range of motion and patient reported outcomes (Oxford Shoulder Score and Numerical Satisfaction Score). Radiological outcome was assessment of radiolucent lines for Lazarus grading. A total of 105 stemless TSAs were implanted. Five patients underwent revision (4.8%). Seventy-five AsTSA's were included in the final study for analysis of 5-year outcomes. Median follow-up time was 6.1 years. Median age was 69 years old and 81% were female. Oxford shoulder score showed a range of 18 to 48, with a median score of 47. Satisfied or very Satisfied was selected in 94.37%. Median range of motion assessments showed forward elevation 160°, abduction 150°, external rotation 40°, and mode internal rotation was to the lumbar spine. No glenoid lucency was present in 79.7%. There were 9.5% with Lazarus Grade 1 lucency, 5.4% with Lazarus Grade 2, and 5.4% Lazarus Grade 3. No humeral lucency was observed. This cohort study demonstrates promising clinical and radiological outcomes for the Mathys Affinis Stemless TSA at minimum 5 years post-operatively

Aims. Only a small number of studies exist that report the results of EBM-produced porous coated trabecular titanium cups in primary total hip arthroplasty (THA). This study aims to investigate the patient satisfaction level, clinical function and radiographic outcomes of the patients who underwent THA using an EBM-produced porous coated titanium cup. Patients and Methods. A total of 32 patients who underwent primary THA with using an EBM-produced porous coated titanium cup from five hospitals between May and December, 2012 were retrospectively reviewed. Five patients were lost prior to the minimum 6-year follow-up. Clinical and radiographic outcomes were analyzed with an average follow-up of 81.48 (range: 77.00–87.00) months. Results. The median HHS and SF-36 scores improved significantly while the WOMAC Osteoarthritis Index decreased significantly at the latest follow-up (p<0.001). Eighteen (66.7%) patients rated their satisfaction level as very satisfied, 6 (22.2%) as satisfied, 2 (7.4%) as neutral and 1(3.7%) as dissatisfied. No intraoperative or postoperative complications were identified, including aseptic cup loosening, hip dislocation, periprosthetic joint infection, periprosthetic fracture, nerve palsy, hematoma. At the latest follow-up, all cups were considered to have achieved fixation via bone ingrowth with three or more of the five signs occurring in the most recent X-ray. However, three cups revealed radiolucent lines with a width of less than 1 mm. These radiolucent lines were distributed in the DeLee-Charnley zone 1 in 1 patient, zone 3 in another patient and the area between zone1 and zone 2 in an additional patient. The latest postoperative centers of rotation were restored nearly to the anatomic center of rotation both vertically and horizontally and the acetabular cups obtained satisfactory orientation postoperatively. Conclusions. The mid-term follow-up of patients who underwent primary THA using EBM-produced porous coated titanium cups demonstrated favorable patient satisfaction, clinical function and adequate biological fixation. For any figures or tables, please contact authors directly

This study aimed to analyze the effect of two different techniques of cement application: cement on bone surface (CoB) versus cement on bone surface and implant surface (CoBaI) on the short-term effect of radiolucent lines (RLL) in primary fully cemented total knee arthroplasties (TKA) with patella resurfacing. 379 fully cemented TKAs (318 patients) were included in this monocentric study. Preoperative and postoperative at week 4 and 12 month after surgery all patients had a clinical and radiological examination and were administered the Oxford Knee Score (OKS). Cement was applied in two different ways among the two study groups: cement on bone surface (CoB group) or cement on bone surface and implant surface (CoBaI group). The evaluation of the presence of RLL or osteolysis was done as previously described using the updated Knee Society Radiographic Evaluation System. The mean OKS and range of motion improved significantly in both groups at the 4-week and 12-month follow-up, with no significant difference between the groups (CoB vs. CoBaI). RLL were present in 4.7% in the whole study population and were significantly higher in the CoBaI group (10.5%) at the 4-week follow-up. At the 12-month follow-up RLL were seen in 29.8% of the TKAs in the CoBaI group, whereas the incidence was lower in the CoB group (24.0% (n.s.)). There were two revisions in each group. None of these due to aseptic loosening. Our study indicated that the application of bone cement on bone surface only might be more beneficial than onto the bone surface and onto the implant surface as well in respect to the short-term presence of RLL in fully cemented primary TKA. The long-term results will be of interest, especially in respect to aseptic loosening and might guide future directions of bone cement applications in TKA

Joint registries suggest a downward trend in the use of uncemented Total Knee Replacements (TKR) since 2003, largely related to reports of early failures of uncemented tibial and patella components. Advancements in uncemented design such as trabecular metal may improve outcomes, but there is a scarcity of high-quality data from randomised trials. 319 patients <75 years of age were randomised to either cemented or uncemented TKR implanted using computer navigation. Patellae were resurfaced in all patients. Patient outcome scores, re-operations and radiographic analysis of radiolucent lines were compared. Two year follow up was available for 287 patients (144 cemented vs 143 uncemented). There was no difference in operative time between groups, 73.7 v 71.1 mins (p= 0.08). There were no statistical differences in outcome scores at 2 years, Oxford knee score 42.5 vs 41.8 (p=0.35), International Knee Society 84.6 vs 84.0 (p=0.76), Forgotten Joint Score 66.7 vs 66.4 (p=0.91). There were two revisions, both for infection one in each group (0.33%). 13 cemented and 8 uncemented knees underwent re-operation, the majority of these being manipulation under anaesthetic (85.7%), with no difference (8.3% vs 5.3%, 95% CI -2.81% to 8.89%, p = 0.31). No difference was found in radiographic analysis at 2 years, 1 lucent line was seen in the cemented group and 3 in the uncemented group (0.67% v 2.09%, 95%CI -4.1% to 1.24%, p = 0.29). We found no difference in clinical or radiographic outcomes between cemented and uncemented TKR including routine patella resurfacing at two years. Early results suggest there is no difference between cemented and uncemented TKR at 2 years with reference to survivorship, patient outcomes and radiological parameters

Stem loosening can be associated with a wide spectrum of bone loss and deformity that represent key factors for choosing the most appropriate revision implant. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcomes and the survivorship of a consecutive series of THA revisions using a taper rectangular cementless stem for primary implants (Alloclassic® Zweymuller®, Zimmer Warsaw US) at medium-term follow-up. We retrospectively evaluated 113 patients (115 revisions) who underwent femoral revision with Zweymuller stem with a preoperative Paprosky I (86) or II (29) defects from January 2011 to December 2020. The mean follow up was 6 years (2–10). The median age at time of surgery was 71(41–93) with 60 males and 53 females. Osteolysis/radiolucency were observed in the following Gruen zones: I (91), II (3), III (2), VII (15), V (3), VI (1). Clinical assessment was performed by means of Harris Hip Score (HHS) and Visual Analogic Scale (VAS), whereas for the radiological analysis we used conventional x-rays of the hips. The statistical analysis was performed using Graphpad Prism v5.0 and data distribution was assessed by Shapiro-Wilk test, and Wilcoxon matched paired test was used to test the differences between preoperative and postoperative score. 9 patients were lost to fu (deceased or not available), 104 (106 hips) were evaluated. The mean HHS and VAS significantly improved at final follow-up, going from 33,84 and 5,78 preoperatively to 66,42 and 2,05 postoperatively, respectively. 28 patients (25%) showed unprogressive radiolucent lines in Gruen zones 1 and 7 with no other radiological nor clinical signs of loosening. One patient suffered from recurrence of the infection. The survivorship with stem revision as endpoint was 100%. Alloclassic Zweymüller primary stem showed good medium-term results and survival rate in revision THA for aseptic loosening and second stages of two stage revisions

Revision options for a failed Total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) have historically been limited to complex hindfoot fusions, bespoke ankle arthroplasty revision or amputation. The patient outcomes of these procedures has been felt to be poor. The introduction of the INBONE-II and INVISION ankle arthroplasty revision systems has created a range of revision arthroplasty options, with the possibility of improved patient outcomes. We aim to report on the early results of 20 sequential revision TAA. All patients undergoing revision TAA with INBONE-II or INVISION had prospective collection of pre-operative and post-operative MOx-FQ and EQ-5D scores. Between September 2013 and June 2019 23 patients underwent revision TAA with mean time from implantation of 35 months (6 to 74). Those with greater than 1 year follow-up had scores included. Other outcomes included radiographic assessment for loosening and revision. 13 patients had INBONE-II and 10 INVISION. None required revision at the time of review. Pre-operative MOx-FQ averaged 40.6 (13.4 pain, 21 walking, 6.2 social). Post-operative MOx-FQ averaged 17.4 (6.2 pain, 8.1 walking, 3.1 social). Average EQ-5D improved from 8 to 6.6 and average EQ-VAS from 60 to 80. On radiograph review one patient had radiolucent lines around their INBONE-II stem evident at 1 year. This had not progressed by 4 years total follow-up. Another patient had uncoupling of part of the stem of her INBONE-II but had not required revision. This was attributed to surgeon error. Revision TAA using the INBONE-II and INVISION systems shows promising early results relating to loosening and revision and good maintained improvement in MOx-FQ and EQ-5D scores. This provides further evidence that patients with a failed TAA can safely have revision rather than having to commit to complex ankle/hindfoot fusion. This provides surgeons with flexibility particularly in those patients with other hindfoot arthritis or arthrodesis

Introduction. The addition of hydroxyapatite in cementless total knee arthroplasty is believed to reduce the time for implant fixation and rehabilitation, reduce the incidence of RLLs and provide long lasting implant stability, through improved osseointegration. We report the results of a prospective, randomised controlled single blinded study comparing the post operative pain, biological fixation and clinical outcomes with the LCS Complete Porocoat and the hydroxyapatite-coated, LCS Complete Duofix mobile-bearing knee systems. Methods. Two hundred and four patients for TKA were prospectively recruited into the study between November 2006 and November 2008. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive the LCS Complete Duofix or LCS Complete Porocoat knee systems. Outcomes including VAS pain scores, American Knee Society scores and Oxford knee scores were performed pre-operatively and at 3 months. X-rays were analysed by an independent reviewer for the presence of radiolucent lines. Results. At no time point from immediately post-operatively to 3 months post-operatively was there a statistically significant difference between groups, in terms of reduction in pain, as measured by the VAS pain score (p=0.9575). American Knee Society and Oxford Knee scores showed similar results between groups. In terms of fixation of the prostheses, radiological analysis revealed a statistical difference between the study groups, Odds Ratio 28.17 (3.670, 216.3), with Duofix having fewer radiolucent lines than Porocoat. 25% of the Porocoat tibias were assessed as not fixated at 3 months whereas only 1% of the Duofix tibias were considered not fixated. There was no significant difference in pain between the fixated and not fixated groups (p=0.293). Conclusions. The addition of hydroxyapatite did not make a significant difference in terms of pain or functional outcomes in the early post-operative period, but did reduce the incidence of radiolucent lines. The presence of radiolucent lines was not associated with increased pain

Total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) is an excellent surgical solution for patients with shoulder arthritis, providing good to excellent results in the vast majority of patients. Complications are rare, however, when they occur, can be devastating for both the patient and surgeon. An increasingly recognised complication of TSA is glenoid component failure. In a recent review of nearly 4000 shoulder arthroplasties, symptomatic glenoid component loosening occurs at a rate of 1.2% per year, while asymptomatic radiolucent lines occur at a rate of 7.3% per year. In addition, keeled glenoid components have been found to have an increased incidence of radiolucent lines compared to pegged glenoid components at both short and longer-term follow-up. Further, pegged glenoid components are associated with a lower risk of revision arthroplasty compared to keeled glenoid components. In a separate study of approximately 4600 shoulder arthroplasties, metal-backed glenoid components were found to have significantly lower rates of radiolucent lines, radiographic loosening, and component failure compared to all-polyethylene glenoid components. Despite these findings, however, metal-backed components are significantly more likely to require revision surgery (3:1) compared to all-polyethylene components. For the failed TSA due to glenoid component failure, revision with glenoid reimplantation may be considered, but is associated with a high rate of recurrent glenoid loosening. Alternatively, revision to a reverse shoulder arthroplasty, is feasible, but is technically demanding with high complication and reoperation rates. This paper will discuss the etiology, work-up, and treatment of patients with glenoid component failure following TSA

The incidence of total shoulder arthroplasty continues to increase. The most common reason for failure of a total shoulder arthroplasty is the glenoid component. Two styles of cemented all-polyethylene components are commonly implanted. These two styles are pegged glenoid and keel glenoid components. Data regarding the superiority of the styles has focused on radiolucent lines, complete loosening and need for revision procedures. Several retrospective and randomised controlled trials have been published to examine these endpoints. There is a trend in the literature to demonstrate decreased rates of radiolucent lines with pegged glenoid components, but a recent systematic review of available trials did not demonstrate a significant difference in the rate of radiolucent lines between the two styles. A slightly increased rate of revision was noted for the keel components. Overall pegged and keel glenoids both still represent good options in total shoulder arthroplasty

Introduction. The Oxford Unicompartmental Knee Replacement (OUKA) is the most popular unicompartmental knee replacement (UKR) in the New Zealand Joint Registry with the majority utilising cementless fixation. We report the 10-year radiological outcomes. Methods. This is a prospective observational study. All patients undergoing a cementless OUKA between May 2005 and April 2011 were enrolled. There were no exclusions due to age, gender, body mass index or reduced bone density. All knees underwent fluoroscopic screening achieving true anteroposterior (AP) and lateral images for radiographic assessment. AP assessment for the presence of radiolucent lines and coronal alignment of the tibial and femoral components used Inteliviewer radiographic software. The lateral view was assessed for lucencies as well as sagittal alignment. Results. 687 OUKAs were performed in 641 patients. Mean age at surgery was 66 years (39–90yrs), 382 in males and 194 right sided. 413 radiographs were available for analysis; 92 patients had died, 30 UKRs had been revised and 19 radiographs were too rotated to be analysed the remainder were lost to follow-up. Mean radiograph to surgery interval was 10.2 years (7.1–16.2yrs). RLLs were identified in zone 1 (3 knees), zone 2 (2 knees), zone 3 (3 knees), zone 5 (3 knees), zone 6 (2 knees) and zone 7 (42 knees). No RLL had progressed, and no case had any osteolysis or prosthesis subsidence. Alignment in the coronal plane: mean 2.90° varus (9.30° varus - 4.49° valgus) of the tibial component to the tibial anatomic axis and the femoral component in mean 4.57° varus (17.02° varus - 9.3° valgus). Sagittal plane posterior tibial slope was a mean 6.30° (0.44° -13.60° degrees) and mean femoral component flexion of 8.11° (23.70° flexion – 16.43° extension). Conclusion. The cementless OUKA demonstrates stable fixation with low revision rates at our centre supporting results earlier published by the design centre

Aims. The primary objective of this study was to compare migration of the cemented ATTUNE fixed bearing cruciate retaining tibial component with the cemented Press-Fit Condylar (PFC)-sigma fixed bearing cruciate retaining tibial component. The secondary objectives included comparing clinical and radiological outcomes and Patient Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs). Methods. A single blinded randomized, non-inferiority study was conducted including 74 patients. Radiostereometry examinations were made after weight bearing, but before hospital discharge, and at three, six, 12, and 24 months postoperatively. PROMS were collected preoperatively and at three, six, 12, and 24 months postoperatively. Radiographs for measuring radiolucencies were collected at two weeks and two years postoperatively. Results. The overall migration (mean maximum total point motion (MPTM)) at two years was comparable: mean 1.13 mm (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.97 to 1.30) for the ATTUNE and 1.16 mm (95% CI, 0.99 to 1.35) for the PFC-sigma. At two years, the mean backward tilting was -0.43° (95% CI, -0.65 to -0.21) for the ATTUNE and 0.08° (95% CI -0.16 to 0.31), for the PFC-sigma. Overall migration between the first and second postoperative year was negligible for both components. The clinical outcomes and PROMs improved compared with preoperative scores and were not different between groups. Radiolucencies at the implant-cement interface were mainly seen below the medial baseplate: 17% in the ATTUNE and 3% in the PFC-sigma at two weeks, and at two years 42% and 9% respectively (p = 0.001). Conclusion. In the first two postoperative years the initial version of the ATTUNE tibial component was not inferior with respect to overall migration, although it showed relatively more backwards tilting and radiolucent lines at the implant-cement interface than the PFC-sigma. The version of the ATTUNE tibial component examined in this study has subsequently undergone modification by the manufacturer. Level of Evidence: 1 (randomized controlled clinical trial). Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2020;102-B(9):1158–1166

Radiolucent lines in total shoulder arthroplasty around the glenoid component are not uncommon in post-operative x-rays and the incidence varies. A certain percentage progress and as the lines enlarge can lead to component loosening. One study reported a 9% incidence at 2 years and 27% incidence at 5 years. A recent long term study (15 to 20 years) reported a 73% incidence. Radiolucent lines can be caused by anatomy (posterior glenoid wear) or pathology (inflammatory arthritis) as well as technical factors such as glenoid implant design (metal back) and improper implantation techniques where the prosthesis is not fully seated or cement is used to fill a defect. Every attempt should be made to avoid lucent lines. Minimal bone should be removed from the glenoid vault and a pressure injection type of insertion is helpful in getting the cement into the cancellous bone. Furthermore a peg type of glenoid implant rather than a keel type is preferred as this has been associated with a lower incidence of radiolucent lines

1) INTRODUCTION. Acetabular fixation in cementless total hip arthroplasty (THA) relies on new technology for stability and survivorship of the implant. A highly porous 3D titanium coating was developed with a biologically inspired pore structure to improve initial friction fixation with mechanical stability and long term biological fixation. Ongoing research is investigating potential radiographic phenomenons these coatings produce, resulting in the presence of lucent lines. The purpose of this study was to evaluate clinical and radiographic outcomes of a 3D highly porous-coated titanium acetabular shell. 2) METHODS. One hundred and sixty-two cases as part of a non-randomized, post-market, multicenter study received a primary cementless THA. Clinical outcomes including the Harris Hip Score (HHS), Lower Extremity Activity Scale (LEAS), Short Form 12 (SF12), and EuroQol 5D Score (EQ-5D) were collected preoperatively and at six weeks, one year postoperative. Additionally, radiographs, radiographic parameters and techniques were analyzed for institutional differences. 3) RESULTS. Significant postoperative improvements were seen in pain, function and quality of life outcomes through one year. The HHS improved significantly (p< 0.0001) by 28.9 points at six weeks and 41.7 points at one year postoperative (Figure 1), with 53.4% of patients scoring Excellent or Good at six weeks and 87.5% at one year (Figure 2). Pain and physical functioning reported by the SF-12, EQ-5D and LEAS showed further clinical improvements at one year (Figure 1). Radiographically, 9.5% of cases reviewed displayed ‘radiolucent lines’ of less than 2mm in all three acetabular zones at six weeks. These cases only displayed radiolucent lines in one zone at the one year timepoint (Figure 3). Patients with radiolucent lines reported an average HHS score of 77 and 96 at six weeks and one year, respectively, with no radiographic failures or any revisions to date. The radiographic parameters and techniques were collected to analyze differences between the imaging techniques between institutions. Institutions utilizing digital radiography with an automatic exposure control technique, had cases where ‘radiolucent lines’ were present. One institution utilizing computed radiography with a manual technique did not have any cases display ‘radiolucent lines’. 4) DISCUSSION and CONCLUSION. Despite the appearance of transient radiographic lucent lines, patients in this study have shown positive clinical outcomes and initial stability through one year postoperative. These results do not correlate with the presence of radiolucent lines. Additionally, there may be a correlation between the imaging techniques and the presence of ‘radiolucent lines.’ As this device is still widely implanted using the same surgical technique, longer follow-up is needed to confirm a true biologic fixation and survivorship of the shell

Introduction. Primary fixation in uncemented Total Hip Replacement (THR) is achieved by implanting an appropriately sized stem. Last year, in our pilot study, we classified undersizing & reported the incidence of subsidence & radiolucent lines (RLL) in undersized uncemented stems. Now we report on a larger cohort of patients, reporting undersizing and its association with radiolucent lines and subsidence. Secondarily we report on the effect of using a collar, patients' BMI, and in a smaller group the five-year failure rate. Methods. A retrospective review of electronic records of 1337 cases who underwent THR using the Corail stem was carried out. 1204 (Collared 1042, Uncollared 162) had a minimum follow up of 1 year, 693 of those had a follow up of at least 5 years. Radiological review was carried out by 2 independent investigators. Results. 19.77% stems were undersized. There was significantly higher incidence of subsidence & RLL in undersized stems with more than 1 year follow up. There no significant increase in incidence of RLL in those with BMI greater than 30 (16.88% vs 18.81%). Analysis of undersized collared stems demonstrated that even in this sub group undersizing is associated with increased incidence of RLL (P 0.00001) & subsidence (P 0.0003). A five year follow up, the revision rate for aseptic loosening of stem was 3.09% in undersized stems & 0.29% in appropriately sized stems (P 0.06). Conclusions. Our study indicates undersizing of uncemented stems is associated with poorer radiological outcomes & there's a trend of higher revision rate at 5 year follow up. This reinforces the importance of implanting appropriately sized stem, as undersizing can potentially compromise stem survival in uncemented total hip arthroplasty

The Morscher-Spotorno (MS-30) femoral stem is a stainless-steel, straight, three-dimensionally tapered, collarless implant for cemented fixation in total hip replacement. We report the results at ten years of a consecutive series of 124 total hip replacements in 121 patients with the matt-surfaced MS-30 stem and an alumina ceramic head of 28-mm diameter. All the stems were fixed with Palacos bone cement with gentamicin using a modern cementing technique. They were combined with an uncemented, press-fit cup. The mean period of observation was 10.2 years (8.3 to 12.1) and no patient was lost to follow-up. Twenty-seven patients (22%) died with the implant in situ. Nine could only be interviewed by telephone. We included 85 patients with 88 hips in the clinical and radiological follow-up examinations. None of the stems or cups had been revised. The Harris hip score was excellent or good in 97% (85 hips) and moderate in 3% (three hips). Radiologically, six hips (6.8%) had osteolysis adjacent to the stem, mostly in Gruen zone 7. Twenty (22.7%) showed one or more radiolucent lines. Twenty-two stems (25%) had subsided by 2 mm to 5 mm. In these cases two showed osteolysis (9.1%) with subsidence and four without (6.1%). Radiolucent lines were seen in seven with migration (31.8%) and in 13 without (19.7%). No infections and no acetabular osteolysis were observed. The clinical results were excellent with survivorship after ten years of 100% and only a slightly statistically non-significant higher rate of osteolysis and radiolucency in cases of subsidence

Aims: This study reports early outcome data from a contemporary tapered cementless stem. Methods: Fifty patients (55 hips) underwent THA and received cement-less femoral and acetabular components (Encore Medical, Austin, TX). All stems were collarless with a 3-dimensional wedge geometry manufactured from titanium alloy with a proximal full circumferential titanium porous coating. There were 19 females and 31 males with an average age and weight of 63(31–81) years and 86(46–114)kg, respectively. Initial diagnosis was osteoarthritis (76%), osteonecrosis (15%), congenital dysplasia (5%), rheumatoid arthritis (2%) and trauma (2%). Patients were followed prospectively and Harris Hip Scores were recorded. Pre-operative, immediate postoperative, and annual radiographs were evaluated for stem and cup position, component migration, and evidence of radiolucent lines and bony adaptation. Results: The average length of follow-up was 2.0±0.4(1.5–3.1) years. There were no cup or stem revisions at this early follow-up interval. The average Harris Hip Score was 95 points (range, 63 to 100). Average cup inclination was 53¡(38¡–65¡). Radiolucent lines around the acetabular cup were infrequent (7%) and were less than 1 mm in width. Stem subsidence was noted on 10 (18%) stems, consistent with the collarless stem geometry. Some medial calcar atrophy was noted in 78% of the hips. Six (11%) stems had distal radiolucent lines > 2 mm in width. One (2%) stem had pedestal formation at the distal stem. Conclusions: Excellent midterm outcomes have been reported for tapered cementless stems with proximal circumferential porous coating. Radiolucent lines in the distal stem zones and mild medial calcar atrophy have not been associated with inferior outcomes up to 10 years

The aim was to study the evolution of radiographic patterns of osteointegration of tapered wedge stems and determine if there is correlation with bony morphology and initial stem fit. We reviewed primary total hip replacements performed by two surgeons using a single cementless tapered wedge design and that had a complete series of radiographs (defined as preoperative, 6 weeks, 1 year and 5 or more years). Signs of bony remodeling were recorded at each Gruen zone. Calcar remodeling, changes in cortical thickness, evidence of subsidence and pedestal formation were recorded (Figure 1). 57 hips (50 patients) were available for analysis with a mean follow up of 5.03 years. Mean changes in cortical thickness were positive in zones 2(7.51) and 6(5.36) and negative in zones 1(−7.53) and 7(−13.51). Radiolucent lines were found in gruen zones 3,4(39%), and 5. Femoral neck cancellization was seen in zone 7 in 8 patients (14%) in year 1 and 36 (63%) by year 5. Correlations were seen with proximal canal fill and radiolucent lines at zones 3 (0.278; p0.36) and 5 (0.258; p 0.05) and with distal canal fill and hypertrophy of the cortex in zone 3 (0.429; p0.001) and 5. Cortical hypertrophy around the midstem, lack of radiolucent lines around the proximal stem and cancellization of the calcar are all radiographic patterns which occur routinely. A positive correlation with distal canal fill and hypertrophy of zones 3 and 5 was noted. There was no significant correlation with preoperative boney morphology or initial stem fit proximally

Aims. There is insufficient evidence to recommend the use of alternative polyethylene bearings in modular, fixed-bearing total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The purpose of this study was to compare standard polyethylene (SP) and highly crosslinked polyethylene (XLP) tibial liners in posterior-stabilized TKA, with osteolysis as the primary outcome and clinical results and the rate of re-operation as the secondary outcomes. Patients and Methods. This is a single-surgeon, prospective randomized study involving one design of modular posterior-stabilized TKA. An analysis of 122 TKAs with an SP compression moulded liner and 123 with an XLP liner was performed, with a mean follow-up of six years (2 to 11). Patients were evaluated clinically using the Knee Society score, Lower Extremity Activity Score (LEAS), and the presence of an effusion, and standard radiographs were assessed for radiolucent lines and osteolytic lesions. Results. Osteolysis was present in four TKAs (3.3%) in the SP group, and no knees in the XLP group (p = 0.06). There were no significant differences between the Knee Society total score, change in total score, knee function score, change in function score, LEAS, and change in LEAS in the two groups. There was a significant difference in the presence of an effusion (10/122 with SP liners, 1/123 with XLP liners; p = 0.02). There was no significant difference in the rate of re-operation between the two groups (p = 0.36). There were no complications related to the XLP liner. Conclusion. At this length of follow-up, there were no advantages and no complications related to the use of this XLP tibial liner. The presence of effusion and small osteolytic lesions was more frequent with SP than XLP liners, but of unknown clinical significance. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2019;101-B(7 Supple C):33–39

Aims. Despite advances in the treatment of paediatric hip disease, adolescent and young adult patients can develop early onset end-stage osteoarthritis. The aims of this study were to address the indications and medium-term outcomes for total hip arthroplasty (THA) with ceramic bearings for teenage patients. Methods. Surgery was performed by a single surgeon working in the paediatric orthopaedic unit of a tertiary referral hospital. Databases were interrogated from 2003 to 2017 for all teenage patients undergoing THA with a minimum 2.3 year follow-up. Data capture included patient demographics, the underlying hip pathology, number of previous surgeries, and THA prostheses used. Institutional ethical approval was granted to contact patients for prospective clinical outcomes and obtain up-to-date radiographs. In total, 60 primary hips were implanted in 51 patients (35 female, 16 male) with nine bilateral cases. The mean age was 16.7 years (12 to 19) and mean follow-up was 9.3 years (2.3 to 16.8). Results. The most common indication for teenage hip arthroplasty was avascular necrosis secondary to slipped upper femoral epiphysis (31%; n = 16). Overall, 64% of patients (n = 33) had undergone multiple previous operations. The survival at follow-up was 97%; two patients required revision for aseptic loosening (one femoral stem, one acetabular component). Both patients had fused hips noted at the time of arthroplasty. A further two patients had radiolucent lines but were asymptomatic. At latest follow-up the mean Oxford Hip Score was 44 (31 to 48) and a Visual Analogue Scale measurement of 1.5, indicating satisfactory function. Conclusion. Operating on this cohort can be complicated by multiple previous surgeries and distorted anatomy, which in some cases require custom-made prostheses. We have demonstrated a good outcome with low revision rate in this complex group of patients. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2020;102-B(11):1491–1496

Introduction. Polyethylene wear and osteolysis remain a concern with the use of modular, fixed bearing total knee arthroplasty (TKA). A variety of highly cross-linked polyethylenes (XLPs) have been introduced to address this problem, but there are few data on the results and complications of this polyethylene in posterior-stabilized knee prosthesis. We have previously reported an interim analysis of a study comparing polyethylene tibial liners. Methods. This is a prospective randomized study of one modular posterior-stabilized total knee arthroplasty by a single surgeon. 265 patients (329 knees) were randomized to receive a standard compression molded liner (SP) or a highly cross-linked (6.5 CGy electron-beam irradiated and remelted) polyethylene liner (XLP). Patients were evaluated clinically using the classic Knee Society scores, LEAS score, presence of a knee effusion, and by standard radiographs for radiolucent lines and osteolytic lesions. The analysis was performed at a mean of 6 years (range, 2–11 years). Results. There were no clinical differences between 122 knees with SP and 123 knees with XLP in Knee Society total score; change in total score; knee function score; change in function score; LEAS score; and change in LEAS score. There was a difference in the presence of effusion (one of 123 XLP, and 10 of 122 SP; p=0.02). There was no difference in the frequency of radiolucent lines (21 knees with SP and 22 with XLP). Osteolysis was present in 4 knees (3.3%) with SP, and no knees with XLP (p=0.06). There was no difference in frequency of reoperation between the two groups (3 infection in 123 knees allocated to XLP group and six (3 infection, 1 femoral loosening, 1 instability, 1 fracture plating) in 122 knees allocated to SP group. There were no complications related to the XLP liner. Conclusion. At this length of follow-up time, with the numbers available, there were no complications, but no advantages, related to the use of this XLP tibial liner. The presence of effusion and small osteolytic lesions are more frequent with SP than XLP, but of unknown clinical importance

Introduction. Patients under the age of 50 who undergo a total hip arthroplasty (THA) are at high risk for wear-related complications due to their higher activity level. Previous studies have shown that highly crosslinked polyethylene (HXLPE) is more durable with no evidence of loosening compared to conventional polyethylene due to its improved wear characteristics. Unfortunately, there are few studies with long term follow-up of HXLPE in this patient population. The purpose of this study was to evaluate two questions related to this population of patients undergoing THA. First, what were the clinical outcomes for HXLPE in patients 50 years or younger at an average follow-up of 15 years? Second, was osteolysis observed in any of these hips?. Methods. Between November 1999 and April 2005, 105 THAs were performed for 90 patients 50 years of age or younger (mean, 42 years; range, 20–50 years). The mean body mass index (BMI) was 30 kg/m2 (range, 17–51 kg/m2). The mean follow-up was 15.25 years (range, 12–19 years). Eight patients (two bilateral) were lost to follow-up, which left 82 patients with 95 hips for analysis. HXLPE was the acetabular bearing for all hips. Harris Hip Scores were collected from all patients. Radiographs were obtained on all patients to evaluate for wear and osteolysis. Results. Clinical outcomes show excellent results in 81 hips, good results in ten, fair results in three, and a poor result in one hip using the Harris Hip Score. There have been no revisions, infections, or dislocations in this cohort of patients. Fourteen hips developed radiolucent lines in zone I, II, or III of the acetabulum, but none were circumferential. Two hips developed radiolucent lines in zones I and VII in the femur. None of the hips in our study developed osteolysis. Conclusions. The use of HXLPE in patients under the age of 50 who undergo THA shows excellent clinical and radiographic results at an average of 15 years follow-up

Reconstruction of massive acetabular bone defects in primary and revision THA is challenging for reconstructive joint surgeons. The use of porous metal augments is one of the options. The advantages of porous metal augments are easy to use, modularity and lack of resorption. We investigated the radiological results of porous metal augments used for massive acetabular bone defects in primary and revision THA. Forty-one hips in forty patients had porous metal augments between 2011 and 2016. Thirty of the procedures were revision arthroplasties and 11 were primary procedures (Crowe type III in 5 hips, Crowe type IV in 3, septic hip sequalae in 2 and RA in one). Four of the revisions were second-stage reimplantation after infection. The Paprosky classification for revision was 2B in 4 hips, 2C in one, 3A in 3 and 3B in 22. Regenerex augments were used in 39 hips and trabecular metal augments were used in 2. Thirty-six cups were cemented and 5 cups were uncemented. Mean follow-up was 37.6 months (range, 1–82). Radiographic findings of osteointegration between host bone and the porous metal augments were assessed. The presence or absence of radiolucent lines between cement or cup/host bone and augment/host bone interface was noted. Two revisions were performed due to infection, one month and 66 months after operation. The other implants were stable without any complications. Osteointegration between host bone and the porous metal augments were recognized in 36 hips. Radiolucent lines between cement/host bone interface, less than 1 mm in width, were visualized in 2 hips. Porous metal augments are convenient and our short-term results showed excellent radiological results for massive acetabular bone defects in primary and revision THA

Background. Tapered cementless femoral components have been used in total hip arthroplasty (THA) constructs for more than 20 years. The Synergy femoral component was introduced in 1996 as a second generation titanium proximally porous-coated tapered stem with dual offsets to better restore femoral offset at THA (Figure 1). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcome of the authors' experience using the Synergy stem at minimum 15 years of follow-up. Material and methods. We retrospectively reviewed a consecutive series of 102 patients (112 hips) who underwent surgery between November 1996 and October 1998 for primary THA using cementless Synergy stem with a minimum 15-years follow-up. The mean age at the time of surgery was 61 years, and the mean duration of follow-up was 16.3 years. Seventeen patients were lost at FU (8 died before the 15 years mark, 8 changed residency, 1 not willing to be seen) with no problems related to the replaced hip. Ninety-four hips in 85 patients were available for clinical and radiologic analysis. Clinical results of the 94 THAs with more than 15 years of follow-up were assessed preoperatively and postoperatively at 5, 10 and 15 years by means of standard evaluation tools: SF12, WOMAC and Harris Hip Score. Thigh pain frequency and intensity were also recorded. Radiographic analysis (Figure 2) was focused on stem alignment, bone ingrowth, radiolucent lines presence, width and progression, stress-shielding and heterotopic ossification (HTO). Student paired test and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis were used for statistical analysis. Results. All clinical evaluation tools showed at 5-year FU, 10-year FU and at latest FU (15–17 years) a statistically significant improvement compared to the preoperative scores. We observed a not constant thigh pain in 5 hips (4.75%). Nine stems were revised due to polyethylene wear (3 cases), late periprosthetic fracture (2 cases), infection (2 cases), subsidence (1 case) and instability (1 case). Stem related revision was a case of subsidence, related to occult intraoperative calcar crack and early revised (within 1 year); cumulative stem-related survival rate at 15 years was 99%. Alignment was varus in 5 cases and valgus in 1. Bone in-growth was observed in 93 hips (98%). Radiolucent lines were uncommon, non progressive, less than 2 mm, in Gruen zones 2 and 6. Stress-shielding was present as cortical reaction in 5 femurs in Gruen zones 3 and 5. Fifteen cases of HTO (grade I and II in 12 case and grade III in 3 cases) were observed. Conclusions. The Synergy stem demonstrated excellent clinical and radiographic results at 15–17 years FU in 85 patients. Survivorship (with stem revision as end point) was 99% at 15 years. Thigh pain was uncommon and the level of activity and autonomy is excellent. Radiographically bone ingrowth is evident in all stems and radiolucent lines are “benign” with no aseptic loosening

Severe glenoid bone loss in patients with osteoarthritis with intact rotator cuff is associated with posterior glenoid bone loss and posterior humeral subluxation. Management of severe glenoid bone loss during shoulder arthroplasty is controversial and technically challenging and options range from humeral hemiarthroplasty, anatomic shoulder replacement with glenoid bone grafting or augmented glenoid component implantation, to reverse replacement with reaming to correct version or structural bone grafting or metallic augmentation of the bone deficiency. Shoulder replacement with severe glenoid bone loss is technically challenging and characterised by higher rates of complications and revisions. Hemiarthroplasty has limited benefit for pain relief and function especially if eccentric glenoid wear exists. Bone loss with >15 degrees of retroversion likely requires version correction include bone-grafting, augmented glenoid components, or reverse total shoulder replacement. Asymmetric reaming may improve version but is limited to 15 degrees of version correction in order to preserve subchondral bone and glenoid bone vault depth. Bone-grafting of glenoid wear and defects has had mixed results with graft-related complications, periprosthetic radiolucent lines, and glenoid component failure of fixation. Implantation of an augmented wedge or step polyethylene glenoid component improves joint version while preserving subchondral bone, but is technically demanding and with minimal short term clinical follow-up. A Mayo study demonstrated roughly 50% of patients with posteriorly augmented polyethylene had radiolucent lines and 1/3 had posterior subluxation. Another wedge polyethylene design had 66% with bone ingrowth around polyethylene fins at 3 years. Long term outcomes are unknown for these new wedge augmented glenoid components. Reverse shoulder arthroplasty avoids many risks of anatomic replacement glenoid component fixation and stability but is associated with a high complication rate (15%) including neurologic and baseplate loosening and often requires structural bone grafting behind the baseplate with suboptimal outcomes or metallic augmented baseplates with limited evidence and short term outcomes. Reverse replacement with baseplate bone grafting or metal augmentation is technically challenging due to limited native glenoid bone stock available for baseplate component ingrowth and long term fixation. Failure to correct glenoid superior inclination and restore neutral version within 10 degrees increases the risks of reverse baseplate failure of fixation, pull out, and failure of reverse replacement. Reverse baseplate failure rates in patients with severe glenoid bone loss and concomitant glenoid bone grafting range from 5–11%. The minimum native glenoid bony contact with the baseplate is unknown but likely is approximately 1cm of native bone contacting a central ingrowth post and a minority (∼15–25%) of native glenoid contacting the backside of the baseplate. Failure to correct posterior bone loss can lead to retroversion of the baseplate, reduced external rotation, posterior scapular notching, and posteromedial polyethylene wear. In summary, shoulder replacement with severe glenoid bone loss is technically challenging and characterised by higher rates of complication and revision

Abstract. Objectives. Obesity is prevalent with nearly one third of the world's population being classified as obese. Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is an effective treatment option for high BMI patients achieving similar outcomes to non-obese patients. However, increased rates of aseptic loosening in patients with a high BMI have been reported. In patients with high BMI/body mass there is an increase in strain placed on the implant fixation interfaces. As such component fixation is a potential concern when performing TKA in the obese patient. To address this concern the use of extended tibial stems in cemented implants or cementless fixation have been advocated. Extend tibial stems are thought to improve implant stability reducing the micromotion between interfaces and consequently the risk of aseptic loosening. Cementless implants, once biologic fixation is achieved, effectively integrate into bone eliminating an interface. This retrospective study compared the use of extended tibial stems and cementless implants to conventional cemented implants in high BMI patients. Methods. From a prospectively maintained database of 3239 primary Attune TKA (Depuy, Warsaw, Indiana), obese patients (body mass index (BMI) >30 kg/m²) were retrospectively reviewed. Two groups of patients 1) using a tibial stem extension [n=162] and 2) cementless fixation [n=163] were compared to 3) a control group (n=1426) with a standard tibial stem cemented implant. All operations were performed by or under the direct supervision of specialist arthroplasty surgeons. Analysis compared the groups with respect to class I, II, and III (BMI >30kg/m², >35 kg/m², >40 kg/m²) obesity. The primary outcome measures were all-cause revision, revision for aseptic loosening, and revision for tibial loosening. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox regression models were used to compare the primary outcomes between groups. Where radiographic images at greater than 3 months post-operatively were available, radiographs were examined to compare the presence of peri-implant radiolucent lines. Results. The mean follow-up of 4.8, 3.4, and 2.5 years for cemented, stemmed, and cementless groups respectively. In total there were 34 all-cause revisions across all the groups with revision rates of 4.55, 5.50, and 0.00 per 1000-implant-years for cemented, stemmed, and cementless groups respectively. Survival Analysis did not show any significant differences between the three groups for all-all cause revision. There were 6 revisions for aseptic loosening (5 tibial and 1 femoral); all of which were in the standard cemented implant group. In contrast there were no revisions in the stemmed or cementless implant groups, however, this was not significant on survival analysis. Analysis looking at class I, II, and III obesity also did not show any significant differences in survival for all cause revision or aseptic loosening. Conclusion. This retrospective analysis showed that there were no revisions required for aseptic loosening when either a cemented stemmed or cementless implant were used in obese patients. These findings are in line with other studies showing that cementless fixation or extended stem implants are a reasonable option in obese patients who represent an increasing cohort of patients requiring TKR. Declaration of Interest. (b) declare that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of the research reported:I declare that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of the research project

We describe the clinical and radiological results of 120 consecutive revision hip replacements in 107 patients, using the JRI Furlong hydroxyapatite-ceramic-coated femoral component. The mean age of the patients at operation was 71 years (36 to 92) and the mean length of follow-up 8.0 years (5.0 to 12.4). We included patients on whom previous revision hip surgery had taken place. The patients were independently reviewed and scored using the Harris hip score, the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities osteoarthritis index (WOMAC) and the Charnley modification of the Merle d’Aubigné and Postel score. Radiographs were assessed by three reviewers for the formation of new bone, osteolysis, osseointegration and radiolucent lines in each Gruen zone. The mean Harris hip score was 85.8 (42 to 100) at the latest post-operative review. The mean WOMAC and Merle d’Aubigné and Postel scores were 34.5 and 14.8, respectively. The mean visual analogue score for pain (possible range 0 to 10) was 1.2 overall, but 0.5 specifically for mid-thigh pain. There were no revisions of the femoral component for aseptic loosening. There were four re-revisions, three for infection and one for recurrent dislocation. Radiological review of all the femoral components, including the four re-revisions showed stable bony ingrowth and no new radiolucent lines in any zone. Using revision or impending revision for aseptic loosening as an end-point, the cumulative survival of the femoral component at ten years was 100% (95% confidence interval 94 to 100). We present excellent medium- to long-term clinical, radiological and survivorship results with the fully hydroxyapatite-ceramic-coated femoral component in revision hip surgery

Introduction and Objective. Difficult primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and revision TKA are high demanding procedures. Joint exposure is the first issue to face off, in order to achieve a good result. Aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical and radiological outcomes of a series of patients, who underwent TKA and revision TKA, where tibial tubercle osteotomy (TTO) was performed. Materials and Methods. We retrospectively reviewed a cohort of 79 consecutives TKAs where TTO was performed, from our Institution registry. Patients were assessed clinically and radiographically at their last follow-up (mean, 7.4 ± 3.7 years). Clinical evaluation included the Knee Society Score (KSS), the pain visual analogue scale (VAS), and range of motion. Radiological assessment included the evaluation of radiolucent lines, osteolysis, cortical bone hypertrophy, time of bone healing of the TTO fragment, and the hardware complication. Results. KSS raised from 40.7 ± 3.1 to 75 ± 4.3 (p < 0.0001). Knee flexion increased from 78.7 ± 9.9° to 95.0 ± 9.5° (p < 0.0001), and VAS improved from 7.9 ± 0.9 to 3.8 ± 1 (p < 0.0001). No signs of loosening or evolutive radiolucency lineswere found. Osteolytic areas around the stem were detected. No significant association was found between the implant design and the outcomes, while aseptic loosening showed significantly better results. Complications were: 4 painful hardware, 3 late periprosthetic infections, 1 extension lag of 5°, and 3 flexion lag. Conclusions. Our experience suggests the use of TTO to improve the surgical approach in difficult primary TKA or revision TKA. A strict surgical technique leads to good results with low risk of complications

The purpose of the study was to undertake a radiological and clinical comparison of uncemented tibial base-plate fixation with porous or hydroxyapatite coating. Knees were examined radiologically according to Knee Society Guidelines with image intensifier screening and spot films to highlight the bone prosthesis interface. Clinical assessment was performed using the Knee Society Clinical Rating. Hydroxyapatite components were found to have significantly less radiolucent lines than porous coated. Seventy three percent of hydroxyapatite baseplates versus 28% of porous coated baseplates showed no radiolucent lines. All lucent lines in both groups appeared stable with a sclerotic margin and did not appear to be progressive or associated with component loosening. No knees showed any radiolucent lines around the stem in either group. Clinical assessment showed no significant difference between hydroxyapatite and porous coated components. If cementless fixation is to be utilised on the tibial side in knee replacement advantage should be taken of hydroxyapatite augmentation of the component

Aims. Knee osteonecrosis in advanced stages may lead to joint degeneration. Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) for osteonecrosis has traditionally been associated with suboptimal results. We analyzed outcomes of contemporary TKAs for osteonecrosis, with particular emphasis on: survivorship free from aseptic loosening, any revision, and any reoperation plus the clinical outcomes, complications, and radiological results. Patients and Methods. In total, 156 patients undergoing 167 primary TKAs performed for osteonecrosis between 2004 and 2014 at a single institution were reviewed. The mean age at index TKA was 61 years (14 to 93) and the mean body mass index (BMI) was 30 kg/m. 2. (18 to 51) The mean follow-up was six years (2 to 12). A total of 110 TKAs (66%) were performed for primary osteonecrosis and 57 TKAs (34%) for secondary osteonecrosis. Overall, 15 TKAs (9%) had tibial stems, while 12 TKAs (7%) had femoral stems. Posterior-stabilized designs were used in 147 TKAs (88%) of TKAs. Bivariate Cox regression analysis was conducted to identify risk factors for revision and reoperation. Results. Survivorship free from aseptic loosening, any revision, and any reoperation at ten years was 97% (95% confidence interval (CI) 93 to 100), 93% (95% CI 85 to 100), and 82% (95% CI 69 to 93), respectively. No factors, including age, sex, BMI, primary versus secondary osteonecrosis, stem utilization, and constraint, were identified as risk factors for reoperation. Four TKAs (2%) underwent revision, most commonly for tibial aseptic loosening (n = 2). Excluding revisions and reoperations, there was a total of 11 complications (7%), with the most common being a manipulation under anaesthesia (six TKAs, 4%). Mean Knee Society Scores (Knee component) significantly improved from 57 (32 to 87) preoperatively to 91 (49 to 100) postoperatively (p < 0.001). No unrevised TKAs had complete radiolucent lines or radiological evidence of loosening. Conclusion. Contemporary cemented TKAs with selective stem utilization for osteonecrosis resulted in durable survivorship, a low complication rate, and reliable improvement in clinical outcomes. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2019;101-B:1356–1361

Aims. We carried out a further study of the long-term results of the cemented Exeter femoral component in patients under the age of 40 with a mean follow-up of 13.6 years (10 to 20). Patients and Methods. We reviewed our original cohort of 104 cemented Exeter stems in 78 consecutive patients with a mean age of 31 years (16 to 39). Only one patient was lost to radiological follow-up. Results. A total of six patients (eight hips) had died for reasons unrelated to their surgery. There had been one further periprosthetic fracture from a fall and one fractured femoral stem. No revisions for aseptic loosening were undertaken during the whole study period. Overall, 11 hips had progressive radiolucent lines in one or more zones. The Kaplan Meier survival percentages at ten and 17 years were 97.1% (95% confidence interval (CI) 91.3 to 99.1) and 92.1% (95% CI 74.1 to 97.8) with revision for any reason as the endpoint, and 100% at both ten and 17 years with aseptic loosening (95% CI 83.8 to 100) as the endpoint. No additional hips were classified as radiologically loose. Conclusion. The Exeter femoral component continues to function satisfactorily in young patients for up to 17 years after surgery. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2017;99-B:192–8

Introduction and Aims: Differing methods of cup fixation in total hip replacement are recommended. This prospective randomised study aims to show whether one method is superior to another. Method: A prospective randomised double blind study was started in 1995, with Ethics Committee approval. Four different methods of cup fixation were used viz. a cemented Ogee cup, a press fit metal-backed cup with pegs, a press fit cup without pegs and a truncated screw in cup. Patient selection was confined to unilateral osteoarthritis of the hip and all other components used were standard viz cemented Elite Plus stem, 28mm ceramic head and Enduron polyethylene. Results: One hundred and thirty-nine patients have been entered into the study, 23 were lost to follow-up leaving 116 for analysis. The cups have been radiologically assessed for acetabular orientation and the presence or absence of radiolucent lines or acetabular loosening. Follow-up ranges between one and nine years, and as the study is ongoing, updated data will be presented. Currently there are radiolucent lines appearing in zones 1, 2 and 3 of the Ogee cups, but none in the metal-backed cups. To date no cup has come loose. Conclusion: Early results show that no method of cup fixation is superior to the other, although the radiolucent lines with the Ogee cups (cemented cups) is a cause for concern in the future

The ABG stem (Anatomique Benoist Girard, How-medica) was realized of titanium alloy (TA6V) and it was designed to provide anchoring only at the femour’s metaphyseal portion. The long-term stability is achived by osteointegration of the implant at the metaphyseal region, which is coated with hydroxyapatite (HA) crystals. The plasma-sprayed HA coating has a tickness of 60 μm for the stem. The current study presents radiographic outcomes of more than one hundred primary uncemented HA stems with a long-term follow-up. One hundred and eleven ABG hip arthroplasties were evaluated with a mean follow-up of 9.8 years. The radiographical findings have been classified observing Engh’s stability criteria according to Gruen’s subdivision of the periprosthetic femoral zones. Dividing the hips into two different groups (in the first one the prosthesis implanted 11, 12 or 13 years ago and in the second one the prosthesis with a maximum age of 10 years) it’s possible to see as in the first group the radiolucent lines are quite reduced. Among the older prosthesis the percentage of radiolucent lines is 3.1% in zones 3 and 5 and 18.8% in zone 4. For what concerns the younger ones the percentage are 10.1% (zone 3), 21.5% (zone 4) and 15.2% (zone 5). We believe that there is a load transfer from the metaphyseal to the metadiaphyseal portion of the femur without a worsening of the clinical outcomes. The absence of reactive lines and lucencies around the proximal HA-coated portion of the stem supports an excellent circumferential bony ingrowth in the metaphyseal area of the proximal femur. According to these percentages we can say that there’s less presence of radiolucency in the oldest prosthesis and it could be possible to argue that radiolucent lines tend to reduce along the time. This is probably due to the increase of the strength of the stem anchorage

Aims: To compare acetabular surface treatments in alumina on alumina clinical trial. Methods: Utilizing new improved alumina ceramic materials and implant design, 514 hips were implanted in a US IDE prospective randomized study. All patients received the same press-þt hydroxylapatite-coated (HA) femoral stem. Two-thirds (349 hips) received an alumina ceramic bearing surface, while one-third (165 hips) received a cobalt chrome on polyethylene bearing. The alumina group was further divided with approximately one-half receiving a porous-coated titanium shell and alumina insert (172 hips Ð System I), and one-half receiving an arc deposited titanium shell with HA coating and alumina insert (177 hips Ð System II). System III, the control group, had a porous-coated titanium shell and polyethylene insert. All acetabular shells were of identical external geometry. Results: At latest follow-up, minimum 2 years (2–4 year range), differences were noted in the pattern of development of radiolucent lines around the acetabular components. Radiolucent lines were noted most commonly in De Lee Charnley Zone 3 in porous-coated shells (25/164 hips Ð System I, 33/151 hips Ð System III respectively). Radiolucent lines in Zone 3 were absent in the arc deposited with HA shells (System II) (p=0.001). Conclusions: These results appear to demonstrate that PSL style cups with arc dep and HA coating may improve levels of primary þxation versus that of porous-coated acetabular components

Introduction: NICE guidelines (2000) stipulated three-year follow-up data compatible with satisfactory performance at 10 years as a minimum requirement for hip implants. We reviewed the performance of two devices in use in our department which fell outside these requirements. The Cenator cup (Corin Medical) is a cemented device, and the EPF cup (Plus Orthopedics) is uncemented (equatorially expanded, screw option, polished inside, porous HA coated). Patients and Methods: 117 Cenator and 110 EPF cups inserted during the period 12/09/2000–28/01/2003 were assessed at 3 years by the following: Oxford Hip Score, satisfaction (visual analogue scale), details of femoral component, age, sex, BMI and any complications. Radiological assessment included Charnley Grade, concentricity, superior cover, cup inclination, migration, radiolucent lines, and linear wear at 3 years. Statistical associations with radiolucent lines or linear wear were calculated. Results: The mean age of patients with Cenator cups was 81 (range 61–102) and EPF cups 67 (39–86). Oxford Hip Scores averaged 10 (0–41)(Cenator) and 7 (0–29)(EPF). Cup inclination range was 30–65° (mean 47). Linear wear > 1mm was observed in 18 Cenator and 53 EPF cups. Early radiolucent lines behind EPF cups closed (all cases), and superior cover improved in 8%. Progressive radiolucencies > 1mm were seen behind 37 Cenator cups. One of each type was revised for deep sepsis. Four other minor reoperations occurred. Statistical association was demonstrated between superior cover and progressive radiolucencies (Cenator), and between sex, cup size and inclination and linear wear (EPF). Discussion: Crucial markers of prognosis were observed (progressive radiolucencies and linear wear) but survivorship at three years for aseptic loosening was 100%. Our results indicate satisfactory performance at three years in accordance with NICE guidelines, and suggest acceptability of both devices. Our methods may be applicable to similar implants currently in use but not yet endorsed by suitable published outcome data

Aim: To assess the medium term survival and radiological outcome of primary cemented modular Freeman Samuelson total knee replacement at Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary, UK. Material and methods: 115 patients (118 knees), who underwent primary cemented modular Freeman Samu-elson total knee replacement from 1991 to1998, were reviewed retrospectively. Proximal cementing technique was used ti fix the metal backed tibial implant. The follow-up x-rays were also reviewed and presence of osteolysis, aseptic loosening and polyethylene wear was noted. The Knee Society radiological evaluation was used to record the osteolysis and the WOMAC score was used to evaluate functional outcome. Results: The operation was performed for osteoarthritis (87), rheumatoid arthritis (23), psoriasis (4), Pagets disease (2), avascular necrosis (1) and gout (1). The average follow-up was 7.25 yrs (range 5–13 yrs). At the latest review 25 patients had died and 14 had undergone revision surgery. The indications for revision were aseptic loosening and polyethylene wear (3), osteolysis (3), infection (6), instability (1) and loosening of patellar component (1). Patella was resurfaced in 80 patients using press fit uncemented all-polyethylene component. Two patients with unreplaced patella underwent re-operation for patellar resurfacing due to anterior knee pain. Cumulative survival of the implant at 10 years was 93.4% for revision due to aseptic loosening or osteolysis and 86.8% for revision due to any cause. Radiolucent lines were observed in 22 patients. In 4 of these patients, the radiolucent lines were progressive and 3mm or more in size. Osteolytic lesions were seen in 10 patients. None of the patients with osteolysis or radiolucent lines were symptomatic. There was no statistical association between thickness of polyethylene and presence of osteolysis or occurrence of aseptic loosening (chi squared test). Conclusion: Freeman Samuelson knee replacement provided good and predictable medium term outcome in our patients with tricompartmental arthritis of knee. The results of uncemented press fit all-polyethylene patellar replacement were also excellent. However, the high incidence of osteolysis even though asymptomatic, at an average follow-up of 7.25 yrs is a matter of some concern. Proximal cementing technique may lead to increased incidence of osteolysis and should be avoided in the modular Freeman Samuelson total knee replacement

Aims. We report the incidence of radiolucent lines (RLLs) using two flanged acetabular components at total hip arthroplasty (THA) and the effect of the Rim Cutter. Patients and Methods. We performed a retrospective review of 300 hips in 292 patients who underwent primary cemented THA. A contemporary flanged acetabular component was used with (group 1) and without (group 2) the use of the Rim Cutter and the Rimfit acetabular component was used with the Rim Cutter (group 3). RLLs and clinical outcomes were evaluated immediately post-operatively and at five years post-operatively. Results. There was no significant difference in the incidence of RLLs on the immediate post-operative radiographs (p = 0.241) or at five years post-operatively (p = 0.463). RLLs were seen on the immediate post-operative radiograph in 2% of hips in group 1, in 5% in group 2 and in 7% in group 3. Five years post-operatively, there were RLLs in 42% of hips in group 1, 41% in group 2 and in 49% in group 3. In the vast majority of hips, in each group, the RLL was present in DeLee and Charnley zone 1 only (86%, 83%, 67% respectively). Oxford and Harris Hip scores improved significantly in all groups. There was no significant difference in these scores or in the change in scores between the groups, with follow-up. Conclusion. Despite the Rim Cutter showing promising results in early laboratory and clinical studies, this analysis of the radiological and clinical outcome five years post-operatively does not show any advantage over and above modern cementing techniques in combination with a well performing cemented acetabular component. For this reason, we no longer use the Rim Cutter in routine primary THA. . Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2017;99-B:1450–7

The purpose of this study was to undertake a meta-analysis to determine whether there is lower polyethylene wear and longer survival when using mobile-bearing implants in total knee replacement when compared with fixed-bearing implants. Of 975 papers identified, 34 trials were eligible for data extraction and meta-analysis comprising 4754 patients (6861 knees). We found no statistically significant differences between the two designs in terms of the incidence of radiolucent lines, osteolysis, aseptic loosening or survival. There is thus currently no evidence to suggest that the use of mobile-bearing designs reduce polyethylene wear and prolong survival after total knee replacement. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:1057–63

Introduction and Objectives: The goal of this study is to document radiographic changes occurring in patients with hydroxyapatite(HA)-coated total hip prostheses (THP). Materials and Methods: From May 1990 to May 1993, 60 THP with complete (femoral and acetabular) HA-coating were implanted in 59 patients. Of these 59 patients, 36 were male and 23 female. Average age was 69.26 years. A retrospective study of these patients was done, with an average follow-up time of 11 years. Radiological follow-up was done at 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, and annually thereafter. Available imaging methods included conventional radiography, direct digital radiography, digital processing, CT scan, bone scintigra-phy, and tomodensitometry. We used the first 3 of these techniques. The acetabular cup and femoral stem have been divided based on DeLee-Charnley zones (cup) and Gruen zones (femur). The following variables were tracked for the acetabular component: subchondral sclerosis, radiolucent lines, resorption, remodeling, and the appearance of osteolyic lesions. For the femoral component, the following were tracked: radiolucent lines, calcar resorption, periprosthetic cortical thickness, appearance and progression of the pedestal, appearance of osteo-lytic lesions, new intramedullary bone formation, and state of cancellous bone, with particular emphasis on periprosthetic trabeculation. We also assessed prosthetic positioning (normal, varus, valgus), angle of the acetabular component, changes in the polyethylene, and heterotopic ossification (Brooker’s classification). Radiographic studies were performed by 2 independent observers, blinded as to the clinical situation. Results: Of the 60 THP with HA coating in our study, 5 could not be reviewed due to incorrect personal data on their clinical records, and 6 were deceased. With the cups, DeLee-Charnley zone 1 showed bone remodeling with frequent sclerotic changes, and zone 3 showed radiolucent lines of less than 1 mm. Femoral stems had a typical pattern of poor endosteal apposition around Gruen’s zone 6. Calcar remodeling was slowly progressive, with thinning of the cortex. Minimal resorption of the femoral neck was also observed. A periosteal reaction was noted in eccentrically loaded stems. Pedestals were common and did not seem to reflect loosening of the prosthesis in our data. Image digitalisation permitted the examination of newly-formed trabeculae, particularly in Gruen’s zones 2–3 and 5–6, which appeared at 3 months. Discussion and Conclusions: Radiographic progression in most of the patients with THP with HA coating was satisfactory. Digitalisation of radiographic images permitted better visualization of changes occurring at the bone-prosthesis interface

Aims. We conducted a prospective study of a delta ceramic total hip arthroplasty (THA) to determine the rate of ceramic fracture, to characterise post-operative noise, and to evaluate the mid-term results and survivorship. Patients and Methods. Between March 2009 and March 2011, 274 patients (310 hips) underwent cementless THA using a delta ceramic femoral head and liner. At each follow-up, clinical and radiological outcomes were recorded. A Kaplan-Meier analysis was undertaken to estimate survival. Results. Four patients (four hips) died and 18 patients (20 hips) were lost to follow-up within five years. The remaining 252 patients (286 hips) were followed for a mean of 66.5 months (60 to 84). There were 144 men (166 hips) and 108 women (120 hips) with a mean age of 49.7 years (16 to 83) at surgery. The mean pre-operative Harris Hip Score of 47.1 points improved to 93.8 points at final follow-up. Six patients reported squeaking in seven hips; however, none were audible. Radiolucent lines involving Gruen zones one and/or seven were seen in 52 hips (18.2%). No hip had detectable wear, focal osteolysis or signs of loosening. One hip was revised because of fracture of the ceramic liner, which occurred due to an undetected malseating of the ceramic liner at the time of surgery. One hip was revised for a periprosthetic fracture of the femur, and one hip was treated for periprosthetic joint infection. The six-year survivorship with re-operation for any reason as the endpoint was 99.0% (95% confidence interval 97.8% to 100%). Discussion. The rate of delta ceramic fracture was 0.3% (one of 286). While ceramic head fracture was dominant in previous ceramic-on-ceramic THA, fracture of the delta ceramic liner due to malseating is a concern. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2017;99-B:741–8

Aims. This study aimed to determine the diagnostic performance of radiographic criteria to detect aseptic acetabular loosening after revision total hip arthroplasty (THA). Secondary aims were to determine the predictive values of different thresholds of migration and to determine the predictive values of radiolucency criteria. Patients and Methods. Acetabular component migration to re-revision was measured retrospectively using Ein-Bild-Rontgen-Analyse (EBRA-Cup) and manual measurements (Sutherland method) in two groups: Group A, 52 components (48 patients) found not loose at re-revision and Group B, 42 components (36 patients) found loose at re-revision between 1980 and 2015. The presence and extent of radiolucent lines was also assessed. Results. Using EBRA, both proximal translation and sagittal rotation were excellent diagnostic tests for detecting aseptic loosening. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves was 0.94 and 0.93, respectively. The thresholds of 2.5 mm proximal translation or 2° sagittal rotation (EBRA) in combination with radiolucency criteria had a sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 88% to detect aseptic loosening. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value (NPV) of radiolucency criteria were 41%, 100%, 100% and 68% respectively. Manual measurements of both proximal translation and sagittal rotation were very good diagnostic tests. The area under the ROC curve was 0.86 and 0.92 respectively. However, manual measurements had a decreased specificity compared with EBRA. Radiolucency criteria had a poor sensitivity and NPV of 41% and 68% respectively. Conclusion. This study shows that EBRA and manual migration measurements can be used as accurate diagnostic tools to detect aseptic loosening of cementless acetabular components used at revision THA. Radiolucency criteria should not be used in isolation to exclude loosening of cementless acetabular components used at revision THA given their poor sensitivity and NPV. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2017;99-B:458–64

Cemented unicompartmental knee replacement (UKR) has been used for many years and has excellent results in many follow-up studies. However, concerns about the quality of fixation, cementing errors, and radiolucent lines have encouraged the development of cementless prostheses. Mobile bearing UKR are probably the ideal implants for cementless fixation as the loads at the interface tend to be compressive. Prior to the widespread introduction of cementless mobile bearing UKR three studies have been performed to assess this device. In a randomised radiostereometric (RSA) study the migration of cementless and cemented devices were the same in the second year suggesting the quality of fixation achieved was similar. A clinical randomised study demonstrated a dramatic reduction in radiolucent lines with cementless components compared to cemented and no difference in clinical outcome. A prospective cohort study of 1000 patients demonstrated no overall difference in complications or revision rate and identified no contraindications for cementless fixation. There are however anecdotal reports of occasional tibial plateau fracture and early subsidence of cementless components. Data from the National Registers would suggest that the revision rate with cementless is about half that compared to cemented however this difference may be because only experienced surgeons are using the cementless device. Cementless mobile bearing UKR does seem to be a good evolutionary step in the development of UKR. It is important however that surgeons are trained in the use of the device and are careful with the technique

Method. We prospectively investigated the radiological outcomes of the uncemented Oxford medial compartment arthroplasty in 231 consecutive patients performed in a single centre with a minimum two year follow up. Results. The functional outcome using the Oxford knee score and the High Activity Arthroplasty Score were significantly improved on the pre-operative scores (p<0.001). There were 196 patients with a radiological examination that was acceptable for analysis of the bone-implant interface. Of the six tibial zones examined on the anteroposterior radiograph there were only three with a partial radiolucent line (3 out of 1176 zones). All were present in the medial aspect of the tibial base plate (Zone 1) and all were <1 mm in size. All of these patients were asymptomatic. There were no radiolucent lines seen around the femoral component or on the lateral tibial view. There was one revision for mal-seating of the tibial component. Conclusions. These results confirm that the early results of the uncemented Oxford medial compartment arthroplasty were reliable and the incidence of radiolucent lines was significantly decreased compared to the reported results of the cemented version of this implant. These independent results confirm those of the designing centre

Radiolucent lines (RL) are a common radiographic finding following Oxford Uni knee arthroplastv. These RL are commonly seen at the bone-cement interface under the tibial tray and can only be evaluated using screened radiographs. These lines occur during the first year, are well defined and remain constant for years. The clinical relevance of this phenomenon is unclear. Pulse lavage has the potential to thoroughly clean the trabecular bone by clearing the bone from bone marrow and debris and can thereby facilitate cement penetration and interdigitation into trabecular bone. Pulse lavage can reduce the occurrence of radiolucent lines under the tibial tray by improving cement penetration and interdigitation. Since 2001 we routinely use pulse lavage before cementing the Oxford uni implants at the Orthopä-dische Universitätsklinik Heidelberg (group A). At Nuffield Orthopeadic Center, Oxford conventional irrigation has been used before cementing (group B). At a minimum follow-up of 1 year 56 screened AP radiographs of the knee after Oxford UCA have been blinded and evaluated for radiolucency and cement penetration by an independent observer. For standardized evaluation the cement bone interface has been devided into 4 zones and a specific algorithm for evaluation of the radiographs has been developed. Complete radiolucencies were detected in 2 cases (4%) in group A and in 13 cases (23%) in group B (p=0,001). Partial radiolucent lines were seen in 32 knees of group A (57%) and in 40 knees (71%) in group B. In zone 1 RLs were found in 31 tibias (55%) in group A, in 32 tibias (57%) in group B. In zone 2 17 (30%) group A, 29 (52%) group B. In Zone 3 4 (7%) in Gruppe A, 20 (36%) in group B. In Zone 4 6 (11%) group A, 30 (54%) group B. The differences between group A and B were significant (P=0.001) in zones 2, 3 and 4. In group A in 14 cases (25%) RL were limited to one zone, in group B in 5 cases (9%), respectively. In 12 cases (21%) 2 zones were affected in group A (12 cases (21%) group B). RLs in 3 zones were found in 4 cases (7%) in group A and in 10 cases (18%) in group B. Mean cement penetration (mm) was 2,3mm in group A and in 1,4mm in group B. The use of pulsed lavage led to an increase in cement penetration by a factor of 1,6 (cement penetration in group A/B zone 1: 1,4mm/0,8mm; zone 2: 2,4mm/1,5mm; zone 3: 1,4mm/0,7mm; zone 4: 4,0mm/2,4mm). The use of pulsed lavage significantly decreases the appearance of RLs at a minimum of 1 year follow-up by increasing cement penetration into cancellous bone. Even though the clinical relevance of tibial RLs in unclear we recommend the use of pulse lavage to improve cement penetration and interdigitation with cancellous bone. Unnecessary revisions due to misinterpretation of RLs may be prevented

Introduction. The Exeter RimFit™ flanged cemented cup features ultra-highly cross-linked polyethylene and was introduced onto the market in the UK in 2010. We aimed to examine the rates of radiolucent lines observed when the Rimfit™ cup was implanted using a ‘rimcutter’ technique with the cup sitting on a prepared acetabular rim, and a ‘trimmed flange’ technique were the flange is cut so that it sits inside the prepared acetabular rim. Patients/Materials & Methods. The radiographs of 150 (75 ‘rimcutter’, 75 ‘trimmed flange’) Rimfit™ hip replacements were critically evaluated to assess for radiolucency at the cement bone interface. This group was then compared to a historic pre-Rimfit™ cohort of 76 patients. Results. Rimfit™ Cups inserted using the rimcutter technique exhibited significantly higher rates of radiolucency than cups inserted using the trimmed flange technique at 1 year post surgery (1 Delee and Charnley zone: rimcutter=73/77 (95%) versus trimmed flange=14/75 (19%); 2 zones: 43/75 (57%) versus 0/75 (0%); all 3 zones: 13/75 (17%) versus 0/75 (0%):(p<0.01)). There were significantly more radiolucencies for the ‘rimcutter’/Rimfit™ group when compared to a historic group of non-‘rimcutter’/non-Rimfit™ cups implanted by the same surgeon (p<0.01). Discussion. 95% of Rimfit™ cups inserted using the rimcutter technique exhibited radiolucent lines at 12 months. This may be due to increased flange stiffness related to the ultra-highly cross-linked polyethylene and the closer seal due to the narrow circumferential ridge created by the rimcutter. Insertion of the cup may lead to lower initial cement penetration which further deteriorates with weight bearing due to the flange offloading the socket. This may be exacerbated by hydraulic pumping of fluid trapped under the flange at the time of implantation that further degrades the cement bone interface. Conclusion. On the basis of these results we have stopped using the Rimfit™ cup in combination with the rimcutter device and technique

Background: Poor results were observed at medium term follow-up (FU) after first and second generation cementless stems implantation in total hip arthroplasty (THA). Revision rate up to 24% is reported with anatomic stems; stress-shielding rate up to 50%, thigh pain rate up to 21%, loosening rate up to 20% and osteolysis rate up to 29% were reported with cylindrical stems. A third generation tapered stem, the Synergy stem, was introduced in 1996 to rise such weakness points. Material and methods: A retrospective, cohort study was carried out in two academic centers (London, Toronto, Canada & Rome, Italy) on 232 primary THA in 215 patients with a 10 to 12 yrs FU. Mean age at surgery was 60 yrs (18–82), 95 patients were males and 120 females. Thirty-six patients were lost at FU (13 died before the 10 yrs mark, 22 changed residency, 1 not willing to be seen) with no problems related to the replaced hip. Remained at FU 196 THA. Patients selection: Dorr type A and B femurs suitable for receive a Synergy stem. Its characteristics are the following: Ti-6Al-4V, straight, tapered, 3D wedge cross-section, proximal antirotational fins, low-profile neck, neck angle 131°, metaphyseal part porous or HA coated, diaphyseal part grit blasted, polished tip, surgeon-friendly ancillary instruments. Clinical results of the 196 THA with more than 10 yrs of FU were assessed preoperatively and postoperatively at 5 and 10 or 11 or 12 yrs by means of standard evaluation tools: SF12, WOMAC and Harris Hip Score. Thigh pain frequency and intensity were also scored. Radiographic analysis was focused on stem alignment, bone ingrowth, radiolucent lines presence, width and progression, stress-shielding, heterotophic ossification (HTO). Student paired test and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis were used for statistical analysis. Results: All clinical evaluation tools showed both at 5 years FU and at latest FU (10–12 years) a statistically significant (p=0,001) improvement compared to the preoperative scores. We observed a not constant thigh pain in 7 patients (5,5%). Nineteen patients (10%) underwent evision due to polyethylene wear (6 cases), late periprosthetic fracture (5 cases), subsidence (2 cases), instability (3 cases), infection (3 cases). Cumulative survival rate was 97% at 2 and 5 years, 90% at 10 years. Stem related revisions were the 2 cases of subsidence, both related to occult intraoperative calcar crack and early revised (within 1 year); cumulative stem-related survival rate at 10 years was 99%. Alignment was varus in 9 cases and valgus in 3. Bone in-growth was observed in 194 patients (98%). Radiolucent lines were uncommon, non progressive, less than 2 mm, in Gruen zones 2 and 6. Stress-shielding was present as cortical reaction in 5 femurs in Gruen zones 3 and 5. Thirty-four cases of HTO (grade I and II in 27 case and grade III in 7 cases) were observed. Conclusions: The Synergy stem demonstrates excellent clinical and radiographic results at 10–12 yerars FU in 196 patients. Survivorship (with stem revision as end point) is 99% at 10 years. Thigh pain is uncommon and the level of activity and autonomy is excellent. Radiographically bone ingrowth is evident in all stems and radiolucent lines are “benign” with no aseptic loosening. Attention must be paid at the moment of stem press fit insertion to avoid occult proximal femoral fractures that may require revision surgery

The need for better durability and longevity in total hip arthroplasty in high demand patients is a constant challenge. For this purpose a metal-on-metal prosthesis with improved tribology was developed. Our early results of using this system are presented. Materials and Methods: From 1997 till present 68 Meta-sul hip arthroplasties were performed on 64 patients. 16 cases performed during 2001 were not included in the study due to short follow-up period. Of the remaining 52 cases, 39 were fully followed up (18 male and 21 female) and five were telephonically contacted. Six were lost to follow up and two died for reason not related to the THR. The average age at operation was 57y (27–77y), average height 163cm and average weight 79kg (50–180kg). 18 cases were left and 21 right sides. 4 patients had bilateral THR. There were 3 revision cases due to loosening of cemented cup and 3 post surgical hip procedures. The etiology of the hip pathology was OA in 23, AVN in 10, CDH in 3, two post surgical procedures and one Paget’s disease. The THR prosthesis system consisted of a Wagner type uncemented cup with a factory-assembled Metasul inlay. An uncemented collarless hydroxypaptite coated, Spotorno stem, with a modular 28mm head was used. Long stem was used in 3 cases and reinforcement cage in one. Additional screws (average of 3,4) were used for primary cup fixation. The anterolateral approach, laying either supine or on the side was performed. Average hospitalization time was 12 days. Full weight bearing was allowed as tolerated. Results: The average follow-up was 30 months. Average Harris Hip Score pre-operatively was 45 (15-74) and post-operatively 75 (15–99). Subjectively, 87% of the primary cases with various etiologies were satisfied with the outcome. The majority of patients had pain-free range of motion and returned to improved daily function. One technical intra-operative complication (false route) was resolved with immediate revision. Two patients required cerclage wiring due to a femoral crack. Immediate post-operative complications included 2 cases of persistent distal peroneal nerve palsy. Three cases of anterior dislocations were reduced and did not recur. A case of positive intra-operative culture was treated successfully with 6 weeks of intravenous antibiotic therapy. Late complications included one case of cup loosening and one of a painful hip with suspected infection that required revision with a cemented prosthesis. Radiographic examination included measuring of radiolucent lines around the femoral stem according to the zones described by Gruen et al. and acetabulum as described by DeLee and Charnley. No femoral radiolucent lines were found. Seven cases revealed partial ace-tabular radiolucent lines. Discussion: The Metasul metal-on-metal THR system was used so far with relatively satisfactory results in the early follow-up period despite the leaning curve. It is early to draw conclusions as to the superiority of this system over conventional metal-polyethylene bearing prosthesis. Long term follow-up studies are needed

Introduction. Tibial cones are often utilized in revision total knee arthroplasty (TKA) with metaphyseal defects. However, there are few studies evaluating outcomes out to five years with a sufficient cohort. The purpose of this study was to evaluate implant survivorship and complications in revision TKAs with tibial cones. Methods. A retrospective review was completed from September 2006 through March 2018 evaluating 149 revision TKAs that received a tibial cone. The mean follow-up was 5.3 years. According to the AORI classification: 8% were 1, 18% were 2A, 55% were 2B, and 19% were 3. Results. Survival analysis at 6 years showed 96% free of revision for aseptic tibial loosening, 85% free of tibial component revision for any reason, and 72% free of reoperation. Eleven knees had progressive radiolucent lines with eight having tibial construct migration on serial radiographs. Aseptic tibial loosening was associated with significant tibial bone loss, AORI 3 (p=0.0001). Tibial component revision for any reason was associated with AORI 3 (p=0.013) and a pre-revision diagnosis of reimplantation after PJI (p<0.0001). Four knees had revision for aseptic tibial loosening, 12 knees had revision of the tibial construct for reasons other than aseptic loosening (11/12 were for PJI), and 15 knees had reoperation for reasons other than tibial construct revision. Conclusions. Revision TKA with tibial cones had excellent survivorship free of revision for tibial construct aseptic loosening, 96% at 6 years. Patients receiving a tibial cone construct at the time of reimplantation for PJI were at increased risk for tibial construct revision

Background. Secondary osteonecrosis of the knee (SOK) generally occurs in relatively young patients in their working years; at advanced stages of SOK, the only viable surgical option is total knee arthroplasty (TKA). We conducted a retrospective study to investigate implant survivorship, clinical and radiographic outcomes, and complications of cemented TKA with/without patellar resurfacing for SOK. Methods. Thirty-eight cemented TKAs in 27 patients with non-traumatic SOK with a mean age 43 years (range 17–65) were retrospectively reviewed. Twenty-one patients (78%) were female. Mean body mass index was 31 kg/m. 2. (range 20–48); 11 patients (41%) received bilateral TKAs. Twenty patients (74%) had a history of corticosteroid use and 18% had a history of alcohol abuse. Patellar osteonecrosis was coincidentally found in six knees (16%), all of which had no anterior knee pain and had no patellofemoral joint collapse. The mean follow-up was 7 years (range 2–12). Knee Society Score (KSS) and radiographic outcomes were evaluated at 6 weeks, 1 year, then every 2–3 years thereafter. Results. Ninety-two percent had implant survivorship free from revision with significant improvement in KSS. Causes of revision included aseptic tibial loosening (one), deep infection (one), and instability with patellofemoral issues (one). Four of six cases also with patellar osteonecrosis received resurfacing, including one with a periprosthetic patellar fracture after minor trauma, with satisfactory clinical results after conservative treatment. None of the unrevised knees had progressive radiolucent lines or evidence of loosening. Non-resurfacing of the patella, use of a stem extension or a varus-valgus constrained prosthesis constituted 18%, 8% and 3% of knees, respectively. Conclusion. Cemented TKAs with selective stem extension in patients with SOK had satisfactory implant survivorship and reliable outcomes at a mean of 7 years. Patellar resurfacing is unnecessary in younger patients with no symptoms of anterior knee pain and no patellar collapse radiographically. For any figures or tables, please contact the authors directly

INTRODUCTION:. Cementless total hip arthroplasty (THA) is gaining ground over cemented THA. The objective of this study was to assess survival rates of a ceramic on polyethylene THA implant after at least 3 years and to assess changes in acetabular bone structure. MATERIAL AND METHODS:. Twenty five ceramic-on-polyethylene THA prostheses were implanted between 2010 and 2013. Mean age at the time of operation was 57.9 years. Clinical outcomes were assessed using the Harris hip score and Postel Merle d'Aubigné score. For each hip, radiographs were examined for acetabular radiolucent lines, changes in bone structure and trabeculae were assessed comparatively to the other hip and classified from no change to severe osteolysis. Changes in trabeculae served to assess the loads applied to the bone. Polyethylene wear was assessed using the Livermore method. RESULTS:. A single patient was lost to follow-up. At last follow-up, 16 patients had died and six were contacted and had not required revision surgery; the remaining 52 patients (59 THAs) were re-evaluated and none had evidence of loosening. The Harris hip score at last evaluation was 91.6 compared to 60.5 preoperatively. No hips had evidence of acetabular osteolysis. For two hips, the radiographs showed complete acetabular radiolucent lines less than 2 mm in width, with no mobilisation. Trabecular distribution was homogeneous with no stress shielding. Mean annual rate of wear was 0.08 mm. No instances of femoral component loosening were recorded. DISCUSSION:. This study confirms the reliability of ceramic on poly THA, with a 3-year survival rate of 98.3%, in keeping with earlier data. Thus, our results establish that ceramic-on-polyethylene prostheses remain valid options for THA

Introduction. In addition to traditional posterior-stabilized (PS) designs with cam-post articulations, there are two new design concepts used in total knee replacement (TKR) to “substitute” for cruciate ligament function and restore anterior-posterior stability. These include i) guided-motion PS designs with a modified cam-post that is less restrictive to axial rotation; and ii) non-PS designs that incorporate progressive articular congruency to substitute the function of the resected anterior cruciate ligament (ACL-substituting). Early post-marketing surveillance of such new TKR designs is valuable because instability, loosening, and high complication rates within the initial 5 year follow-up interval have proven problematic for some design. This study reports the early clinical performance of sequential patients implanted with a new ACL-substituting TKR design at a German Center of Excellence for Arthroplasty (EPZ-Max) hospital. Methods. This is a single-site, multi-surgeon retrospective study with Institutional Review Board approval. The nine surgeons involved all used uniform surgical techniques, including a mid-vastus approach, PCL preservation with a bone block, tibial component alignment with the natural tibial slope, no patellar resurfacing, and cement fixation. All patients meeting the following inclusion criteria were contacted by phone: a) primary TKR from July 2008-June 2009; b) implanted with an ACL-substituting design (3D Knee™, DJO Surgical); c) no prior knee arthroplasty; and d) willing to consent to participate. Recorded outcomes at the 5 year follow-up interval included range of motion, Knee Society knee/function scores (KSS), and radiographic results (alignment, radiolucent lines, osteolysis). Additional surgery was classified as “revision” (metal components removed) or “reoperation” (metal components not removed). Results. Out of 166 sequential patients, a study cohort of 69 patients (84 TKR) consented to participate. Average follow-up was 6.2+0.6 (4.7–7.3) years. Maximum flexion averaged 115°+9° (85°–145°), including 39% at >120°. The TKR had stable function and average KSS scores of 94 (knee) and 94 (function). There were four patients (5 TKR, 6.3%) with function scores of <60 points who had considerable pre-operative extension lags (>10°) that lingered (5°–10°) at follow-up. No TKR had evidence of osteolysis or loosening. Non-progressive radiolucent lines were evident post-operatively in 10 TKR and in one additional TKR at last follow-up. Seven (8.3%) TKR required reoperation or revision. Five TKR in the 0–5 year interval required reoperation to treat acute infection, progressive patellar arthritis, and traumatic patellar fracture, and revision to treat pain of unknown etiology (2 TKR revised at another hospital). Two TKR in the 5–6 year interval required revision arthroplasty to treat pain associated with a loose tibial insert screw and unknown symptoms (1 TKR revised at another hospital). Conclusion. This new ACL-substituting design incorporates progressive congruency in the lateral compartment. These data, combined with previous studies (Table 1), provides evidence that this ACL-substituting TKR design restores stability while being robust to surgical and patient variations. These results for a fixed-bearing, non-PS TKR design are supported by international registry data from more than 370,000 TKR in six countries, which demonstrate that survivorship of fixed-bearing cruciate-retaining TKR designs is significantly higher than posterior-stabilized TKR designs, both with and without patella resurfacing

The clinical and radiological results of 50 consecutive acetabular reconstructions in 48 patients using impaction grafting have been retrospectively reviewed. A 1:1 mixture of frozen, ground irradiated bone graft and Apapore 60, a synthetic bone graft substitute, was used in all cases. There were 13 complex primary and 37 revision procedures with a mean follow-up of five years (3.4 to 7.6). The clinical survival rate was 100%, with improvements in the mean Harris Hip Scores for pain and function. Radiologically, 30 acetabular grafts showed evidence of incorporation, ten had radiolucent lines and two acetabular components migrated initially before stabilising. Acetabular reconstruction in both primary and revision surgery using a 1:1 mixture of frozen, ground, irriadiated bone and Apapore 60 appears to be a reliable method of managing acetabular defects. Longer follow-up will be required to establish whether this technique is as effective as using fresh-frozen allograft