Aims. The aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic utility of histological analysis in spinal biopsies for spondylodiscitis (SD). Patients and Methods. Clinical features, radiology, results of microbiology, histology, and laboratory investigations in 50 suspected SD patients were evaluated. In 29 patients, the final (i.e. treatment-based) diagnosis was pyogenic SD; in seven patients, the final diagnosis was mycobacterial SD. In pyogenic SD, the neutrophil polymorph (NP) infiltrate was scored semi-quantitatively by determining the mean number of NPs per (×400) high-power field (HPF). Results. Of the 29 pyogenic SD patients, 17 had positive microbiology and 21 positive histology (i.e. one or more NPs per HPF on average). All non-SD patients showed less than one NP per HPF. The presence of one or more NPs per HPF had a diagnostic sensitivity of 72.4%, specificity 100%, accuracy 100%, positive predictive value (PPV) 81.0%, and negative predictive value (NPV) 61.9%. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were greater using the criterion of positive histology and/or microbiology than positive histology or microbiology alone. Granulomas were identified histologically in seven mycobacterial SD patients, and positive microbiology was detected in four. Conclusion. The diagnosis of pyogenic SD was more often confirmed by positive histology (one or more NPs per HPF on average) than by microbiology, although diagnostic sensitivity was greater when both histology and microbiology were positive. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2019;101-B:246–252

Aims. A revision for periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) in total hip arthroplasty (THA) has a major effect on the patient’s quality of life, including walking capacity. The objective of this case control study was to investigate the histological and ultrastructural changes to the gluteus medius tendon (GMED) in patients revised due to a PJI, and to compare it with revision THAs without infection performed using the same lateral approach. Methods. A group of eight patients revised due to a PJI with a previous lateral approach was compared with a group of 21 revised THAs without infection, performed using the same approach. The primary variables of the study were the fibril diameter, as seen in transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and the total degeneration score (TDS), as seen under the light microscope. An analysis of bacteriology, classification of infection, and antibiotic treatment was also performed. Results. Biopsy samples from the GMED from infected patients revealed a larger fibril diameter than control patients, as seen in the TEM (p < 0.001). Uninfected patients were slightly older and had their revisions performed significantly later than the infected patients. Histologically, samples from infected patients revealed significantly more vascularity (p < 0.001), the presence of glycosaminoglycans (p < 0.001), and a higher TDS (p = 0.003) than the control patients. The majority of patients had staphylococcal infections of various species. Conclusion. More histological degeneration in the GMED was found in patients undergoing THA revision surgery due to PJI than in patients undergoing THA revision surgery due to other reasons. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2023;4(8):628–635

This animal study compares different methods of performing an osteotomy, including using an Erbium-doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet laser, histologically, radiologically and biomechanically. A total of 24 New Zealand rabbits were divided into four groups (Group I: multihole-drilling; Group II: Gigli saw; Group III: electrical saw blade and Group IV: laser). A proximal transverse diaphyseal osteotomy was performed on the right tibias of the rabbits after the application of a circular external fixator. The rabbits were killed six weeks after the procedure, the operated tibias were resected and radiographs taken. . The specimens were tested biomechanically using three-point bending forces, and four tibias from each group were examined histologically. Outcome parameters were the biomechanical stability of the tibias as assessed by the failure to load and radiographic and histological examination of the osteotomy site. . The osteotomies healed in all specimens both radiographically and histologically. The differences in the mean radiographic (p = 0.568) and histological (p = 0.71) scores, and in the mean failure loads (p = 0.180) were not statistically significant between the groups. . Different methods of performing an osteotomy give similar quality of union. The laser osteotomy, which is not widely used in orthopaedics is an alternative to the current methods. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:1628–33

The aim of this study was to obtain detailed long-term data on the cement-bone interface in patients with cemented stems, implanted using the constrained fixation technique. A total of eight stems were removed together with adjacent bone during post-mortem examinations of patients with well-functioning prostheses. Specimens were cut at four defined levels, contact radiographs were obtained for each level, and slices were prepared for histological analysis. Clinical data, clinical radiographs, contact radiographs and histological samples were examined for signs of loosening and remodelling. The mean radiological follow-up was 9.6 years and all stems were well-fixed, based on clinical and radiological criteria. Contact radiographs revealed an incomplete cement mantle but a complete filling of the medullary canal for all implants. Various amounts of polyethylene particles were evident at the cement-bone interface of seven stems, with no accompanying inflammatory reaction. Cortical atrophy and the formation of an ‘inner cortex’ were confirmed in six of eight stems by contact radiographs and histology, but were only visible on two clinical radiographs. Our results confirm that a complete cement mantle is not essential for the survival of Müller straight stems into the mid term, and support our hypothesis that no benefit to long-term survival can be expected from modern cementing techniques

Autologous chondrocyte implantation is an option in the treatment of full-thickness chondral or osteochondral injuries which are symptomatic. The goal of surgery and rehabilitation is the replacement of damaged cartilage with hyaline or hyaline-like cartilage, producing improved levels of function and preventing early osteoarthritis. The intermediate results have been promising in terms of functional and clinical improvement. Our aim was to explore the hypothesis that the histological quality of the repair tissue formed after autologous chondrocyte implantation improved with increasing time after implantation. In all, 248 patients who had undergone autologous chondrocyte implantation had biopsies taken of the repair tissue which then underwent histological grading. Statistical analysis suggested that with doubling of the time after implantation the likelihood of a favourable histological outcome was increased by more than fourfold (p < 0.001)

The radiographic and histological features of radiolucent areas at the cement-bone interface were correlated in 15 specimens retrieved at post-mortem from patients who had undergone cemented total hip arthroplasty, two weeks to 15 years prior to death. All but one of the components were securely fixed, as demonstrated by direct measurements of micromotion. Extensive radiolucencies were present in all but one case. In 11 of the 14 specimens with radiolucencies, histological examination showed that the radiolucent areas represented regions of osteoporosis and bone remodelling. The remodelling changes were characterised by osteoporosis, cancellisation and thinning of the endosteal cortex, and osteopenia of the trabecular bone. In two specimens the appearance of radiolucency was found to be due to fibrous tissue at the cement-bone interface and in one specimen there was a mixed picture of osteolysis and fibrosis. The study demonstrates that radiolucent lines can occur with well-fixed components and that they may commonly represent osteoporosis rather than the presence of a fibrous membrane at the cement-bone interface

Objectives. This study aimed to evaluate the histological and mechanical features of tendon healing in a rabbit model with second-harmonic-generation (SHG) imaging and tensile testing. Materials and Methods. A total of eight male Japanese white rabbits were used for this study. The flexor digitorum tendons in their right leg were sharply transected, and then were repaired by intratendinous stitching. At four weeks post-operatively, the rabbits were killed and the flexor digitorum tendons in both right and left legs were excised and used as specimens for tendon healing (n = 8) and control (n = 8), respectively. Each specimen was examined by SHG imaging, followed by tensile testing, and the results of the two testing modalities were assessed for correlation. Results. While the SHG light intensity of the healing tendon samples was significantly lower than that of the uninjured tendon samples, 2D Fourier transform SHG images showed a clear difference in collagen fibre structure between the uninjured and the healing samples, and among the healing samples. The mean intensity of the SHG image showed a moderate correlation (R. 2. = 0.37) with Young’s modulus obtained from the tensile testing. Conclusion. Our results indicate that SHG microscopy may be a potential indicator of tendon healing. Cite this article: E. Hase, K. Sato, D. Yonekura, T. Minamikawa, M. Takahashi, T. Yasui. Evaluation of the histological and mechanical features of tendon healing in a rabbit model with the use of second-harmonic-generation imaging and tensile testing. Bone Joint Res 2016;5:577–585. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.511.BJR-2016-0162.R1

Objectives. This study aimed to characterise and qualitatively grade the severity of the corrosion particles released into the hip joint following taper corrosion. Methods. The 26 cases examined were CoC/ABG Modular (n = 13) and ASR/SROM (n = 13). Blood serum metal ion levels were collected before and after revision surgery. The haematoxylin and eosin tissue sections were graded on the presence of fibrin exudates, necrosis, inflammatory cells and corrosion products. The corrosion products were identified based on visible observation and graded on abundance. Two independent observers blinded to the clinical patient findings scored all cases. Elemental analysis was performed on corrosion products within tissue sections. X-Ray diffraction was used to identify crystalline structures present in taper debris. Results. The CoC/ABG Modular patients had a mean age of 64.6 years (49.4 to 76.5) and ASR/SROM patients had a mean age of 58.2 years (33.3 to 85.6). The mean time in situ for CoC/ABG was 4.9 years (2 to 6.4) and ASR/SROM was 6.1 years (2.5 to 8.1). The blood serum metal ion concentrations reduced following revision surgery with the exception of Cr levels within CoC/ABG. The grading of tissue sections showed that the macrophage response and metal debris were significantly higher for the ASR/SROM patients (p < 0.001). The brown/red particles were significantly higher for ASR/SROM (p < 0.001). The taper debris contained traces of titanium oxide, chromium oxide and aluminium nitride. Conclusion. This study characterised and qualitatively graded the severity of the corrosion particles released into the hip joint from tapers that had corrosion damage. Cite this article: S. Munir, R. A. Oliver, B. Zicat, W. L. Walter, W. K. Walter, W. R. Walsh. The histological and elemental characterisation of corrosion particles from taper junctions. Bone Joint Res 2016;5:370–378. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.59.2000507

In a prospective study of the measurement of osteoporosis in patients with fracture of the femoral neck, we compared a histological with a radiological method. We found no significant correlation between histological planimetry and the radiological six metacarpal hand index in patients with either cervical or trochanteric fractures. This demonstrates that metacarpal morphometry cannot predict histological osteoporosis of the iliac crest

Vancomycin-supplemented allografts provide biological restoration of bone stock and sound fixation with a low incidence of re-infection. Experimental incorporation of these grafts is similar to allografts without vancomycin. However, the underlying biology remains unknown. We report the first histological observations of vancomycin-supplemented impacted bone allografts in two reconstructions performed 14 and 20 months after revision surgery because of a periprosthetic fracture. Areas of active bone remodelling (creeping substitution), as well as calcified bone trabeculae and graft particles embedded in dense fibrous tissue, were observed with osteoid and fibroconnective tissue surrounding polymethylmethacrylate particles. These pathological findings are similar to those reported in allografts without vancomycin and support the hypothesis that high levels of vancomycin do not affect the incorporation of bone graft

Acetabular dysplasia was produced in 24 immature white rabbits. A rotational acetabular osteotomy was then carried out and radiological and histological studies of the articular cartilage were made. In the hips which did not undergo osteotomy, radiographs at 26 weeks showed that residual subluxation remained and arthritic changes such as narrowing of the joint space or dislocation were still seen. However, in the operated group there was a remarkable increase in cover, but arthritic changes were not observed. After 24 weeks, the Mankin grading score in the operated group was significantly lower than that in the non-operated group. The latter hips showed an irregular surface of the cartilage, exfoliation and proliferation of synovial tissue. In those undergoing osteotomy, primary cloning of chondrocytes or hypercellularity was seen and at 24 weeks after operation and metaplasia of the cartilage in the fibrous tissue was observed in the boundary between the medial area of the acetabulum and the acetabular fossa

We describe the histology of a specimen taken from an amputated leg seven months after a 15 cm bone gap in the tibia had been closed by bone transport. Lengthening appeared to have occurred by repeated minor trauma to the bone, with the fractured trabeculae in sufficiently close contact for the repair process to proceed. Osteogenesis did not occur through a cartilage phase, but the fracture gaps were bridged by collagen fibres, around which new bone formed. Microfractures had repaired by primary healing with woven bone and with no microcallus. Small regions of bone were necrotic. Resorption of the necrotic bone and remodelling of the immature bundle and woven bone were still at an early stage, suggesting that complete remodelling in man may take years rather than months

This paper describes a study in the human femur of the relationship between cell division in growth cartilage and overall bone growth. Growth rates for the distal femur from birth to eighteen years were determined from serial radiographs available from the Harpenden Growth Study; An average of 1-4 cm/year was found for the ages of five to eight years. The development of the growth plate is illustrated in a series of photomicrographs of femur sections. These sections were also used for quantitative histology; The length of the proliferation zone was estimated from cell counts to be twenty-four cells per column. On the basis of this value and the measured growth rate, an approximate mean cycle time of twenty days was found for the proliferating cells of the human growth plate. Since the corresponding cycle time is two days for rodent growth plates, which also have a different structure, it is unwise to extrapolate the findings in this tissue from mouse to man

We have studied the histological appearances of forty femoral heads with idiopathic avascular necrosis. The characteristic histopathological changes of recurrent necrosis were present in 83 per cent. Recurrent necrosis occurred widely after revascularisation had progressed as far as the subchondral zone. The aetiology of idiopathic avascular necrosis of the femoral head may be a chronic condition which produces repeated infarction. The deformation and incomplete revascularisation of the femoral head may be due to repeated episodes of infarction as well as to mechanical factors related to weight-bearing

A 65-year-old man presented with a painful hip five years after a cemented replacement. Histological examination of a biopsy taken from tissue surrounding the femoral implant showed infiltration of a squamous-cell carcinoma. Further investigation revealed a primary growth in the left lung. This rare example of a metastasis in relation to a joint replacement illustrates the necessity for histological examination of the tissue adjacent to a loose prosthesis

We report the histology of a femur retrieved 3.5 years after a cemented revision of a hip replacement in which impaction allografting had been used to fill two large cortical defects. The allograft chips had largely been replaced by viable cortical bone, and the interface between cement and tissue resembled that seen after primary cemented arthroplasty

In an attempt to improve the accuracy of diagnosis, 16 patients suffering from Morton's metatarsalgia were investigated clinically and electrophysiologically. The histological findings were related to these observations. The precise aetiology of Morton's metatarsalgia remains obscure, but the findings are compatible with an entrapment syndrome. Nerve conduction studies have a place in the investigation of patients with atypical presentation of pain in the foot. Further refinement of the electrophysiological technique should be possible

Previous perfusion studies of the rotator cuff have demonstrated an area of hypovascularity in the distal part of the supraspinatus tendon. This has been implicated in the pathogenesis of its rupture. We performed a quantitative histological analysis of the vascularity of the tendons of supraspinatus and infraspinatus. Vessel number, size and the percentage of the tendon occupied by vessels were measured at 5 mm intervals from the humeral insertions to the muscle bellies. Both tendons were hypovascular in their distal 15 mm. No significant difference was demonstrated between the vascularity of supraspinatus and infraspinatus. We conclude that factors other than vascularity are important in the pathogenesis of supraspinatus rupture

We have performed an arthroscopic and histological study of the remodelling process of allogeneic tendons transplanted into the human knee as anterior cruciate ligament substitutes. Arthroscopic observations from six weeks to 55 months after operation showed that the grafts were viable, and that early surface hypervascularity subsided with time; moreover, these appearances remained unchanged from 11 months postoperatively onwards. Histological studies from three to 55 months after operation showed that all the grafts were infiltrated with fibroblasts, and that cellularity in their substance reduced with time, remaining unchanged from 18 months onwards; the collagen bundles were aligned as in a normal ligament from six months onwards. These findings suggest that the grafts reach maturity within the first 18 months and remain unchanged as viable ligaments thereafter

In an experimental clinical study, 25 implants of pure titanium were inserted into the proximal tibia of 11 volunteer patients, four with rheumatoid arthritis and seven with osteoarthritis. The implants were removed from five weeks to 24 months later and detailed histological analysis was performed. The implants generally healed with direct bone-metal contact, showing so-called osseointegration. Only one of the 21 implants which had been in place for over five months did not show osseointegration, probably because of inadequate primary contact with bone. The presence of rheumatoid disease did not prevent osseointegration, but accompanying osteoporosis seemed to be a risk factor

In talipes equino-varus the diminished bulk of the calf muscle suggests a neuromuscular defect. Accordingly, biopsies were taken from the postero-medial and peroneal muscle groups, and occasionally from abductor hallucis, in sixty patients mostly under the age of five years; 111 were studied histochemically and histologically, and a further fifty-three by electron-microscopy. Histochemical anomalies were revealed in ninety-two specimens; the muscle fibres in the other nineteen varied in size but were abnormal at the ultramicroscopic level, as were all specimens examined with the electron microscope. Evidence of neurogenic disease was seen in most instances and was more obvious in the older patients. The pattern of abnormality was similar in both muscle groups. It is thought that shortening of the postero-medial muscles may result from a small increase of fibrosis due to minor innervation changes occurring in intra-uterine life. There is evidence that immobilisation, stretching or relaxation of muscles does not account for the anomalies observed. This study of the extrinsic muscles in talipes equino-varus indicates a dominant neurogenic factor in its causation

Threaded acetabular components are widely used in cementless total hip replacement, despite a poor understanding of the nature of the bone-implant interface. We have examined one case in which the threaded titanium ring appeared to be well incorporated with no discernible radiolucency. Microradiography and histology surprisingly showed that the threads were entirely encapsulated in fibrous tissue. This raises doubt about the relevance of plain radiography to the analysis of the acetabular interface

We studied nine patients who had had a transtrochanteric anterior rotational osteotomy, as developed by Sugioka, for osteonecrosis of the femoral head. At a mean of 2.5 years after the initial operation we carried out a histological study of the previously necrotic femoral head which had not shown collapse of the new primary weight-bearing site. In seven joints, there was proliferation of fibrous tissue in the dead trabeculae with vascular ingrowth. New bone covering dead trabeculae created the characteristic appearance of ‘creeping substitution’. However, these changes were limited and did not extend over the entire necrotic area. Dead bone remained in all the cases. In the other two heads we did not observe proliferation of fibrous tissue or vascular ingrowth, only dead trabeculae and dead bone marrow

Total hip replacement in patients with advanced osteonecrosis of the femoral head is often complicated by early loosening of the femoral component. Recent evidence has suggested that abnormal bone extending into the proximal femur may be responsible for the early failure of the femoral component. We aimed to identify which patients were at high risk of early failure by evaluating gadolinium-enhanced MR images of histologically-confirmed osteonecrotic lesions beyond the femoral head.

Although the MR signal intensity has been shown to correlate well with osteonecrosis in the femoral head, it was found to be relatively insensitive at identifying lesions below the head, with a sensitivity of only 51% and a predictive value of a negative result of only 48%. However, the specificity was 90%, with the predictive value of a positive MRI finding being 86%. Only those patients with osteonecrosis of the femoral head secondary to sickle-cell disease, who are known to be at high risk of early loosening, had changes in the MR signal in the greater trochanter and the femoral shaft. This observation suggests that changes in the MR signal beyond the femoral head may represent osteonecrotic lesions in areas essential for the fixation of the femoral component. Pre-operative identification of such lesions in the neck of the femur may be important when considering hip resurfacing for osteonecrosis of the femoral head, following which early loosening of the femoral component and fracture of the neck are possible complications.

We studied the fixation of a cementless titanium femoral prosthesis partially coated with hydroxyapatite ceramic (HAC) 10.4 months after implantation. Histomorphological investigation showed extensive new bone formation between the HAC coating and the bone bed; morphometry showed bone contact indices of up to 91.60%. There were a number of resorption lacunae on the HAC coat with depths of up to 76.6 microns and widths of up to 453 microns. Our results confirmed that considerable bone remodelling had taken place and that the apatite-coated prosthesis had united with bone despite the lack of appreciable immediate press-fit. Hydroxyapatite particles which had been released did not appear to show any negative effects on the stability of the implant.

Thirty-nine patients underwent reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament with carbon-fibre and a MacIntosh repair; all had a negative pivot shift test after operation. Some patients had persistent pain, mild effusion and synovial thickening; in 10 of these patients the symptoms warranted arthroscopic examination and biopsy at a mean of 16.9 months after the repair. Arthroscopy revealed that the carbon-fibre had not induced the formation of a "new ligament" and that the repair was merely covered by a thin, fibrous sheath. Histological investigations confirmed this finding, with only a suggestion of a fibroblastic response to carbon-fibre found in two patients. Particles of carbon-fibre were found scattered through the knees. Synovitis and breakdown of the skin over subcutaneous carbon-fibre complicated treatment. Failure of the carbon-fibre to bond to bone was detected radiographically.

We report the experimental use of three different biological implants to restore articular surface defects: glutaraldehyde-fixed bovine meniscal xenograft, glutaraldehyde-fixed bovine costal cartilage xenograft, and viable osteochondral allografts. The grafts were implanted in the knees of 19 goats who were allowed free-field activity and were studied for up to one year. The natural articular surfaces of meniscal fibrocartilage provided excellent articular surfaces at all times. Equally good articular surfaces were restored by host tissue growth covering costal cartilage grafts at six months, but by 12 months this surface had degenerated. The majority of the allografts survived and integrated with the host at six months, but many showed signs of failure at 12 months. Only three out of seven ungrafted defects healed completely at six months and the healed surfaces were degenerating at 12 months.

We have reviewed 41 patients with pustulotic arthro-osteopathy (PAO), all having both the typical skin rash of pustulosis palmaris et plantaris and bone lesions. The most common bones affected were the clavicle, sternum and ribs. Changes in the clavicle started, not as an enthesopathy, but with periosteal bone formation, indicative of a bone marrow disorder. About 30% of the patients also had lesions in the spine, sacroiliac region or the peripheral joints. Bone and joint lesions followed a variable and intermittent clinical course over a long period of time. Biopsies in eight cases showed similar inflammatory changes in skin, bone and synovium, with infiltration of lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear leucocytes. This suggests that there is a common pathogenesis in the three tissues.

We have studied core biopsy specimens from 16 femoral heads affected by idiopathic avascular necrosis at the silent stage, when there were no clinical or radiographic manifestations but scintigraphy was positive. All the specimens showed necrosis of trabeculae and of bone marrow, but the most common and characteristic feature was evidence of old and new haemorrhage in the marrow. In the areas of intramedullary haemorrhages, trabeculae and bone marrow were completely necrotic, with a transitional area of incomplete necrosis between these areas and those without haemorrhagic lesions, where the trabeculae and bone marrow were normal. There was good correlation between necrosis and haemorrhagic episodes, and it was concluded that repeated intramedullary haemorrhage at the silent stage is probably related to the pathogenesis of idiopathic avascular necrosis of the femoral head.

Aims. Histology is widely used for diagnosis of persistent infection during reimplantation in two-stage revision hip and knee arthroplasty, although data on its utility remain scarce. Therefore, this study aims to assess the predictive value of permanent sections at reimplantation in relation to reinfection risk, and to compare results of permanent and frozen sections. Methods. We retrospectively collected data from 226 patients (90 hips, 136 knees) with periprosthetic joint infection who underwent two-stage revision between August 2011 and September 2021, with a minimum follow-up of one year. Histology was assessed via the SLIM classification. First, we analyzed whether patients with positive permanent sections at reimplantation had higher reinfection rates than patients with negative histology. Further, we compared permanent and frozen section results, and assessed the influence of anatomical regions (knee versus hip), low- versus high-grade infections, as well as first revision versus multiple prior revisions on the histological result at reimplantation. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), chi-squared tests, and Kaplan-Meier estimates were calculated. Results. Overall, the reinfection rate was 18%. A total of 14 out of 82 patients (17%) with positive permanent sections at reimplantation experienced reinfection, compared to 26 of 144 patients (18%) with negative results (p = 0.996). Neither permanent sections nor fresh frozen sections were significantly associated with reinfection, with a sensitivity of 0.35, specificity of 0.63, PPV of 0.17, NPV of 0.81, and accuracy of 58%. Histology was not significantly associated with reinfection or survival time for any of the analyzed sub-groups. Permanent and frozen section results were in agreement for 91% of cases. Conclusion. Permanent and fresh frozen sections at reimplantation in two-stage revision do not serve as a reliable predictor for reinfection. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2024;106-B(4):372–379

Aims. This study aimed to define the histopathology of degenerated humeral head cartilage and synovial inflammation of the glenohumeral joint in patients with omarthrosis (OmA) and cuff tear arthropathy (CTA). Additionally, the potential of immunohistochemical tissue biomarkers in reflecting the degeneration status of humeral head cartilage was evaluated. Methods. Specimens of the humeral head and synovial tissue from 12 patients with OmA, seven patients with CTA, and four body donors were processed histologically for examination using different histopathological scores. Osteochondral sections were immunohistochemically stained for collagen type I, collagen type II, collagen neoepitope C1,2C, collagen type X, and osteocalcin, prior to semiquantitative analysis. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, MMP-3, and MMP-13 levels were analyzed in synovial fluid using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results. Cartilage degeneration of the humeral head was associated with the histological presentation of: 1) pannus overgrowing the cartilage surface; 2) pores in the subchondral bone plate; and 3) chondrocyte clusters in OmA patients. In contrast, hyperplasia of the synovial lining layer was revealed as a significant indicator of inflammatory processes predominantly in CTA. The abundancy of collagen I, collagen II, and the C1,2C neoepitope correlated significantly with the histopathological degeneration of humeral head cartilage. No evidence for differences in MMP levels between OmA and CTA patients was found. Conclusion. This study provides a comprehensive histological characterization of humeral cartilage and synovial tissue within the glenohumeral joint, both in normal and diseased states. It highlights synovitis and pannus formation as histopathological hallmarks of OmA and CTA, indicating their roles as drivers of joint inflammation and cartilage degradation, and as targets for therapeutic strategies such as rotator cuff reconstruction and synovectomy. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2024;13(10):596–610

Aims. To verify whether secretory leucocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) can promote early tendon-to-bone healing after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Methods. In vitro: the mobility of the rat bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) treated with SLPI was evaluated by scratch assay. Then the expression levels of osteogenic differentiation-related genes were analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) to determine the osteogenic effect of SLPI on BMSCs. In vivo: a rat model of ACL reconstruction was used to verify the effect of SLPI on tendon-to-bone healing. All the animals of the SLPI group and the negative control (NC) group were euthanized for histological evaluation, micro-CT scanning, and biomechanical testing. Results. SLPI improved the migration ability of BMSCs and upregulated the expression of genes related to osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs in vitro. In vivo, the SLPI group had higher histological scores at the tendon-bone interface by histological evaluation. Micro-CT showed more new bone formation and bone ingrowth around the grafted tendon in the SLPI group. Evaluation of the healing strength of the tendon-bone connection showed that the SLPI group had a higher maximum failure force and stiffness. Conclusion. SLPI can effectively promote early tendon-to-bone healing after ACL reconstruction via enhancing the migration and osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2022;11(7):503–512

Aims. Several artificial bone grafts have been developed but fail to achieve anticipated osteogenesis due to their insufficient neovascularization capacity and periosteum support. This study aimed to develop a vascularized bone-periosteum construct (VBPC) to provide better angiogenesis and osteogenesis for bone regeneration. Methods. A total of 24 male New Zealand white rabbits were divided into four groups according to the experimental materials. Allogenic adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AMSCs) were cultured and seeded evenly in the collagen/chitosan sheet to form cell sheet as periosteum. Simultaneously, allogenic AMSCs were seeded onto alginate beads and were cultured to differentiate to endothelial-like cells to form vascularized bone construct (VBC). The cell sheet was wrapped onto VBC to create a vascularized bone-periosteum construct (VBPC). Four different experimental materials – acellular construct, VBC, non-vascularized bone-periosteum construct, and VBPC – were then implanted in bilateral L4-L5 intertransverse space. At 12 weeks post-surgery, the bone-forming capacities were determined by CT, biomechanical testing, histology, and immunohistochemistry staining analyses. Results. At 12 weeks, the VBPC group significantly increased new bone formation volume compared with the other groups. Biomechanical testing demonstrated higher torque strength in the VBPC group. Notably, the haematoxylin and eosin, Masson’s trichrome, and immunohistochemistry-stained histological results revealed that VBPC promoted neovascularization and new bone formation in the spine fusion areas. Conclusion. The tissue-engineered VBPC showed great capability in promoting angiogenesis and osteogenesis in vivo. It may provide a novel approach to create a superior blood supply and nutritional environment to overcome the deficits of current artificial bone graft substitutes. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2023;12(12):722–733

Aims. The aims of this study were to determine the diagnostic yield of image-guided biopsy in providing a final diagnosis in patients with suspected infectious spondylodiscitis, to report the diagnostic accuracy of various microbiological tests and histological examinations in these patients, and to report the epidemiology of infectious spondylodiscitis from a country where tuberculosis (TB) is endemic, including the incidence of drug-resistant TB. Methods. A total of 284 patients with clinically and radiologically suspected infectious spondylodiscitis were prospectively recruited into the study. Image-guided biopsy of the vertebral lesion was performed and specimens were sent for various microbiological tests and histological examinations. The final diagnosis was determined using a composite reference standard based on clinical, radiological, serological, microbiological, and histological findings. The overall diagnostic yield of the biopsy, and that for each test, was calculated in light of the final diagnosis. Results. The final diagnosis was tuberculous spondylodiscitis in 250 patients (88%) and pyogenic spondylodiscitis in 22 (7.8%). Six (2.1%) had a noninfectious condition-mimicking infectious spondylodiscitis, and six (2.1%) had no definite diagnosis and improved without specific treatment. The diagnosis was made by image-guided biopsy in 152 patients (56%) with infectious spondylodiscitis. Biopsy was contributory in identifying 132/250 patients (53%) with tuberculous spondylodiscitis, and 20/22 patients (91%) with pyogenic spondylodiscitis. Histological examination was the most sensitive diagnostic modality, followed by Xpert MTB/RIF assay. Conclusion. Image-guided biopsy has a reasonably high diagnostic yield in patients with suspected infectious spondylodiscitis. A combination of histological examination, Xpert MTB/RIF assay, bacterial culture, and sensitivity provides high diagnostic accuracy in a country in which TB is endemic. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2022;104-B(1):120–126

Aims. Treatment of high-grade limb bone sarcoma that invades a joint requires en bloc extra-articular excision. MRI can demonstrate joint invasion but is frequently inconclusive, and its predictive value is unknown. We evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of direct and indirect radiological signs of intra-articular tumour extension and the performance characteristics of MRI findings of intra-articular tumour extension. Methods. We performed a retrospective case-control study of patients who underwent extra-articular excision for sarcoma of the knee, hip, or shoulder from 1 June 2000 to 1 November 2020. Radiologists blinded to the pathology results evaluated preoperative MRI for three direct signs of joint invasion (capsular disruption, cortical breach, cartilage invasion) and indirect signs (e.g. joint effusion, synovial thickening). The discriminatory ability of MRI to detect intra-articular tumour extension was determined by receiver operating characteristic analysis. Results. Overall, 49 patients underwent extra-articular excision. The area under the curve (AUC) ranged from 0.65 to 0.76 for direct signs of joint invasion, and was 0.83 for all three combined. In all, 26 patients had only one to two direct signs of invasion, representing an equivocal result. In these patients, the AUC was 0.63 for joint effusion and 0.85 for synovial thickening. When direct signs and synovial thickening were combined, the AUC was 0.89. Conclusion. MRI provides excellent discrimination for determining intra-articular tumour extension when multiple direct signs of invasion are present. When MRI results are equivocal, assessment of synovial thickening increases MRI’s discriminatory ability to predict intra-articular joint extension. These results should be interpreted in the context of the study’s limitations. The inclusion of only extra-articular excisions enriched the sample for true positive cases. Direct signs likely varied with tumour histology and location. A larger, prospective study of periarticular bone sarcomas with spatial correlation of histological and radiological findings is needed to validate these results before their adoption in clinical practice. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2024;5(10):944–952

Aims. Impaired fracture repair in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is not fully understood. In this study, we aimed to characterize the local changes in gene expression (GE) associated with diabetic fracture. We used an unbiased approach to compare GE in the fracture callus of Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats relative to wild-type (WT) littermates at three weeks following femoral osteotomy. Methods. Zucker rats, WT and homozygous for leptin receptor mutation (ZDF), were fed a moderately high-fat diet to induce T2DM only in the ZDF animals. At ten weeks of age, open femoral fractures were simulated using a unilateral osteotomy stabilized with an external fixator. At three weeks post-surgery, the fractured femur from each animal was retrieved for analysis. Callus formation and the extent of healing were assessed by radiograph and histology. Bone tissue was processed for total RNA extraction and messenger RNA (mRNA) sequencing (mRNA-Seq). Results. Radiographs and histology demonstrated impaired fracture healing in ZDF rats with incomplete bony bridge formation and an influx of intramedullary inflammatory tissue. In comparison, near-complete bridging between cortices was observed in Sham WT animals. Of 13,160 genes, mRNA-Seq analysis identified 13 that were differentially expressed in ZDF rat callus, using a false discovery rate (FDR) threshold of 10%. Seven genes were upregulated with high confidence (FDR = 0.05) in ZDF fracture callus, most with known roles in inflammation. Conclusion. These findings suggest that elevated or prolonged inflammation contributes to delayed fracture healing in T2DM. The identified genes may be used as biomarkers to monitor and treat delayed fracture healing in diabetic patients. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2023;12(10):657–666

Aims. Hip resurfacing remains a potentially valuable surgical procedure for appropriately-selected patients with optimised implant choices. However, concern regarding high early failure rates continues to undermine confidence in use. A large contributor to failure is adverse local tissue reactions around metal-on-metal (MoM) bearing surfaces. Such phenomena have been well-explored around MoM total hip arthroplasties, but comparable data in equivalent hip resurfacing procedures is lacking. In order to define genetic predisposition, we performed a case-control study investigating the role of human leucocyte antigen (HLA) genotype in the development of pseudotumours around MoM hip resurfacings. Methods. A matched case-control study was performed using the prospectively-collected database at the host institution. In all, 16 MoM hip resurfacing 'cases' were identified as having symptomatic periprosthetic pseudotumours on preoperative metal artefact reduction sequence (MARS) MRI, and were subsequently histologically confirmed as high-grade aseptic lymphocyte-dominated vasculitis-associated lesions (ALVALs) at revision surgery. ‘Controls’ were matched by implant type in the absence of evidence of pseudotumour. Blood samples from all cases and controls were collected prospectively for high resolution genetic a nalysis targeting 11 separate HLA loci. Statistical significance was set at 0.10 a priori to determine the association between HLA genotype and pseudotumour formation, given the small sample size. Results. Using a previously-reported ALVAL classification, the majority of pseudotumour-positive caseswere found to have intermediate-grade group 2 (n = 10; 63%) or group 3 (n = 4; 25%) histological findings. Two further patients (13%) had high-grade group 4 lesions. HLA-DQB1*05:03:01 (p = 0.0676) and HLA-DRB1*14:54:01 (p = 0.0676) alleles were significantly associated with a higher risk of pseudotumour formation, while HLA-DQA1*03:01:01 (p = 0.0240), HLA-DRB1*04:04:01 (p = 0.0453), HLA-C*01:02:01 (p = 0.0453), and HLA-B*27:05:02 (p = 0.0855) were noted to confer risk reduction. Conclusion. These findings confirm the association between specific HLA genotypes and the risk of pseudotumour development around MoM hip resurfacings. Specifically, the two ‘at risk’ alleles (DQB1*05:03:01 and DRB1*14:54:01) may hold clinical value in preoperative screening and prospective surgical decision-making. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2023;4(3):182–187

Aims. Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of septic arthritis, and in vitro studies suggest α haemolysin (Hla) is responsible for chondrocyte death. We used an in vivo murine joint model to compare inoculation with wild type S. aureus 8325-4 with a Hla-deficient strain DU1090 on chondrocyte viability, tissue histology, and joint biomechanics. The aim was to compare the actions of S. aureus Hla alone with those of the animal’s immune response to infection. Methods. Adult male C57Bl/6 mice (n = 75) were randomized into three groups to receive 1.0 to 1.4 × 10. 7. colony-forming units (CFUs)/ml of 8325-4, DU1090, or saline into the right stifle joint. Chondrocyte death was assessed by confocal microscopy. Histological changes to inoculated joints were graded for inflammatory responses along with gait, weight changes, and limb swelling. Results. Chondrocyte death was greater with 8325-4 (96.2% (SD 5.5%); p < 0.001) than DU1090 (28.9% (SD 16.0%); p = 0.009) and both were higher than controls (3.8% (SD 1.2%)). Histology revealed cartilage/bone damage with 8325-4 or DU1090 compared to controls (p = 0.010). Both infected groups lost weight (p = 0.006 for both) and experienced limb swelling (p = 0.043 and p = 0.018, respectively). Joints inoculated with bacteria showed significant alterations in gait cycle with a decreased stance phase, increased swing phase, and a corresponding decrease in swing speed. Conclusion. Murine joints inoculated with Hla-producing 8325-4 experienced significantly more chondrocyte death than those with DU1090, which lack the toxin. This was despite similar immune responses, indicating that Hla was the major cause of chondrocyte death. Hla-deficient DU1090 also elevated chondrocyte death compared to controls, suggesting a smaller additional deleterious role of the immune system on cartilage. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2022;11(9):669–678

Aims. The purpose of this study was to explore a simple and effective method of preparing human acellular amniotic membrane (HAAM) scaffolds, and explore the effect of HAAM scaffolds with juvenile cartilage fragments (JCFs) on osteochondral defects. Methods. HAAM scaffolds were constructed via trypsinization from fresh human amniotic membrane (HAM). The characteristics of the HAAM scaffolds were evaluated by haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, picrosirius red staining, type II collagen immunostaining, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs) were isolated, and stemness was verified by multilineage differentiation. Then, third-generation (P3) hAMSCs were seeded on the HAAM scaffolds, and phalloidin staining and SEM were used to detect the growth of hAMSCs on the HAAM scaffolds. Osteochondral defects (diameter: 3.5 mm; depth: 3 mm) were created in the right patellar grooves of 20 New Zealand White rabbits. The rabbits were randomly divided into four groups: the control group (n = 5), the HAAM scaffolds group (n = 5), the JCFs group (n = 5), and the HAAM + JCFs group (n = 5). Macroscopic and histological assessments of the regenerated tissue were evaluated to validate the treatment results at 12 weeks. Results. In vitro, the HAAM scaffolds had a network structure and possessed abundant collagen. The HAAM scaffolds had good cytocompatibility, and hAMSCs grew well on the HAAM scaffolds. In vivo, the macroscopic scores of the HAAM + JCFs group were significantly higher than those of the other groups. In addition, histological assessments demonstrated that large amounts of hyaline-like cartilage formed in the osteochondral defects in the HAAM + JCFs group. Integration with surrounding normal cartilage and regeneration of subchondral bone in the HAAM + JCFs group were better than those in the other groups. Conclusion. HAAM scaffolds combined with JCFs promote the regenerative repair of osteochondral defects. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2022;11(6):349–361

Aims. To develop an early implant instability murine model and explore the use of intermittent parathyroid hormone (iPTH) treatment for initially unstable implants. Methods. 3D-printed titanium implants were inserted into an oversized drill-hole in the tibiae of C57Bl/6 mice (n = 54). After implantation, the mice were randomly divided into three treatment groups (phosphate buffered saline (PBS)-control, iPTH, and delayed iPTH). Radiological analysis, micro-CT (µCT), and biomechanical pull-out testing were performed to assess implant loosening, bone formation, and osseointegration. Peri-implant tissue formation and cellular composition were evaluated by histology. Results. iPTH reduced radiological signs of loosening and led to an increase in peri-implant bone formation over the course of four weeks (timepoints: one week, two weeks, and four weeks). Observational histological analysis shows that iPTH prohibits the progression of fibrosis. Delaying iPTH treatment until after onset of peri-implant fibrosis still resulted in enhanced osseointegration and implant stability. Despite initial instability, iPTH increased the mean pull-out strength of the implant from 8.41 N (SD 8.15) in the PBS-control group to 21.49 N (SD 10.45) and 23.68 N (SD 8.99) in the immediate and delayed iPTH groups, respectively. Immediate and delayed iPTH increased mean peri-implant bone volume fraction (BV/TV) to 0.46 (SD 0.07) and 0.34 (SD 0.10), respectively, compared to PBS-control mean BV/TV of 0.23 (SD 0.03) (PBS-control vs immediate iPTH, p < 0.001; PBS-control vs delayed iPTH, p = 0.048; immediate iPTH vs delayed iPTH, p = 0.111). Conclusion. iPTH treatment mediated successful osseointegration and increased bone mechanical strength, despite initial implant instability. Clinically, this suggests that initially unstable implants may be osseointegrated with iPTH treatment. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2022;11(5):260–269

Aims. Treatment for delayed wound healing resulting from peripheral vascular diseases and diabetic foot ulcers remains a challenge. A novel surgical technique named ‘tibial cortex transverse transport’ (TTT) has been developed for treating peripheral ischaemia, with encouraging clinical effects. However, its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, we explored the potential biological mechanisms of TTT surgery using various techniques in a rat TTT animal model. Methods. A novel rat model of TTT was established with a designed external fixator, and effects on wound healing were investigated. Laser speckle perfusion imaging, vessel perfusion, histology, and immunohistochemistry were used to evaluate the wound healing processes. Results. Gross and histological examinations showed that TTT technique accelerated wound closure and enhanced the quality of the newly formed skin tissues. In the TTT group, haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining demonstrated a better epidermis and dermis recovery, while immunohistochemical staining showed that TTT technique promoted local collagen deposition. The TTT technique also benefited to angiogenesis and immunomodulation. In the TTT group, blood flow in the wound area was higher than that of other groups according to laser speckle imaging with more blood vessels observed. Enhanced neovascularization was seen in the TTT group with double immune-labelling of CD31 and α-Smooth Muscle Actin (α-SMA). The number of M2 macrophages at the wound site in the TTT group was also increased. Conclusion. The TTT technique accelerated wound healing through enhanced angiogenesis and immunomodulation. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2022;11(4):189–199

Aims. As has been shown in larger animal models, knee immobilization can lead to arthrofibrotic phenotypes. Our study included 168 C57BL/6J female mice, with 24 serving as controls, and 144 undergoing a knee procedure to induce a contracture without osteoarthritis (OA). Methods. Experimental knees were immobilized for either four weeks (72 mice) or eight weeks (72 mice), followed by a remobilization period of zero weeks (24 mice), two weeks (24 mice), or four weeks (24 mice) after suture removal. Half of the experimental knees also received an intra-articular injury. Biomechanical data were collected to measure passive extension angle (PEA). Histological data measuring area and thickness of posterior and anterior knee capsules were collected from knee sections. Results. Experimental knees immobilized for four weeks demonstrated mean PEAs of 141°, 72°, and 79° after zero, two, and four weeks of remobilization (n = 6 per group), respectively. Experimental knees demonstrated reduced PEAs after two weeks (p < 0.001) and four weeks (p < 0.0001) of remobilization compared to controls. Following eight weeks of immobilization, experimental knees exhibited mean PEAs of 82°, 73°, and 72° after zero, two, and four weeks of remobilization, respectively. Histological analysis demonstrated no cartilage degeneration. Similar trends in biomechanical and histological properties were observed when intra-articular violation was introduced. Conclusion. This study established a novel mouse model of robust knee contracture without evidence of OA. This was appreciated consistently after eight weeks of immobilization and was irrespective of length of remobilization. As such, this arthrofibrotic model provides opportunities to investigate molecular pathways and therapeutic strategies. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2023;12(1):58–71

Aims. A limited number of investigations with conflicting results have described perivascular lymphocytic infiltration (PVLI) in the setting of total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The purpose of this study was to determine if PVLI found in TKAs at the time of aseptic revision surgery was associated with worse clinical outcomes and survivorship. Methods. A retrospective review was conducted on 617 patients who underwent aseptic TKA revision who had histological analysis for PVLI at the time of surgery. Clinical and radiological data were obtained pre- and postoperatively, six weeks postoperatively, and then every year thereafter. Results. Within this cohort, 118 patients (19.1%) were found to have PVLI on histological analysis. Re-revision was performed on 83 patients (13.4%) with no significant differences in all-cause or aseptic revisions between groups. A higher incidence of PVLI was noted in female patients (p = 0.037). There was no significant difference in improvement in the range of motion (p = 0.536), or improvement of KSC (p = 0.66), KSP (p = 0.61), or KSF (p = 0.3) clinical outcome scores between PVLI and no PVLI sub-groups. There was a higher incidence of a preoperative diagnosis of pain in the PVLI group compared with patients without PVLI (p = 0.002) present. Conclusion. PVLI found on large-scale histological analysis in TKAs at aseptic revision surgery was not associated with worse clinical outcomes or rates of re-revision. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(6 Supple A):145–149

Aims. The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence of culture-negative periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs) when adequate methods of culture are used, and to evaluate the outcome in patients who were treated with antibiotics for a culture-negative PJI compared with those in whom antibiotics were withheld. Methods. A multicentre observational study was undertaken: 1,553 acute and 1,556 chronic PJIs, diagnosed between 2013 and 2018, were retrospectively analyzed. Culture-negative PJIs were diagnosed according to the Muskuloskeletal Infection Society (MSIS), International Consensus Meeting (ICM), and European Bone and Joint Society (EBJIS) definitions. The primary outcome was recurrent infection, and the secondary outcome was removal of the prosthetic components for any indication, both during a follow-up period of two years. Results. None of the acute PJIs and 70 of the chronic PJIs (4.7%) were culture-negative; a total of 36 culture-negative PJIs (51%) were treated with antibiotics, particularly those with histological signs of infection. After two years of follow-up, no recurrent infections occurred in patients in whom antibiotics were withheld. The requirement for removal of the components for any indication during follow-up was not significantly different in those who received antibiotics compared with those in whom antibiotics were withheld (7.1% vs 2.9%; p = 0.431). Conclusion. When adequate methods of culture are used, the incidence of culture-negative PJIs is low. In patients with culture-negative PJI, antibiotic treatment can probably be withheld if there are no histological signs of infection. In all other patients, diagnostic efforts should be made to identify the causative microorganism by means of serology or molecular techniques. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2022;104-B(1):183–188

Aims. Mechanical stimulation is a key factor in the development and healing of tendon-bone insertion. Treadmill training is an important rehabilitation treatment. This study aims to investigate the benefits of treadmill training initiated on postoperative day 7 for tendon-bone insertion healing. Methods. A tendon-bone insertion injury healing model was established in 92 C57BL/6 male mice. All mice were divided into control and training groups by random digital table method. The control group mice had full free activity in the cage, and the training group mice started the treadmill training on postoperative day 7. The quality of tendon-bone insertion healing was evaluated by histology, immunohistochemistry, reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, micro-CT, micro-MRI, open field tests, and CatWalk gait and biomechanical assessments. Results. Our results showed a significantly higher tendon-bone insertion histomorphological score in the training group, and the messenger RNA and protein expression levels of type II collagen (COL2A1), SOX9, and type X collagen (COL10A1) were significantly elevated. Additionally, tendon-bone insertion resulted in less scar hyperplasia after treadmill training, the bone mineral density (BMD) and bone volume/tissue volume (BV/TV) were significantly improved, and the force required to induce failure became stronger in the training group. Functionally, the motor ability, limb stride length, and stride frequency of mice with tendon-bone insertion injuries were significantly improved in the training group compared with the control group. Conclusion. Treadmill training initiated on postoperative day 7 is beneficial to tendon-bone insertion healing, promoting biomechanical strength and motor function. Our findings are expected to guide clinical rehabilitation training programmes. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2023;12(5):339–351

Aims. Osteofibrous dysplasia (OFD) is a rare benign lesion predominantly affecting the tibia in children. Its potential link to adamantinoma has influenced management. This international case series reviews the presentation of OFD and management approaches to improve our understanding of OFD. Methods. A retrospective review at three paediatric tertiary centres identified 101 cases of tibial OFD in 99 patients. The clinical records, radiological images, and histology were analyzed. Results. Mean age at presentation was 13.5 years (SD 12.4), and mean follow-up was 5.65 years (SD 5.51). At latest review, 62 lesions (61.4%) were in skeletally mature patients. The most common site of the tibial lesion was the anterior (76 lesions, 75.2%) cortex (63 lesions, 62.4%) of the middle third (52 lesions, 51.5%). Pain, swelling, and fracture were common presentations. Overall, 41 lesions (40.6%) presented with radiological deformity (> 10°): apex anterior in 97.6%. A total of 41 lesions (40.6%) were treated conservatively. Anterior bowing < 10° at presentation was found to be related to successful conservative management of OFD (p = 0.013, multivariable logistic regression). Intralesional excision was performed in 43 lesions (42.6%) and a wide excision of the lesion in 19 (18.8%). A high complication rate and surgical burden was found in those that underwent a wide excision regardless of technique employed. There was progression/recurrence in nine lesions (8.9%) but statistical analysis found no predictive factors. No OFD lesion transformed to adamantinoma. Conclusion. This study confirms OFD to be a benign bone condition with low rates of local progression and without malignant transformation. It is important to distinguish OFD from adamantinoma by a histological diagnosis. Focus should be on angular deformity, monitored with full-length tibial radiographs. Surgery is indicated in symptomatic patients and predicted by the severity of the initial angular deformity. Surgery should focus more on the deformity rather than the lesion. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2022;104-B(2):302–308

Aims. To explore the efficacy of extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) in the treatment of osteochondral defect (OCD), and its effects on the levels of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2, -3, -4, -5, and -7 in terms of cartilage and bone regeneration. Methods. The OCD lesion was created on the trochlear groove of left articular cartilage of femur per rat (40 rats in total). The experimental groups were Sham, OCD, and ESWT (0.25 mJ/mm. 2. , 800 impulses, 4 Hz). The animals were euthanized at 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks post-treatment, and histopathological analysis, micro-CT scanning, and immunohistochemical staining were performed for the specimens. Results. In the histopathological analysis, the macro-morphological grading scale showed a significant increase, while the histological score and cartilage repair scale of ESWT exhibited a significant decrease compared to OCD at the 8- and 12-week timepoints. At the 12-week follow-up, ESWT exhibited a significant improvement in the volume of damaged bone compared to OCD. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry analysis revealed a significant decrease in type I collagen and a significant increase in type II collagen within the newly formed hyaline cartilage following ESWT, compared to OCD. Finally, SRY-box transcription factor 9 (SOX9), aggrecan, and TGF-β, BMP-2, -3, -4, -5, and -7 were significantly higher in ESWT than in OCD at 12 weeks. Conclusion. ESWT promoted the effect of TGF-β/BMPs, thereby modulating the production of extracellular matrix proteins and transcription factor involved in the regeneration of articular cartilage and subchondral bone in an OCD rat model. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2024;13(7):342–352

Aims. The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with five-year cancer-related mortality in patients with limb and trunk soft-tissue sarcoma (STS) and develop and validate machine learning algorithms in order to predict five-year cancer-related mortality in these patients. Methods. Demographic, clinicopathological, and treatment variables of limb and trunk STS patients in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER) database from 2004 to 2017 were analyzed. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine factors significantly associated with five-year cancer-related mortality. Various machine learning models were developed and compared using area under the curve (AUC), calibration, and decision curve analysis. The model that performed best on the SEER testing data was further assessed to determine the variables most important in its predictive capacity. This model was externally validated using our institutional dataset. Results. A total of 13,646 patients with STS from the SEER database were included, of whom 35.9% experienced five-year cancer-related mortality. The random forest model performed the best overall and identified tumour size as the most important variable when predicting mortality in patients with STS, followed by M stage, histological subtype, age, and surgical excision. Each variable was significant in logistic regression. External validation yielded an AUC of 0.752. Conclusion. This study identified clinically important variables associated with five-year cancer-related mortality in patients with limb and trunk STS, and developed a predictive model that demonstrated good accuracy and predictability. Orthopaedic oncologists may use these findings to further risk-stratify their patients and recommend an optimal course of treatment. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2023;105-B(6):702–710

Aims. The aim of this study was to evaluate the optimal deep tissue specimen sample number for histopathological analysis in the diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). Methods. In this retrospective diagnostic study, patients undergoing revision surgery after total hip or knee arthroplasty (n = 119) between January 2015 and July 2018 were included. Multiple specimens of the periprosthetic membrane and pseudocapsule were obtained for histopathological analysis at revision arthroplasty. Based on the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) 2013 criteria, the International Consensus Meeting (ICM) 2018 criteria, and the European Bone and Joint Infection Society (EBJIS) 2021 criteria, PJI was defined. Using a mixed effects logistic regression model, the sensitivity and specificity of the histological diagnosis were calculated. The optimal number of periprosthetic tissue specimens for histopathological analysis was determined by applying the Youden index. Results. Based on the EBJIS criteria (excluding histology), 46 (39%) patients were classified as infected. Four to six specimens showed the highest Youden index (four specimens: 0.631; five: 0.634; six: 0.632). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of five tissue specimens were 76.5% (95% confidence interval (CI) 67.6 to 81.4), 86.8% (95% CI 81.3 to 93.5), 66.0% (95% CI 53.2 to 78.7), and 84.3% (95% CI 79.4 to 89.3), respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) was calculated with 0.81 (as a function of the number of tissue specimens). Applying the ICM and IDSA criteria (excluding histology), 40 (34%) and 32 (27%) patients were categorized as septic. Three to five specimens had the highest Youden index (ICM 3: 0.648; 4: 0.651; 5: 0.649) (IDSA 3: 0.627; 4: 0.629; 5: 0.625). Conclusion. Three to six tissue specimens of the periprosthetic membrane and pseudocapsule should be collected at revision arthroplasty and analyzed by a pathologist experienced and skilled in interpreting periprosthetic tissue. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2023;105-B(2):158–165

Aims. Radiotherapy is a well-known local treatment for spinal metastases. However, in the presence of postoperative systemic therapy, the efficacy of radiotherapy on local control (LC) and overall survival (OS) in patients with spinal metastases remains unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical outcomes of post-surgical radiotherapy for spinal metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, and to identify factors correlated with LC and OS. Methods. A retrospective, single-centre review was conducted of patients with spinal metastases from NSCLC who underwent surgery followed by systemic therapy at our institution from January 2018 to September 2022. Kaplan-Meier analysis and log-rank tests were used to compare the LC and OS between groups. Associated factors for LC and OS were assessed using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. Results. Overall, 123 patients with 127 spinal metastases from NSCLC who underwent decompression surgery followed by postoperative systemic therapy were included. A total of 43 lesions were treated with stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) after surgery and 84 lesions were not. Survival rate at one, two, and three years was 83.4%, 58.9%, and 48.2%, respectively, and LC rate was 87.8%, 78.8%, and 78.8%, respectively. Histological type was the only significant associated factor for both LC (p = 0.007) and OS (p < 0.001). Treatment with targeted therapy was significantly associated with longer survival (p = 0.039). The risk factors associated with worse survival were abnormal laboratory data (p = 0.021), lesions located in the thoracic spine (p = 0.047), and lumbar spine (p = 0.044). This study also revealed that postoperative radiotherapy had little effect in improving OS or LC. Conclusion. Tumour histological type was significantly associated with the prognosis in spinal NSCLC metastasis patients. In the presence of post-surgical systemic therapy, radiotherapy appeared to be less effective in improving LC, OS, or quality of life in spinal NSCLC metastasis patients. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2024;5(4):350–360

Aims. The efficacy of saline irrigation for treatment of implant-associated infections is limited in the presence of porous metallic implants. This study evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of antibiotic doped bioceramic (vancomycin/tobramycin-doped polyvinyl alcohol composite (PVA-VAN/TOB-P)) after saline wash in a mouse infection model implanted with titanium cylinders. Methods. Air pouches created in female BalBc mice by subcutaneous injection of air. In the first of two independent studies, pouches were implanted with titanium cylinders (400, 700, and 100 µm pore sizes) and inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus (1 × 10. 3. or 1 × 10. 6. colony-forming units (CFU)/pouch) to establish infection and biofilm formation. Mice were killed after one week for microbiological analysis. In the second study, pouches were implanted with 400 µm titanium cylinders and inoculated with S. aureus (1 × 10. 3. or 1 × 10. 6. CFU/pouch). Four groups were tested: 1) no bacteria; 2) bacteria without saline wash; 3) saline wash only; and 4) saline wash plus PVA-VAN/TOB-P. After seven days, the pouches were opened and washed with saline alone, or had an additional injection of PVA-VAN/TOB-P. Mice were killed 14 days after pouch wash. Results. The first part of the study showed that low-grade infection was more significant in 400 µm cylinders than cylinders with larger pore sizes (p < 0.05). The second part of the study showed that saline wash alone was ineffective in eradicating both low- and high-grade infections. Saline plus PVA-VAN/TOB-P eradicated the titanium cylinder-associated infections, as manifested by negative cultures of the washouts and supported by scanning electron microscopy and histology. Conclusion. Porous titanium cylinders were vulnerable to bacterial infection and biofilm formation that could not be treated by saline irrigation alone. Application of PVA-VAN/TOB-P directly into the surgical site alone or after saline wash represents a feasible approach for prevention and/or treatment of porous implant-related infections. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2024;13(11):622–631

Aims. The preoperative grading of chondrosarcomas of bone that accurately predicts surgical management is difficult for surgeons, radiologists, and pathologists. There are often discrepancies in grade between the initial biopsy and the final histology. Recent advances in the use of imaging methods have shown promise in the ability to predict the final grade. The most important clinical distinction is between grade 1 chondrosarcomas, which are amenable to curettage, and resection-grade chondrosarcomas (grade 2 and 3) which require en bloc resection. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of a Radiological Aggressiveness Score (RAS) to predict the grade of primary chondrosarcomas in long bones and thus to guide management. Methods. A total of 113 patients with a primary chondrosarcoma of a long bone presenting between January 2001 and December 2021 were identified on retrospective review of a single oncology centre’s prospectively collected database. The nine-parameter RAS included variables from radiographs and MRI scans. The best cut-off of parameters to predict the final grade of chondrosarcoma after resection was determined using a receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC), and this was correlated with the biopsy grade. Results. A RAS of ≥ four parameters was 97.9% sensitive and 90.5% specific in predicting resection-grade chondrosarcoma based on a ROC cut-off derived using the Youden index. Cronbach’s α of 0.897 was derived as the interclass correlation for scoring the lesions by four blinded reviewers who were surgeons. Concordance between resection-grade lesions predicted from the RAS and ROC cut-off with the final grade after resection was 96.46%. Concordance between the biopsy grade and the final grade was 63.8%. However, when the patients were analyzed based on surgical management, the initial biopsy was able to differentiate low-grade from resection-grade chondrosarcomas in 82.9% of biopsies. Conclusion. These findings suggest that the RAS is an accurate method for guiding the surgical management of patients with these tumours, particularly when the initial biopsy results are discordant with the clinical presentation. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2023;105-B(7):808–814

Aims. Cartilage injuries rarely heal spontaneously and often require surgical intervention, leading to the formation of biomechanically inferior fibrous tissue. This study aimed to evaluate the possible effect of amelogenin on the healing process of a large osteochondral injury (OCI) in a rat model. Methods. A reproducible large OCI was created in the right leg femoral trochlea of 93 rats. The OCIs were treated with 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, or 5.0 μg/μl recombinant human amelogenin protein (rHAM. +. ) dissolved in propylene glycol alginate (PGA) carrier, or with PGA carrier alone. The degree of healing was evaluated 12 weeks after treatment by morphometric analysis and histological evaluation. Cell recruitment to the site of injury as well as the origin of the migrating cells were assessed four days after treatment with 0.5 μg/μl rHAM. +. using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Results. A total of 12 weeks after treatment, 0.5 μg/μl rHAM. +. brought about significant repair of the subchondral bone and cartilage. Increased expression of proteoglycan and type II collagen and decreased expression of type I collagen were revealed at the surface of the defect, and an elevated level of type X collagen at the newly developed tide mark region. Conversely, the control group showed osteoarthritic alterations. Recruitment of cells expressing the mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) markers CD105 and STRO-1, from adjacent bone marrow toward the OCI, was noted four days after treatment. Conclusion. We found that 0.5 μg/μl rHAM. +. induced in vivo healing of injured articular cartilage and subchondral bone in a rat model, preventing the destructive post-traumatic osteoarthritic changes seen in control OCIs, through paracrine recruitment of cells a few days after treatment. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2023;12(10):615–623

Aims. This study intended to investigate the effect of vericiguat (VIT) on titanium rod osseointegration in aged rats with iron overload, and also explore the role of VIT in osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation. Methods. In this study, 60 rats were included in a titanium rod implantation model and underwent subsequent guanylate cyclase treatment. Imaging, histology, and biomechanics were used to evaluate the osseointegration of rats in each group. First, the impact of VIT on bone integration in aged rats with iron overload was investigated. Subsequently, VIT was employed to modulate the differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells and RAW264.7 cells under conditions of iron overload. Results. Utilizing an OVX rat model, we observed significant alterations in bone mass and osseointegration due to VIT administration in aged rats with iron overload. The observed effects were concomitant with reductions in bone metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammation. To elucidate whether these effects are associated with osteoclast and osteoblast activity, we conducted in vitro experiments using MC3T3-E1 cells and RAW264.7 cells. Our findings indicate that iron accumulation suppressed the activity of MC3T3-E1 while enhancing RAW264.7 function. Furthermore, iron overload significantly decreased oxidative stress levels; however, these detrimental effects can be mitigated by VIT treatment. Conclusion. Collectively, our data provide compelling evidence that VIT has the potential to reverse the deleterious consequences of iron overload on osseointegration and bone mass during ageing. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2024;13(9):427–440

Aims. This study examined whether systemic administration of melatonin would have different effects on osseointegration in ovariectomized (OVX) rats, depending on whether this was administered during the day or night. Methods. In this study, a titanium rod was implanted in the medullary cavity of one femoral metaphysis in OVX rats, and then the rats were randomly divided into four groups: Sham group (Sham, n = 10), OVX rat group (OVX, n = 10), melatonin day treatment group (OVX + MD, n = 10), and melatonin night treatment group (OVX + MN, n = 10). The OVX + MD and OVX + MN rats were treated with 30 mg/kg/day melatonin at 9 am and 9 pm, respectively, for 12 weeks. At the end of the research, the rats were killed to obtain bilateral femora and blood samples for evaluation. Results. Micro-CT and histological evaluation showed that the bone microscopic parameters of femoral metaphysis trabecular bone and bone tissue around the titanium rod in the OVX + MD group demonstrated higher bone mineral density, bone volume fraction, trabecular number, connective density, trabecular thickness, and lower trabecular speculation (p = 0.004) than the OVX + MN group. Moreover, the biomechanical parameters of the OVX + MD group showed higher pull-out test and three-point bending test values, including fixation strength, interface stiffness, energy to failure, energy at break, ultimate load, and elastic modulus (p = 0.012) than the OVX + MN group. In addition, the bone metabolism index and oxidative stress indicators of the OVX + MD group show lower values of Type I collagen cross-linked C-telopeptide, procollagen type 1 N propeptide, and malondialdehyde (p = 0.013), and higher values of TAC and SOD (p = 0.002) compared with the OVX + MN group. Conclusion. The results of our study suggest that systemic administration with melatonin at 9 am may improve the initial osseointegration of titanium rods under osteoporotic conditions more effectively than administration at 9 pm. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2022;11(11):751–762

Aims. It has been established that mechanical stimulation benefits tendon-bone (T-B) healing, and macrophage phenotype can be regulated by mechanical cues; moreover, the interaction between macrophages and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) plays a fundamental role in tissue repair. This study aimed to investigate the role of macrophage-mediated MSC chondrogenesis in load-induced T-B healing in depth. Methods. C57BL/6 mice rotator cuff (RC) repair model was established to explore the effects of mechanical stimulation on macrophage polarization, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 generation, and MSC chondrogenesis within T-B enthesis by immunofluorescence and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Macrophage depletion was performed by clodronate liposomes, and T-B healing quality was evaluated by histology and biomechanics. In vitro, bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were stretched with CELLOAD-300 load system and macrophage polarization was identified by flow cytometry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). MSC chondrogenic differentiation was measured by histochemical analysis and qRT-PCR. ELISA and qRT-PCR were performed to screen the candidate molecules that mediated the pro-chondrogenic function of mechanical stimulated BMDMs. Results. Mechanical stimulation promoted macrophage M2 polarization in vivo and in vitro. The conditioned media from mechanically stimulated BMDMs (MS-CM) enhanced MSC chondrogenic differentiation, and mechanically stimulated BMDMs generated more TGF-β1. Further, neutralizing TGF-β1 in MS-CM can attenuate its pro-chondrogenic effect. In vivo, mechanical stimulation promoted TGF-β1 generation, MSC chondrogenesis, and T-B healing, which were abolished following macrophage depletion. Conclusion. Macrophages subjected to appropriate mechanical stimulation could polarize toward the M2 phenotype and secrete TGF-β1 to promote MSC chondrogenesis, which subsequently augments T-B healing. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2023;12(3):219–230

Aims. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoparticles secreted by all cells, enriched in proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids related to cell-to-cell communication and vital components of cell-based therapies. Mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC)-derived EVs have been studied as an alternative for osteoarthritis (OA) treatment. However, their clinical translation is hindered by industrial and regulatory challenges. In contrast, platelet-derived EVs might reach clinics faster since platelet concentrates, such as platelet lysates (PL), are already used in therapeutics. Hence, we aimed to test the therapeutic potential of PL-derived extracellular vesicles (pEVs) as a new treatment for OA, which is a degenerative joint disease of articular cartilage and does not have any curative or regenerative treatment, by comparing its effects to those of human umbilical cord MSC-derived EVs (cEVs) on an ex vivo OA-induced model using human cartilage explants. Methods. pEVs and cEVs were isolated by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and physically characterized by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), protein content, and purity. OA conditions were induced in human cartilage explants (10 ng/ml oncostatin M and 2 ng/ml tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα)) and treated with 1 × 10. 9. particles of pEVs or cEVs for 14 days. Then, DNA, glycosaminoglycans (GAG), and collagen content were quantified, and a histological study was performed. EV uptake was monitored using PKH26 labelled EVs. Results. Significantly higher content of DNA and collagen was observed for the pEV-treated group compared to control and cEV groups. No differences were found in GAG quantification nor in EVs uptake within any treated group. Conclusion. In conclusion, pEVs showed better performance than cEVs in our in vitro OA model. Although further studies are needed, pEVs are shown as a potential alternative to cEVs for cell-free regenerative medicine. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2023;12(10):667–676

Aims. To test the hypothesis that reseeded anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)-derived cells have a better ability to survive and integrate into tendon extracellular matrix (ECM) and accelerate the ligamentization process, compared to adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs). Methods. Acellularized tibialis allograft tendons were used. Tendons were randomly reseeded with ACL-derived cells or ADMSCs. ACL-derived cells were harvested and isolated from remnants of ruptured ACLs during reconstruction surgery and cultured at passage three. Cell suspensions (200 µl) containing 2 × 10. 6. ACL-derived cells or ADMSCs were prepared for the purpose of reseeding. At days 1, 3, and 7 post-reseeding, graft composites were assessed for repopulation with histological and immunohistochemical analysis. Matrix protein contents and gene expression levels were analyzed. Results. In the graft reseeded with ACL-derived cells, a large number of elongated cells that integrated into the matrix were evident at day 3 and day 7. However, in the graft reseeded with ADMSCs, only a small number of elongated cells were found integrated into the matrix. Immunofluorescence for Ki-67 and type I collagen confirmed the pronounced production of type I collagen by Ki-67-positive ACL-derived cells integrated into the ECM. A messenger RNA (mRNA) expression assay demonstrated significantly higher gene expression levels of types I (p = 0.013) and III (p = 0.050) collagen in the composites reseeded with ACL-derived cells than ADMSCs. Conclusion. ACL-derived cells, when reseeded to acellularized tendon graft, demonstrated earlier better survival and integration in the tendon ECM and resulted in higher gene expression levels of collagen, which may be essential to the normal ligamentization process compared to ADMSCs. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2022;11(11):777–786

Aims. Intra-articular (IA) tumours around the knee are treated with extra-articular (EA) resection, which is associated with poor functional outcomes. We aim to evaluate the accuracy of MRI in predicting IA involvement around the knee. Methods. We identified 63 cases of high-grade sarcomas in or around the distal femur that underwent an EA resection from a prospectively maintained database (January 1996 to April 2020). Suspicion of IA disease was noted in 52 cases, six had IA pathological fracture, two had an effusion, two had prior surgical intervention (curettage/IA intervention), and one had an osseous metastasis in the proximal tibia. To ascertain validity, two musculoskeletal radiologists (R1, R2) reviewed the preoperative imaging (MRI) of 63 consecutive cases on two occasions six weeks apart. The radiological criteria for IA disease comprised evidence of tumour extension within the suprapatellar pouch, intercondylar notch, extension along medial/lateral retinaculum, and presence of IA fracture. The radiological predictions were then confirmed with the final histopathology of the resected specimens. Results. The resection histology revealed 23 cases (36.5%) showing IA disease involvement compared with 40 cases without (62%). The intraobserver variability of R1 was 0.85 (p < 0.001) compared to R2 with κ = 0.21 (p = 0.007). The interobserver variability was κ = 0.264 (p = 0.003). Knee effusion was found to be the most sensitive indicator of IA involvement, with a sensitivity of 91.3% but specificity of only 35%. However, when combined with a pathological fracture, this rose to 97.5% and 100% when disease was visible in Hoffa’s fat pad. Conclusion. MRI imaging can sometimes overestimate IA joint involvement and needs to be correlated with clinical signs. In the light of our findings, we would recommend EA resections when imaging shows effusion combined with either disease in Hoffa’s fat pad or retinaculum, or pathological fractures. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2023;105-B(6):696–701

Aims. Clear cell sarcoma (CCS) of soft-tissue is a rare melanocytic subtype of mesenchymal malignancy. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical and therapeutic factors associated with increased survival, stratified by clinical stage, in order to determine the optimal treatment. Methods. The study was a retrospective analysis involving 117 patients with histologically confirmed CCS, between July 2016 and November 2017, who were enrolled in the Bone and Soft Tissue Tumour Registry in Japan. Results. The five- and ten-year survival rates were 41% (95% confidence interval (CI) 29 to 52) and 37% (95% CI 25 to 49), respectively. On multivariable analysis, the size of the tumour of > 10 cm (p = 0.006), lymph node metastasis at the time of diagnosis (p < 0.001), distant metastases at the time of diagnosis (p < 0.001), and no surgery for the primary tumour (p = 0.019) were independently associated with a poor survival. For N0M0 CCS (n = 68), the development of distant metastases was an independent prognostic factor for survival (early (< 12 months), hazard ratio (HR) 116.78 (95% CI 11.69 to 1,166.50); p < 0.001; late (> 12 months), HR 14.79 (95% CI 1.66 to 131.63); p = 0.016); neoadjuvant/adjuvant chemotherapy (p = 0.895) and/or radiotherapy (p = 0.216) were not significantly associated with survival. The five-year cumulative incidence of local recurrence was 19% (95% CI 8 to 35) and the size of the tumour was significantly associated with an increased rate of local recurrence (p = 0.012). For N1M0 CCS (n = 18), the risk of mortality was significantly lower in patients who underwent surgery for both the primary tumour and lymph node metastases (HR 0.03 (95% CI 0.00 to 0.56); p = 0.020). For M1 CCS (n = 31), excision of the primary tumour was independently associated with better survival (HR 0.26 (95% CI 0.09 to 0.76); p = 0.013). There was no significant difference in survival between the different types of systemic treatment (p = 0.523). Conclusion. Complete excision of the primary tumour and lymph nodes is associated with a better survival in patients with CCS. Systemic treatment appears to provide limited benefits, demonstrating a pressing need for novel systemic agents. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2023;105-B(11):1216–1225

Aims. Histology is an established tool in diagnosing periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs). Different thresholds, using various infection definitions and histopathological criteria, have been described. This study determined the performance of different thresholds of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (≥ 5 PMN/HPF, ≥ 10 PMN/HPF, ≥ 23 PMN/10 HPF) , when using the European Bone and Joint Infection Society (EBJIS), Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), and the International Consensus Meeting (ICM) 2018 criteria for PJI. Methods. A total of 119 patients undergoing revision total hip (rTHA) or knee arthroplasty (rTKA) were included. Permanent histology sections of periprosthetic tissue were evaluated under high power (400× magnification) and neutrophils were counted per HPF. The mean neutrophil count in ten HPFs was calculated (PMN/HPF). Based on receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and the z-test, thresholds were compared. Results. Using the EBJIS criteria, a cut-off of ≥ five PMN/HPF showed a sensitivity of 93% (95% confidence interval (CI) 81 to 98) and specificity of 84% (95% CI 74 to 91). The optimal threshold when applying the IDSA and ICM criteria was ≥ ten PMN/HPF with sensitivities of 94% (95% CI 79 to 99) and 90% (95% CI 76 to 97), and specificities of 86% (95% CI 77 to 92) and 92% (95% CI 84 to 97), respectively. In rTKA, a better performance of histopathological analysis was observed in comparison with rTHA when using the IDSA criteria (p < 0.001). Conclusion. With high accuracy, histopathological analysis can be supported as a confirmatory criterion in diagnosing periprosthetic joint infections. A threshold of ≥ five PMN/HPF can be recommended to distinguish between septic and aseptic loosening, with an increased possibility of detecting more infections caused by low-virulence organisms. However, neutrophil counts between one and five should be considered suggestive of infection and interpreted carefully in conjunction with other diagnostic test methods. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2021;10(8):536–547

Aims. The aim of this study is to determine the predictors of overall survival (OS) and predictive factors of poor prognosis of conventional high-grade osteosarcoma of the limbs in a single-centre in South Africa. Methods. We performed a retrospective cross-sectional analysis to identify the prognostic factors that predict the OS of patients with histologically confirmed high-grade conventional osteosarcoma of the limbs over ten years. We employed the Cox proportional regression model and the Kaplan-Meier method for statistical analysis. Results. This study comprised 77 patients at a three-year minimum follow-up. The predictors of poor OS were: the median age of ≤ 19 years (hazard ratio (HR) 0.96; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.92 to 0.99; p = 0.021); median duration of symptoms ≥ five months (HR 0.91; 95% CI 0.83 to 0.99; p < 0.037); metastasis at diagnosis (i.e. Enneking stage III) (HR 3.33; 95% CI 1.81 to 6.00; p < 0.001); increased alkaline phosphatase (HR 3.28; 95% CI 1.33 to 8.11; p < 0.010); palliative treatment (HR 7.27; 95% CI 2.69 to 19.70); p < 0.001); and amputation (HR 3.71; 95% CI 1.12 to 12.25; p < 0.032). In contrast, definitive surgery (HR 0.11; 95% CI 0.03 to 0.38; p < 0.001) and curative treatment (HR 0.18; 95% CI 0.10 to 0.33; p < 0.001) were a protective factor. The Kaplan-Meier median survival time was 24 months, with OS of 57.1% at the three years. The projected five-year event-free survival was 10.3% and OS of 29.8% (HR 0.76; 95% CI 0.52 to 1.12; p = 0.128). Conclusion. In this series of high-grade conventional osteosarcoma of the appendicular skeleton from South Africa, 58.4% (n = 45) had detectable metastases at presentation; hence, an impoverished OS of five years was 29.8%. Large-scale future research is needed to validate our results. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2024;5(3):210–217

Aims. Rotator cuff muscle atrophy and fatty infiltration affect the clinical outcomes of rotator cuff tear patients. However, there is no effective treatment for fatty infiltration at this time. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) helps to activate beige adipose tissue. The goal of this study was to test the role of HIIT in improving muscle quality in a rotator cuff tear model via the β3 adrenergic receptor (β3AR). Methods. Three-month-old C57BL/6 J mice underwent a unilateral rotator cuff injury procedure. Mice were forced to run on a treadmill with the HIIT programme during the first to sixth weeks or seventh to 12th weeks after tendon tear surgery. To study the role of β3AR, SR59230A, a selective β3AR antagonist, was administered to mice ten minutes before each exercise through intraperitoneal injection. Supraspinatus muscle, interscapular brown fat, and inguinal subcutaneous white fat were harvested at the end of the 12th week after tendon tear and analyzed biomechanically, histologically, and biochemically. Results. Histological analysis of supraspinatus muscle showed that HIIT improved muscle atrophy, fatty infiltration, and contractile force compared to the no exercise group. In the HIIT groups, supraspinatus muscle, interscapular brown fat, and inguinal subcutaneous white fat showed increased expression of tyrosine hydroxylase and uncoupling protein 1, and upregulated the β3AR thermogenesis pathway. However, the effect of HIIT was not present in mice injected with SR59230A, suggesting that HIIT affected muscles via β3AR. Conclusion. HIIT improved supraspinatus muscle quality and function after rotator cuff tears by activating systemic sympathetic nerve fibre near adipocytes and β3AR. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2023;12(8):455–466

Aims. Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent joint disorder with inflammatory response and cartilage deterioration as its main features. Dihydrocaffeic acid (DHCA), a bioactive component extracted from natural plant (gynura bicolor), has demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties in various diseases. We aimed to explore the chondroprotective effect of DHCA on OA and its potential mechanism. Methods. In vitro, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) was used to establish the mice OA chondrocytes. Cell counting kit-8 evaluated chondrocyte viability. Western blotting analyzed the expression levels of collagen II, aggrecan, SOX9, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), IL-6, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs: MMP1, MMP3, and MMP13), and signalling molecules associated with nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Immunofluorescence analysis assessed the expression of aggrecan, collagen II, MMP13, and p-P65. In vivo, a destabilized medial meniscus (DMM) surgery was used to induce mice OA knee joints. After injection of DHCA or a vehicle into the injured joints, histological staining gauged the severity of cartilage damage. Results. DHCA prevented iNOS and IL-6 from being upregulated by IL-1β. Moreover, the IL-1β-induced upregulation of MMPs could be inhibited by DHCA. Additionally, the administration of DHCA counteracted IL-1β-induced downregulation of aggrecan, collagen II, and SOX9. DHCA protected articular cartilage by blocking the NF-κB and MAPK pathways. Furthermore, DHCA mitigated the destruction of articular cartilage in vivo. Conclusion. We present evidence that DHCA alleviates inflammation and cartilage degradation in OA chondrocytes via suppressing the NF-κB and MAPK pathways, indicating that DHCA may be a potential agent for OA treatment. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2023;12(4):259–273

Aims. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence and characteristics of instrumentation failure (IF) after total en bloc spondylectomy (TES), and to analyze risk factors for IF. Methods. The medical records from 136 patients (65 male, 71 female) with a mean age of 52.7 years (14 to 80) who underwent TES were retrospectively reviewed. The mean follow-up period was 101 months (36 to 232). Analyzed factors included incidence of IF, age, sex, BMI, history of chemotherapy or radiotherapy, tumour histology (primary or metastasis; benign or malignant), surgical approach (posterior or combined), tumour location (thoracic or lumbar; junctional or non-junctional), number of resected vertebrae (single or multilevel), anterior resection line (disc-to-disc or intravertebra), type of bone graft (autograft or frozen autograft), cage subsidence (CS), and local alignment (LA). A survival analysis of the instrumentation was performed, and relationships between IF and other factors were investigated using the Cox regression model. Results. A total of 44 patients (32.4%) developed IF at a median of 31 months (interquartile range 23 to 74) following TES. Most IFs were rod fractures preceded by a mean CS of 6.1 mm (2 to 18) and LA kyphotic enhancement of 10.8° (-1 to 36). IF-free survival rates were 75.8% at five years and 56.9% at ten years. The interval from TES to IF peaked at two to three years postoperatively and continued to occur over a period of time thereafter; the early IF-developing group had greater CS at one month postoperatively (CS1M) and more lumbar TES. CS1M ≥ 3 mm and sole use of frozen autografts were identified as independent risk factors for IF. Conclusion. IF is a common complication following TES. We have demonstrated that robust spinal reconstruction preventing CS, and high-quality bone grafting are necessary for successful reconstruction. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2023;105-B(2):172–179

Aims. A number of anti-retroviral therapies (ART) have been implicated in potentially contributing to HIV-associated bone disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of combination ART on the fracture healing process. Methods. A total of 16 adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups (n = eight each): Group 1 was given a combination of Tenfovir 30 mg, Lamivudine 30 mg, and Efavirenz 60 mg per day orally, whereas Group 2 was used as a control. After one week of medication preload, all rats underwent a standardized surgical procedure of mid-shaft tibial osteotomy fixed by intramedullary nail with no gap at the fracture site. Progress in fracture healing was monitored regularly for eight weeks. Further evaluations were carried out after euthanasia by micro-CT, mechanically and histologically. Two blinded orthopaedic surgeons used the Radiological Union Scoring system for the Tibia (RUST) to determine fracture healing. Results. The fracture healing process was different between the two groups at week 4 after surgery; only two out of eight rats showed full healing in Group 1 (ART-treated), while seven out of eight rats had bone union in Group 2 (control) (p = 0.040). However, at week eight postoperatively, there was no statistical difference in bone healing; seven out of eight progressed to full union in both groups. Conclusion. This study demonstrated that combination ART resulted in delayed fracture healing at week 4 after surgery in rats, but did not result in the development of nonunion. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2022;11(8):585–593

Aims. Leucocyte esterase (LE) has been shown to be an accurate marker of prosthetic joint infection (PJI), and has been proposed as an alternative to frozen section (FS) histology for intraoperative diagnosis. In this study, the intraoperative assessment of LE was compared with FS histology for the diagnosis of prosthetic hip infection. Patients and Methods. A total of 119 patients undergoing revision total hip arthroplasty (THA) between June 2015 and December 2017 were included in the study. There were 56 men and 63 women with a mean age of 66.2 years (27 to 88). Synovial fluid was collected before arthrotomy for the assessment of LE using enzymatic colourimetric strips. Between five and six samples were stained with haematoxylin and eosin for FS histology, and considered suggestive of infection when at least five polymorphonuclear leucocytes were found in five high-power fields. Results. The sensitivity and specificity of the LE assay were 100% and 93.8%, respectively; the positive (PPV) and the negative (NPV) predictive values were 79.3% and 100%, respectively. The mean time between the collection of the sample and the result being known was 20.1 minutes (. sd. 4.4). The sensitivity and specificity of FS histology were 78.3% and 96.9%, respectively; the PPV and the NPV were 85.7% and 94.9%, respectively. The mean time between the collection of the sample and the result being known was 27.2 minutes (. sd. 6.9). Conclusion. The sensitivity of LE assay was higher, with similar specificity and diagnostic accuracy, compared with FS histology. The faster turnaround time, its ease of use, and low costs make LE assay a valuable alternative to FS histology. We now use it routinely for the intraoperative diagnosis of PJI. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2019;101-B:372–377

Aims. Periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs) and osteomyelitis are clinical challenges that are difficult to eradicate. Well-characterized large animal models necessary for testing and validating new treatment strategies for these conditions are lacking. The purpose of this study was to develop a rabbit model of chronic PJI in the distal femur. Methods. Fresh suspensions of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) were prepared in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (1 × 10. 9. colony-forming units (CFUs)/ml). Periprosthetic osteomyelitis in female New Zealand white rabbits was induced by intraosseous injection of planktonic bacterial suspension into a predrilled bone tunnel prior to implant screw placement, examined at five and 28 days (n = 5/group) after surgery, and compared to a control aseptic screw group. Radiographs were obtained weekly, and blood was collected to measure ESR, CRP, and white blood cell (WBC) counts. Bone samples and implanted screws were harvested on day 28, and processed for histological analysis and viability assay of bacteria, respectively. Results. Intraosseous periprosthetic introduction of planktonic bacteria induced an acute rise in ESR and CRP that subsided by day 14, and resulted in radiologically evident periprosthetic osteolysis by day 28 accompanied by elevated WBC counts and histological evidence of bacteria in the bone tunnels after screw removal. The aseptic screw group induced no increase in ESR, and no lysis developed around the implants. Bacterial viability was confirmed by implant sonication fluid culture. Conclusion. Intraosseous periprosthetic introduction of planktonic bacteria reliably induces survivable chronic PJI in rabbits. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2021;10(3):156–165

Aims. Meniscal injuries are common and often induce knee pain requiring surgical intervention. To develop effective strategies for meniscus regeneration, we hypothesized that a minced meniscus embedded in an atelocollagen gel, a firm gel-like material, may enhance meniscus regeneration through cell migration and proliferation in the gel. Hence, the objective of this study was to investigate cell migration and proliferation in atelocollagen gels seeded with autologous meniscus fragments in vitro and examine the therapeutic potential of this combination in an in vivo rabbit model of massive meniscus defect. Methods. A total of 34 Japanese white rabbits (divided into defect and atelocollagen groups) were used to produce the massive meniscus defect model through a medial patellar approach. Cell migration and proliferation were evaluated using immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, histological evaluation of the sections was performed, and a modified Pauli’s scoring system was used for the quantitative evaluation of the regenerated meniscus. Results. In vitro immunohistochemistry revealed that the meniscus cells migrated from the minced meniscus and proliferated in the gel. Furthermore, histological analysis suggested that the minced meniscus embedded in the atelocollagen gel produced tissue resembling the native meniscus in vivo. The minced meniscus group also had a higher Pauli’s score compared to the defect and atelocollagen groups. Conclusion. Our data show that cells in minced meniscus can proliferate, and that implantation of the minced meniscus within atelocollagen induces meniscus regeneration, thus suggesting a novel therapeutic alternative for meniscus tears. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2021;10(4):269–276

Aims. Although chondrosarcomas (CSs) display true malignant features, including local recurrence (LR) and metastases, their behaviour in the hands and feet is thought to differ from that in other parts of the axial and appendicular skeleton by having a lower metastatic potential. The purpose of this study was to investigate the disease-specific and surgical factors that affect the local and systemic prognosis of CS of the hands and feet. Methods. A multicentre retrospective study was carried out at two tertiary sarcoma centres. A database search identified all patients with a CS treated between January 1995 and January 2018. There were 810 CSs of which 76 (9.4%) were located in the fingers, toes, metacarpals, and metatarsal bones. Results. The median age of the study population was 55 years (36 to 68) with a median follow-up of 52 months (22 to 87) months. Overall, 70% of the tumours were in the hand (n = 54) and 30% in the foot (n = 22). Predictors for LR were margin (p = 0.011), anatomical location (p = 0.017), and method of surgical management (p = 0.003). Anatomical location (p = 0.026), histological grade between 1 and 3 (p = 0.004) or 2 and 3 (p = 0.016), and surgical management (p = 0.001) were significant factors for LR-free survival. Disease-specific survival was affected by histological grade (p < 0.001), but not by LR (p = 0.397). Conclusion. Intralesional curettage of a low-grade CS is associated with an increased risk of LR, but LR does not affect disease-specific survival. Therefore, for low-grade CSs of the hands and feet, surgical management should aim to preserve function. In grade 2 CS, our study did not show any decreased disease-specific survival after recurrence; however, we suggest a more aggressive surgical approach to these tumours to prevent local recurrence, especially in the metacarpal and metatarsal bones. In high-grade tumours, the incidence of progressive disease is high and, therefore, the treatment of the primary tumour should be aggressive where possible, and patients observed closely for the development of metastatic disease. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(3):562–568

Aims. To assess the effect of physical exercise (PE) on the histological and transcriptional characteristics of proteoglycan-induced arthritis (PGIA) in BALB/c mice. Methods. Following PGIA, mice were subjected to treadmill PE for ten weeks. The tarsal joints were used for histological and genetic analysis through microarray technology. The genes differentially expressed by PE in the arthritic mice were obtained from the microarray experiments. Bioinformatic analysis in the DAVID, STRING, and Cytoscape bioinformatic resources allowed the association of these genes in biological processes and signalling pathways. Results. Arthritic mice improved their physical fitness by 42.5% after PE intervention; it induced the differential expression of 2,554 genes. The bioinformatic analysis showed that the downregulated genes (n = 1,371) were significantly associated with cellular processes that mediate the inflammation, including Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins (JAK-STAT), Notch, and cytokine receptor interaction signalling pathways. Moreover, the protein interaction network showed that the downregulated inflammatory mediators interleukin (IL) 4, IL5, IL2 receptor alpha (IL2rα), IL2 receptor beta (IL2rβ), chemokine ligand (CXCL) 9, and CXCL12 were interacting in several pathways associated with the pathogenesis of arthritis. The upregulated genes (n = 1,183) were associated with processes involved in the remodelling of the extracellular matrix and bone mineralization, as well as with the processes of aerobic metabolism. At the histological level, PE attenuated joint inflammatory infiltrate and cartilage erosion. Conclusion. Physical exercise influences parameters intimately linked to inflammatory arthropathies. Research on the effect of PE on the pathogenesis process of arthritis is still necessary for animal and human models. Cite this article:Bone Joint Res. 2020;9(1):36–48

Aims. Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent systemic musculoskeletal disorder, characterized by articular cartilage degeneration and subchondral bone (SCB) sclerosis. Here, we sought to examine the contribution of accelerated growth to OA development using a murine model of excessive longitudinal growth. Suppressor of cytokine signalling 2 (SOCS2) is a negative regulator of growth hormone (GH) signalling, thus mice deficient in SOCS2 (Socs2. -/-. ) display accelerated bone growth. Methods. We examined vulnerability of Socs2. -/-. mice to OA following surgical induction of disease (destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM)), and with ageing, by histology and micro-CT. Results. We observed a significant increase in mean number (wild-type (WT) DMM: 532 (SD 56); WT sham: 495 (SD 45); knockout (KO) DMM: 169 (SD 49); KO sham: 187 (SD 56); p < 0.001) and density (WT DMM: 2.2 (SD 0.9); WT sham: 1.2 (SD 0.5); KO DMM: 13.0 (SD 0.5); KO sham: 14.4 (SD 0.7)) of growth plate bridges in Socs2. -/-. in comparison with WT. Histological examination of WT and Socs2. -/-. knees revealed articular cartilage damage with DMM in comparison to sham. Articular cartilage lesion severity scores (mean and maximum) were similar in WT and Socs2. -/-. mice with either DMM, or with ageing. Micro-CT analysis revealed significant decreases in SCB thickness, epiphyseal trabecular number, and thickness in the medial compartment of Socs2. -/-. , in comparison with WT (p < 0.001). DMM had no effect on the SCB thickness in comparison with sham in either genotype. Conclusion. Together, these data suggest that enhanced GH signalling through SOCS2 deletion accelerates growth plate fusion, however this has no effect on OA vulnerability in this model. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2022;11(3):162–170

Aims. To evaluate graft healing of decellularized porcine superflexor tendon (pSFT) xenograft in an ovine anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction model using two femoral fixation devices. Also, to determine if pSFT allows functional recovery of gait as compared with the preoperative measurements. Methods. A total of 12 sheep underwent unilateral single-bundle ACL reconstruction using pSFT. Two femoral fixation devices were investigated: Group 1 (n = 6) used cortical suspensory fixation (Endobutton CL) and Group 2 (n = 6) used cross-pin fixation (Stratis ST). A soft screw was used for tibial fixation. Functional recovery was quantified using force plate analysis at weeks 5, 8, and 11. The sheep were euthanized after 12 weeks and comprehensive histological analysis characterized graft healing at the graft-bone interface and the intra-articular graft (ligamentization). Results. The pSFT remodelled into a ligament-like structure and no adverse inflammatory reaction was seen. The ground reaction force in the operated leg of the Endobutton group was higher at 11 weeks (p < 0.05). An indirect insertion was seen at the graft-bone interface characterized by Sharpey-like fibres. Qualitative differences in tendon remodelling were seen between the two groups, with greater crimp-like organization and more aligned collagen fibres seen with Endobutton fixation. One graft rupture occurred in the cross-pin group, which histologically showed low collagen organization. Conclusion. Decellularized pSFT xenograft remodels into a ligament-like structure after 12 weeks and regenerates an indirect-type insertion with Sharpey-like fibres. No adverse inflammatory reaction was observed. Cortical suspensory femoral fixation was associated with more enhanced graft remodelling and earlier functional recovery when compared with the stiffer cross-pin fixation

Aims. Osteoarthritis (OA) is prevalent among the elderly and incurable. Intra-articular parathyroid hormone (PTH) ameliorated OA in papain-induced and anterior cruciate ligament transection-induced OA models; therefore, we hypothesized that PTH improved OA in a preclinical age-related OA model. Methods. Guinea pigs aged between six and seven months of age were randomized into control or treatment groups. Three- or four-month-old guinea pigs served as the young control group. The knees were administered 40 μl intra-articular injections of 10 nM PTH or vehicle once a week for three months. Their endurance as determined from time on the treadmill was evaluated before kill. Their tibial plateaus were analyzed using microcalculated tomography (μCT) and histological studies. Results. PTH increased the endurance on the treadmill test, preserved glycosaminoglycans, and reduced Osteoarthritis Research Society International score and chondrocyte apoptosis rate. No difference was observed in the subchondral plate bone density or metaphyseal trabecular bone volume and bone morphogenetic 2 protein staining. Conclusion. Subchondral bone is crucial in the initiation and progression of OA. Although previous studies have shown that subcutaneous PTH alleviates knee OA by improving subchondral and metaphyseal bone mass, we demonstrated that intra-articular PTH injections improved spontaneous OA by directly affecting the cartilage rather than the subchondral or metaphyseal bone in a preclinical age-related OA model. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2021;10(8):514–525

Aims. The purpose of this study was to clarify the clinical behaviour, prognosis, and optimum treatment of dedifferentiated low-grade osteosarcoma (DLOS) diagnosed based on molecular pathology. Patients and Methods. We retrospectively reviewed 13 DLOS patients (six men, seven women; median age 32 years (interquartile range (IQR) 27 to 38)) diagnosed using the following criteria: the histological coexistence of low-grade and high-grade osteosarcoma components in the lesion, and positive immunohistochemistry of mouse double minute 2 homolog (MDM2) and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) associated with MDM2 amplification. These patients were then compared with 51 age-matched consecutive conventional osteosarcoma (COS) patients (33 men, 18 women; median age 25 years (IQR 20 to 38)) regarding their clinicopathological features. Results. The five-year overall survival (OAS) rates in the DLOS and COS patients were 85.7% and 77.1% (p = 0.728), respectively, and the five-year progression-free survival (PFS) rates were 57.7% and 44.9% (p = 0.368), respectively. A total of 12 DLOS patients received chemotherapy largely according to regimens for COS. Among the nine cases with a histological evaluation after chemotherapy, eight showed a poor response, and seven of these had a necrosis rate of < 50%. One DLOS patient developed local recurrence and five developed distant metastases. Conclusion. Based on our study of 13 DLOS cases that were strictly defined by histological and molecular means, DLOS showed a poorer response to a standard chemotherapy regimen than COS, while the clinical outcomes were not markedly different. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2019;101-B:745–752

Aims. Dual mobility implants in total hip arthroplasty are designed to increase the functional head size, thus decreasing the potential for dislocation. Modular dual mobility (MDM) implants incorporate a metal liner (e.g. cobalt-chromium alloy) in a metal shell (e.g. titanium alloy), raising concern for mechanically assisted crevice corrosion at the modular liner-shell connection. We sought to examine fretting and corrosion on MDM liners, to analyze the corrosion products, and to examine histologically the periprosthetic tissues. Methods. A total of 60 retrieved liners were subjectively scored for fretting and corrosion. The corrosion products from the three most severely corroded implants were removed from the implant surface, imaged using scanning electron microscopy, and analyzed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Results. Fretting was present on 88% (53/60) of the retrieved liners, and corrosion was present on 97% (58/60). Fretting was most often found on the lip of the taper at the transition between the lip and the dome regions. Macrophages and particles reflecting an innate inflammatory reaction to corrosion debris were noted in six of the 48 cases for which periprosthetic tissues were examined, and all were associated with retrieved components that had high corrosion scores. Conclusion. Our results show that corrosion occurs at the interface between MDM liners and shells and that it can be associated with reactions in the local tissues, suggesting continued concern that this problem may become clinically important with longer-term use of these implants. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(7):1238–1246

Aims. The main advantage of 3D-printed, off-the-shelf acetabular implants is the potential to promote enhanced bony fixation due to their controllable porous structure. In this study we investigated the extent of osseointegration in retrieved 3D-printed acetabular implants. Methods. We compared two groups, one made via 3D-printing (n = 7) and the other using conventional techniques (n = 7). We collected implant details, type of surgery and removal technique, patient demographics, and clinical history. Bone integration was assessed by macroscopic visual analysis, followed by sectioning to allow undecalcified histology on eight sections (~200 µm) for each implant. The outcome measures considered were area of bone attachment (%), extent of bone ingrowth (%), bone-implant contact (%), and depth of ingrowth (%), and these were quantified using a line-intercept method. Results. The two groups were matched for patient sex, age (61 and 63 years), time to revision (30 and 41 months), implant size (54 mm and 52 mm), and porosity (72% and 60%) (p > 0.152). There was no difference in visual bony attachment (p = 0.209). Histological analysis showed greater bone ingrowth in 3D-printed implants (p < 0.001), with mean bone attachment of 63% (SD 28%) and 37% (SD 20%), respectively. This was observed for all the outcome measures. Conclusion. This was the first study to investigate osseointegration in retrieved 3D-printed acetabular implants. Greater bone ingrowth was found in 3D-printed implants, suggesting that better osseointegration can be achieved. However, the influence of specific surgeon, implant, and patient factors needs to be considered. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2021;10(7):388–400

Aims. The purpose of this study was to describe the effect of histological grade on disease-specific survival in patients with chondrosarcoma. Patients and Methods. A total of 343 patients with a chondrosarcoma were included. The histological grade was assessed on the initial biopsy and on the resection specimen. Where the histology showed a mixed grade, the highest grade was taken as the definitive grade. When only small focal areas showed higher grade, the final grade was considered as both. Results. The concordance between the highest preoperative biopsy grading and the highest final grading of the resection specimen in total was only 43% (146/343). In 102 specimens (30%), a small number of cells or focal areas of higher grade were observed in contrast to the main histology. The disease-specific survival, stratified according to the predominant histological grade, showed greater variation than when stratified according to the highest grade seen in the resection specimen. Conclusion. The diagnostic biopsy in chondrosarcoma is unreliable in assessing the definitive grade and the malignant potential of the tumour. When categorizing the grade of the resection specimen, the prognosis for local recurrence and disease-specific survival should be based on the highest grade seen, even when seen in only a few cells. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2018;100-B:662–6

Aims. Acquired heterotopic ossification (HO) is a debilitating disease characterized by abnormal extraskeletal bone formation within soft-tissues after injury. The exact pathogenesis of HO remains unknown. It was reported that BRD4 may contribute to osteoblastic differentiation. The current study aims to determine the role of BRD4 in the pathogenesis of HO and whether it could be a potential target for HO therapy. Methods. Achilles tendon puncture (ATP) mouse model was performed on ten-week-old male C57BL/6J mice. One week after ATP procedure, the mice were given different treatments (e.g. JQ1, shMancr). Achilles tendon samples were collected five weeks after treatment for RNA-seq and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis; the legs were removed for micro-CT imaging and subsequent histology. Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) were isolated and purified bone marrow collected during surgeries by using density gradient centrifugation. After a series of interventions such as knockdown or overexpressing BRD4, Alizarin red staining, RT-qPCR, and Western Blot (Runx2, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Osx) were performed on hBMSCs. Results. Overexpression of BRD4 enhanced while inhibition of Brd4 suppressed the osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs in vitro. Overexpression of Brd4 increased the expression of mitotically associated long non-coding RNA (Mancr). Downregulation of Mancr suppressed the osteoinductive effect of BRD4. In vivo, inhibition of BRD4 by JQ1 significantly attenuated pathological bone formation in the ATP model (p = 0.001). Conclusion. BRD4 was found to be upregulated in HO and Brd4-Mancr-Runx2 signalling was involved in the modulation of new bone formation in HO. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2021;10(10):668–676

Aims. A growing number of fractures progress to delayed or nonunion, causing significant morbidity and socioeconomic impact. Localized delivery of stem cells and subcutaneous parathyroid hormone (PTH) has been shown individually to accelerate bony regeneration. This study aimed to combine the therapies with the aim of upregulating fracture healing. Methods. A 1.5 mm femoral osteotomy (delayed union model) was created in 48 female juvenile Wistar rats, aged six to nine months, and stabilized using an external fixator. At day 0, animals were treated with intrafracture injections of 1 × 10. 6. cells/kg bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) suspended in fibrin, daily subcutaneous injections of high (100 μg/kg) or low (25 μg/kg) dose PTH 1-34, or a combination of PTH and MSCs. A group with an empty gap served as a control. Five weeks post-surgery, the femur was excised for radiological, histomorphometric, micro-CT, and mechanical analysis. Results. Combination therapy treatment led to increased callus formation compared to controls. In the high-dose combination group there was significantly greater mineralized tissue volume and trabecular parameters compared to controls (p = 0.039). This translated to significantly improved stiffness (and ultimate load to failure (p = 0.049). The high-dose combination therapy group had the most significant improvement in mean modified Radiographic Union Score for Tibia fractures (RUST) compared to controls (13.8 (SD 1.3) vs 5.8 (SD 0.5)). All groups demonstrated significant increases in the radiological scores – RUST and Allen score – histologically compared to controls. Conclusion. We demonstrate the beneficial effect of localized MSC injections on fracture healing combined with low- or high-dose teriparatide, with efficacy dependent on PTH dose. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2021;10(10):659–667

Aims. Rotator cuff (RC) tears are common musculoskeletal injuries which often require surgical intervention. Noninvasive pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) devices have been approved for treatment of long-bone fracture nonunions and as an adjunct to lumbar and cervical spine fusion surgery. This study aimed to assess the effect of continuous PEMF on postoperative RC healing in a rat RC repair model. Methods. A total of 30 Wistar rats underwent acute bilateral supraspinatus tear and repair. A miniaturized electromagnetic device (MED) was implanted at the right shoulder and generated focused PEMF therapy. The animals’ left shoulders served as controls. Biomechanical, histological, and bone properties were assessed at three and six weeks. Results. Extension of the tendon from preload to the maximum load to failure was significantly better in the PEMF-treated shoulders at three weeks compared to controls (p = 0.038). The percentage strain was significantly higher in the PEMF group at both timepoints (p = 0.037). Collagen organization was significantly better (p = 0.034) as was tissue mineral density in the PEMF-treated group at three weeks (p = 0.028). Tendon immunohistochemistry revealed a prominent increase in type I collagen at the repair site at three weeks following continuous PEMF treatment compared with controls. None of the other tested parameters differed between the groups. Conclusion. MED-generated PEMF may enhance early postoperative tendon-to-bone healing in an acute rat supraspinatus detachment and repair model. Superior biomechanical elasticity parameters together with better collagen organization suggest improved RC healing. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2021;10(5):298–306

Aims. Distraction osteogenesis (DO) is a useful orthopaedic procedure employed to lengthen and reshape bones by stimulating bone formation through controlled slow stretching force. Despite its promising applications, difficulties are still encountered. Our previous study demonstrated that pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) treatment significantly enhances bone mineralization and neovascularization, suggesting its potential application. The current study compared a new, high slew rate (HSR) PEMF signal, with different treatment durations, with the standard Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved signal, to determine if HSR PEMF is a better alternative for bone formation augmentation. Methods. The effects of a HSR PEMF signal with three daily treatment durations (0.5, one, and three hours/day) were investigated in an established rat DO model with comparison of an FDA-approved classic signal (three hrs/day). PEMF treatments were applied to the rats daily for 35 days, starting from the distraction phase until termination. Radiography, micro-CT (μCT), biomechanical tests, and histological examinations were employed to evaluate the quality of bone formation. Results. All rats tolerated the treatment well and no obvious adverse effects were found. By comparison, the HSR signal (three hrs/day) treatment group achieved the best healing outcome, in that endochondral ossification and bone consolidation were enhanced. In addition, HSR signal treatment (one one hr/day) had similar effects to treatment using the classic signal (three three hrs/day), indicating that treatment duration could be significantly shortened with the HSR signal. Conclusion. HSR signal may significantly enhance bone formation and shorten daily treatment duration in DO, making it a potential candidate for a new clinical protocol for patients undergoing DO treatments. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2021;10(12):767–779

Aims. The present study investigates the effectiveness of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) gel without adjunct to induce cartilage regeneration in large osteochondral defects in a rabbit model. Methods. A bilateral osteochondral defect was created in the femoral trochlear groove of 14 New Zealand white rabbits. The right knees were filled with PRP gel and the contralateral knees remained untreated and served as control sides. Some animals were killed at week 3 and others at week 12 postoperatively. The joints were harvested and assessed by Magnetic Resonance Observation of Cartilage Repair Tissue (MOCART) MRI scoring system, and examined using the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) macroscopic and ICRS histological scoring systems. Additionally, the collagen type II content was evaluated by the immunohistochemical staining. Results. After 12 weeks post-surgery, the defects of the PRP group were repaired by hyaline cartilage-like tissue. However, incomplete cartilage regeneration was observed in the PRP group for three weeks. The control groups showed fibrocartilaginous or fibrous tissue, respectively, at each timepoint. Conclusion. Our study proved that the use of PRP gel without any adjuncts could successfully produce a good healing response and resurface the osteochondral defect with a better quality of cartilage in a rabbit model. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2021;10(3):192–202

Aims. Time to treatment initiation (TTI) is generally defined as the time from the histological diagnosis of malignancy to the initiation of first definitive treatment. There is no consensus on the impact of TTI on the overall survival in patients with a soft-tissue sarcoma. The purpose of this study was to determine if an increased TTI is associated with overall survival in patients with a soft-tissue sarcoma, and to identify the factors associated with a prolonged TTI. Methods. We identified 23,786 patients from the National Cancer Database who had undergone definitive surgery between 2004 and 2015 for a localized high-grade soft-tissue sarcoma of the limbs or trunk. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to examine the relationship between a number of factors and overall survival. We calculated the incidence rate ratio (IRR) using negative binomial regression models to identify the factors that affected TTI. Results. Patients in whom the time to treatment initiation was prolonged had poorer overall survival than those with a TTI of 0 to 30 days. These were: 31 to 60 days (hazard ratio (HR) 1.08, p = 0.011); 61 to 90 days (HR 1.11, p = 0.044); and 91 days (HR 1.22; p = 0.003). The restricted cubic spline showed that the hazard ratio increased substantially with a TTI longer than 50 days. Non-academic centres (vs academic centres; IRR ranging from 0.64 to 0.86; p < 0.001) had a shorter TTI. Those insured by Medicaid (vs private insurance; IRR 1.34), were uninsured (vs private insurance; IRR 1.17), or underwent a transition in care (IRR 1.62) had a longer TTI. Conclusion. A time to treatment initiation of more than 30 days after diagnosis was independently associated with poorer survival. The hazard ratio showed linear increase, especially if the TTI was more than 50 days. We recommend starting treatment within 30 days of diagnosis to achieve the highest likelihood of cure for localized high-grade soft-tissue sarcomas in the limbs and trunk, even when a patient needs to be referred to a specialist centre. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(6):1142–1149

Aims. The aim of this study was to report the outcomes of patients who underwent definitive surgery for secondary chondrosarcomas arising from osteochondromas. Patients and Methods. A total of 51 patients with secondary chondrosarcomas occurring from osteochondromas were reviewed. Median age was 36 years (interquartile range (IQR) 15 to 82). Median follow-up was 6.9 years (IQR 2.8 to 10.6). The pelvis was the most commonly affected site (59%). Histological grades were grade I in 35 (69%), grade II in 13 (25%), and grade III in three patients (6%). Results. Preoperative biopsy histology correctly predicted the final histological grade in 27% of patients. The ten-year disease-specific survival (DSS) for all patients was 89.4%. Local recurrence occurred in 15 patients (29%), more commonly in pelvic tumours (37%) compared with limb tumours (19%). Four patients with pelvic tumours died from progression of local recurrence. No patient with limb tumours died of disease. Wide/radical margin was associated with improved local recurrence-free survival (p = 0.032) and local recurrence was associated with worse DSS (p = 0.005). Conclusion. We recommend that a secondary chondrosarcoma arising from osteochondroma of the pelvis is resected with wide/radical resection margins. The balance between the morbidity of surgery and risk of local recurrence needs to be considered in patients with limb secondary chondrosarcomas. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2019;101-B:1313–1320

Aims. Chondrosarcoma is the second most common primary sarcoma of bone: conventional chondrosarcoma accounts for 85% of all cases. Conventional chondrosarcoma may be central or peripheral. Most studies group central and peripheral chondrosarcomas together, although there is growing evidence that their clinical behaviour and prognosis differ. The aims of this study were to analyze any differences in characteristics between central and peripheral chondrosarcomas and to investigate the incidence and role of different syndromes. Methods. Data from two international tertiary referral sarcoma centres between January 1995 and December 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. The study population consisted of 714 patients with surgically treated conventional chondrosarcoma of the pelvis and limbs. Results. In patients with Ollier’s disease and Mafucci’s syndrome, 12/20 (60%) and 2/5 (60%) of malignancies, respectively, were in the limbs, most frequently in the proximal humerus, proximal tibia, and in the hands and feet. In patients with hereditary multiple exostosis (HME), 20/29 (69.0%) of chondrosarcomas were in the pelvis and scapula, specifically in the ilium in 13/29 (44.8%) and the scapula in 3/29 (10.3%). In central chondrosarcoma, survival of patients with Ollier’s disease and non-syndromic patients was the same (p = 0.805). In peripheral chondrosarcoma, survival among HME patients was similar (p = 0.676) in patients with tumours of the pelvis and limbs. Conclusion. Both central and peripheral chondrosarcoma have specific characteristics. HME is frequently seen in patients with a peripheral chondrosarcoma, in whom tumours are commonly located in the ilium and scapula. The incidence of Ollier’s disease is uncommon in patients with a central chondrosarcoma. Disease-specific survival is equal in different subtypes after adjustment for histological grade. The local recurrence-free survival is the same for different locations and subtypes after adjustment for surgical margin. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(5):984–990

Aims. The STRYDE nail is an evolution of the PRECICE Intramedullary Limb Lengthening System, with unique features regarding its composition. It is designed for load bearing throughout treatment in order to improve patient experience and outcomes and allow for simultaneous bilateral lower limb lengthening. The literature published to date is limited regarding outcomes and potential problems. We report on our early experience and raise awareness for the potential of adverse effects from this device. Methods. This is a retrospective review of prospective data collected on all patients treated in our institution using this implant. We report the demographics, nail accuracy, reliability, consolidation index, and cases where concerning clinical and radiological findings were encountered. There were 14 STRYDE nails implanted in nine patients (three male and six female) between June 2019 and September 2020. Mean age at surgery was 33 years (14 to 65). Five patients underwent bilateral lengthening (two femoral and three tibial) and four patients unilateral femoral lengthening for multiple aetiologies. Results. At the time of reporting, eight patients (13 implants) had completed lengthening. Osteolysis and periosteal reaction at the junction of the telescopic nail was evident in nine implants. Five patients experienced localized pain and swelling. Macroscopic appearances following retrieval were consistent with corrosion at the telescopic junction. Tissue histology was consistent with effects of focal metallic wear debris. Conclusion. From our early experience with this implant we have found the process of lengthening to be accurate and reliable with good regenerate formation and consolidation. Proposed advantages of early load bearing and the ability for bilateral lengthening are promising. We have, however, encountered concerning clinical and radiological findings in several patients. We have elected to discontinue its use to allow further investigation into the retrieved implants and patient outcomes from users internationally. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(6):1168–1172

Objectives. Mesenchymal stem cells have the ability to differentiate into various cell types, and thus have emerged as promising alternatives to chondrocytes in cell-based cartilage repair methods. The aim of this experimental study was to investigate the effect of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells combined with platelet rich fibrin on osteochondral defect repair and articular cartilage regeneration in a canine model. Methods. Osteochondral defects were created on the medial femoral condyles of 12 adult male mixed breed dogs. They were either treated with stem cells seeded on platelet rich fibrin or left empty. Macroscopic and histological evaluation of the repair tissue was conducted after four, 16 and 24 weeks using the International Cartilage Repair Society macroscopic and the O’Driscoll histological grading systems. Results were reported as mean and standard deviation (. sd. ) and compared at different time points between the two groups using the Mann-Whitney U test, with a value < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results. Higher cumulative macroscopic and histological scores were observed in stem cell treated defects throughout the study period with significant differences noted at four and 24 weeks (9.25, . sd. 0.5 vs 7.25, . sd. 0.95, and 10, . sd. 0.81 vs 7.5, . sd. 0.57; p < 0.05) and 16 weeks (16.5, . sd. 4.04 vs 11, . sd. 1.15; p < 0.05), respectively. Superior gross and histological characteristics were also observed in stem cell treated defects. Conclusion. The use of autologous culture expanded bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells on platelet rich fibrin is a novel method for articular cartilage regeneration. It is postulated that platelet rich fibrin creates a suitable environment for proliferation and differentiation of stem cells by releasing endogenous growth factors resulting in creation of a hyaline-like reparative tissue. Cite this article: D. Kazemi, K. Shams Asenjan, N. Dehdilani, H. Parsa. Canine articular cartilage regeneration using mesenchymal stem cells seeded on platelet rich fibrin: Macroscopic and histological assessments. Bone Joint Res 2017;6:98–107. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.62.BJR-2016-0188.R1

Aims. Ageing-related incompetence becomes a major hurdle for the clinical translation of adult stem cells in the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA). This study aims to investigate the effect of stepwise preconditioning on cellular behaviours in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) from ageing patients, and to verify their therapeutic effect in an OA animal model. Methods. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were isolated from ageing patients and preconditioned with chondrogenic differentiation medium, followed by normal growth medium. Cellular assays including Bromodeoxyuridine / 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU), quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR), β-Gal, Rosette forming, and histological staining were compared in the manipulated human mesenchymal stem cells (hM-MSCs) and their controls. The anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) rabbit models were locally injected with two millions, four millions, or eight millions of hM-MSCs or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) scoring was performed to measure the pathological changes in the affected joints after staining. Micro-CT analysis was conducted to determine the microstructural changes in subchondral bone. Results. Stepwise preconditioning approach significantly enhanced the proliferation and chondrogenic potential of ageing hMSCs at early passage. Interestingly, remarkably lower immunogenicity and senescence was also found in hM-MSCs. Data from animal studies showed cartilage damage was retarded and subchondral bone remodelling was prevented by the treatment of preconditioned MSCs. The therapeutic effect depended on the number of cells applied to animals, with the best effect observed when treated with eight millions of hM-MSCs. Conclusion. This study demonstrated a reliable and feasible stepwise preconditioning strategy to improve the safety and efficacy of ageing MSCs for the prevention of OA development. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2021;10(1):10–21

Objectives. This study aims to evaluate if micro-CT can work as a method for the 3D assessment and analysis of cancellous bone by comparing micro-CT with undecalcified histological sections in OVX rats. Methods. The mandible and tibia of sham, ovariectomised (OVX) and zoledronate-injected ovariectomised (OVX-ZOL) rats were assessed morphometrically. Specimens were scanned by micro-CT. Undecalcified histological sections were manufactured from the specimen scanned by micro-CT and stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Bivariate linear regressions and one-way analysis of variance were undertaken for statistics using SPSS 16.0.1 software. Results. There were highly significant correlations between undecalcified histological sections and micro-CT for all parameters (bone volume density (BV/TV), bone surface density (BS/BV), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), trabecular number (Tb.N), and trabecular separation (Tb.Sp))in the mandible and tibia. Bone histomorphometric parameters analysed by both methods exhibited significant differences among sham, OVX, and OVX-ZOL groups. There were significant correlations between mandible and tibia in BV/TV, BS/BV, and Tb.Sp. Conclusions. Micro-CT is a complementary tool to histological sections in basic research that could improve our understanding of bone histomorphometry. The mandible can be used as an effective site to assess bone morphometry of OVX or metabolic bone disease rat models. Cite this article: H. Liu, W. Li, Y. S. Liu, Y. S. Zhou. Bone micro-architectural analysis of mandible and tibia in ovariectomised rats: A quantitative structural comparison between undecalcified histological sections and micro-CT. Bone Joint Res 2016;5:253–262

Aims. The aim of this study was to analyse a group of patients with non-metastatic Ewing’s sarcoma at presentation and identify prognostic factors affecting the development of local recurrence, in order to assess the role of radiotherapy. Patients and Methods. A retrospective review of all patients with a Ewing’s sarcoma treated between 1980 and 2012 was carried out. Only those treated with chemotherapy followed by surgery and/or radiotherapy were included. Patients were grouped according to site (central or limb) for further analysis of the prognostic factors. Results. A total of 388 patients were included in the study. Of these, 60 (15%) developed local recurrence at a mean median of 27 months (. sd. 24, range 7 to 150) and the five-year local recurrence-free survival (5yrLRFS) was 83%. For central tumours, the size of the tumour and histological response to chemotherapy were found to be significant factors for local recurrence. For limb tumours, local recurrence was affected by intralesional and marginal resections, but not by the histological response to chemotherapy. Radiotherapy in those with a marginal resection reduced the risk of local recurrence (5yrLRFS: 96% versus 81%, p = 0.044). Conclusion. Local recurrence significantly affects the overall survival in patients with a Ewing’s sarcoma. For those with a tumour in a limb, radiotherapy reduced the risk of local recurrence, especially in those with a marginal margin of excision, but the effect in central tumours was less clear. Radiotherapy for those who have had a wide margin of resection does not reduce the risk of local recurrence, regardless of the histological response to chemotherapy. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2018;100-B: 247–55

Aims. Vertebrates have adapted to life on Earth and its constant gravitational field, which exerts load on the body and influences the structure and function of tissues. While the effects of microgravity on muscle and bone homeostasis are well described, with sarcopenia and osteoporosis observed in astronauts returning from space, the effects of shorter exposures to increased gravitational fields are less well characterized. We aimed to test how hypergravity affects early cartilage and skeletal development in a zebrafish model. Methods. We exposed zebrafish to 3 g and 6 g hypergravity from three to five days post-fertilization, when key events in jaw cartilage morphogenesis occur. Following this exposure, we performed immunostaining along with a range of histological stains and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to examine cartilage morphology and structure, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and nanoindentation experiments to investigate the cartilage material properties, and finite element modelling to map the pattern of strain and stress in the skeletal rudiments. Results. We did not observe changes to larval growth, or morphology of cartilage or muscle. However, we observed altered mechanical properties of jaw cartilages, and in these regions we saw changes to chondrocyte morphology and extracellular matrix (ECM) composition. These areas also correspond to places where strain and stress distribution are predicted to be most different following hypergravity exposure. Conclusion. Our results suggest that altered mechanical loading, through hypergravity exposure, affects chondrocyte maturation and ECM components, ultimately leading to changes to cartilage structure and function. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2021;10(2):137–148

Aims. Tenosynovial giant cell tumour (TGCT) is one of the most common soft-tissue tumours of the foot and ankle and can behave in a locally aggressive manner. Tumour control can be difficult, despite the various methods of treatment available. Since treatment guidelines are lacking, the aim of this study was to review the multidisciplinary management by presenting the largest series of TGCT of the foot and ankle to date from two specialized sarcoma centres. Methods. The Oxford Tumour Registry and the Leiden University Medical Centre Sarcoma Registry were retrospectively reviewed for patients with histologically proven foot and ankle TGCT diagnosed between January 2002 and August 2019. Results. A total of 84 patients were included. There were 39 men and 45 women with a mean age at primary treatment of 38.3 years (9 to 72). The median follow-up was 46.5 months (interquartile range (IQR) 21.3 to 82.3). Localized-type TGCT (n = 15) predominantly affected forefoot, whereas diffuse-type TGCT (Dt-TGCT) (n = 9) tended to panarticular involvement. TGCT was not included in the radiological differential diagnosis in 20% (n = 15/75). Most patients had open rather than arthroscopic surgery (76 vs 17). The highest recurrence rates were seen with Dt-TGCT (61%; n = 23/38), panarticular involvement (83%; n = 5/8), and after arthroscopy (47%; n = 8/17). Three (4%) fusions were carried out for osteochondral destruction by Dt-TGCT. There were 14 (16%) patients with Dt-TGCT who underwent systemic treatment, mostly in refractory cases (79%; n = 11). TGCT initially decreased or stabilized in 12 patients (86%), but progressed in five (36%) during follow-up; all five underwent subsequent surgery. Side effects were reported in 12 patients (86%). Conclusion. We recommend open surgical excision as the primary treatment for TGCT of the foot and ankle, particularly in patients with Dt-TGCT with extra-articular involvement. Severe osteochondral destruction may justify salvage procedures, although these are not often undertaken. Systemic treatment is indicated for unresectable or refractory cases. However, side effects are commonly experienced, and relapses may occur once treatment has ceased. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(4):788–794

Aims. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) (1-34) exhibits potential in preventing degeneration in both cartilage and subchondral bone in osteoarthritis (OA) development. We assessed the effects of PTH (1-34) at different concentrations on bone and cartilage metabolism in a collagenase-induced mouse model of OA and examined whether PTH (1-34) affects the JAK2/STAT3 signalling pathway in this process. Methods. Collagenase-induced OA was established in C57Bl/6 mice. Therapy with PTH (1-34) (10 μg/kg/day or 40 μg/kg/day) was initiated immediately after surgery and continued for six weeks. Cartilage pathology was evaluated by gross visual, histology, and immunohistochemical assessments. Cell apoptosis was analyzed by TUNEL staining. Microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) was used to evaluate the bone mass and the microarchitecture in subchondral bone. Results. Enhanced matrix catabolism, increased apoptosis of chondrocytes in cartilage, and overexpressed JAK2/STAT3 and p-JAK2/p-STAT3 were observed in cartilage in this model. All of these changes were prevented by PTH (1-34) treatment, with no significant difference between the low-dose and high-dose groups. Micro-CT analysis indicated that bone mineral density (BMD), bone volume/trabecular volume (BV/TV), and trabecular thickness (Tb.Th) levels were significantly lower in the OA group than those in the Sham, PTH 10 μg, and PTH 40 μg groups, but these parameters were significantly higher in the PTH 40 μg group than in the PTH 10 μg group. Conclusion. Intermittent administration of PTH (1-34) exhibits protective effects on both cartilage and subchondral bone in a dose-dependent manner on the latter in a collagenase-induced OA mouse model, which may be involved in regulating the JAK2/STAT3 signalling pathway. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2020;9(10):675–688

Aims. Bone metastasis ultimately occurs due to a complex multistep process, during which the interactions between cancer cells and bone microenvironment play important roles. Prior to colonization of the bone, cancer cells must succeed through a series of steps that will allow them to gain migratory and invasive properties; epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is known to be integral here. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of G protein subunit alpha Q (GNAQ) on the mechanisms underlying bone metastasis through EMT pathway. Methods. A total of 80 tissue samples from patients who were surgically treated during January 2012 to December 2014 were used in the present study. Comparative gene analysis revealed that the GNAQ was more frequently altered in metastatic bone lesions than in primary tumour sites in lung cancer patients. We investigated the effects of GNAQ on cell proliferation, migration, EMT, and stem cell transformation using lung cancer cells with GNAQ-knockdown. A xenograft mouse model tested the effect of GNAQ using micro-CT analyses and histological analyses. Results. GNAQ-knockdown showed down-regulation of tumour growth through mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling in lung cancer cells, but not increased apoptosis. We found that GNAQ-knockdown induced EMT and promoted invasiveness. GNAQ-knockdown cells injected into the bone marrow of murine tibia induced tumour growth and bone-to-lung metastasis, whereas it did not in control mice. Moreover, the knockdown of GNAQ enhanced cancer stem cell-like properties in lung cancer cells, which resulted in the development of resistance to chemotherapy. Conclusion. The present study reveals that the GNAQ-knockdown induced cancer stem cell-like properties. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2021;10(5):310–320

Objectives. To compare the effect of femoral bone tunnel configuration on tendon-bone healing in an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction animal model. Methods. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using the plantaris tendon as graft material was performed on both knees of 24 rabbits (48 knees) to mimic ACL reconstruction by two different suspensory fixation devices for graft fixation. For the adjustable fixation device model (Socket group; group S), a 5 mm deep socket was created in the lateral femoral condyle (LFC) of the right knee. For the fixed-loop model (Tunnel group; group T), a femoral tunnel penetrating the LFC was created in the left knee. Animals were sacrificed at four and eight weeks after surgery for histological evaluation and biomechanical testing. Results. Histologically, both groups showed a mixture of direct and indirect healing patterns at four weeks, whereas only indirect healing patterns were observed in both groups at eight weeks. No significant histological differences were seen between the two groups at four and eight weeks in the roof zone (four weeks, S: mean 4.8 . sd. 1.7, T: mean 4.5 . sd. 0.5, p = 0.14; eight weeks, S: mean 5.8 . sd. 0.8, T: mean 4.8 . sd. 1.8, p = 0.88, Mann-Whitney U test) or side zone (four weeks, S: mean 5.0 . sd. 1.2, T: mean 4.8 . sd. 0.4, p = 0.43; eight weeks, S: mean 5.3 . sd. 0.8,T: mean 5.5 . sd. 0.8, p = 0.61, Mann-Whitney U test) . Similarly, no significant difference was seen in the maximum failure load between group S and group T at four (15.6 . sd. 9.0N and 13.1 . sd. 5.6N) or eight weeks (12.6 . sd. 3.6N and 17.1 . sd. 6.4N, respectively). Conclusion. Regardless of bone tunnel configuration, tendon-bone healing after ACL reconstruction primarily occurred through indirect healing. No significant histological or mechanical differences were observed between adjustable and fixed-loop femoral cortical suspension methods. Cite this article: Y. Sato, R. Akagi, Y. Akatsu, Y. Matsuura, S. Takahashi, S. Yamaguchi, T. Enomoto, R. Nakagawa, H. Hoshi, T. Sasaki, S. Kimura, Y. Ogawa, A. Sadamasu, S. Ohtori, T. Sasho. The effect of femoral bone tunnel configuration on tendon-bone healing in an anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: An animal study. Bone Joint Res 2018;7:327–335. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.75.BJR-2017-0238.R2

Aims. The study aimed to determine whether the microRNA miR21-5p (MiR21) mediates temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ-OA) by targeting growth differentiation factor 5 (Gdf5). Methods. TMJ-OA was induced in MiR21 knockout (KO) mice and wild-type (WT) mice by a unilateral anterior crossbite (UAC) procedure. Mouse tissues exhibited histopathological changes, as assessed by: Safranin O, toluidine blue, and immunohistochemistry staining; western blotting (WB); and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Mouse condylar chondrocytes were transfected with a series of MiR21 mimic, MiR21 inhibitor, Gdf5 siRNA (si-GDF5), and flag-GDF5 constructs. The effects of MiR-21 and Gdf5 on the expression of OA related molecules were evaluated by immunofluorescence, alcian blue staining, WB, and RT-qPCR. Results. UAC altered the histological structure and extracellular matrix content of cartilage in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), and KO of MiR21 alleviated this effect (p < 0.05). Upregulation of MiR21 influenced the expression of TMJ-OA related molecules in mandibular condylar chondrocytes via targeting Gdf5 (p < 0.05). Gdf5 overexpression significantly decreased matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13) expression (p < 0.05) and reversed the effects of MiR21 (p < 0.05). Conclusion. MiR21, which acts as a critical regulator of Gdf5 in chondrocytes, regulates TMJ-OA related molecules and is involved in cartilage matrix degradation, contributing to the progression of TMJ-OA. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2020;9(10):689–700

Aims. To investigate metallosis in patients with magnetically controlled growing rods (MCGRs) and characterize the metal particle profile of the tissues surrounding the rod. Methods. This was a prospective observational study of patients with early onset scoliosis (EOS) treated with MCGRs and undergoing rod exchange who were consecutively recruited between February 2019 and January 2020. Ten patients were recruited (mean age 12 years (SD 1.3); 2 M:8 F). The configurations of the MCGR were studied to reveal the distraction mechanisms, with crucial rod parts being the distractable piston rod and the magnetically driven rotor inside the barrel of the MCGR. Metal-on-metal contact in the form of ring-like wear marks on the piston was found on the distracted portion of the piston immediately outside the barrel opening (BO) through which the piston rod distracts. Biopsies of paraspinal muscles and control tissue samples were taken over and away from the wear marks, respectively. Spectral analyses of the rod alloy and biopsies were performed to reveal the metal constituents and concentrations. Histological analyses of the biopsies were performed with haematoxylin and eosin staining. Results. Titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), and neodymium (Nd) concentrations in the biopsies taken near the wear marks were found to be significantly higher than those in the control tissue samples. Significantly increased Nd concentrations were also found in the tissues near the barrel of the MCGR. Chronic inflammation was revealed by the histological studies with fibrosis and macrophage infiltration. Black particles were present within the macrophages in the fibrotic tissues. Conclusion. Ti and V were generated mainly at the BO due to metal-on-metal contact, whereas the Nd from the rotor of the MCGR is likely released from the BO during distraction sessions. Phagocytotic immune cells with black particles inside raise concern regarding the long-term implications of metallosis. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2020;102-B(10):1375–1383

Aims. Extracellular matrix (ECM) and its architecture have a vital role in articular cartilage (AC) structure and function. We hypothesized that a multi-layered chitosan-gelatin (CG) scaffold that resembles ECM, as well as native collagen architecture of AC, will achieve superior chondrogenesis and AC regeneration. We also compared its in vitro and in vivo outcomes with randomly aligned CG scaffold. Methods. Rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were differentiated into the chondrogenic lineage on scaffolds. Quality of in vitro regenerated cartilage was assessed by cell viability, growth, matrix synthesis, and differentiation. Bilateral osteochondral defects were created in 15 four-month-old male New Zealand white rabbits and segregated into three treatment groups with five in each. The groups were: 1) untreated and allogeneic chondrocytes; 2) multi-layered scaffold with and without cells; and 3) randomly aligned scaffold with and without cells. After four months of follow-up, the outcome was assessed using histology and immunostaining. Results. In vitro testing showed that the secreted ECM oriented itself along the fibre in multi-layered scaffolds. Both types of CG scaffolds supported cell viability, growth, and matrix synthesis. In vitro chondrogenesis on scaffold showed an around 400-fold increase in collagen type 2 (COL2A1) expression in both CG scaffolds, but the total glycosaminoglycan (GAG)/DNA deposition was 1.39-fold higher in the multi-layered scaffold than the randomly aligned scaffold. In vivo cartilage formation occurred in both multi-layered and randomly aligned scaffolds treated with and without cells, and was shown to be of hyaline phenotype on immunostaining. The defects treated with multi-layered + cells, however, showed significantly thicker cartilage formation than the randomly aligned scaffold. Conclusion. We demonstrated that MSCs loaded CG scaffold with multi-layered zonal architecture promoted superior hyaline AC regeneration. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2020;9(9):601–612