Introduction

Diabetic foot disease is a major public health problem with an annual NHS expenditure in excess of £1 billion. Infection increases risk of major amputation fivefold. Due to the polymicrobial nature of diabetic foot infections, it is often difficult to isolate the correct organism with conventional culture techniques, to deliver appropriate narrow spectrum antibiotics. Rapid DNA-based technology using multi-channel arrays presents a quicker alternative and has previously been used effectively in intensive care and respiratory medicine.

Aims

During total knee replacement (TKR), surgeons can choose whether or not to resurface the patella, with advantages and disadvantages of each approach. Recently, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) recommended always resurfacing the patella, rather than never doing so. NICE found insufficient evidence on selective resurfacing (surgeon’s decision based on intraoperative findings and symptoms) to make recommendations. If effective, selective resurfacing could result in optimal individualized patient care. This protocol describes a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the clinical and cost-effectiveness of primary TKR with always patellar resurfacing compared to selective patellar resurfacing.

Introduction

Flexor sheath infections require prompt diagnosis, and management with intravenous antibiotics and/or surgical washout followed by physiotherapy. Complication rates as high as 38% have been reported.

Aims

In recent years, the use of a collared cementless femoral prosthesis has risen in popularity. The design intention of collared components is to transfer some load to the resected femoral calcar and prevent implant subsidence within the cancellous bone of the metaphysis. Conversely, the load transfer for a cemented femoral prosthesis depends on the cement-component and cement-bone interface interaction. The aim of our study was to compare the three most commonly used collared cementless components and the three most commonly used tapered polished cemented components in patients aged ≥ 75 years who have undergone a primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) for osteoarthritis (OA).

In 2021 the bone grafting market was worth €2.72 billion globally. As allograft bone has a limited supply and risk of disease transmission, the demand for synthetic grafting substitutes (BGS) continues to grow while allograft bone grafts steadily decrease. Synthetic BGS are low in mechanical strength and bioactivity, inspiring the development of novel grafting materials, a traditionally laborious and expensive process. Here a novel BGS derived from sustainably grown coral was evaluated. Coral-derived scaffolds are a natural calcium carbonate bio-ceramic, which induces osteogenesis in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), the cells responsible for maintaining bone homeostasis and orchestrating fracture repair. By 3D printing MSCs in coral-laden bioinks we utilise high throughput (HT) fabrication and evaluation of osteogenesis, overcoming the limitations of traditional screening methods.

MSC and coral-laden GelXA (CELLINK) bioinks were 3D printed in square bottom 96 well plates using a CELLINK BIO X printer with pneumatic adapter Samples were non-destructively monitored during the culture period, evaluating both the sample and the culture media for metabolism (PrestoBlue), cytotoxicity (lactose dehydrogenase (LDH)) and osteogenic differentiation (alkaline phosphatase (ALP)). Endpoint, destructive assays used included qRT-PCR and SEM imaging.

The inclusion of coral in the printed bioink was biocompatable with the MSCs, as reflected by maintained metabolism and low LDH release. The inclusion of coral induced osteogenic differentiation in the MSCs as seen by ALP secretion and increased RUNX2, collagen I and osteocalcin transcription.

Sustainably grown coral was successfully incorporated into bioinks, reproducibly 3D printed, non-destructively monitored throughout culture and induced osteogenic differentiation in MSCs. This HT fabrication and monitoring workflow offers a faster, less labour-intensive system for the translation of bone substitute materials to clinic.

Acknowledgements: This work was co-funded by Enterprise Ireland and Zoan Biomed through Innovation Partnership IP20221024.

Aims

This study aims to determine difference in annual rate of early-onset (≤ 90 days) deep surgical site infection (SSI) following primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) for osteoarthritis, and to identify risk factors that may be associated with infection.

Aims

There is ambiguity surrounding the degree of scaphoid union required to safely allow mobilization following scaphoid waist fracture. Premature mobilization could lead to refracture, but late mobilization may cause stiffness and delay return to normal function. This study aims to explore the risk of refracture at different stages of scaphoid waist fracture union in three common fracture patterns, using a novel finite element method.

Abstract

Abstract

The Montgomery ruling advocates patients be informed of ‘material risks’ of a procedure. With no guidelines for patients wishing to return to high activity levels after knee arthroplasty, we explore patient and surgeon perceptions in climbers.

Ethical approval was granted by the University of Central Lancashire. Anonymous questionnaires were sent via email and social media to consultant knee arthroplasty surgeons and to climbers/mountaineers across the UK. Consultants were asked about advice given for patients who participate in climbing. Climbers were asked about their experiences of knee arthroplasty and return to activity.

Of 33 knee arthroplasty surgeons, 11(33%) were firmly against any return to climbing, 10(30%) counselled against it, and 12(36%) were open to return to previous activity. Of 11(33%) surgeons who do not gather information about levels of climbing, 8 would not provide specific advice regarding risks of returning to sport. Of 28 climbers, only 5(18%) were informed to cease completely, with 11(39%) cautioned against and 12(43%) permitted to return. There was no correlation between the advice received and climbing ability post-operatively, (kappa=0.143,p=0.058), with a substantial agreement between ability 1-year post-operatively and currently, (kappa=0.689,p<0.001).

There is a discrepancy between the advice given and received by climbers/mountaineers prior to knee arthroplasty, with ability post-operatively having no relationship to advice given. Climbing is possible at high level with no reported complications following knee arthroplasty. The 1-year time point is predictive of longer-term outcome. This information should help surgeons better inform their patients preoperatively.

Aims

Global literature suggests that female surgical trainees have lower rates of independent operating (operative autonomy) than their male counterparts. The objective of this study was to identify any association between gender and lead/independent operating in speciality orthopaedic trainees within the UK national training programme.

Climbers and mountaineers will present to arthroplasty surgeons in need of hip replacement surgeries. There is a lack of guidance for both parties with a paucity in the literature. Climbing is often considered a high-risk activity to perform with a total hip replacement, due to the positions the hip is weighted in, and the potential austere environment in which an injury may occur.

The aim was to assess levels of climbing and mountaineering possible following hip arthroplasty, and any factors affecting these levels.

Ethical approval was obtained from the University of Central Lancashire. An anonymous online questionnaire was disseminated via email, social media and word-of-mouth to include all climbers, hill-walkers or mountaineers across the UK. This was used to collect climbing and mountaineering ability at various timepoints, along with scores such as the Oxford Hip Score and UCLA Score. The Kappa statistic was used to assess for correlations.

Of the responders, 28 had undergone right hip arthroplasty surgery, with 11 having left hips and 22 receiving bilateral hips. A total of 67 of the replaced hips were total hip replacements, with 16 having undergone hip resurfacing. There is a fair agreement in level of climbing ability 3 months pre- and 3 months post-operatively (kappa=0.287, p<0.001), and a substantial agreement between 1 year post-operatively and currently for both climbing (kappa=0.730, p<0.001) and mountaineering (kappa=0.684, p<0.001). Impressively, 17 participants are climbing at more than E1 trad or 6c sport at one or more time points post operatively, which is regarded as an advanced level within the climbing community. Out of those 17 participants, 8 were climbing at this level within 3 months post-operatively.

The level of climbing possible following hip arthroplasty surgery is above what is expected and perhaps desired by the operating surgeon. It is essential to take the individual patient into account when planning an operative intervention such as arthroplasty. The one year post-operative time point is highly predictive of longer term outcomes for both climbing and mountaineering.

Introduction

LIMB-Q Kids is a new patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) for children with Lower limb differences (LLDs). The objective is to conduct an international field test study.

A hip fracture represents the extreme end of osteoporosis, placing a significant burden on secondary care, society, and the individual patient. The National Hip Fracture Database (NHFD) reports each hospital's attainment of the BPT with other measures, along with reporting outcomes. There is clearly wide variability in provision of orthogerriatrician (OG) services across the dataset. Unfortunately, despite overwhelming evidence that provision of an OG service is of benefit, it is presently challenging to recruit to this important specialty within the UK.

Publicly available reports from the NHFD were obtained for each of the 177 participating hospitals for 2017. This was matched with information held within the annual NHFD Facilities Audit for the same period, which include hours of OG support for each hospital. This information was combined with a Freedom of Information request made by email to each hospital for further details concerning OG support. The outcome measures used were Length of Stay (LoS), mortality, and return to usual residence. Comparison was made with provision of OG services by use of Pearson's correlation coefficient. In addition, differences in services were compared between the 25% (44) hospitals delivering outcomes at the extremes for each measure.

Attainment of BPT correlated fairly with LoS (−0.48) and to less of a degree with mortality (−0.1) and return home (0.05). Perioperative medical assessment contributed very strongly with BPT attainment (0.75). In turn perioperative medical assessment correlated fairly with LoS (−0.40) and mortality (−0.23) but not return home (0.02). Provision of perioperative medical assessment attainment was correlated fairly with total OG minutes available per new patient (0.22), total OG minutes available per patient per day (0.29) and number of days per week of OG cover (0.34); with no link for number of patients per orthogeriatrician (0.01). Mortality for the best units were associated with 30% more consultant OG time available per patient per day, and 51% more OG time available per patient. Units returning the most patients to their usual residence had little association with OG time, although had 59% fewer patients per OG, the best units had a 19% longer LoS. For all three measures results for the best had on average 0.5 days per week better routine OG access.

There is no doubt that good quality care gives better results for this challenging group of patients. However, the interaction of BPT, other care metrics, level of OG support and patient factors with outcomes is complex. We have found OG time available per patient per day appears to influence particularly LoS and mortality. Options to increase OG time per patient include reducing patient numbers (ensuring community osteoporosis/falls prevention in place, including reducing in-patient falls); increasing OG time across the week (employing greater numbers/spreading availability over 7 days per week); and reducing LoS. A reduction in LoS has the largest effect of increasing OG time, and although it is dependent on OG support, it is only fairly correlated with this and many other factors play a part, which could be addressed in units under pressure.

Aims

The purpose of this study is to report our updated results at a minimum follow-up of 30 years using a first generation uncemented tapered femoral component in primary total hip arthroplasty (THA).

In multilevel posterior cervical instrumented fusions, extending the fusion across the cervico-thoracic junction at T1 or T2 (CTJ) has been associated with decreased rate of re-operation and pseudarthrosis but with longer surgical time and increased blood loss. The impact on patient reported outcomes (PROs) remains unclear. The primary objective was to determine whether extending the fusion through the CTJ influenced PROs at 3 and 12 months after surgery. Secondary objectives were to compare the number of patients reaching the minimally clinically important difference (MCID) for the PROs and mJOA, operative time duration, intra-operative blood loss (IOBL), length of stay (LOS), discharge disposition, adverse events (AEs), re-operation within 12 months of the surgery, and patient satisfaction.

This is a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from a multicenter observational cohort study of patients with degenerative cervical myelopathy. Patients who underwent a posterior instrumented fusion of 4 levels of greater (between C2-T2) between January 2015 and October 2020 with 12 months follow-up were included. PROS (NDI, EQ5D, SF-12 PCS and MCS, NRS arm and neck pain) and mJOA were compared using ANCOVA, adjusted for baseline differences. Patient demographics, comorbidities and surgical details were abstracted. Percentafe of patient reaching MCID for these outcomes was compared using chi-square test. Operative duration, IOBL, AEs, re-operation, discharge disposittion, LOS and satisfaction were compared using chi-square test for categorical variables and independent samples t-tests for continuous variables.

A total of 206 patients were included in this study (105 patients not crossing the CTJ and 101 crossing the CTJ). Patients who underwent a construct extending through the CTJ were more likely to be female and had worse baseline EQ5D and NDI scores (p> 0.05). When adjusted for baseline difference, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups for the PROs and mJOA at 3 and 12 months. Surgical duration was longer (p 0.05). Satisfaction with the surgery was high in both groups but significantly different at 12 months (80% versus 72%, p= 0.042 for the group not crossing the CTJ and the group crossing the CTJ, respectively). The percentage of patients reaching MCID for the NDI score was 55% in the non-crossing group versus 69% in the group extending through the CTJ (p= 0.06).

Up to 12 months after the surgery, there was no statistically significant differences in PROs between posterior construct extended to or not extended to the upper thoracic spine. The adverse event profile did not differ significantly, but longer surgical time and blood loss were associated with construct extending across the CTJ.

Patients receiving reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) often have osseous erosions because of glenohumeral arthritis, leading to increased surgical complexity. Glenoid implant fixation is a primary predictor of the success of RTSA and affects micromotion at the bone-implant interface. Augmented implants which incorporate specific geometry to address superior erosion are currently available, but the clinical outcomes of these implants are still considered short-term. The objective of this study was to investigate micromotion at the glenoid-baseplate interface for a standard, 3 mm and 6 mm lateralized baseplates, half-wedge, and full-wedge baseplates. It was hypothesized that the mechanism of load distribution from the baseplate to the glenoid will differ between implants, and these varying mechanisms will affect overall baseplate micromotion.

Clinical CT scans of seven shoulders (mean age 69 years, 10°-19° glenoid inclinations) that were classified as having E2-type glenoid erosions were used to generate 3D scapula models using MIMICS image processing software (Materialise, Belgium) with a 0.75 mm mesh size. Each scapula was then repeatedly virtually reconstructed with the five implant types (standard,3mm,6mm lateralized, and half/full wedge; Fig.1) positioned in neutral version and inclination with full backside contact. The reconstructed scapulae were then imported into ABAQUS (SIMULIA, U.S.) finite element software and loads were applied simulating 15°,30°,45°,60°,75°, and 90° of abduction based on published instrumented in-vivo implant data. The micromotion normal and tangential to the bone surface, and effective load transfer area were recorded for each implant and abduction angle. A repeated measures ANOVA was used to perform statistical analysis.

Maximum normal micromotion was found to be significantly less when using the standard baseplate (5±4 μm), as opposed to the full-wedge (16±7 μm, p=0.004), 3 mm lateralized (10±6 μm, p=0.017), and 6 mm lateralized (16±8 μm, p=0.007) baseplates (Fig.2). The half-wedge baseplate (11±7 μm) also produced significantly less micromotion than the full-wedge (p=0.003), and the 3 mm lateralized produced less micromotion than the full wedge (p=0.026) and 6 mm lateralized (p=0.003). Similarly, maximum tangential micromotion was found to be significantly less when using the standard baseplate (7±4 μm), as opposed to the half-wedge (12±5 μm, p=0.014), 3 mm lateralized (10±5 μm, p=0.003), and 6 mm lateralized (13±6 μm, p=0.003) baseplates (Fig.2). The full wedge (11±3 μm), half-wedge, and 3 mm lateralized baseplate also produced significantly less micromotion than the 6 mm lateralized (p=0.027, p=012, p=0.02, respectively). Both normal and tangential micromotion were highest at the 30° and 45° abduction angles (Fig.2). The effective load transfer area (ELTA) was lowest for the full wedge, followed by the half wedge, 6mm, 3mm, and standard baseplates (Fig.3) and increased with abduction angle.

Glenoid baseplates with reduced lateralization and flat backside geometries resulted in the best outcomes with regards to normal and tangential micromotion. However, these types of implants are not always feasible due to the required amount of bone removal, and medialization of the bone-implant interface. Future work should study the acceptable levels of bone removal for patients with E-type glenoid erosion and the corresponding best implant selections for such cases.

For any figures or tables, please contact the authors directly.

Massive irreparable rotator cuff tears often lead to superior migration of the humeral head, which can markedly impair glenohumeral kinematics and function. Although treatments currently exist for treating such pathology, no clear choice exists for the middle-aged patient demographic. Therefore, a metallic subacromial implant was developed for the purpose of restoring normal glenohumeral kinematics and function. The objective of this study was to determine this implant's ability in restoring normal humeral head position. It was hypothesized that (1) the implant would restore near normal humeral head position and (2) the implant shape could be optimized to improve restoration of the normal humeral head position.

A titanium implant was designed and 3D printed. It consisted of four design variables that varied in both implant thickness (5mm and 8mm) and curvature of the humeral articulating surface (high constraint and low constraint. To assess these different designs, these implants were sequentially assessed in a cadaver-based biomechanical testing protocol. Eight cadaver specimens (64 ± 13 years old) were loaded at 0, 30, and 60 degrees of glenohumeral abduction using a previously developed shoulder simulator. An 80N load was equally distributed across all three deltoid heads while a 10N load was applied to each rotator cuff muscle. Testing states included a fully intact rotator cuff state, a posterosuperior massive rotator cuff tear state (cuff deficient state), and the four implant designs. An optical tracking system (Northern Digital, Ontario, Canada) was used to record the translation of the humeral head relative to the glenoid in both superior-inferior and anterior-posterior directions.

Knowledge of the premorbid glenoid shape and the morphological changes the bone undergoes in patients with glenohumeral arthritis can improve surgical outcomes in total and reverse shoulder arthroplasty. Several studies have previously used scapular statistical shape models (SSMs) to predict premorbid glenoid shape and evaluate glenoid erosion properties. However, current literature suggests no studies have used scapular SSMs to examine the changes in glenoid surface area in patients with glenohumeral arthritis. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the glenoid articular surface area between pathologic glenoid cavities from patients with glenohumeral arthritis and their predicted premorbid shape using a scapular SSM. Furthermore, this study compared pathologic glenoid surface area with that from virtually eroded glenoid models created without influence from internal bone remodelling activity and osteophyte formation. It was hypothesized that the pathologic glenoid cavities would exhibit the greatest glenoid surface area despite the eroded nature of the glenoid and the medialization, which in a vault shape, should logically result in less surface area.

Computer tomography (CT) scans from 20 patients exhibiting type A2 glenoid erosion according to the Walch classification [Walch et al., 1999] were obtained. A scapular SSM was used to predict the premorbid glenoid shape for each scapula. The scapula and humerus from each patient were automatically segmented and exported as 3D object files along with the scapular SSM from a pre-operative planning software. Each scapula and a copy of its corresponding SSM were aligned using the coracoid, lateral edge of the acromion, inferior glenoid tubercule, scapular notch, and the trigonum spinae. Points were then digitized on both the pathologic humeral and glenoid surfaces and were used in an iterative closest point (ICP) algorithm in MATLAB (MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA) to align the humerus with the glenoid surface. A Boolean subtraction was then performed between the scapular SSM and the humerus to create a virtual erosion in the scapular SSM that matched the erosion orientation of the pathologic glenoid. This led to the development of three distinct glenoid models for each patient: premorbid, pathologic, and virtually eroded (Fig. 1). The glenoid surface area from each model was then determined using 3-Matic (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium).

Figure 1. (A) Premorbid glenoid model, (B) pathologic glenoid model, and (C) virtually eroded glenoid model.

The average glenoid surface area for the pathologic scapular models was 70% greater compared to the premorbid glenoid models (P < 0 .001). Furthermore, the surface area of the virtual glenoid erosions was 6.4% lower on average compared to the premorbid glenoid surface area (P=0.361).

The larger surface area values observed in the pathologic glenoid cavities suggests that sufficient bone remodelling exists at the periphery of the glenoid bone in patients exhibiting A2 type glenohumeral arthritis. This is further supported by the large difference in glenoid surface area between the pathologic and virtually eroded glenoid cavities as the virtually eroded models only considered humeral anatomy when creating the erosion.

For any figures or tables, please contact the authors directly.

Prolonged length of stay (LOS) is a significant contributor to the variation in surgical health care costs and resource utilization after elective spine surgery. The primary goal of this study was to identify patient, surgical and institutional variables that influence LOS. The secondary objective is to examine variability in institutional practices among participating centers.

This is a retrospective study of a prospectively multicentric followed cohort of patients enrolled in the CSORN between January 2015 and October 2020. A logistic regression model and bootstrapping method was used. A survey was sent to participating centers to assessed institutional level interventions in place to decrease LOS. Centers with LOS shorter than the median were compared to centers with LOS longer than the median.

A total of 3734 patients were included (979 discectomies, 1102 laminectomies, 1653 fusions). The median LOS for discectomy, laminectomy and fusion were respectively 0.0 day (IQR 1.0), 1.0 day (IQR 2.0) and 4.0 days (IQR 2.0). Laminectomy group had the largest variability (SD=4.4, Range 0-133 days). For discectomy, predictors of LOS longer than 0 days were having less leg pain, higher ODI, symptoms duration over 2 years, open procedure, and AE (p< 0.05). Predictors of longer LOS than median of 1 day for laminectomy were increasing age, living alone, higher ODI, open procedures, longer operative time, and AEs (p< 0.05). For posterior instrumented fusion, predictors of longer LOS than median of 4 days were older age, living alone, more comorbidities, less back pain, higher ODI, using narcotics, longer operative time, open procedures, and AEs (p< 0.05). Ten centers (53%) had either ERAS or a standardized protocol aimed at reducing LOS.

In this study stratifying individual patient and institutional level factors across Canada, several independent predictors were identified to enhance the understanding of LOS variability in common elective lumbar spine surgery. The current study provides an updated detailed analysis of the ongoing Canadian efforts in the implementation of multimodal ERAS care pathways. Future studies should explore multivariate analysis in institutional factors and the influence of preoperative patient education on LOS.

Aims

Spinal anaesthesia has seen increased use in contemporary primary total knee arthroplasties (TKAs). However, controversy exists about the benefits of spinal in comparison to general anaesthesia in primary TKAs. This study aimed to investigate the pain control, length of stay (LOS), and complications associated with spinal versus general anaesthesia in primary TKAs from a single, high-volume academic centre.

Background and study purpose

Low back pain with no identified underlying cause is categorised as primary musculoskeletal pain by the International Association for the Study of Pain. In April 2021, the National Institute for Care and Excellence (NICE) published updated guidance for the management of primary chronic pain conditions in England. As part of the De-STRESS pain study, we explored the perspectives of GPs on the updated guideline and impact upon clinical practice.

Aim

To describe the impact of a failed DAIR in the further prognosis of the prosthesis after a PJI

Aim

Acute post-surgical infection is one of the most serious complications after instrumented thoracolumbar fusion with an incidence of 0.7%-12%. Acute infection can lead to an increase in morbidity, mortality, and economic costs for the healthcare system.

The main objective of our study was to determine the variables associated with a higher risk of acute infection after thoracolumbar instrumentation in our center.

Background and study purpose

Low mood and distress are commonly reported with by people with persistent musculoskeletal pain and may be mislabelled as ‘depression’. In order to understand how pain-related distress is conceptualised and managed in primary care consultations, we explored understanding of pain-related distress and depression from the perspectives of people with persistent musculoskeletal pain and general practitioners (GPs).

Aims

There has been an increasing use of early operative fixation for scaphoid fractures, despite uncertain evidence. We conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate up-to-date evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs), comparing the effectiveness of the operative and nonoperative treatment of undisplaced and minimally displaced (≤ 2 mm displacement) scaphoid fractures.

Aim

The purpose of this study is to analyze the demographic and microbiological variables of acute ankle infections posterior to ankle osteosynthesis and to determine the different characteristics of patients withE. cloacae infection.

Global surgical literature suggests that female trainees have less operative autonomy than their male counterparts. This pilot study had the primary objective to identify difference in autonomy by gender, and to power a national study to carry out further quantitative and qualitative research on this.

This was a retrospective, cross-sectional study utilising eLogbook data for all orthopaedic trainees (ST2-8) and consultants with CCT date 2016–2021 in a single Scottish deanery. The primary outcome measure was percentage of procedures undertaken as lead surgeon. 15 trainees and four recent consultants participated, of which 12 (63%) were male (mean grade 5.2), and 7 (37%) were female (mean grade 4.3). Trainees were lead surgeon on 64% of procedures (17595/27558), with autonomy rising with grade (37% ST1 to 85% ST8, OR 9.4). Operative autonomy was higher in male vs female trainees (66.5% and 61.4% respectively, p=<0.0001), with female trainees more likely to operate with a supervisor present (STU/S vs P/T, f 48%:13%, m 45%:20%).

This pilot study found that there was a significant difference in operative autonomy between male and female trainees, however this may be explained by differences in mean grade of male vs female trainees. Five trainees took time OOT, 4/5 of whom were female. Extension to a national multi-centre study should repeat the quantitative method of this study with additional qualitative analysis including assessing effect of time OOT to explore the reason for any gender discrepancies seen across different deaneries in the UK.

Aims

The aim of this study was to identify the origin and development of the threshold for surgical intervention, highlight the consequences of residual displacement, and justify the importance of accurate measurement.

Aims

It has been shown that the preoperative modification of risk factors associated with obesity may reduce complications after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). However, the optimal method of doing so remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate whether a preoperative Risk Stratification Tool (RST) devised in our institution could reduce unexpected intensive care unit (ICU) transfers and 90-day emergency department (ED) visits, readmissions, and reoperations after TKA in obese patients.

Aims

The objective of this study is to assess the use of ultrasound (US) as a radiation-free imaging modality to reconstruct 3D anatomy of the knee for use in preoperative templating in knee arthroplasty.

To determine the biomechanical effect of increasing scaphoid malunion and scaphoid non-union on carpal kinematics during dynamic wrist motion using an active wrist motion simulator.

Seven cadaveric upper extremities underwent active wrist flexion and extension in a custom motion wrist simulator with scaphoid kinematics being captured with respect to the distal radius. A three-stage protocol of progressive simulated malunion severity was performed (intact, 10° malunion, 20° malunion) with data analyzed from 45° wrist flexion to 45° wrist extension. Scaphoid malunions were modelled by creating successive volar wedge osteotomies and fixating the resultant scaphoid fragments with 0.062 Kirshner wires. At the completion of malunion motion trials, a scaphoid non-union trial was carried out by removing surgical fixation to observe motion differences from the malunion trials. Motion of the scaphoid, lunate, capitate, and trapezium-trapezoid was recorded and analyzed using active optical trackers.

Increasing scaphoid malunion severity did not significantly affect scaphoid or trapezium-trapezoid motion (p>0.05); however, it did significantly alter lunate motion (p<0.001). Increasing malunion severity resulted in progressive lunate extension across wrist motion (Intact – Mal 10: mean dif. = 7.1° ± 1.6, p<0.05; Intact – Mal 20: mean dif. = 10.2° ± 2.0, p<0.05;) although this change was not as great as the difference seen during non-union trials (native – non-union: mean dif. = 13.8° ± 3.7, p<0.05).

In this in-vitro model, increasing scaphoid malunion severity was associated with progressive extension of the lunate in all wrist positions. The clinical significance of this motion change is yet to be elucidated, but this model serves as a basis for understanding the kinematic consequences of scaphoid malunion deformities.

Aims

We present the clinical and radiological results at a minimum follow-up of 20 years using a second-generation uncemented total hip arthroplasty (THA). These results are compared to our previously published results using a first-generation hip arthroplasty followed for 20 years.

Aims

The aim of this study was to evaluate the need for hand trauma services during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown, specifically related to surgical requirements. This will provide useful information for planning and resource allocation in the event of any further lockdown.

Introduction

Previous research has indicated that preoperative modification of risk factors associated with obesity may reduce complications after TKA. However, the optimal method is still debated. This study aims to investigate whether a preoperative Risk Stratification Tool (RST) devised by our institution to optimize obese patients can reduce unexpected ICU transfers, and 90-day ED visits, readmissions, and reoperations.

Introduction

Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a devastating complication after total joint arthroplasty. Patients undergoing revision for PJI may experience considerable psychological distress and symptoms of depression, both of which are linked to poor post-operative outcomes. We therefore aim to identify the prevalence of depressive symptoms in patients prior to treatment for PJI.

Orthopaedic surgeons frequently use opioids for peri-operative pain management and there is considerable variability in the amount prescribed between surgeons. As such, the appropriate number of opioids to prescribe for specific procedures is often unknown. Leftover prescription opioids are at risk for diversion to family and friends for nonmedical use. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal amount of narcotics to prescribe postoperatively for patients undergoing hip arthroscopy.

23 consecutive patients were enrolled. All patients were prescribed 60 tablets of hydrocodone/acetaminophen 10/325 postoperatively as part of a multimodal pain management strategy. Patients were called at 14 and 21 days post-operatively to tabulate the number of pills used and knowledge of how to properly dispose of pills.

The median number of narcotic pain pills required was 6 (IQR: 3,15). Over half of patients (56.5%) required ≤10 narcotic pain pills postoperatively. A large number of narcotic tablets (1071/1380, 77.6%) were unused and a small percentage of patients (8/23, 34.8%) were aware of proper disposal techniques. Knowledge of how to properly dispose of unused narcotics was protective against a prolonged duration of narcotic use postoperatively (Parameter estimate −5.7, 95% CI: −11.3, −0.1, p = 0.045).

Reducing the number of prescribed narcotic tablets to 25 would meet the post-operative pain demands of over 85% of hip arthroscopy patients. More judicious post-operative prescribing patterns and patient education regarding disposal may help minimize physician contribution to opioid misuse, overuse and diversion.

Hemiarthroplasty is a common procedure that is an attractive alternative to total arthroplasty because it conserves natural tissue, allows for quicker recovery, and has a lower cost. One significant issue with hemiarthroplasties is that they lead to accelerated wear of the opposing native cartilage, likely due to the high stiffness of the implant. The purpose of this study was to investigate the range of currently available biomaterials for hemiarthroplasty applications. We employed a finite-element (FE) model of a radial head implant against the native capitellum as our joint model.

The FE model was developed in ABAQUS v6.14 (Dassault Systèmes Simulia Corp., Providence, RI, USA). A solid axisymmetric concave implant with seven different materials and the native radial head were evaluated, six modelled as elastic materials with different Young's moduli (E) and Poisson's Ratios (ν), and one modelled as a Mooney-Rivlin hyperelastic material. The materials investigated were CoCr (E=230 GPa, ν = 0.3), PEEK (E=3.7 GPa, ν = 0.36), HDPE (E=2.7 GPa, ν = 0.42), UHMWPE (E=0.69 GPa, ν = 0.49), Bionate 75D (E=0.288 GPa, ν = 0.39), Bionate 55D (E=0.039 GPa, ν = 0.45), and Bionate 80A (modelled as a Mooney-Rivlin hyperelastic material). A load of 100 N was applied to the radius through the center of rotation representing a typical load through the radius. The variable of interest was articular contact stress on the capitellum.

The CoCr implant had a maximum contact stress over 114% higher than the native radial head. By changing the material to lower the stiffness of the implant, the maximum contact stress was 24%, 70%, 105%, 111%, 113%, and 113% higher than the native radial head for Bionate 80A, Bionate 55D, Bionate 75D, UHMWPE, HDPE, and PEEK respectively.

This work shows that lowering implant stiffness can reduce the contact stress on cartilage in hemiarthroplasty implants. By changing the material below a Young's modulus of ∼100 MPa elevated stresses on the capitellum can be markedly reduced and hence potentially reduce or prevent degenerative changes of the native articulating cartilage. Low stiffness implant materials are not a novel concept, but to date there have been few that investigate materials (such as Bionate) as a potential load bearing material for implant applications. Further work is required to assess the efficacy of these materials for articular bearing applications.

This study examined the regional variations of cortical and cancellous bone density present in superiorly eroded glenoids. It is hypothesized that eroded regions will contain denser bone in response to localized stress. The shift in natural joint articulation may also cause bone resorption in areas opposite the erosion site.

Clinical CT scans were obtained for 32 shoulders (10m/22f, mean age 72.9yrs, 56–88yrs) classified as having E2-type glenoid erosion. The glenoid was divided into four measurement regions - anterior, inferior, posterior, and superior - as well as five depth regions. Depth regions were segmented in two-millimeter increments from zero to 10 millimeters, beginning at the center of the glenoid surface. A repeated-measures multiple analysis of variance (RM-MANOVA) was performed using SPSS statistical software to look for differences and interactions between mean densities in each depth, quadrant, and between genders. A second RM-MANOVA was performed to examine effects of gender and quadrant on cortical to cancellous bone volume ratios. Significance was set at p < 0 .05.

Quadrant and depth variables showed significant multivariate main effects (p 0.147 respectively). Quadrant, depth, and their interaction showed significant univariate main effects for cortical bone (p≤0.001) and cancellous bone (p < 0 .001). The lowest bone density was found to be in the inferior quadrant for cancellous bone (307±50 HU, p < 0 .001). The superior quadrant contained the highest mean density for cortical bone (895±97 HU), however it was only significantly different than in the posterior quadrant (865±97 HU, p=0.022). As for depth, it was found that cortical bone is most dense at the glenoid surface (zero to two millimeters, 892±91 HU) when compared to bone at two to eight millimeters in depth (p < 0 .02). Cancellous bone was also most dense at the surface (352±51 HU), but only compared to the eight to 10 millimeters depth (p=0.005). Cancellous bone density was found to decrease with increasing depth. For cortical-to-cancellous bone volume ratios, the inferior quadrant (0.37±0.28) had a significantly lower ratio than all other quadrants (p < 0 .001)

The superoposterior region of the glenoid was found to have denser cancellous bone and a high ratio of cortical to cancellous bone, likely due to decreased formation of cancellous bone and increased formation of cortical bone, in response to localized stresses. The inferior quadrant was found to have the least dense cortical and cancellous bone, and the lowest volume of cortical bone relative to cancellous bone. Once again, this is likely due to reduction in microstrain responsible for bone adaptation via Wolff's law. The density values found in this study generally agree with the range of values found in previous studies of normal and arthritic glenoids. An important limitation of this study is the sizing of measurement regions. For a patient with a smaller glenoid, a depth measurement of two millimeters may represent a larger portion of the overall glenoid vault. Segments could be scaled for each patient based on a percentage of each individual's glenoid size.

There is evidence that preoperative physical fitness impacts surgical outcomes, specifically preceding abdominal, cardiovascular and spine surgery. To our knowledge, there are no papers on self-reported exercise frequency as a predictor of cervical spine surgery outcomes. Our objectives were to quantify self-report of exercise frequency in cervical spine surgery patients, and to elucidate if self-reported exercise prior to surgery confers less pain, improved health state and/or less disability post-surgery.

We performed a retrospective review of prospectively collected data from the Canadian Spine Outcomes and Research Network (CSORN) Database from the time of its inception. Inclusion criteria specified all elective cervical surgery patients over 18 years old with degenerative pathology who proceeded to surgery and completed the pre- and post-operative outcomes measures up to 24 months post surgery (n=460). Outcome measures were visual analog scales (VAS) for neck and arm pain, Neck Disability Index (NDI), and EuroQOL score at baseline and 3, 12 and 24 months post-op. Exercise frequency was self-reported as “none” (n=212) versus “some” (n=248). These groups were further categorized into “none due to physical limitations”, “none” (not due to physical limitations), those to exercised “once or less per week” and those that exercised “twice or more per week”. Student's t-tests were used to compare the mean scores of the outcome measures, and analysis of variance for subgroup comparisons, with results considered significant at p < 0 .05.

At baseline, 56% of total patients reported exercise prior to surgery, of which 73% reported doing so twice or more per week. Of the 44% reporting no exercise, 74% could not exercise due to physical limitations. Those who reported “some” exercise had more favorable VAS neck and arm pain scores pre-operatively (neck: 5.55 vs 6.11, p < 0 .001) (arm: 5.69 vs 6.04, p=0.011), but no difference at 3 and 24 months post-operatively. Significantly lower NDI scores and higher EuroQOL Index scores were seen in the exercise group compared to the no exercise group pre-operatively (NDI: 39 vs 48, p < 0 .001) (EuroQOL: 0.60 vs 0.50 p < 0 .001) as well as at 3, 12, and 24 months post-op (NDI: 24 vs 31, p=0.007) (EuroQOL: 0.75 vs 0.68, p=0.001). Further subgroup analysis demonstrated that compared to the “no exercise due to physical limitation” group, the “twice or more” exercise group showed favorable NDI and EuroQOL scores up to 24 months post-op (NDI: 24.32 vs 32.33, p=0.001) (EuroQOL: 0.76 vs 0.66, p=0.001), whereas the “once or less times per week” group no longer demonstrated any significant difference at 24 months (NDI: 28.79 vs 32.33, p=1) (EuroQOL: 0.73 vs 0.66, p=0.269).

Self-reported exercise prior to cervical spine surgery does not predict improved long-term neck and arm pain at 2 years post-op. However, self-reported exercise does demonstrate less disability and improved health state at baseline and up to 2 years post-op and this relationship is dose dependent.

With the success of the medial parapatellar approach (MPA) to total knee arthroplasty (TKA), current research is aimed at reducing iatrogenic microneurovascular and soft tissues damage to the knee. In an effort to avoid disruption to the medial structures of the knee, we propose a novel quadriceps-sparing, subvastus lateralis approach (SLA) to TKA. The aim of the present study is to compare if a SLA can provide adequate exposure of the internal compartment of the knee while reducing soft tissue damage, compared to the MPA. Less disruption of these tissues could translate to better patient outcomes, such as reduced post-operative pain, increased range of motion, reduced instances of patellar maltracking or necrosis, and a shorter recovery time.

To determine if adequate exposure could be achieved, the length of the skin incision and perimeter of surgical exposure was compared amongst 22 paired fresh-frozen cadaveric lower limbs (five females/six males) which underwent TKA using the SLA or MPA approach. Additionally, subjective observations which included the percent of visibility of the femoral condyles and tibial plateau, as well as the patellar tracking, were noted in order to qualify adequate exposure. All procedures were conducted by the same surgeon. Subsequently, to determine the extent of soft tissue damage associated with the approaches, an observational assessment of the dynamic and static structures of the knee was performed, in addition to an examination of the microneurovascular structures involved. Dynamic and static structures were assessed by measuring the extent of muscular and ligamentus damage during gross dissection of the internal compartment of the knee. Microneurovascular involvement was evaluated through a microscopic histological examination of the tissue harvested adjacent to the capsular incision.

Comparison of the mean exposure perimeter and length of incision was not significantly different between the SLA and the MPA (p>0.05). In fact, on average, the SLA facilitated a 5 mm larger exposure perimeter to the internal compartment, with an 8 mm smaller incision, compared to the MPA, additional investigation is required to assert the clinical implications of these findings. Preliminary analysis of the total visibility of the femoral condyles were comparable between the SLA and MPA, though the tibial plateau visibility appears slightly reduced in the SLA. Analyses of differences in soft tissue damage are in progress.

Adequate exposure to the internal compartment of the knee can be achieved using an incision of similar length when the SLA to TKA is performed, compared to the standard MPA. Future studies should evaluate the versatility of the SLA through an examination of specimens with a known degree of knee deformity (valgus or varus).

Previous biomechanical studies of lateral collateral ligament (LCL) injuries and their surgical repair, reconstruction and rehabilitation have primarily relied on gravity effects with the arm in the varus position. The application of torsional moments to the forearm manually in the laboratory is not reproducible, hence studies to date likely do not represent forces encountered clinically.

The aim of this investigation was to develop a new biomechanical testing model to quantify posterolateral stability of the elbow using an in vitro elbow motion simulator.

Six cadaveric upper extremities were mounted in an elbow motion simulator in the varus position. A threaded screw was then inserted on the dorsal aspect of the proximal ulna and a weight hanger was used to suspend 400g, 600g, and 800g of weight from the screw head to allow torsional moments to be applied to the ulna. An LCL injured (LCLI) model was created by sectioning of the common extensor origin, and the LCL. Ulnohumeral rotation was recorded using an electromagnetic tracking system during simulated active and passive elbow flexion with the forearm pronated and supinated. A repeated measures analysis of variance was performed to compare elbow states (intact, LCLI, and LCLI with 400g, 600g, and 800g of weight).

During active motion, there was a significant difference between different elbow states (P=.001 pronation, P=.0001 supination). Post hoc analysis showed that the addition of weights did not significantly increase the external rotation (ER) of the ulnohumeral articulation (10°±7°, P=.268 400g, 10.5°±7.1°, P=.156 600g, 11°±7.2°, P=.111 800g) compared to the LCLI state (8.4°±6.4°) with the forearm pronated. However, with the forearm supinated, the addition of 800g of weight significantly increased the ER (9.2°±5.9°, P=.038) compared to the LCLI state (5.9°±5.5°) and the addition of 400g and 600g of weights approached significance (8.2°±5.7°, P=.083 400g, 8.7°±5.9°, P=.054 600g).

During passive motion, there was a significant difference between different elbow states (P=.0001 pronation, P=.0001 supination). Post hoc analysis showed that the addition of 600g and 800g but not 400g resulted in a significant increase in ER of the ulnohumeral articulation (9.3°±7.8°, P=.103 400g, 11.2°±6.2°, P=.004 600g, 12.7°±6.8°, P=.006 800g) compared to the LCLI state (3.7°±5.4°) with the forearm pronated. With the forearm supinated, the addition of 400g, 600g, and 800g significantly increased the ER (11.7°±6.7°, P=.031 400g, 13.5°±6.8°, P=.019 600g, 14.9°±6.9°, P=.024 800g) compared to the LCLI state (4.3°±6.6°).

This investigation confirms a novel biomechanical testing model for studying PLRI. Moreover, it demonstrates that the application of even small amounts of torsional moment on the forearm with the arm in the varus position exacerbates the rotational instability seen with the LCL deficient elbow. The effect of torsional loading was significantly worse with the forearm supinated and during passive elbow motion. This new model allows for a more provocative testing of elbow stability after LCL repair or reconstruction. Furthermore, this model will allow for smaller sample sizes to be used while still demonstrating clinically significant differences. Future biomechanical studies evaluating LCL injuries and their repair and rehabilitation should consider using this testing protocol.

Recent studies have described safe outcomes for short-stays in the hospital after total shoulder arthroplasty. The purpose of this study is to identify pre-operative and operative risk factors for hospital admissions exceeding 24 hours.

The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) database was queried from 2006 to 2016 for the current procedural terminology (CPT) billing code related to total shoulder arthroplasty. Patients were then grouped as either having a length of stay (LOS) equal to or less than 24 hours or greater than 24 hours. Patients admitted to the hospital prior to the day of surgery were excluded. Patient demographics, co-morbidities, and operative time were then analyzed as risk factors for a hospital stay exceeding 24 hours. Pre-operative co-morbidities included body mass index (BMI), diabetes, smoking, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), congestive heart failure (CHF), hypertension, dialysis, chronic steroid or immunosuppressant use, bleeding disorders, and American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Classification. Univariate and multivariate analyses were then performed to identify risk factors associated with 30-day readmission.

14,339 patients met inclusion criteria and 6,507 (45.3%) had a hospital LOS less than or equal to 24 hours. The mean length of hospitalization was 1.95 ± 1.88 days, the average age was 69 ± 9.7 years old, and 56.9% of the patients were female. Following a risk adjusted multivariate analysis, increasing age (odds ratio [OR], 1.03, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02–1.03), ASA classification (OR, 1.50, 95% CI, 1.41–1.60), diabetes (OR, 1.69, 95% CI, 1.43–1.99), COPD (OR, 1.35, 95% CI, 1.16–1.57), CHF (OR, 2.67, 95% CI, 1.34–5.33), dialysis (OR, 2.47, 95% CI, 1.28, 4.77), history of a bleeding disorder (OR, 1.50, 95% CI, 1.20–1.88), or increasing operative time (OR, 1.01, 95% CI, 1.01–1.01) were identified as independent risk factors for hospital lengths of stay exceeding 24 hours. Male gender was identified as a protective factor for prolonged hospitalization (OR, 0.50, 95% CI, 0.46–0.53).

This study identifies patient demographics, co-morbidities, and operative-relative risk factors that are associated with increased risk for a prolonged hospitalization following total shoulder arthroplasty. Female gender, increasing age, ASA classification, operative time, or a history of diabetes, COPD, CHF, or history of a bleeding disorder are risk factors hospitalizations exceeding 24 hours.

Joint hemiarthroplasty replaces one side of a synovial joint and is a viable alternative to total joint arthroplasty when one side of the joint remains healthy. Most hemiarthroplasty implants used in current clinical practice are made from stiff materials such as cobalt chrome or ceramic. The substitution of one side of a soft cartilage-on-cartilage articulation with a rigid implant often leads to damage of the opposing articular cartilage due to the resulting reductions in contact area and increases in cartilage stress. The improvement of post-operative hemiarthroplasty articular contact mechanics is of importance in advancing the performance and longevity of hemiarthroplasty. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of hemiarthroplasty surface compliance on early in-vitro cartilage wear and joint contact mechanics.

Cartilage wear tests were conducted using a six-station pin-on-plate apparatus. Pins were manufactured to have a hemispherical radius of curvature of 4.7 mm using either Bionate (DSM Biomedical) having varying compliances (80A [E=20MPa], 55D [E=35MPa], 75D [E=222MPa], n=6 for each), or ceramic (E=310GPa, n=5). Cartilage plugs were cored from fresh unfrozen bovine knee joints using a 20 mm hole saw and mounted in lubricant-containing chambers, with alpha calf serum diluted with phosphate buffer solution to a protein concentration of 17 g/L. The pins were loaded to 30N and given a stroke length of 10 mm for a total of 50,000 cycles at 1.2 Hz. Volumetric cartilage wear was assessed by comparing three-dimensional cartilage scans before and during wear testing. A two-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. To assess hemiarthroplasty joint contact mechanics, 3D finite element modelling (ABAQUS v6.12) was used to replicate the wear testing conditions. Cartilage was modeled using neo-Hookean hyper-elastic material properties. Contact area and peak contact stress were estimated.

The more compliant Bionate 80A and 55D pins produced significantly less volumetric cartilage wear compared with the less compliant Bionate 75D and ceramic pins (p 0.05). In terms of joint contact mechanics, the more compliant materials (Bionate 80A and 55D) had significantly lower maximum contact stress levels compared to the less compliant Bionate 75D and ceramic pins (p < 0 .05).

The results of this study show a relationship between hemiarthroplasty implant surface compliance and early in vitro cartilage wear, where the more compliant surfaces produced significantly lower amounts of cartilage wear. The results of the joint contact mechanics analysis showed that the more compliant hemiarthroplasty materials produced lower maximum cartilage contact stresses than the less compliant materials, likely related to the differences in wear observed. More compliant hemiarthroplasty surfaces may have the potential to improve post-operative cartilage contact mechanics by increasing the implant-cartilage contact area while reducing peak contact stress at the implant-cartilage interface, however, such materials must be resistant to surface fatigue and longer-term cartilage wear/damage must be assessed.

The role of anconeus in elbow stability has been a long-standing debate. Anatomical and electromyographic studies have suggested a potential role as a stabilizer. However, to our knowledge, no clinical or biomechanical studies have investigated its role in improving the stability of a lateral collateral ligament (LCL) deficient elbow.

Seven cadaveric upper extremities were mounted in an elbow motion simulator in the varus position. An LCL injured model was created by sectioning of the common extensor origin, and the LCL. The anconeus tendon and its aponeurosis were sutured in a Krackow fashion and tensioned to 10N and 20N through a transosseous tunnel at its origin. Varus-valgus angles and ulnohumeral rotations were recorded using an electromagnetic tracking system during simulated active elbow flexion with the forearm pronated and supinated. During active motion, the injured model resulted in a significant increase in varus angulation (5.3°±2.9°, P=.0001 pronation, 3.5°±3.4°, P=.001 supination) and external rotation (ER) (8.6°±5.8°, P=.001 pronation, 7.1°±6.1°, P=.003 supination) of the ulnohumeral articulation compared to the control state (varus angle −2.8°±3.4° pronation, −3.3°±3.2° supination, ER angle 2.1°±5.6° pronation, 1.6°±5.8° supination).

Tensioning of the anconeus significantly decreased the varus angulation (−1.2°±4.5°, P=.006 for 10N in pronation, −3.9°±4°, P=.0001 for 20N in pronation, −4.3°±4°, P=.0001 for 10N in supination, −5.3°±4.2°, P=.0001 for 20N in supination) and ER angle (2.6°±4.5°, P=.008 for 10N in pronation, 0.3°±5°, P=.0001 for 20N in pronation, 0.1°±5.3°, P=.0001 for 10N in supination, −0.8°±5.3°, P=.0001 for 20N in supination) of the injured elbow. Comparing anconeus tensioning to the control state, there was no significant difference in varus-valgus angulation except with anconeus tensioning to 20N with the forearm in supination which resulted in less varus angulation (P=1 for 10N in pronation, P=.267 for 20N in pronation, P=.604 for 10N in supination, P=.030 for 20N in supination). Although there were statistically significant differences in ulnohumeral rotation between anconeus tensioning and the control state (except with anconeus tensioning to 10N with the forearm in pronation which was not significantly different), anconeus tensioning resulted in decreased external rotation angle compared to the control state (P=1 for 10N in pronation, P=.020 for 20N in pronation, P=.033 for 10N in supination, P=.001 for 20N in supination).

In the highly unstable varus elbow orientation, anconeus tensioning restores the in vitro stability of an LCL deficient elbow during simulated active motion with the forearm in both pronation and supination. Interestingly, there was a significant difference in varus-valgus angulation between 20N anconeus tensioning with the forearm supinated and the control state, with less varus angulation for the anconeus tensioning which suggests that loads less than 20N is sufficient to restore varus stability during active motion with the forearm supinated. Similarly, the significant difference observed in ulnohumeral rotation between anconeus tensioning and the control state suggests that lesser degrees of anconeus tensioning would be sufficient to restore the posterolateral instability of an LCL deficient elbow. These results may have several clinical implications such as a potential role for anconeus strengthening in managing symptomatic lateral elbow instability.

Superiorly eroded glenoids in cuff tear arthropathy represent a surgical challenge for reconstruction. The bone loss orientation and severity may influence glenoid component fixation. This computed-tomography study quantifies both the degree of erosion and orientation in superiorly eroded Favard E2 glenoids. We hypothesized that the erosion in E2 glenoids does not occur purely superiorly, rather, it is oriented in a predictable posterosuperior orientation with a largely semicircular line of erosion.

Three-dimensional reconstructions of 40 shoulders with E2 glenoids (28 female, 12 male patients) at a mean age of 74 years (range, 56–88 years) were created from computed-tomography images. Point coordinates were extracted from each construct to analyze the morphologic structure. The anatomical location of the supra- and infraglenoid tubercle guided the creation of a superoinferior axis, against which the orientation angle of the erosion was measured. The direction and, thus, orientation of erosion was calculated as a vector. By placing ten point coordinates along the line of erosion and creating a circle of best fit, the radius of the circle was placed orthogonally against a chord that resulted by connecting the two outermost points along the line of erosion. To quantify the extent of curvature of the line of erosion between the paleo- and neoglenoid, the length of the radius of the circle of best fit was calculated. Individual values were compared against the mean of circle radii. The area of bony erosion (neoglenoid), was calculated as a percentage of the total glenoid area (neoglenoid + paleoglenoid). The severity of the erosion was categorized as mild (0% to 33%), moderate (34% to 66%), and severe erosion (>66%).

The mean orientation angle between the vector of bony erosion and the superoinferior axis of the glenoid was 47° ± 17° (range, 14° – 74°) located in the posterosuperior quadrant of the glenoid, resulting in the average erosion being directed between the 10 and 11 o'clock position (right shoulder).

In 63% of E2 cases, the line of erosion separating the paleo- and neoglenoids was more curved than the average of all bony erosions in the cohort. The mean surface area of the neoglenoid was 636 ± 247 mm2(range, 233 – 1,333 mm2) and of the paleoglenoid 311 ± 165 mm2(range, 123 – 820 mm2), revealing that, on average, the neoglenoids consume 67% of the total glenoid surface. The extent of erosion of the total cohort was subdivided into one mild (2%), 14 moderate (35%) and 25 severe (62%) cases.

Using a clock-face for orientation, the average orientation of type E2 glenoid defects was directed between the 10 and 11 o'clock position in a right shoulder, corresponding to the posterosuperior glenoid quadrant. Surgeons managing patients with E2 type glenoids should be aware that a superiorly described glenoid erosion is oriented in the posterosuperior quadrant on the glenoid clock-face when viewed intra-operatively. Additionally, the line of erosion in 63% of E2 glenoids is substantially curved, having a significant effect on bone removal techniques when using commercially available augments for defect reconstruction.

Hinged elbow orthoses (HEO) are often used to allow protected motion of the unstable elbow. However, biomechanical studies have not shown HEO to improve the stability of a lateral collateral ligament (LCL) deficient elbow. This lack of effectiveness may be due to the straight hinge of current HEO designs which do not account for the native carrying angle of the elbow. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a custom-designed HEO with adjustable valgus angulation on stabilizing the LCL deficient elbow.

Eight cadaveric upper extremities were mounted in an elbow motion simulator in the varus position. An LCL injured (LCLI) model was created by sectioning of the common extensor origin, and the LCL. The adjustable HEO was secured to the arm and its effect with 0°, 10°, and 20° (BR00, BR10, BR20) of valgus angulation was investigated. Varus-valgus angles and ulnohumeral rotations were recorded using an electromagnetic tracking system during simulated active elbow flexion with the forearm pronated and supinated. We examined 5 elbow states, intact, LCLI, BR00, BR10, BR20.

There were significant differences in varus and ER angulation between different elbow states with the forearm both pronated and supinated (P=0 for all). The LCLI state with or without the brace resulted in significant increases in varus angulation and ER of the ulnohumeral articulation compared to the intact state (P 0.05). The difference between each of the brace angles and the LCLI state ranged from 1.1° to 2.4° for varus angulation and 0.5° to 1.6° for ER.

Although there was a trend toward decreasing varus and external rotation angulation of the ulnohumeral articulation with the application of this adjustable HEO, none of the brace angles examined in this biomechanical investigation was able to fully restore the stability of the LCL deficient elbow. This lack of stabilizing effect may be due to the weight of the brace exerting unintentional varus and torsional forces on the unstable elbow. Previous investigations have shown that the varus arm position is highly unstable in the LCL deficient elbow. Our results demonstrate that application of an HEO with an adjustable carrying angle does not sufficiently stabilize the LCL deficient elbow in this highly unstable position and varus arm position should continue to be avoided in the rehabilitation programs of an LCL deficient elbow.

Malnutrition is an important consideration during the perioperative period and albumin is the most common laboratory surrogate for nutritional status. The purpose of this study is to identify if preoperative serum albumin measurements are predictive of infection following arthroscopic procedures.

Patients undergoing knee, shoulder or hip arthroscopy between 2006–2016 were identified in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. Patients with an arthroscopic current procedural terminology code and a preoperative serum albumin measurement were included. Patients with a history of prior infection, including a non-clean wound class, pre-existing wound infection or systemic sepsis were excluded. Independent t-tests where used to compare albumin values in patients with and without the occurrence of a postoperative infection. Pre-operative albumin levels were subsequently evaluated as predictors of infection with logistic regression models.

There were 31,906 patients who met the inclusion criteria. The average age was 55.7 years (standard deviation (SD) 14.62) and average BMI was 31.7 (SD 7.21). The most prevalent comorbidities were hypertension (49.2%), diabetes (18.4%) and smoking history (16.9%). The average preoperative albumin was 4.18 (SD 0.42). There were 45 cases of superficial infection (0.14%), 10 cases of wound dehiscence (0.03%), 17 cases of deep infection (0.05%), 27 cases of septic arthritis or other organ space infection (0.08%) and 95 cases of any infection (0.30%). The preoperative albumin levels for patients who developed septic arthritis (mean difference (MD) 0.20, 95% CI, 0.038, 0.35, P = 0.015) or any infection (MD 0.14, 95% CI 0.05, 0.22, P = 0.002) were significantly lower than the normal population. Additionally, disseminated cancer, Hispanic race, inpatient status and smoking history were significant independent risk factors for infection, while female sex and increasing albumin were protective towards developing any infection. Rates of all infections were found to increase exponentially with decreasing albumin. The relative risk of infection with an albumin of 2 was 3.46 (95% CI, 2.74–4.38) when compared to a normal albumin of 4. For each albumin increase of 0.69, the odds of developing any infection decreases by a factor of 0.52.

This study suggests that preoperative serum albumin is an independent predictor of septic arthritis and all infection following elective arthroscopic procedures. Although the effect of albumin on infection is modest, malnutrition may represent a modifiable risk factor with regard to preventing infection following arthroscopy.

Post-operative infection is a serious complication of spine surgery and can contribute to the strain on the healthcare system's resources. The purpose of this study is to determine what factors affect the risk of developing postoperative infection. We hypothesize that female gender, smoking, diabetes, having thoracolumbar procedures, having a neurological deficit, increased age, body mass index (BMI), American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) score, blood loss, number of operative levels, operative time and undergoing non-elective surgery will increase the patients' risk of developing a post-operative infection.

A retrospective review of prospectively collected data within the Canadian Spine Outcome and Research Network (CSORN) was conducted. Data was analyzed using IBM-SPSS. Multivariable logistical regression analysis was conducted (odds ratios) to determine any association between the outcome and independent factors. Significance level was p < 0.05.

There were 7747 patients identified from the registry that had completed at least 12 weeks of follow up. There were 199 infections recorded representing a 2.6% risk of infection. There were no association found between the risk of developing a post operative infection and gender, smoking, diabetes, having thoracolumbar procedures, having a neurological deficit, ASA score, blood loss, number of operative levels and undergoing non-elective surgery. The following were associated with an increased risk of developing a post operative infection: Older age (adjusted OR=1.021, 95% CI=1.005–1.038, p < 0 .05), having an elevated BMI (adjusted OR=1.042, 95% CI=1.013–1.072, p < 0 .005), longer operative time (adjusted OR=1.002, 95% CI=1.001–1.004, p < 0 .001).

There is a 2.6% overall rate of post-operative spine infection across 20 Canadian centres. The factors that were associated with an increased risk of developing a post operative-infection were older age, increased BMI and longer operative time. This study establishes a benchmark against which the effectiveness of future interventions to reduce infection can be compared.

Aims

It has been hypothesized that a unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) is more likely to be revised than a total knee arthroplasty (TKA) because conversion surgery to a primary TKA is a less complicated procedure. The purpose of this study was to determine if there is a lower threshold for revising a UKA compared with TKA based on Oxford Knee Scores (OKSs) and range of movement (ROM) at the time of revision.

Background

Multiple retrospective studies have compared UC with traditional bearings and shown comparable results and outcomes when looking at clinical and radiologic variables, complications rates, and implant survivorship; however, debate still exists regarding the optimum bearing surface. The present study seeks to determine whether there are any preoperative patient demographic or medical factors or anatomic variables including femoral condylar offset and tibial slope that may predict use of a UC bearing when compared to a standard CR group.

Aims

Carpal malalignment after a distal radial fracture occurs due to loss of volar tilt. Several studies have shown that this has an adverse influence on function. We aimed to investigate the magnitude of dorsal tilt that leads to carpal malalignment, whether reduction of dorsal tilt will correct carpal malalignment, and which measure of carpal malalignment is the most useful.

Introduction

It has been hypothesized that a unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) is more likely to be revised than a total knee (TKA) because conversion surgery to a primary TKA is available. The purpose of this study was to determine if there is a lower threshold for UKA revisions compared to TKA revisions based on Oxford Knee Scores and range of motion (ROM).

Background

Optimal perioperative fluid management has not been established in patients undergoing orthopaedic surgical procedures. Our purpose was to investigate the effects of perioperative fluid management on patients experiencing TKA.

Purposes and Background

Musculoskeletal disorders are leading causes of work disability. Our purpose was to develop a predictive model in a cohort from 2012 and validate the model in 2016 data.

Aims

Improvements in the evaluation of outcomes following peripheral nerve injury are needed. Recent studies have identified muscle fatigue as an inevitable consequence of muscle reinnervation. This study aimed to quantify and characterize muscle fatigue within a standardized surgical model of muscle reinnervation.

Introduction

At present, orthopaedic surgeons utilize either CT, MRI or X-ray for imaging a joint. Unfortunately, CT and MRI are quite expensive, non weight-bearing and the orthopaedic surgeon does not receive revenue for these procedures. Although x-rays are cheaper, similar to CT scans, patients incur radiation. Also, all three of these imaging modalities are static. More recently, a new ultrasound technology has been developed that will allow a surgeon to image their patients in 3D. The objective of this study is to highlight the new opportunity for orthopaedic surgeons to use 3D ultrasound as alternative to CT, MRI and X-rays.

Aims

The aim of this study was to quantify the risk of developing cancer from the exposure to radiation associated with surgery to correct limb deformities in children.

Bone tissue experiences continued remodelling in response to changes in its biochemical and biophysical environment. Given the finite lifespan of osteoblasts, this continued bone formation requires replenishment from a progenitor population. Although this is largely believed to be from a skeletal stem cell population, given the limitation in in-vivo markers for this cell type, progress in demonstrating this mechanism is limited. Therefore, we characterized the LepR-Cre mouse strain and evaluated whether LepR positive cells are the progenitor population and if they contribute to the osteoblast population over time and in mechanically-induced bone formation in-vivo. Transgenic mouse strains; B6.129(Cg)-Leprtm2(cre)Rck/J to study LepR-expressing cells and B6.Cg-Gt(ROSA)26Sortm9(CAG-tdTomato)Hze/J as a reporter strain were obtained from Jackson Laboratories. Characterization studies were performed on LepR:tdTomato mice at embryonic stage (19.5dpc), 8 and 12 weeks old. Mice (12 weeks old) were subjected to compressive tibia loading with a 11N peak load for 40 cycles, every other day for 2 weeks. Histological analysis reveal that LepR is expressed from the embryonic stage in various organs including bones. LepR positive cells are found around blood vessels and on bone surfaces. Flow cytometry analysis show the amount of LepR positive cells negative for CD45 and Ter-119 markers inside the bone marrow increases over time and following tibial loading. Mechanical loading induces an increase in bone mass and bone parameters. This model allows us to track and evaluate the role of LepR positive cells as bone forming cells, and to decipher the role of these cells in mechanically-induced bone formation.

The statements contained in this document are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of CMS. The authors assume responsibility for the accuracy and completeness of the information contained in this document.

The statements contained in this document are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of CMS. The authors assume responsibility for the accuracy and completeness of the information contained in this document.

Introduction

Overwhelming evidence has established obesity as a risk factor for osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee. Randomized clinical trials such as the Look AHEAD study have shown long term successful intentional weight loss with an intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) in overweight and obese type 2 diabetics. Weight loss can also decrease knee pain in persons who have OA, but it is unknown if intentional weight loss can reduce the risk of TKR. To answer this question, data from the Look AHEAD study were examined to determine if intentional weight loss could reduce the risk of TKR.

Aims

Informed patient consent is a legal prerequisite endorsed by multiple regulatory institutions including the Royal College of Surgeons and the General Medical Council. It is also recommended that the provision of written information is available and may take the form of a Patient Information Leaflet (PIL) with multiple PILs available from leading orthopaedic institutions. PILs may empower the patient, improve compliance, and improve the patient experience. The national reading age in the United Kingdom is less than 12 years and therefore PILs should be written at a readability level not exceeding 12 years old. We aim to assess the readability of PILs currently provided by United Kingdom orthopaedic institutions.

Charcot neuroarthropathy is a rare but serious complication of diabetes, causing progressive destruction of the bones and joints of the foot leading to deformity, altered biomechanics and an increased risk of ulceration.

Management is complicated by a lack of consensus on diagnostic criteria and an incomplete understanding of the pathogenesis. In this review, we consider recent insights into the development of Charcot neuroarthropathy.

It is likely to be dependent on several interrelated factors which may include a genetic pre-disposition in combination with diabetic neuropathy. This leads to decreased neuropeptides (nitric oxide and calcitonin gene-related peptide), which may affect the normal coupling of bone formation and resorption, and increased levels of Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand, potentiating osteoclastogenesis.

Repetitive unrecognized trauma due to neuropathy increases levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor α) which could also contribute to increased bone resorption, in combination with a pre-inflammatory state, with increased autoimmune reactivity and a profile of monocytes primed to transform into osteoclasts - cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14).

Increased blood glucose and loss of circulating Receptor for Advanced Glycation End-Products (AGLEPs), leading to increased non-enzymatic glycation of collagen and accumulation of AGLEPs in the tissues of the foot, may also contribute to the pathological process.

An understanding of the relative contributions of each of these mechanisms and a final common pathway for the development of Charcot neuroarthropathy are still lacking.

Cite this article: S. E. Johnson-Lynn, A. W. McCaskie, A. P. Coll, A. H. N. Robinson. Neuroarthropathy in diabetes: pathogenesis of Charcot arthropathy. Bone Joint Res 2018;7:373–378. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.75.BJR-2017-0334.R1.

Background

To compare quality of life during treatment in children and adolescents with tibial fracture treated with either a definitive cast or Ilizarov frame.

This paper describes how advances in three-dimensional printing may benefit the military trauma patient, both deployed on operations and in the firm base. Use of rapid prototype manufacturing to produce a 3D representation of complex fractures that can be held and rotated will aid surgical planning within multidisciplinary teams. Patient-clinician interaction can also be aided using these graspable models. The education of military surgeons could improve with the subsequent accurate, inexpensive models for anatomy and surgical technique instruction. The developing sphere of additive manufacturing (3D printing functional end-use components) lends itself to further advantages for the military orthopaedic surgeon. Military trauma patients could benefit from advances in direct metal laser sintering which enable the manufacture of complex surfaces and porous structures on bio-metallic implants not possible using conventional manufacturing. “Bio-printing” of tissues mimicking anatomical structures has potential for military trauma patients with bone defects. Deployed surgeons operating on less familiar fracture sites could benefit from three-dimensionally printing patient-specific medical devices. These can make operating technically easier, reducing radiation exposure and operating time. Further ahead, it may be possible to contemporaneously 3D print medical devices unavailable from the logistics chain whilst operating in the deployed environment.

Purpose

To examine the management and outcome of patients suffering complex paediatric lower limb injuries with bone and soft tissue loss.

Aims

The aim of this study was to report the clinical, functional and radiological outcomes of children and adolescents with tibial fractures treated using the Ilizarov method.

The effect of BMI on patient-reported outcomes following total ankle replacement (TAR) is uncertain and the change in BMI experienced by these patients in the 5 years following surgery has not been studied. We report a series of 106 patients with complete 5-year data on BMI and patient-reported outcome scores.

Patients undergoing TAR between 2006 and 2009, took part in the hospital joint registry, which provides routine clinical audit of patient progress following total joint arthroplasty; therefore, ethics committee approval was not required for this study. Data on BMI, Foot and Ankle Score (FAOS) and SF-36 score were collected preoperatively and annually postoperatively.

Patients who were obese (BMI >30) had lower FAOS scores pre-operatively and at 5 years, however this did not reach significance. Both obese (p = 0.0004) and non-obese (p < 0.0001) patients demonstrated a significant improvement in FAOS score from baseline to 5 years. This improvement was more marked for the non-obese patients. No significant differences were seen for SF36 scores between obese and non-obese patients either at baseline or 5 years. There was a trend for improved score in both groups.

Mean pre-operative BMI was 28.49. Mean post-operative BMI was 28.33. The mean difference between pre- and post-operative BMI was −0.15, which was not statistically significant (p=0.55). There were no significant differences in revisions in the obese (2) and non-obese (1 and one awaited) groups at 5 years.

This data supports use of TAR in the obese population, as significant increases in mean FAOS score were seen in this group at 5 years. Obesity did not have a significant influence on patients' overall health perceptions, measured by the SF36 and a trend for improvement was seen in both obese and non-obese patients. TAR cannot be relied upon to result in significant post-operative weight-loss without further interventions.

We analysed the functional and psychological outcomes in children and adolescents with complex tibial fractures treated with the Ilizarov method at our frame unit.

An observational study with prospective data collection and retrospective analysis of clinical data was undertaken. Patients younger than 18 years and an open physis were included. The Ilizarov method (combined with percutaneous screw fixation in physeal injuries) was applied and immediate weightbearing recommended.

Sixty four patients (50 male, 14 female) aged between 4 and 17 years were admitted to our Major Trauma Centre from 2013 until 2016 (25 tertiary referrals). Thirty one (48%) patients were involved in road traffic accidents, 12 (19%) sustained injuries in full contact sports. The average weight was 51 kg (range 16–105 kg). Twenty three open tibial fractures (14 Gustilo 3A and 9 Gustilo 3B) and 15 associated physeal injuries were treated among a cohort of closed tibial fractures with significant displacement (10 failed conservative treatment prior to frame treatment).

We report a 100% union rate with a median hospital stay of 4 days (range 2–19) and a median frame time of 105 days (range 62–205 days). Malunions (> 5 degrees in any plane) were not observed. Three patients required bone transport. At the time of submission, 70% of patients and their parents reported functional outcomes using the Paediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) at minimum six months post frame. The PedsQLTM 4.0 Generic Core Scales are comprised of parallel child self-report and parent proxy-report formats. Children's physical average scores were 79 out of 100 and average psychosocial scores were 80 out of 100 and for parent average physical scores were 78 out of 100 and the same for parent average psychosocial scores. These results suggest high levels of quality of life on the PedsQL. The median visual analogue health score (0–100) was 81 out of 100 (71–100), median Lysholm knee scores 98 (range 49–100) and median Olerud & Molander ankle scores 75 (range 40 – 100).

Regardless of age, weight and soft tissue damage and complexity of fracture pattern, the Ilizarov method has shown to be safe and effective treating tibial fractures in the paediatric and adolescent population admitted to our Major Trauma Centre. Furthermore, patients reported high physical and psychosocial functioning following treatment.

Level of evidence: IV (case series)

Purpose

The aim of this study was to identify if perioperative outcomes were different in patients with cerebral palsy undergoing unilateral or bilateral hip reconstruction.

Background

To investigate the new theory of hydroneurolysis and hydrodissection in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Independently of the fluid hydrodissolution works due to mechanical forces and it may have some positive effects in patients with ischemic damage caused by scar tissue pressure at the nerve's surface.

Altered distal radioulnar joint contact (DRUJ) mechanics are thought to cause degenerative changes in the joint following injury. Much of the current research examining DRUJ arthrokinematics focuses on the effect of joint malalignment and resultant degenerative changes. Little is known regarding native cartilage contact mechanics in the distal radioulnar joint. Moreover, current techniques used to measure joint contact rely on invasive procedures and are limited to statically loaded positions. The purpose of this study was to examine native distal radioulnar joint contact mechanics during simulated active and passive forearm rotation using a non-invasive imaging approach.

Testing was performed using 8 fresh frozen cadaveric specimens (6 men: 2 women, mean age 62 years) with no CT evidence of osteoarthritis. The specimens were thawed and surgically prepared for biomechanical testing by isolating the tendons of relevant muscles involved in forearm rotation. The humerus was then rigidly secured to a wrist simulator allowing for simulated active and passive forearm rotation. Three-dimensional (3D) cartilage surface reconstructions of the distal radius and ulna were created using volumetric data acquired from computed tomography after joint disarticulation. Using optically tracked motion data and 3D surface reconstructions, the relative position of the cartilage models was rendered and used to measure DRUJ cartilage contact mechanics.

The results of this study indicate that contact area was maximal in the DRUJ at 10 degrees of supination (p=0.002). There was more contact area in supination than pronation for both active (p=0.005) and passive (p=0.027) forearm rotation. There was no statistically significant difference in the size of the DRUJ contact patch when comparing analogous rotation angles for simulated active and passive forearm motion (p=0.55). The contact centroid moved 10.5±2.6 mm volar along the volar-dorsal axis during simulated active supination. Along the proximal-distal axis, the contact centroid moved 5.7±2.4 mm proximal during simulated active supination.

Using the technique employed in this study, it was possible to non-invasively examine joint cartilage contact mechanics of the distal radioulnar joint while undergoing simulated, continuous active and passive forearm rotation. Overall, there were higher contact area values in supination compared with pronation, with a peak at 10 degrees of supination. The contact centroid moved volarly and proximally with supination. There was no difference in the measured cartilage contact area when comparing active and passive forearm rotation. This study gives new insight into the changes in contact patterns at the native distal radioulnar joint during simulated forearm rotation, and has implications for increasing our understanding of altered joint contact mechanics in the setting of deformity.

Distal radius fractures are the most common fracture of the upper extremity. Malunion of the distal radius is a common clinical problem after these injuries and frequently leads to pain, stiffness loss of strength and functional impairments. Currently, there is no consensus as to whether not the mal-aligned distal radius has an effect on carpal kinematics of the wrist. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of dorsal angulation (DA) of the distal radius on midcarpal and radiocarpal joint kinematics, and their contributions to total wrist motion.

A passive wrist motion simulator was used to test six fresh-frozen cadaveric upper extremities (age: 67 ± 17yrs). The specimens were amputated at mid humerus, leaving all wrist flexor and extensor tendons and ligamentous structures intact. Tone loads were applied to the wrist flexor and extensor tendons by pneumatic actuators via stainless steel cables. A previously developed distal radius implant was used to simulate native alignment and three DA deformity scenarios (DA 10 deg, 20 deg, and 30 deg). Specimens were rigidly mounted into the simulator with the elbow at 90 degrees of flexion, and guided through a full range of flexion and extension passive motion trials (∼5deg/sec). Carpal motion was captured using optical tracking; radiolunate and capitolunate joint motion was measured and evaluated.

For the normally aligned radius, radiolunate joint motion predominated in flexion, contributing on average 65.4% (±3.4). While the capitolunate joint motion predominated in extension, contributing on 63.8% (±14.0). Increasing DA resulted in significant alterations in radiolunate and capitolunate joint kinematics (p<0.001). There was a reduction of contribution from the capitolunate joint to total wrist motion throughout flexion-extension, significant from 5 degrees of wrist extension to full extension (p = 0.024). Conversely, the radiolunate joint increased its contribution to motion with increasing DA; significant from 5 degrees of wrist extension to full extension as the radiolunate and capitolunate joint kinematics mirrored each other. A DA of 30 degrees resulted in an average radiolunate contribution of 72.6% ± 7.7, across the range of motion of 40 degrees of flexion to 25 degrees of extension.

The results of our study for the radius in a normal anatomic alignment are consistent with prior investigators, showing the radiocarpal joint dominated flexion, and the midcarpal joint dominated extension; with an average 60/40 division in contributions for the radiocarpal in flexion and the midcarpal in extension, respectfully. As DA increased, the radiocarpal joint provided a larger contribution of motion throughout flexion and extension. This alteration in carpal kinematics with increased distal radius dorsal angulation may increase localised stresses and perhaps lead to accelerated joint wear and wrist pain in patients with malunited distal radial fractures.

Despite reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) being primarily indicated for massive rotator cuff tears, it is often possible to repair portions of the infraspinatus and subscapularis of patients undergoing this procedure. However, there is disagreement regarding whether these tissues should be repaired, as their effects remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated the effects of rotator cuff repair and changes in humeral and glenosphere lateralisation (HLat & GLat) on deltoid and joint loading.

Six shoulders were tested on an in-vitro muscle driven active motion simulator. Cuff tear arthropathy was simulated in each specimen, which was then implanted with a custom adjustable RTSA fitted with a six axis load sensor. We assessed the effects of 4 RTSA configurations (i.e. all combinations of 0&10mm of HLat & GLat) on deltoid force, joint load, and joint load angle during abduction with/out rotator cuff repair. Deltoid and joint loads recorded by the load cell are reported as a % of Body Weight (%BW). Repeated measures ANOVAs and pairwise comparisons were performed with p<0.05 indicating significance.

Cuff repair interacted with HLat & GLat (p=0.005, Fig. 1) such that with no HLat, GLat increased deltoid force without cuff repair (8.1±2.1%BW, p=0.012) and this effect was significantly increased with cuff repair (12.8±3.2%BW, p=0.010). However, adding HLat mitigated this such that differences were not significant. HLat and GLat affected deltoid force regardless of cuff status (−2.5±0.7%BW, p=0.016 & +7.7±2.3%BW, p=0.016, respectively). Rotator cuff repair did significantly increase joint load (+11.9±2.1%BW, p=0.002), as did GLat (+13.3±1.5%BW, p<0.001).

The increases in deltoid and joint load caused by rotator cuff repair confirm that it acts as an adductor following RTSA and increases deltoid work. Additionally, cuff repair's negative effects are exacerbated by GLat, which strengthens its adduction affect, while Hlat increases the deltoid's abduction effect thus mitigating the cuff's antagonistic effects. Cuff repair increases concavity compression within the joint; however, Hlat produces a similar effect by wrapping the deltoid around the greater tuberosity – which redirects its force – and does so without increasing the magnitude of muscle and joint loading. The long-term effects of increased joint loading due to rotator cuff repair are unknown, however, it can be postulated that it may increase implant wear, and the risk of deltoid fatigue. Therefore, RTSA implant designs which improve joint compression without increasing muscle and joint loading may be preferable to rotator cuff repair.

Wrist motion is achieved primarily via rotation at the radiocarpal and midcarpal joints. The contribution of each carpal bone to total range of motion has been previously investigated, although there is no consensus regarding the influence of each structure to global wrist motion. The objective of this comprehensive in-vitro biomechanical study was to determine the kinematics of the capitate, scaphoid and lunate during unconstrained simulated wrist flexion-extension. In addition, this study examined the effect of motion direction (i.e. flexion or extension) on the kinematics and contribution of the carpal bones.

Seven fresh frozen cadaveric upper limb specimens (age: 67±18 yrs) were amputated mid-humerus, and the wrist flexors/extensors were exposed and sutured at their musculotendinous junctions. Each specimen was mounted on a wrist motion simulator in neutral forearm rotation with the elbow at 90° flexion. Passive flexion and extension motion of the wrist was simulated by moving a K-wire, inserted into the third metacarpal, through the flexion/extension motion arc at a speed of ∼5 mm/sec under muscle tone loads of 10N. Carpal kinematics were captured using optical tracking of bone fixated markers. Kinematic data was analysed from ±35° flexion/extension.

Scaphoid and lunate motion differed between wrist flexion and extension, but correlated linearly (R‸2=0.99,0.97) with capitate motion. In wrist extension, the scaphoid (p=0.03) and lunate (p=0.01) extended 83±19% & 37±18% respectively relative to the capitate. In wrist flexion, the scaphoid (p=1.0) and lunate (p=0.01) flexed 95±20% and 70±12% respectively relative to the capitate. The ratio of carpal rotation to global wrist rotation decreased as the wrist moved from flexion to extension. The lunate rotates on average 46±25% less than the capitate and 35±31% less than the scaphoid during global wrist motion (p=0.01). The scaphoid rotates on average 11±19% less than the capitate during wrist flexion and extension (p=0.07). There was no difference in the contribution of carpal bone motion to global wrist motion during flexion (p=0.26) or extension (p=0.78).

The capitate, lunate and scaphoid move synergistically throughout planar motions of the wrist. Our study found that both the scaphoid and lunate contributed at a greater degree during wrist flexion compared to extension, suggesting that the radiocarpal joint plays a more critical role in wrist flexion. Our results agree with previous studies demonstrating that the scaphoid and lunate do not contribute equally to wrist motion and do not function as a single unit during planar wrist motion. The large magnitude of differential rotation observed between the scaphoid and lunate may be responsible for the high incidence of scapholunate ligament injuries relative to other intercarpal ligaments. An understanding of normal carpal kinematics may assist in developing more durable wrist arthroplasty designs.

Platelet rich plasma has been advocated for the treatment of plantar fasciitis but there are few good quality clinical trials to support its use. We report a pilot double blind randomised controlled trial of platelet rich plasma versus normal saline.

Wrist motion is achieved primarily via rotation at the radiocarpal and midcarpal joints. The contribution of each carpal bone to total range of motion has been previously investigated, although there is no consensus regarding the influence of each structure to global wrist motion. The objective of this comprehensive in-vitro biomechanical study was to determine the kinematics of the capitate, scaphoid and lunate during unconstrained simulated wrist flexion-extension. In addition, this study examined the effect of motion direction (i.e. flexion or extension) on the kinematics and contribution of the carpal bones.

Seven fresh frozen cadaveric upper limb specimens (age: 67±18 yrs) were amputated mid-humerus, and the wrist flexors/extensors were exposed and sutured at their musculotendinous junctions. Each specimen was mounted on a wrist motion simulator in neutral forearm rotation with the elbow at 90° flexion. Passive flexion and extension motion of the wrist was simulated by moving a K-wire, inserted into the third metacarpal, through the flexion/extension motion arc at a speed of ∼5 mm/sec under muscle tone loads of 10N. Carpal kinematics were captured using optical tracking of bone fixated markers. Kinematic data was analysed from ±35° flexion/extension.

Scaphoid and lunate motion differed between wrist flexion and extension, but correlated linearly (R^2=0.99,0.97) with capitate motion. In wrist extension, the scaphoid (p=0.03) and lunate (p=0.01) extended 83±19% & 37±18% respectively relative to the capitate. In wrist flexion, the scaphoid (p=1.0) and lunate (p=0.01) flexed 95±20% and 70±12% respectively relative to the capitate. The ratio of carpal rotation to global wrist rotation decreased as the wrist moved from flexion to extension. The lunate rotates on average 46±25% less than the capitate and 35±31% less than the scaphoid during global wrist motion (p=0.01). The scaphoid rotates on average 11±19% less than the capitate during wrist flexion and extension (p=0.07). There was no difference in the contribution of carpal bone motion to global wrist motion during flexion (p=0.26) or extension (p=0.78).

The capitate, lunate and scaphoid move synergistically throughout planar motions of the wrist. Our study found that both the scaphoid and lunate contributed at a greater degree during wrist flexion compared to extension, suggesting that the radiocarpal joint plays a more critical role in wrist flexion. Our results agree with previous studies demonstrating that the scaphoid and lunate do not contribute equally to wrist motion and do not function as a single unit during planar wrist motion. The large magnitude of differential rotation observed between the scaphoid and lunate may be responsible for the high incidence of scapholunate ligament injuries relative to other intercarpal ligaments. An understanding of normal carpal kinematics may assist in developing more durable wrist arthroplasty designs.

There are a variety of sizes currently available for reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) implant systems. Common sizing options include a smaller 36 to 38 mm or a larger 40 to 42 mm glenosphere, and are typically selected based on surgeon preference or patient size. Previous studies have only evaluated the abduction and adduction range of motion within a single plane of elevation, providing a limited view of the joint's possible range of motion. The purpose of this study was to use computer modeling to evaluate the abduction and adduction range of motion across multiple planes of elevation for a range of glenosphere sizes.

Computed tomography images of four cadaveric specimens (age: 54 ± 24 years) were used to obtain the osseous anatomy to be utilised in the model. Solid-body motion studies of the RTSA models were constructed with varying glenosphere diameters of 33, 36, 39, 42, and 45 mm in Solidworks (Dassault Systems, US). The implant components were scaled, while maintaining a consistent centre of rotation. Simulations encompassing the full range of abduction and adduction were conducted for the planes of elevation between −15˚ and 135˚ at 15˚ intervals, with the motion of the humerus being constrained in neutral internal-external rotation throughout all planes. Angles of elevation were obtained utilising the humeral long axis and the RTSA centre of rotation. Statistical analysis was performed using repeated measures ANOVA.

Glenosphere diameter was found to significantly affect the adduction range of motion (p=0.043), in which the largest size provided approximately 17˚ more adduction range of motion than the smallest. However, abduction range of motion was not found to be significantly affected through the alteration of glenosphere size (p=0.449). The plane of elevation was not found to significantly affect abduction or abduction (p=0.585 & p=0.225, respectively).

Increasing glenosphere diameter resulted in an increased adduction range of motion when averaged across the tested planes of elevation; however the observed influence on abduction was not significant. These are similar to the trends observed in the previous single plane of elevation studies. These findings illustrate the importance of implant sizing related to range of motion. Further studies are required to determine the influence of glenosphere size on internal and external range of motion.

Shoulder arthroplasty, both primary (TSA) and reverse (RTSA), are common interventions for arthritis and cuff tear arthropathy. The effect of shoulder arthroplasty on shoulder motion is of particular interest in assessing the effectiveness of the procedure and the development and biomechanical testing of implants. A comparison of the arthroplasty shoulder to that of the non-operated contralateral shoulder provides insight into how well the reconstruction has restored natural shoulder motion. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the shoulder motion of patients who have undergone shoulder arthroplasty and to compare the motion of the reconstructed and contralateral natural sides.

Eleven human subjects (70±9yrs) who had undergone total shoulder arthroplasty wore a custom instrumented shirt for the waking hours of one day. The 3D orientation of each humeral sensor was transformed with respect to the torso to allow for the calculation of humeral elevation and plane of elevation angles. Joint angles for each subject were then discretised, and the operative and contralateral normal (control) shoulders were then compared.

The majority of both the arthroplasty and control shoulder elevation motions took place below 80° of elevation, totaling on average 1910±373 and 1887±312 motions per hour, respectively. Conversely, elevations greater than 80° were significantly less with occurrences totaling only 55±31 and 78±41 motions per hour for the arthroplasty and control shoulders, respectively (p<0.01). Both the arthroplasty and control shoulder were at elevations below 80° for 88±7% and 87±7% of the day, respectively. When the total motion of the arthroplasty and non-operative control shoulders were compared, no statistically significant difference was detected (p=0.8), although the non-operated side exhibited marginally more motion than the operated side, an effect which was larger at higher elevation angles (p=0.3).

This study provides insight into the effects of shoulder arthroplasty on thoraco-humeral motion and compares it to the non-operative side. Interestingly, there were no significant differences measured between the arthroplasty and the control side, which may demonstrate the effectiveness of reconstruction on restoring natural shoulder motion. It is interesting to note that on average, each shoulder arthroplasty elevated above 80° approximately 55 times per hour, corresponding to just under 330,000 motions per year. Similarly, when elevations greater than 60° are extrapolated, the resulting yearly motions total approximately 1.5 million cycles (Mc), which suggests that the ‘duty cycle’ of the shoulder is similar to the hip, approximated to be between 1–2 Mc per year. Arthroplasty wear simulators should be calibrated to simulate these patterns of motion, and component design may be improved by understanding the kinematics of actual shoulder motion.

Fracture or resection of the radial head can cause unbalance and long-term functional complications in the elbow. Studies have shown that a radial head excision can change elbow kinematics and decrease elbow stability. The radial head is also important in both valgus and varus laxity and displacement. However, the effect of radial head on ulnohumeral joint load is not known. The objective of this experimental study was to compare the axial loading produced at the ulnohumeral joint during active flexion with and without a radial head resection.

Ten cadaveric arms were used. Each specimen was prepared and secured in an elbow motion simulator. To simulate active flexion, the tendons of the biceps, brachialis, brachioradialis, and triceps were attached to servo motors. The elbow was moved through a full range of flexion. To quantify loads at the ulnohumeral joint, a load cell was implanted in the proximal ulna. Testing was conducted in the intact then radial head resected case, in supination in the horizontal, vertical, varus and valgus positions.

When comparing the average loads during flexion, the axial ulnar load in the horizontal position was 89±29N in an intact state compared to 122±46N during radial head resection. In the vertical position, the intact state produced a 67±16N load while the resected state was 78±23N. In the varus and valgus positions, intact state resulted in loads of 57±26N and 18±3N, respectively. Conversely, with a radial head resection, varus and valus positions measured 56±23N and 54±23N loads, respectively. For both joint configurations, statistical differences were observed for all flexion angles in all arm positions during active flexion (p=0.0001). When comparing arm positions and flexion angle, statistical differences were measured between valgus, horizontal and vertical (p<0.005) except for varus position (p=0.64).

Active flexion caused a variation in loads throughout flexion when comparing intact versus radial head resection. The most significant variation in ulnar loading occurred during valgus and horizontal flexion. The vertical and varus position showed little variation because the position of the arm is not affected by the loss of the radial head. However, in valgus position, the resected radial head creates a void in the joint space and, with gravity, causes greater compensatory ulnar loading. In the horizontal position, the forearm is not directly affected by gravitational pull and cannot adjust to counterbalance the resected radial head, therefore loads are localised in the ulnohumeral joint. These findings prove the importance of the radial head and that a radial head resection can overload the ulnohumeral side.

To evaluate the efficacy of using a novel button-suture construct in place of traditional screws to provide bone block fixation for the Latarjet procedure.

Four paired cadaveric shoulders (n=8) were denuded, with the exception of the conjoint tendon on the coracoid, and were potted. A 15% anterior glenoid bone defect was simulated. Right and left specimens were randomised into two groups: double-screw versus quadruple-button Latarjet reconstruction techniques. A uniaxial mechanical actuator loaded the Latarjet reconstructed glenoid articular surface via a 47mm diameter metallic hemisphere. Cyclic loading between 50–200N was applied to the glenoid at a rate of 1Hz for 1000 cycles. Testing was repeated three times for conjoint tendon loads of 0N, 10N and 20N. The relative positions of three points on the inferior, central and superior edges of the coracoid bone fragment were optically tracked with respect to a glenoid coordinate system throughout testing. Screw and button constructs were compared on the basis of maximum relative displacement at these points (RINF, RCENT, RSUP). Statistical significance was assessed using a paired-samples t-test in SPSS.

When conjoint tendon loading was not present the double screw and quadruple button constructs were not significantly (P>0.779) different (0N: RINF: 0.11 (0.05)mm vs. 0.12 (0.03)mm, RCENT: 0.12 (0.04)mm vs. 0.12 (0.03)mm, RSUP: 0.13 (0.04)mm vs. 0.12 (0.03)mm). Additionally, the double screw construct was not found to differ (P>0.062) from the quadruple button in terms of resultant coracoid displacement for all central and superior points, regardless of conjoint loading (10N: RCENT: 0.11 (0.03)mm vs. 0.19 (0.05)mm, RSUP: 0.11 (0.01)mm vs. 0.18 (0.04)mm; 20N: RCENT: 0.13 (0.01)mm vs. 0.30 (0.13)mm, RSUP: 0.13 (0.03)mm vs. 0.26 (0.14)mm). It was only for the inferior point with conjoint loading of 10N and 20N that the double screw construct began to produce significantly lower displacements than the quadruple button (10N: RINF: 0.11 (0.03)mm vs. 0.23 (0.05)mm, P=0.047; 20N: RINF: 0.12 (0.02)mm vs. 0.39 (0.15)mm, P=0.026).

The results of the screw and button constructs when conjoint tendon loading was absent suggest that the button may be a suitable substitute to the screw when the coracoid is used as a bone block. Due to the small resultant displacements (max: screw = 0.19mm, button = 0.52mm), it is suggested that buttons may also act as a substitute to screws for Latarjet procedures, provided conjoint tendon overloading is minimised during the post-operative graft healing period. These in-vitro results support the in-vivo results of Boileau et al (2015) that demonstrated the suture-button technique to be an excellent alternative to screw fixation Latarjet, with graft healing in 91% of their subjects.

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of treating patients with Graf IIa developmental hip dysplasia.

The management of the developmentally immature Graf Type IIa dysplastic hip is controversial. Some authors advocate early treatment with an abduction harness whilst others adopt watchful waiting.

At our institution selective sonographic assessment for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) was established in 1997 with prospective data collection. All infants diagnosed with Graf Type IIa hip(s) were treated with either a Pavlik harness or double nappies, with clinical and sonographic follow up until normalisation. Pelvic radiographs were routinely performed at 8 and 18 months follow up for assessment of residual dysplasia and/or complications of treatment. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of all treated patients between 2005 and 2013.

Complete clinical and radiological follow up (mean 2.1 years, 0.7–6.5) was available for 103 of 118 infants. 69 were treated with a Pavlik harness and 49 with double nappies. The chosen treatment was successful in 110 hips with no documented complications, well developed ossific nuclei on follow up radiographs, and no further treatments undertaken. In the double nappy group 4 infants deteriorated sonographically so were changed to a Pavlik harness with subsequent normalisation and successful treatment.

3 patients required VDRO at age 18 months (17–20) and 1 patient required closed reduction and spica cast treatment at age 11 months. No further complications arose in this group. The 15 patients lost to follow up had successful initial treatment but failed to attend for radiographic review.

Both Pavlik harness and double nappies are safe treatment modalities for Type IIa hip dysplasia. However, sonographic deterioration was observed in both groups with surgical intervention required in the minority, supporting the ongoing treatment of these immature hips.

Aims

The degree of displacement of a fracture of the distal radius is an important factor which can be assessed using simple radiographic measurements. Our aim was to investigate the reliability and reproducibility of these measurements and to determine if they should be used clinically.

Introduction

Patellofemoral joint is an important aspect of the tri-compartmental knee joint complex. Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) replaces the articulating surfaces of distal femur and proximal tibia, and often times the patella as well. Understanding the size relationship between the femur and patella bones can provide valuable information for new prosthesis design and biomechanical analysis. However, taking anthropometric measurements on a large population of patients or even cadaveric specimens could be a challenge. As a result, there are currently little quantitative data existing in the literature regarding the size relationship between TKA patient's femur and patella. This study attempted to attack this question using a novel statistical approach and a large TKA patient database.

Introduction

A better understanding of the rate of improvement associated with aTSA and rTSA is critical to establish accurate patient expectations for treatment to reduce pain and restore function; more realistic patient expectations pre-operatively may lead to greater patient satisfaction post-operatively. To this end, this study quantifies the rate of improvement in outcomes of aTSA and rTSA using 5 different scoring metrics for 1641 patients with one platform shoulder arthroplasty system.

Aims

This study investigated whether the use of tranexamic acid (TXA) decreased blood loss and transfusion related cost following surface replacement arthroplasty (SRA).

The ageing population and an increase in both the incidence and prevalence of cancer pose a healthcare challenge, some of which is borne by the orthopaedic community in the form of osteoporotic fractures and metastatic bone disease. In recent years there has been an increasing understanding of the pathways involved in bone metabolism relevant to osteoporosis and metastases in bone. Newer therapies may aid the management of these problems. One group of drugs, the antibody mediated anti-resorptive therapies (AMARTs) use antibodies to block bone resorption pathways. This review seeks to present a synopsis of the guidelines, pharmacology and potential pathophysiology of AMARTs and other new anti-resorptive drugs.

We evaluate the literature relating to AMARTs and new anti-resorptives with special attention on those approved for use in clinical practice.

Denosumab, a monoclonal antibody against Receptor Activator for Nuclear Factor Kappa-B Ligand. It is the first AMART approved by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence and the US Food and Drug Administration. Other novel anti-resorptives awaiting approval for clinical use include Odanacatib.

Denosumab is indicated for the treatment of osteoporosis and prevention of the complications of bone metastases. Recent evidence suggests, however, that denosumab may have an adverse event profile similar to bisphosphonates, including atypical femoral fractures. It is, therefore, essential that orthopaedic surgeons are conversant with these medications and their safe usage.

Take home message: Denosumab has important orthopaedic indications and has been shown to significantly reduce patient morbidity in osteoporosis and metastatic bone disease.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:160–5.

Introduction

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) implant systems offer a range of sizes for orthopaedic surgeons to best mimic the patient's anatomy and restore joint function. From a biomechanical perspective, the challenge on the TKA implants is affected by two factors: design geometry and in vivo load. Larger geometry typically means more robust mechanical structure, while higher in vivo load means greater burden on the artificial joint. For an implant system, prosthesis geometry is largely correlated with implant size, while in vivo load is affected by the patient's demographics such as weight and height. Understanding the relationships between implant size and patients' demographics can provide useful information for new prosthesis design, implant test planning, and clinical data interpretation. Utilizing a manufacturer supported clinical database, this study examined the relationships between TKA patient's body weight, height, and body mass index (BMI) and the received implant size of a well-established implant system.

Introduction

Cruciate Retaining (CR) and Posterior Stabilizing (PS) are two common types of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) surgeries. The CR approach preserves the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) while the PS approach sacrifices it. Implant size selection during a TKA surgery is primarily driven by the patient's bone size, but could also be affected by surgery types due to the influence of the PCL. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of TKA surgery type on implant size selection, based on the clinical database of a well-established commercial implant system.

Management of irreparable rotator cuff tears is challenging and controversial. Surgeons have been utilising biological tissue scaffolding to augment repairs, but there are concerns regarding viability and function. We wished to investigate this viability and clinical outcome in a small group of patients.

All procedures were performed by a single surgeon over a three-year period. Inclusion criteria were patients with large cuff tears and failure of non-operative treatment. Exclusion criteria were patients with glenohumeral arthritis and where cuff repair could not be successfully performed. Open rotator cuff repair followed by augmentation with Graft Jacket® Regenerative Tissue Matrix (Wright Medical) was performed in all patients. A structured cuff repair physiotherapy protocol was then followed. Follow-up was at six months and at minimum twenty-four months post-operatively where Constant scores (CS) and Oxford Shoulder scores (OSS) were noted and a repeat ultrasound performed.

Fourteen patients underwent the procedure. No patient was lost to follow-up. There were seven males and seven females with a mean age of 63 years (range 31–77). At minimum twenty-four month follow-up, thirteen patients had flexion and abduction above 90 degrees and symmetrical external rotation. Mean CS was 81 (range 70–91) and mean OSS was 46 (range 41–48). Shoulder ultrasound revealed an intact Graft Jacket® in all thirteen patients. The final patient had lower functional movement and lower CS (34) and OSS (25) and ultrasound identified a re-rupture.

This study indicates that augmentation of large rotator cuff repairs with biological tissue scaffolding is a viable option and has good functional results.

Summary

The findings demonstrate that culture expanded human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) incorporated and proliferated in clinically relevant cell scaffolds better than freshly isolated bone marrow mononucleated cells (MNCs); in fact, only in MSC cultures were cells present for longer term chondrogenic inductions.

Haematomas, drainage, and other non-infectious wound complications following total knee replacement (TKR) have been associated with long-term sequelae, in particular, deep infection. However, the impact of these wound complications on clinical outcome is unknown. This study compares results in 15 patients re-admitted for wound complications within 90 days of TKR to 30 matched patients who underwent uncomplicated total knee replacements. Patients with wound complications had a mean age of 66 years (49 to 83) and mean body mass index (BMI) of 37 (21 to 54), both similar to that of patients without complications (mean age 65 years and mean BMI 35). Those with complications had lower mean Knee Society function scores (46 (0 to 100 vs 66 (20 to 100), p = 0.047) and a higher incidence of mild or greater pain (73% vs 33%, p = 0.01) after two years compared with the non re-admitted group. Expectations in patients with wound complications following TKR should be tempered, even in those who do not develop an infection.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:619–21.

This study explores the relationship between delay to surgical debridement and deep infection in a series of 364 consecutive patients with 459 open fractures treated at an academic level one trauma hospital in North America.

The mean delay to debridement for all fractures was 10.6 hours (0.6 to 111.5). There were 46 deep infections (10%). There were no infections among the 55 Gustilo-Anderson grade I open fractures. Among the grade II and III injuries, a statistically significant increase in the rate of deep infection was found for each hour of delay (OR = 1.033: 95% CI 1.01 to 1.057). This relationship shows a linear increase of 3% per hour of delay. No distinct time cut-off points were identified. Deep infection was also associated with tibial fractures (OR = 2.44: 95% CI 1.26 to 4.73), a higher Gustilo-Anderson grade (OR = 1.99: 95% CI 1.004 to 3.954), and contamination of the fracture (OR = 3.12: 95% CI 1.36 to 7.36). These individual effects are additive, which suggests that delayed debridement will have a clinically significant detrimental effect on more severe open fractures.

Delayed treatment appeared safe for grade 1 open fractures. However, when the negative prognostic factors of tibial site, high grade of fracture and/or contamination are present we recommend more urgent operative debridement.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:379–84.

Pain produced by the tourniquet is a common source of complaint for patients undergoing carpal tunnel decompression. Practice varies as to tourniquet position. There is little evidence to suggest benefit of one position over another. Our aim was to compare the experience of both the patient and the surgeon with the tourniquet placed either on the arm or the forearm.

Ethical approval was granted. Following power calculation and a significance level set at 0.05, 100 patients undergoing open carpal tunnel decompression under local anaesthetic were randomised to arm or forearm group. Visual Analogue Scores (VAS) (0–100) for pain, blood pressure and heart rate were taken at 2 minute intervals. The operating surgeon provided a VAS for bloodless field achieved and obstruction caused by the tourniquet.

The demographics of the groups was similar. There were no statistically significant differences in any measure between the groups.

Average tourniquet times were 8.8 minutes (forearm) and 8.2 minutes (arm). The average VAS score for forearm and arm was 13 and 11 respectively for bloodless field, 9 and 2 for obstruction. Average overall VAS for pain was 27 in each group, however interval VAS scores for pain were higher in the arm group. The average change Mean Arterial Pressure was −5 mmHg (forearm) −2 mmHg (arm) pulse rate was −1 bpm (forearm) and −2 bpm (arm).

Tourniquet placement on the arm does not result in significant difference in patient pain, physiological response or length of operation. Surgeons reported less obstruction and better bloodless fields with an arm tourniquet, however there was a trend for forearm tourniquet to result in less pain for the patient.

Introduction:

Plantar Fasciitis is an extremely common and challenging problem that presents itself to foot and ankle practitioners. Many different treatment modalities are available for this condition, with little proven benefit. ECSWT was approved for use by the FDA for the treatment of chronic proximal plantar fasciitis in 2002 and NICE published guidance in 2009 recommending its use in refractory cases.

Fractures of the odontoid peg are common spinal injuries in the elderly. This study compares the survivorship of a cohort of elderly patients with an isolated fracture of the odontoid peg versus that of patients who have sustained a fracture of the hip or wrist. A six-year retrospective analysis was performed on all patients aged > 65 years who were admitted to our spinal unit with an isolated fracture of the odontoid peg. A Kaplan–Meier table was used to analyse survivorship from the date of fracture, which was compared with the survivorship of similar age-matched cohorts of 702 consecutive patients with a fracture of the hip and 221 consecutive patients with a fracture of the wrist.

A total of 32 patients with an isolated odontoid fracture were identified. The rate of mortality was 37.5% (n = 12) at one year. The period of greatest mortality was within the first 12 weeks. Time made a lesser contribution from then to one year, and there was no impact of time on the rate of mortality thereafter. The rate of mortality at one year was 41.2% for male patients (7 of 17) compared with 33.3% for females (5 of 15).

The rate of mortality at one year was 32% (225 of 702) for patients with a fracture of the hip and 4% (9 of 221) for those with a fracture of the wrist. There was no statistically significant difference in the rate of mortality following a hip fracture and an odontoid peg fracture (p = 0.95). However, the survivorship of the wrist fracture group was much better than that of the odontoid peg fracture group (p < 0.001). Thus, a fracture of the odontoid peg in the elderly is not a benign injury and is associated with a high rate of mortality, especially in the first three months after the injury.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:88–93.

Introduction:

The routine use of posterior hip dislocation precautions is typically utilized postoperatively following total hip arthroplasty via a posterior surgical approach. This has included use of an abduction pillow and limiting adduction, internal rotation and flexion more than 90 degrees for a minimum of 6 weeks postoperatively. This may slow the course of rehabilitation, increase the length of hospital stay and the total cost of the procedure, and add additional anxiety to the patient. We conducted this study to see if posterior hip precautions are necessary after total hip arthroplasty via a posterior approach when the hip meets certain intraoperative criteria for stability.

We measured the tension in the interosseous membrane in six cadaveric forearms using an in vitro forearm testing system with the native radial head, after excision of the radial head and after metallic radial head replacement. The tension almost doubled after excision of the radial head during simulated rotation of the forearm (p = 0.007). There was no significant difference in tension in the interosseous membrane between the native and radial head replacement states (p = 0.09). Maximal tension occurred in neutral rotation with both the native and the replaced radial head, but in pronation if the radial head was excised. Under an increasing axial load and with the forearm in a fixed position, the rate of increase in tension in the interosseous membrane was greater when the radial head was excised than for the native radial head or replacement states (p = 0.02). As there was no difference in tension between the native and radial head replacement states, a radial head replacement should provide a normal healing environment for the interosseous membrane after injury or following its reconstruction. Load sharing between the radius and ulna becomes normal after radial head Replacement. As excision of the radial head significantly increased the tension in the interosseous membrane it may potentially lead to its attritional failure over time.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:1383–7.

Two knee arthroplasty implants with very different design principles were previously available in our region. Kinemax is PCL retaining with a fixed bearing and cemented components. LCS is PCL sacrificing, fully uncemented and incorporates a rotating bearing. The aim of this study was to compare the outcome of these two radically different knee designs.

Between 1994 and 2004, 300 consecutive patients were recruited and underwent a knee replacement performed by the senior author. Each patient was randomised via sealed envelopes to receive either LCS or Kinemax implants. All patients were followed up by an audit nurse and patient satisfaction and Knee Society Scores (KSSs) were recorded.

By 2012, 135 patients had complete data at a minimum of 10-years of follow-up. The remaining 165 had either died before 10-year review or had not reached the 10-year mark. No patient was lost to follow-up. There were 69 patients in the Kinemax group and 68 in the LCS group. The pre-operative demographics were not significantly different between the two groups.

At 10-years of follow-up, each implant design demonstrated significant improvements in the KSS (p=0.001 kinemax, p=0.001 LCS) over pre-operative values. No significant difference could be identified between the two designs at 10 years. There were only two revisions in the whole study population and both were for kinemax implants at less than five years post-operatively.

In conclusion, there was no statistically significant difference in outcome between the two radically different knee designs at ten years with both designs performing equally well.