Aim. Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) and periprosthetic fracture (PF) are one of the most devastating complications in arthroplasty. Each complication by itself is challenging to solve. Yet, simultaneously, both complications are inconceivably complex to deal with, while the treatment regimen of PJI and PF are contradictory. Chronic PJI most often requires implant removal, while PF requires stability, regularly achieved by stable osteosynthesis. This study aims to (1) analyse the success rate of PJI with following concomitant PF during the treatment course in total hip arthroplasties (THA) and (2) to determine the risk factors for reinfection and subsequent revision surgery after treatment of PJI and PF. Method. This restrospective study analyzed 41 patients with concomitant PJI and PF during the PJI treatment period from 2013 to 2022 involving THA. Patients were divided in two cohorts termed success and failure and were statistically compared. The median follow-up time was 66 months (>12 months). All patients were considered individually and treated according to their individual needs in fracture and infection treatment. Re-arthroplasty survival was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Relevant risk factors were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test or Chi-square, depending on the variable's scale. Results. The overall success rate of our cohort was 70,7%. Twelve patients required re-operation due to reinfection, resulting in a cumulative 12-month-reinfection rate of 19,5%. The estimated cumulative reinfection free survival rate was 68,3%. Significance in risk factors for failure were found in pathogen virulence grade, Difficult to treat pathogen and number of debridement during interval. On average the Harris Hip score was 66 in the group of reinfection compared to 77 in the group of success. Conclusions. Reoperation and re-infection rate remains high in patients with simultaneous PJI and PF in THA. Due to the heterogeneity of the fractures, soft tissue conditions and pathogens found, treatment must be individualised to salvage the limb. However, small cohorts impact the statistical strength negatively due to instances of two rare complications

Aim. Periprosthetic joint infection is an increasing reason for revision surgery. Tissue cultures are a standard (std.) diagnostic procedure but may be hindered by bacteria that are difficult to cultivate. The use of dithiothreitol (DTT) to detach the formed biofilm has been proposed to improve the diagnostic security. The aim was to compare the diagnosis results using the microDTTect device with the routine PJI diagnostics and next generation sequencing (NGS) from DTT treated explants. Method. 66 patients with revision surgeries were included in this study (38 aseptic; 28 septic). We compared std. microbiology tissue cultures with the microDTTect cultures of the DTT treated explants and NGS of bacterial DNA isolated from DTT solution. Results. In 75% of the septic cases, the std. microbiology was in line with the microDTTect cultures. In 8% of the aseptic cases, the microDTTect culture indicated a present pathogen. In 71% of the septic cases, NGS was compared to the std. microbiology and NGS. The concordance in the aseptic cohort between NGS and std. microbiology was 79%. Staphylococcus were most frequently detected by all three techniques Polymicrobial infections, were detected less frequently by culturing techniques, but with a high sensitivity using NGS. Conclusion. Our data indicate that tissue cultures show a similar reliability compared to the other techniques. The DTT culture method had a sensitivity of 75% while the specificity was 92%. NGS had a sensitivity of 71% and a specificity of 79%. These results may improve the treatment decision in clinical practice

Aim. National Joint Replacement Registries, which are important sources for periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) data, report an average PJI incidence ranging from 0.5 to 2.0%. Unfortunately, national registries including the Dutch Arthroplasty Register (LROI), are not specifically designed to register PJI. In the Netherlands, the LROI is a nationwide population-based registry with an overall completeness of more than 95%. 3. To ensure usability and reliability of PJI data from the LROI, it is important to evaluate the quality and completeness of these data. From 2013 onwards, eight hospitals in the South-East of the Netherlands, collected their PJI data in a detailed regional infection cohort (RIC), specifically designed for this purpose. This study aimed to determine the accuracy and completeness of PJI registration (hip and knee arthroplasty) in the LROI, by comparing the LROI with the RIC. Method. All patients registered with an acute PJI in the RIC between 2014–2018 were selected for the study and were matched with the LROI. According to the Workgroup of American Musculoskeletal Infections Society (MSIS), an acute PJI was defined as at least two phenotypically identical pathogens, isolated in cultures from at least two separate tissues, obtained from the affected peri-prosthetic tissue during the DAIR treatment (debridement, antibiotics, irrigation, and retention). Only PJI occurring within 90 days after primary hip or knee arthroplasty were included. The LROI data and completeness was based on the entered procedures and documented reason for revision infection, which was not specially based on the MSIS criteria. After checks on missing and incorrectly data, the completeness of registration in the LROI was calculated by comparing the number of registrations in the LROI with data from the RIC (gold standard). Results. Of the 639 primary total hip and knee arthroplasty with a suspected PJI registered in the RIC between 2014–2018, 352 cases met the definition of acute PJI. The overall incidence was 1%. When compared with the LROI, 164 of these cases were also registered in the LROI as PJI revision, resulting in a 53% underestimation of PJI for the LROI. Conclusions. LROI data on acute PJI shows a significant underestimation, which is comparable to scarce other literature sources. To ensure reliability and usability of national PJI data, a specifically part of the LROI has to be designed for registering PJI similar to the regional cohort

Background. The identification of novel biomarker which is highly specific and sensitive for periprosthetic joint (PJI) have the potential to improve diagnostic accuracy and ultimately improve patient outcomes. Thus, the aim of this systemic review is to identify and evaluate novel biomarkers for the preoperative diagnostics of PJI. Methods. MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed and Cochrane Library databases identified from 1. st. of January 2018 to 30. th. of September. 2022. We used “periprosthetic joint infection” OR “prosthetic joint infection” OR “periprosthetic infection” as the diagnosis of interest and the target index applied AND “marker”. To focus on novel biomarkers already used biomarkers of the established PJI diagnostic criteria of MSIS, ICM and EBJIS were not included in the analysis. These three criteria were considered the reference standard during quality assessment. Results. A total of 19 studies were included. In these, fourteen different novel biomarkers were analyzed. Fifteen studies (79%) had prospective designs and the other four (22%) were retrospective studies. Six studies (33%) included only periprosthetic knee infections and thirteen (67%) included periprosthetic knee and hip infections. Proteins were analyzed in most cases (nine studies), followed by molecules (three studies), exosome (two studies) as well as DNA (two studies), interleukin (one study) and lysosome (one study). One novel and promising marker that had been frequently analyzed is calprotectin. Conclusion. No marker demonstrated higher sensitivity and specificity than already known parameters used for standardized treatment based on established PJI definitions. Further studies are needed to elucidate the benefit and usefulness of implementing new biomarkers in diagnostic PJI settings

The management of periprosthetic distal femur fractures is an issue of increasing importance for orthopaedic surgeons. Because of the expanding indications for total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and an aging population with increasingly active lifestyles there has been a corresponding increase in the prevalence of these injuries. The management of these fractures is often complex because of issues with obtaining fixation around implants and dealing with osteopenic bone or compromised bone stock. In addition, these injuries frequently occur in frail, elderly patients, and the early restoration of function and ambulation is critical in these patients. There remains substantial controversy with respect to the optimal treatment of periprosthetic distal femur fractures, with some advocating for Locked Plating (LP), others Retrograde Intramedullary Nailing (RIMN) and finally those who advocate for Distal Femoral Replacement (DFR). The literature comparing these treatments, has been infrequent, and commonly restricted to single-center studies. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively evaluate a large series of operatively treated periprosthetic distal femur fractures from multiple centers and compare treatment strategies. Patients who were treated operatively for a periprosthetic distal femur fracture at 8 centers across North America between 2003 and 2018 were retrospectively identified. Baseline characteristics, surgical details and post-operative clinical outcomes were collected from patients meeting inclusion criteria. Inclusion criteria were patients aged 18 and older, any displaced operatively treated periprosthetic femur fracture and documented 1 year follow-up. Patients with other major lower extremity trauma or ipsilateral total hip replacement were excluded. Patients were divided into 3 groups depending on the type of fixation received: Locked Plating, Retrograde Intramedullary Nailing and Distal Femoral Replacement. Documented clinical follow-up was reviewed at 2 weeks, 3 months, 6 months and 1 year following surgery. Outcome and covariate measures were assessed using basic descriptive statistics. Categorical variables, including the rate of re-operation, were compared across the three treatment groups using Fisher Exact Test. In total, 121 patients (male: 21% / female: 79%) from 8 centers were included in our analysis. Sixty-seven patients were treated with Locked Plating, 15 with Retrograde Intramedullary Nailing, and 39 were treated with Distal Femoral Replacement. At 1 year, 64% of LP patients showed radiographic union compared to 77% in the RIMN group (p=0.747). Between the 3 groups, we did not find any significant differences in ambulation, return to work and complication rates at 6 months and 1 year (Table 1). Reoperation rates at 1 year were 27% in the LP group (17 reoperations), 16% in the DFR group (6 reoperations) and 0% in the RIMN group. These differences were not statistically significant (p=0.058). We evaluated a large multicenter series of operatively treated periprosthetic distal femur fractures in this study. We did not find any statistically significant differences at 1 year between treatment groups in this study. There was a trend towards a lower rate of reoperation in the Retrograde Intramedullary Nailing group that should be evaluated further with prospective studies. For any figures or tables, please contact the authors directly

Aim. Sepsis is a life-threatening complication of periprosthetic joint infections (PJI) that requires early and effective therapy. This study aims to investigate the epidemiology, associated risk factors, and outcome of sepsis in the context of periprosthetic joint infections (PJI). Method. This single-center retrospective cohort study included patients treated for PJI from 2017 to 2020. Patients were classified based on the criteria of the European Bone and Joint Infection Society. The presence of sepsis was determined using the SOFA score and SIRS criteria. The cohort with PJI and sepsis (sepsis) was compared to patients with PJI without sepsis (non-sepsis). Risk factors considered were patient characteristics, affected joints, surgical therapy, microbiological findings, preexisting medical conditions, clinical symptoms, and symptom duration. Outcome parameters were mortality, length of hospital stay, and length of stay in the intensive care unit. Results. A total of 109 patients with PJI were identified, of whom 45 patients (41.3%) met the criteria for sepsis. Patients with sepsis had more severe preexisting diseases compared with the non-sepsis cohort (Charlson Comorbidity Index 3.8 vs. 2.8; p≤0.001). An increased odds ratio (OR) for a septic course was found for the comorbidities pneumonia (8.2; p=0.001), myocardial infarction (2.0; p=0.02), atrial fibrillation (3.3; p=0.01), diabetes mellitus (1.2; p=0.04), endocarditis (5.5; p=0.01), and renal disease (2.0; p≤0.001). Infection with Staphylococcus aureus (sepsis 20 vs. non-sepsis 10; p=0.002), Streptococcus dysgalactiae (sepsis 7 vs. non-sepsis 2; p=0.002) and Candida albicans (sepsis 5 vs. non-sepsis 0; p=0.01) were more prevalent in patients with sepsis. In the sepsis cohort, further infectious foci were present in addition to PJI in 57.8% of patients, compared to 18.8% in the non-sepsis cohort. The presence of sepsis was associated with a longer hospital stay (sepsis 68 days vs. non-sepsis 38 days; p=0.001) and longer intensive care unit stay (sepsis 12 days vs. non-sepsis 2 days; p=0.001). In-hospital mortality was ten times higher in the sepsis cohort compared to non-septic patients (sepsis 11/42 vs. non-sepsis 2/64; OR 10.3; p=0.01). Conclusions. In a relevant proportion of patients, PJI can lead to a septic course of disease associated with increased mortality. Particularly in patients with preexisting diseases, increased attention is required, and comprehensive screening for other foci of infection seems mandatory. In addition to highly virulent pathogens such as staphylococci and streptococci, fungal infections should be considered as causative pathogens in septic patients with PJI

Aim. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a pre-formulated irrigation solution. 1. (containing ethanol, acetic acid, sodium acetate, benzalkonium chloride, and sterile water) compared to saline solution in managing acute periprosthetic joint infections (A-PJI) during Debridement, Antibiotic, and Implant Retention (DAIR) surgeries. The primary objective is to assess the healing rate using this solution. 1. versus saline in A-PJI patients, with “cure” defined by a set of criteria including no recurrence, wound issues, or need for ongoing suppressive antibiotics after 1 year. Principio del formularioFinal del formulario. Method. This single-center, randomized controlled trial will involve patients with acute periprosthetic infections undergoing standard DAIR surgery, divided into two groups: one receiving saline solution and the other receiving pre-formulated solution. 1. The study is single-blinded, with patients unaware of their group assignment. The study is registered at ISRCTN: https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN10873696. Inclusion criteria include patients over 18 with hip or knee prostheses suffering from acute or hematogenous periprosthetic infections, while exclusion criteria include a history of prior debridement or multiple infected implants, among others. Principio del formularioFinal del formulario A total of 50 subjects are needed for statistical significance, with a 5% dropout rate anticipated. An interim safety analysis will assess early effectiveness and adverse effects, and the results are presented in this study. Data will be managed in online databases and analyzed using SPSS software, with a significance level of p<0.05. Results. Twenty-four patients were eligible for analysis, twelve in each group. The overall average age was 75 years, and the gender distribution was predominantly female (9 F and 3 M in each group). No significant differences were found at the baseline characteristics level between the two groups (p>0.05). The minimum follow-up of 1 year was achieved in all cases except three due to deaths not related to periprosthetic infection. Regarding efficacy, a non-statistically significant difference was observed (p>0.05), with 58% in the serum group and 42% in the pre-formulated irrigation solution. 1. group (X. 2. = 0.17, p=0.683). The average hospital stay was 38.42 days (SD 26.32) in the pre-formulated irrigation solution group. 1. and 24.42 days (SD 18.72) in the serum group, with this difference being not significant (t=1.5, p=0.148). Conclusions. While the current analysis indicates no significant differences between both groups in terms of efficacy, the study's ongoing progress and the inclusion of a larger sample size could potentially yield more definitive results

Aim. Periprosthetic joint infections (PJI) are severe complications after total joint arthroplasty (TJA). Up to now, a gold standard in the diagnostics of PJI is missing. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are secreted by all types of cells and play a key role in immune response in presence of infection (1). In this prospective study, the diagnostic accuracy of sEVs in the synovial fluid to detect PJI of knee, hip and shoulder joints was investigated. We hypothesized increased surface markers of sEVs in PJI compared to aseptic complications (e.g. implant loosening, stress shielding related pain). Method. Synovial fluid from 48 patients with painful arthroplasty was examined. The distinction between aseptic and infectious cases was made on the basis of the 2018 Definition of Periprosthetic Hip and Knee Infection (2). 35 (72,9%) probands assigned to aseptic and 13 patients (27,1%) to PJI group. Immuno-fluorescence flow cytometry served to document the concentrations of CD9, CD63, CD66b, CD82 and HLA-DR on sEVs. Results. The concentration of CD9 surface marker on sEVs in synovial fluid was significantly lower (p=0.002) in PJI group than in aseptic group. In contrast, the levels of CD82 on sEVs in synovial fluid was significantly higher (p<0.0001) in the PJI group than in aseptic group. The concentrations of CD63, CD66b and HLA-DR on sEVs in synovial fluid did not differ significantly between the two cohorts (CD63: p=0.372; CD66b: p=0.634; HLA-DR: p=0.558). Conclusions. Overall, the significance of sEVs in the diagnostics of PJI is not well enough understood and the subject of current research and scientific discussion. Our data suggest, that CD82 and CD9 on sEVs in synovial fluid are promising biomarkers to differentiate between PJI and aseptic complications

Background. Increasing evidence suggests a link between the bearing surface used in total hip arthroplasty (THA) and the occurrence of infection. It is postulated that polyethylene has immunomodulatory effects and may influence bacterial function and survival, thereby impacting the development of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). This study aimed to investigate the association between polyethylene type and revision surgery for PJI in THA using data from the Australian Orthopaedic Association National Joint Replacement Registry (AOANJRR). We hypothesized that the use of XLPE would demonstrate a statistically significant reduction in revision rates due to PJI compared to N-XLPE. Methods. Data from the Australian Orthopaedic Association National Joint Replacement Registry (AOANJRR) spanning September 1, 1999, to December 31, 2021, were used to compare the infection revision rates between THA using N-XLPE and XLPE. We calculated the Cumulative Percentage Revision rate (CPR) and Hazard Ratio (HR) while controlling for factors like age, sex, body mass index (BMI), American Society of Anesthesiologists’ (ASA) grade, and head size. Results. From the total 361,083 primary THAs, 26,827 used N-XLPE and 334,256 used XLPE. Excluding data from the first 6 months post-surgery, 220 revisions occurred in the N-XLPE group and 1,055 in the XLPE group for PJI. The HR for infection revision was significantly higher in N-XLPE compared to XLPE, at 1.64 (95% CI, 1.41–1.90, p<0.001). Conclusions. This analysis provides evidence of an association between N-XLPE and revision for infection in THA. We suspect that polyethylene wear particles contribute to the susceptibility of THA to PJI, resulting in a significantly higher risk of revision for infection in N-XLPE hips compared to those with XLPE. Level of Evidence. Therapeutic Level III

Introduction. Management of Vancouver type B1 and C periprosthetic fractures in elderly patients requires fixation and an aim for early mobilisation but many techniques restrict weightbearing due to re-fracture risk. We present the clinical and radiographic outcomes of our technique of total femoral plating (TFP) to allow early weightbearing whilst reducing risk of re-fracture. Methods. A single-centre retrospective cohort study was performed including twenty-two patients treated with TFP for fracture around either hip or knee replacements between May 2014 and December 2017. Follow-up data was compared at 6, 12 and 24 months. Primary outcomes were functional scores (Oxford Hip or Knee score (OHS/OKS)), Quality of Life (EQ-5D) and satisfaction at final follow-up (Visual Analogue Score (VAS)). Secondary outcomes were radiographic fracture union and complications. Results. Mean OHS and OKS was 50.25, EQ-5D score was >4 for all modalities, VAS was 64.4/100. Radiographs demonstrated bony union in 58% at 3 months and 76% at 6 months. We identified no case of re-fracture however non-union occurred in 4 patients. No other operative complications were identified. Conclusion. These results suggest that TFP may be a safe, viable option for management of periprosthetic fractures around stable implants allowing the benefit of early weightbearing, satisfactory outcomes and low re-fracture risk

Aim. Although established serum inflammatory biomarkers, such as serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum white blood cell count (WBC), showed low accuracies in the literature, they are still commonly used in diagnosing periprosthetic joint infections (PJI). For a sufficient preoperative diagnosis novel more accurate serum parameters are needed. The aim of our study was to evaluate the performances of the established and novel routinely available serum parameters in diagnosing periprosthetic joint infections when using the proposed European Bone and Joint Infection Society (pEBJIS) criteria. Method. In this retrospective study, 177 patients with an indicated revision surgery after a total joint replacement were included from 2015 to 2019. The easily accessible and routinely available serum parameters CRP, WBC, the percentage of neutrophils (%N), the neutrophils to lymphocytes ratio (NLR), fibrinogen and the platelet count to mean platelet volume ratio (PC/mPV) were evaluated preoperatively. The performances were examined via receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis (AUC). The curves were compared using the z-test. Seventy-five cases (42%) showed a PJI based on the pEBJIS-criteria. Results. The sensitivities of serum CRP (cut-off: ≥10mg/L), WBC (≥10×10^9 cells/L), %N (≥69.3%), NLR(≥ 3.82), fibrinogen (≥ 457 mg/dL), and PC/mPV (≥ 29.4) were calculated with 68% (95% CI: 57–78), 36% (26 – 47), 66% (54 – 76), 63% (51 – 73), 69% (57 – 78), and 43% (32 – 54), respectively. Specificities were 87% (79 – 93), 89% (81 – 94), 67% (57 76), 73% (63 – 81), 89% (80 – 93), and 81% (72 – 88), respectively. Serum CRP and fibrinogen showed better performances than the other evaluated serum parameters (p<0.0001). The median serum CRP (17.6 mg/L) in patients with PJI caused by a low virulence microorganism was lower compared with infections caused by high virulence organisms (49.2 mg/L; p=0.044). Synovial fluid leucocyte count and histology showed better accuracies than serum CRP, serum WBC, %N, NLR, serum fibrinogen, and PC/mPV (p<0.0001). Conclusions. Although serum CRP and fibrinogen showed the best performances among the evaluated serum inflammatory markers, their results should be interpreted with caution in clinical practice. Serum parameters may remain normal in chronic infections or may be elevated in patients with other inflammatory conditions. In addition, they also correlated poorly with synovial fluid leukocyte count and histology. Therefore, serum parameters are still insufficient to confirm or exclude a periprosthetic joint infection. Hence, they can only be recommended as suggestive criteria in diagnosing PJI

Aims. Bacterial infection activates neutrophils to release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in bacterial biofilms of periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs). The aim of this study was to evaluate the increase in NET activation and release (NETosis) and haemostasis markers in the plasma of patients with PJI, to evaluate whether such plasma induces the activation of neutrophils, to ascertain whether increased NETosis is also mediated by reduced DNaseI activity, to explore novel therapeutic interventions for NETosis in PJI in vitro, and to evaluate the potential diagnostic use of these markers. Methods. We prospectively recruited 107 patients in the preoperative period of prosthetic surgery, 71 with a suspicion of PJI and 36 who underwent arthroplasty for non-septic indications as controls, and obtained citrated plasma. PJI was confirmed in 50 patients. We measured NET markers, inflammation markers, DNaseI activity, haemostatic markers, and the thrombin generation test (TGT). We analyzed the ability of plasma from confirmed PJI and controls to induce NETosis and to degrade in vitro-generated NETs, and explored the therapeutic restoration of the impairment to degrade NETs of PJI plasma with recombinant human DNaseI. Finally, we assessed the contribution of these markers to the diagnosis of PJI. Results. Patients with confirmed PJI had significantly increased levels of NET markers (cfDNA (p < 0.001), calprotectin (p < 0.001), and neutrophil elastase (p = 0.022)) and inflammation markers (IL-6; p < 0.001) in plasma. Moreover, the plasma of patients with PJI induced significantly more neutrophil activation than the plasma of the controls (p < 0.001) independently of tumour necrosis factor alpha. Patients with PJI also had a reduced DNaseI activity in plasma (p < 0.001), leading to a significantly impaired degradation of NETs (p < 0.001). This could be therapeutically restored with recombinant human DNaseI to the level in the controls. We developed a model to improve the diagnosis of PJI with cfDNA, calprotectin, and the start tail of TGT as predictors, though cfDNA alone achieved a good prediction and is simpler to measure. Conclusion. We confirmed that patients with PJI have an increased level of NETosis in plasma. Their plasma both induced NET release and had an impaired ability to degrade NETs mediated by a reduced DNaseI activity. This can be therapeutically restored in vitro with the approved Dornase alfa, Pulmozyme, which may allow novel methods of treatment. A combination of NETs and haemostatic biomarkers could improve the diagnosis of PJI, especially those patients in whom this diagnosis is uncertain. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2024;106-B(9):1021–1030

Aim. A substantial portion of periprosthetic joint infections (PJI) literature is comprised of observational studies. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines emphasize the importance of clearly defining variables and providing diagnostic criteria. Well-defined variables in these studies play a crucial role in ensuring data consistency, fostering comparability among studies, and laying a robust foundation for evidence-based decision-making. We aimed to determine the definition of these variables and determine the objectivity of the definitions. Method. We reviewed observational studies on hip or knee PJI that focused on variables and their association with treatment outcomes. The inclusion criteria comprised studies from Jan 2017 to Jan 2023. We focused on 13 variables that were possibly subjective. These were smoking, alcohol use, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, lung disease, rheumatoid arthritis, liver diseases, kidney diseases, cardiovascular diseases, malignancy, immunosuppression, use of antibiotics, and type of infection. The reviewers examined the text of the articles, along with any available online supplements or protocols, for definitions of the selected variables. We classified a definition as objective if there was the presence of time element, severity, staging, frequencies, laboratory cut-off, medication dependence, among others. Chart review was deemed subjective. Results. We included 75 studies in the analysis. The most common factors studied were diabetes mellitus (79%), cardiovascular disease, smoking history, and rheumatoid arthritis (47% each). The variables that were objectively defined most often were antibiotic use (100%) and type of infection (95%). Smoking history (16%) and alcohol use (20%) were the least frequently objectively defined variables. Further analysis revealed that a considerable number of studies incorporated variables into their primary analyses without clear definitions. For instance, out of the 59 studies where diabetes was considered a variable, 41 studies (70%) included diabetes in their main analyses as a factor for PJI treatment outcomes, despite only 34 studies having defined this variable. Moreover, of the 34 provided definitions of diabetes mellitus, only 12 provided objective criteria for diagnosis. The rest of the provided definitions relied on “chart review” without further specification. Table 1 outlines the proportion of studies with variables defined and included in their analysis. Conclusions. Study variables were not clearly defined in most of the observational studies raising concerns about the reproducibility and reliability of findings. Our study underscores the vital need for standardized variable definitions in PJI research. Professional societies may play a crucial role in setting standards for the definition of variables. For any tables or figures, please contact the authors directly

Aim. Predicting success of a Debridement, Antibiotics and Implant Retention (DAIR) procedure for Periprosthetic Joint Infection (PJI) remains a challenge. A failed DAIR might adversely affect the outcome of any future revision surgery for PJI. Hence, the ability to identify and optimise factors predictive of DAIR success would help target the procedure to the appropriate patient cohort and avoid unnecessary surgery for patients where a DAIR is unlikely to eradicate infection. Method. A retrospective review of our prospective Bone Infection Group database was performed to identify all patients who underwent a DAIR of their hip or knee arthroplasty. Diagnosis of PJI was confirmed using the Musculoskeletal Infection Society (MSIS) 2013 and the European Bone and Joint Infection Society (EBJIS) 2021 classification systems. DAIR surgery was grouped into “successful” or “unsuccessful” outcomes as per the MSIS working group outcome-reporting tool. Results. Sixty-Four consecutive patients with an acute PJI underwent a DAIR procedure between 2009 and 2020. Treatment was successful in 44 (69%). The chance of a successful DAIR was significantly greater if performed within one week of symptom onset compared to greater than one week duration (adjusted odds ratio (OR 0.11; p=0.027; 95% CI [0.02- 0.78]). The chances of a successful DAIR was not influenced by whether the surgeon was an arthroplasty or non-arthroplasty surgeon (OR 0.28; p=0.13; 95% CI [0.05- 1.48]). Isolated Streptococcus infection had a success rate of 100%; followed by Coagulasenegative Staphylococci 71% and Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus Aureus 65%. Polymicrobial infection had the worst outcome with a success rate of 47%. Conclusions. In our experience DAIR surgery performed within one week of symptom onset, significantly increased chances of successful infection eradication. Collaborative work is required to ensure arthroplasty patients access prompt appropriate surgical decision-making, remove barriers to early assessment and minimise delays to surgery

Background. The diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) remains a challenge in clinical practice and the analysis of synovial fluid (SF) is a useful diagnostic tool. Recently, two synovial biomarkers (leukocyte esterase (LE) strip test, alpha-defensin (AD)) have been introduced into the MSIS (MusculoSkeletal Infection Society) algorithm for the diagnosis of PJI. AD, although promising with high sensitivity and specificity, remains expensive. Calprotectin is another protein released upon activation of articular neutrophils. The determination of calprotectin and joint CRP is feasible in a routine laboratory practice with low cost. Purpose. Our objective was to evaluate different synovial biomarkers (calprotectin, LE, CRP) for the diagnosis of PJI. Methods. In this monocentric study, we collected SF from hip, knee, ankle and shoulder joints of 42 patients who underwent revision or puncture for diagnostic purposes. Exclusion criteria included a joint surgery in the previous 3 months and a diagnosis of a systemic inflammatory disease. PJI was diagnosed in a multidisciplinary consultation meeting (RCP) of the Reference Centers for Osteoarticular Infections of the Great West (CRIOGO). SF was analysed for LE, CRP and calprotectin. The cut-off values used were 50 mg/L for calprotectin, 8.8 mg/L for CRP and 125 WBC/µL for LE. The overall sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated for these different synovial markers. Results. Of the 42 patients included, 28 were considered as infected and 14 uninfected. The statistical parameters are presented in Table 1. Conclusion. The present study shows that the synovial calprotectin assay has an excellent sensitivity and a 100% NPV for the diagnosis of PJI, suggesting that a result < 50 mg/L could exclude PJI. This promising study suggests that calprotectin should be included with synovial CRP in a new decision algorithm for the diagnosis of PJI. For any tables or figures, please contact the authors directly

Aim. Dalbavancin is a novel second-generation lipoglycopeptide antibiotic with strong activity against many gram-positive bacteria and a prolonged half-life of 6–11 days. This allows a once-a-week intravenous application and therefore an outpatient intravenous therapy. Currently, only little is known about the use of Dalbavancin in Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). The aim of this retrospective study, was to compare the outcome of hip and knee periprosthetic joint infections (PJI) in patients who received dalbavancin (DAL) with patients which was treated by standard of care antimicrobial agents (SoC). Methods. Between 02/2017 and 02/2020 a total of 89 (42 male/47 female) patients with PJI of the hip 56/89 (62.9%) and knee 33/89 (37.1%) who received at least one dosage of Dalbavancin were included. A 1:1 propensity-score (PS) matching between the DAL-group (n=89) and the SoC-group (n=89) was performed, using defined demographic covariates such as body-mass-index, age, sex, causative pathogens, knee or hip joint and infection after primary or revision surgery, surgical site infections, Charlson-comorbidity index and the types of infection (acute, late acute and chronic). Patient's demographics were analysed by our prospectively maintained institutional arthroplasty registry and PJI database. We analysed the outcome of the included patients evaluate the re-infection and re-revision rate and gave details about surgical management and the type of PJI with a minimum follow-up of one year. Results. Microbiological and clinical successes were achieved in 69 (77.5%) patients of the DAL-group and in 66 (74.2%) patients of the SoC-group. In the DAL-group 13 (14.6%) and in the SoC-group 12 (13.5%) patients had an infection related re-revision. Median follow-up was 706 (369; 1310) days in the DAL-group and 1329 (9; 3,549) days in the SoC-group. Overall, polymicrobial infections were found in 20 procedures (DAL-group: 10; SoC-group: 10) and monomicrobial infections in 154 (DAL-group: 75; SoC-group: 79). Polymicrobial infections were found in 20 patients and monomicrobial infections in 154. The most common microorganisms were Staphylococcus epidermidis n=63 (32.3%), Staphylococcus aureus n=27 (13.8%) and Cutibacterium spp. n=22 (11.3%). There are significantly less Gram-positive microorganisms (p=0.034) after re-revisions in patients with DAL treatment. Conclusions. Dalbavancin has excellent safety and high clinical effectiveness for Gram-positive PJIs

Aims. Despite numerous studies on periprosthetic joint infections (PJI), there are no robust data on the risk factors and timing of metachronous infections. This study was performed to answer the following questions: 1) Is there any difference of manifestation time of metachronous PJIs between different localizations of multiple artificial joints? 2) Can we identify any specific risk factor for metachronous PJIs for different localizations of multiple artificial joints?. Methods. Between January 2010 and December 2018, 661 patients with more than one prosthetic joint at the time of PJI surgical treatment were recruited. Seventy-one developed metachronous PJI after a mean time interval of 101.4 months (range 37.5 to 161.5 months). The remaining patients were chosen as control group. The diagnosis of the PJI, including the metachronous PJI, was made according to the Muscoloskeletal Infection Society (MSIS) criteria. The metachronous infections were divided in group 1: metachronous infections in the same extremity (e.g. right hip and right knee); group 2: metachronous infections of the other extremity (e.g. right knee and left hip); group 3: metachronous infections of the lower extremity and upper extremity (e.g. right knee and left shoulder). Results. We identified 32 PJI cases in group 1, 38 in group 2 and 1 in group 3. Diabetes mellitus was found higher in the metachronous infections (p<0.05). Rate of same side infection was significantly higher compared to contralateral and upper and lower infection (p<0.05). Time interval of metachrononous infection development was faster in same-side infections. Same bacteria sample rate between primary PJI and metachronous PJI in same side infections (21/32) was significantly higher than in the contralateral PJI group (13/38, p<0.05). Conclusions. The current study underlined that the risk of metachronous infections are relatively high, particularly in the cases of prostheses on the same side

Aim. Mega-endoprosthesis over the last two decades have played a significant role in management of non-neoplastic cases for limb salvage for a variety of indications involving bone loss, infection, fracture and failed revision surgery. This is a retrospective case control study comparing outcomes of Mega-Endoprosthesis (MEP) in non-neoplastic cases with periprosthetic joint infections (PJI), with previous history of PJI and aseptic revision. Failure was defined as persistence/recurrence of infection, all cause revision, and antibiotic suppression during the follow up period. Secondary aims were identification of causative organisms, resistance profile and causative factors for revision surgery. Method. A total of 122 patients undergoing 133 MEPs were identified between January 2012 and December 2020. 60 procedures were categorised as group 1 (infection; 50%), 20 as group 2 (previous history of infection; 16.7%), and 53 controls (no infection; 44.2%). Mean age of the cohort was 70.97 years (37.16–94.17), with a mean follow-up of 44.5 months (0.2–179) including patients lost to follow up. Results. Overall failure rate was 71/133 53.3% (group 1 39/60 (55.56%), group 2 12/20 (60%) and controls 20/53 (37.7%)). Thirteen patients died in the first 2 years (five in group 1, one in group 2 & seven in controls). The most common postoperative infection was polymicrobial followed by Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus Species (CoNS) and Methicillin Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). Nineteen patients had polymicrobial PJI (Eighteen in group 1 and one in control). CoNS led to postoperative infection in Fifteen patients (six in group 1, five in group 2 and four in control group). MSSA was the pathogen in four patients (three in group-1 and one in the control group). The same organisms were responsible for recurrent infection in fourteen patients in group 1 and one patient in group 2. Limb salvage was achieved in 96.2% overall (95% group 1, 90% group 2, 100% control group). Conclusions. MEPs in the context of PJI have a significant risk of failure however they play an important role in limb salvage. Patients should be counselled appropriately prior to surgery

Aim. Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a devastating complication of total joint arthroplasty. While research has focused on developing better tests for disease diagnosis, treatment options have stayed relatively constant over the years with high failure rates ranging from 30%–50% and are due in part to the protective biofilm produced by some bacterial species. Current treatment options are compromised by the presence of biofilm, emphasizing the need for novel treatment strategies to be developed. Our group has developed a novel treatment (PhotothermAA) which has demonstrated in vitro its ability to target bacterial biofilm. The purpose of this study was to test this PhotothermAA technology in vivo in a rabbit model of PJI for its efficacy in eradicating biofilm. Method. Rabbits were fitted with a titanium implant into the tibial plateau and inoculated with 5×10. 6. CFU Xen36 (luminescent Staphylococcus aureus). At two weeks, rabbits underwent irrigation and debridement and treatment with PhotothermAA gel for two hours and subsequently laser heated using an 808 nm laser for 10 minutes. Gel was washed out and implant was removed for quantitative biofilm coverage analysis via scanning electron microscopy (SEM, n=3 for control and n=2 for PhotothermAA treated). Periprosthetic tissue was collected before and after treatment for toxicity studies via hemotoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and scored for necrosis by three blinded reviewers (n=5 per group). Student's t-test was used for statistical analysis. Results. Implants isolated after PhotothermAA gel treatment had less biofilm coverage on the surface of the implant compared to non-treated control via SEM analysis (36.9% vs. 55.2%, p<0.14). PhotothermAA gel treatment and subsequent laser treatment was not harmful to surrounding tissue as no increase in necrotic tissue was observed. Conclusions. PhotothermAA gel and laser treatment safely decreases biofilm coverage on infected knee implants in a rabbit PJI model

Aim. Periprosthetic joint infections follow 1-3% of arthroplasty surgeries, with the biofilm nature of these infections presenting a significant treatment challenge. 1. Prevention strategies include antibiotic-loaded bone cement; however, increases in cementless procedures means there is an urgent need for alternative local antimicrobial delivery methods. 2. A novel, ultrathin, silica-based sol-gel technology is evaluated in this research as an anti-infective coating for orthopaedic prosthetic devices, providing local antibiotic release following surgery. Method. Reduction in clinically relevant microbial activity and biofilm reduction by antimicrobial sol-gel coatings, containing a selection of antibiotics, were assessed via disc diffusion and microdilution culture assays using the Calgary biofilm device. 3. Proliferation, morphology, collagen, and calcium production by primary bovine osteoblasts cultured upon antibiotic sol-gel surfaces were examined, and cytotoxicity evaluated using Alamar blue staining and lactate dehydrogenase assays. Concentrations of silica, calcium and phosphorus compounds within the cell layer cultured on sol-gel coatings and concentrations eluted into media, were quantified using ICP-OES. Furthermore, cellular phenotype was assessed using alkaline phosphatase activity with time in culture. Results. Low antibiotic concentrations within sol-gel had an inhibitory effect on clinically relevant biofilm growth, for example 0.8 mg ml. -1. tobramycin inhibited clinically isolated S. aureus (MRSA) growth with an 8-log reduction in viable colony forming units. There was no significant difference in metabolic activity between untreated and sol-gel exposed primary bovine osteoblasts in elution-based assays. Reduction (2-fold) in metabolic activity in direct contact assays after 48 hours exposure was likely to be due to increased osteoinduction, whereas no impact upon cell proliferation were observed (p=0.92 at 14 days culture). The morphology of primary osteoblasts was unaffected by culture on sol-gel coatings and collagen production was maintained. Calcium containing nodule production within bovine osteoblastic cells was increased 16-fold after 14 days culture upon sol-gel. Conclusions. The ultrathin sol-gel coating showed low cytotoxicity, strong biofilm reducing activity and antimicrobial activity, which was comparable to antibiotics alone, demonstrating that sol-gel delivery of antibiotics could provide local antimicrobial effects to inhibit PJI growth without the need for bone cement. Future work will develop and evaluate sol-gel performance in an ex vivo explant bone infection model which will reduce the need for animal experimentation