Interscalene brachial plexus block is the standard regional analgesic technique for shoulder surgery. Given its adverse effects, alternative techniques have been explored. Reports suggest that the erector spinae plane block may potentially provide effective analgesia following shoulder surgery. However, its analgesic efficacy for shoulder surgery compared with placebo or local anaesthetic infiltration has never been established. We conducted a randomised controlled trial to compare the analgesic efficacy of pre-operative T2 erector spinae plane block with peri-articular infiltration at the end of surgery. Sixty-two patients undergoing arthroscopic shoulder repair were randomly assigned to receive active erector spinae plane block with saline peri-articular injection (n = 31) or active peri-articular injection with saline erector spinae plane block (n = 31) in a blinded double-dummy design. Primary outcome was resting pain score in recovery. Secondary outcomes included pain scores with movement; opioid use; patient satisfaction; adverse effects in hospital; and outcomes at 24 h and 1 month. There was no difference in pain scores in recovery, with a median difference (95%CI) of 0.6 (-1.9-3.1), p = 0.65. Median postoperative oral morphine equivalent utilisation was significantly higher in the erector spinae plane group (21 mg vs. 12 mg; p = 0.028). Itching was observed in 10% of patients who received erector spinae plane block and there was no difference in the incidence of significant nausea and vomiting. Patient satisfaction scores, and pain scores and opioid use at 24 h were similar. At 1 month, six (peri-articular injection) and eight (erector spinae plane block) patients reported persistent pain. Erector spinae plane block was not superior to peri-articular injection for arthroscopic shoulder surgery

Abstract. Objectives. To determine the effectiveness of LIA compared to ACB in providing pain relief and reducing opiates usage in hamstring graft ACL reconstructions. Materials and Methods. In a consecutive series of hamstring graft ACL reconstructions, patients received three different regional and/or anaesthetic techniques for pain relief. Three groups were studied: group 1: general anaesthetic (GA)+ ACB (n=38); group 2: GA + ACB + LIA (n=31) and group 3: GA+LIA (n=36). ACB was given under ultrasound guidance. LIA involved infiltration at skin incision site, capsule, periosteum and in the hamstring harvest tunnel. Analgesic medications were similar between the three groups as per standard multimodal analgesia (MMA). Patients were similar in demographics distribution and surgical technique. The postoperative pain and total morphine requirements were evaluated and recorded. The postoperative pain was assessed using the visual analogue scores (VAS) at 0hrs, 2hrs, 4hrs, weight bearing (WB) and discharge (DC). Results. There was no statistically significant difference in opiates intake amongst the three groups. When comparing VAS scores; there were no statistical difference between the groups at any of the time intervals that VAS was measured. However, the GA+LIA group hospital's LOS (m=2.31hrs, SD=0.75) was almost half that of GA+ACB group (m=4.24hrs, SD=1.08); (conditions t(72)=8.88; p=0.000). There was no statistical significance in the incidence of adverse effects amongst the groups. Conclusion. The LIA technique provided equally good pain relief following hamstring graft ACL reconstructions when compared to ACB, while allowing for earlier rehabilitation, mobilisation and discharge

Surgical site infections following orthopaedic surgery are a serious complication associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Intra-wound antibiotic powder may be able to provide infection prophylaxis locally with less systemic adverse effects, and promising results have been reported in systematic reviews of its use in spine surgery. This study aims to analyse the efficacy and adverse effect profile of intra-wound antibiotics in reducing surgical site infections in orthopaedic surgery for traumatic pelvic and lower limb fractures. A systematic review was conducted for studies reporting on the incidence of surgical site infections following administration of intra-wound antibiotic powder in pelvic and lower limb trauma surgery. Randomised controlled trials, cohort and case-control studies were included. A meta-analysis was conducted for deep surgical site infections. Seven studies were included in the systematic review including six retrospective case-control studies and one randomised controlled trial. Results of the meta-analysis suggest a potential 23% reduction in the odds of developing a deep surgical site infection in patients treated with intra-operative antibiotic powder compared with those managed with intravenous antibiotics alone (OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.52 – 1.13), although the results did not reach statistical significance. Notable selective bias against intra-wound antibiotics and suboptimal study design were found in the retrospective studies, however the randomised controlled trial reported a significant reduction in deep surgical site infections with intra-wound vancomycin powder. There were no reports of systemic adverse outcomes and minimal risk of wound complications with the use of intra-wound antibiotics. This review suggests the use of intra-wound antibiotic powder in pelvic and lower limb trauma surgery may reduce the incidence of deep surgical site infections. Further powered studies including randomised controlled trials are required to confirm the results highlighted in this study

In patients admitted to hospital with a hip fracture, urinary issues are common. Despite guidelines that recommend avoiding foley catheter usage when possible, it remains a common part of perioperative care. To date, there is no prospective data on the safety and satisfaction associated with catheter use in such cohort. The aim of this study was to evaluate the satisfaction of patients when using a foley catheter while they await surgery for their fractured hip and the safety associated with catheter use. In our prospectively collected database, 587 patients were admitted to our tertiary care center over a 1 year period. Most patients (328) were catheterized within the first 24h of admission, primarily inserted in ED. Of these patients, 119 patients (61 catheterized and 58 noncatheterized) completed a questionnaire about their perioperative management with foley catheter usage administered on day 1 of admission. This was used to determine satisfaction of catheter use (if catheterized) and pain levels (associated with catheterized or associated with transferring/voiding if not catheterized). Adverse effects related with catheter use included urinary tract infection (UTI) and post-operative urinary retention (POUR). Ninety-five percent of patients found the catheter to be convenient. Only 5% of patients reported any pain with catheter use. On the contrary, 47.5% of non-catheterized patients found it difficult to move to the bathroom and 30.4% found it difficult to urinate. Catheterized patients had significative less pain than uncatheterized patients (0.62/10 vs 2.45/10 respectively, p < 0 .001). The use of nerve block reduced pain levels amongst catheterized patients but was not associated with reduced pain levels or satisfaction amongst non-catheterized patients. The use of catheter was not associated with increased risk of UTI(17.5% in the catheterized vs 13.3% in the non-catheterized, p = 0.541) or POUR (6.8% in the catheterized vs 11.1% in the non-catheterized, p = 0.406). This study illustrates the benefits and safety associated with the use of urinary catheters in the pre-operative period amongst hip fractures. The use of catheters was associated with reduced pain and satisfaction without increasing post-operative UTI or POUR. These findings suggest that pre-operative catheter use is associated with less pain and more satisfaction for patients awaiting hip surgery and whom other measures, such as nerve blocks, are unlikely to reduce the discomfort associated with the mobility required to void. A prospective randomized control study could lead to a more evidence based approach for perioperative foley catheter usage in hip fracture patients

Ankle fractures are common orthopedic injuries, often requiring operative intervention to restore joint stability, improve alignment, and reduce the risk of post-traumatic ankle arthritis. However, ankle fracture surgeries (AFSs) are associated with significant postoperative pain, typically requiring postoperative opioid analgesics. In addition to putting patients at risk of opioid dependence, the adverse effects of opioids include nausea, vomiting, and altered mental status which may delay recovery. Peripheral nerve blocks (PNBs) offer notable benefits to the postoperative pain profile when compared to general or spinal anaesthesia alone and may help improve recovery. The primary objective of this quality improvement (QI) study was to increase PNB administration for AFS at our institution to above 50% by January 2021. A root cause analysis was performed by a multidisciplinary team to identify barriers for PNB administration. Four interventions were chosen & implemented: recruitment and training of expert anesthesiologists in regional anesthesia techniques, procurement of additional ultrasound machines, implementation of a dedicated block room with training to create an enhanced learning environment, and the development of an educational pamphlet for patients outlining strategies to manage rebound pain, instructions around the use of oral multimodal analgesia, and the potential for transient motor block of the leg. The primary outcome was the percentage of patients who received PNB for AFS. Secondary outcome measures included total hospitalization length of stay (LOS), post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) and 24-hour postoperative opioid consumption (mean oral morphine equivalent [OME]), proportion of patients requiring opioid analgesic in PACU, and proportion of patients experiencing post-operative nausea and/or vomiting (PONV) requiring antiemetic in PACU. Thirty-day post-operative emergency department (ED) visits were collected as a balance measure. The groups receiving PNB and not receiving PNB included 78 & 157 patients, respectively, with no significant differences in age, gender, or ASA class between groups. PNB administration increased from less than 10% to 53% following implementation of the improvement bundle. Mean total hospital LOS did not vary significantly across the PNB and no PNB groups (1.04 days vs. 1.42 days, P = 0.410). Both mean PACU and mean 24-hour postoperative opioid analgesic consumption was significantly lower in the PNB group compared to the no PNB group (OME in PACU 38.96mg vs. 55.42mg [P = 0.001]; 24-hour OME 44.74mg vs. 37.71mg [P = .008]). A greater proportion of patients in the PNB group did not require any PACU opioid analgesics compared to those in the no PNB group (62.8% vs. 27.4%, P < 0.001). The proportion of patients experiencing PONV and requiring antiemetic both in the PACU did not vary significantly across groups. Thirty-day postoperative ED visits did not vary significantly across groups. By performing a root cause analysis and implementing a multidisciplinary, patient-centered QI bundle, we achieved significant increases in PNB administration for AFS. As a result, there were significant improvements in the recovery of patients following AFS, specifically reduced use of postoperative opioid analgesia. This multi-faceted approach provides a framework for an individualized QI approach to increase PNB administration and achieve improved patient outcomes following AFS

Aims. The STRYDE nail is an evolution of the PRECICE Intramedullary Limb Lengthening System, with unique features regarding its composition. It is designed for load bearing throughout treatment in order to improve patient experience and outcomes and allow for simultaneous bilateral lower limb lengthening. The literature published to date is limited regarding outcomes and potential problems. We report on our early experience and raise awareness for the potential of adverse effects from this device. Methods. This is a retrospective review of prospective data collected on all patients treated in our institution using this implant. We report the demographics, nail accuracy, reliability, consolidation index, and cases where concerning clinical and radiological findings were encountered. There were 14 STRYDE nails implanted in nine patients (three male and six female) between June 2019 and September 2020. Mean age at surgery was 33 years (14 to 65). Five patients underwent bilateral lengthening (two femoral and three tibial) and four patients unilateral femoral lengthening for multiple aetiologies. Results. At the time of reporting, eight patients (13 implants) had completed lengthening. Osteolysis and periosteal reaction at the junction of the telescopic nail was evident in nine implants. Five patients experienced localized pain and swelling. Macroscopic appearances following retrieval were consistent with corrosion at the telescopic junction. Tissue histology was consistent with effects of focal metallic wear debris. Conclusion. From our early experience with this implant we have found the process of lengthening to be accurate and reliable with good regenerate formation and consolidation. Proposed advantages of early load bearing and the ability for bilateral lengthening are promising. We have, however, encountered concerning clinical and radiological findings in several patients. We have elected to discontinue its use to allow further investigation into the retrieved implants and patient outcomes from users internationally. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(6):1168–1172

Introduction. Metal-on-Metal (MoM) bearing surfaces were historically used for young patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty, and remain commonplace in modern hip resurfacing. In theory, it has been postulated that metal ions released from such implants may cross the placental barrier and cause harm to the fetus. In light of this potential risk, recommendations against the use of MoM components in women of child-bearing age have been advocated. The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate: 1) the Metal-on-Metal bearing types and ion levels found; 2) the concentrations of metals in maternal circulation and the umbilical cord; and 3) the presence of abnormalities in the fetus. Methods. A comprehensive literature review was conducted of studies published between January 1st, 1975 and April 1st, 2019 using specific keywords. (See Fig 1). We defined the inclusion criteria for qualifying studies for this review as follows: 1) studies that reported on the women who experienced pregnancy and who had a Metal-on-Metal hip implant; 2) studies that reported on maternal metal ions blood and umbilical cord levels; and 3) studies that reported on the occurrence of fetal complications. Data on cobalt and chromium ion levels in the maternal blood and umbilical cord blood, as well as the presence of adverse effects in the infant were collected. Age at parturition and time from MoM implant to parturition were also collected. A total of 6 studies were included in the final analysis that reported on a total of 21 females and 21 infants born. The mean age at parturition was 40 years (range, 24–41 years), and the mean time from MoM implantation to parturition was 47.2 months (range, 11–119 months). Results. Maternal blood cobalt levels were found as a weighted average of 33.94ug/L (0.972–143), while umbilical cord blood cobalt levels were found to be 22.07 ug/L(0.486–75). Cobalt levels were reduced by an average of 35% between maternal and umbilical cord blood. Maternal cord blood chromium levels were found as a weighted average of 9.25 ug/L (1–25), while umbilical cord chromium levels were found to be 1.30 ug/L(0.288–2.3). Chromium levels were reduced by an average of 86% between maternal and umbilical cord blood. No cobalt or chromium was detected in the umbilical cord blood of three patients. Out of the 21 infants born to women with MoM implants, 20 were born healthy with no adverse effects or complications. Conclusion. To date, there is a lack of consensus as to whether Metal-on-Metal hip arthroplasty implants are to be avoided in the child-bearing female population and whether it constitute a hazard to the fetus in-utero. Both chromium and cobalt ions were markedly reduced in levels when transitioning from maternal to cord blood. In particular, chromium showed a greater reduction on average than cobalt (86% vs. 35%). Based on the current evidence, there appears to be no correlation between the presence of metal ions in umbilical cord blood and complications, particularly congenital malformations in the fetus, as none of the infants experienced abnormalities uniquely attributable to the presence of metal ions. For any figures or tables, please contact the authors directly

Introduction. The STRYDE nail is an evolution of the PRECICE Intramedullary Limb Lengthening System, with unique features regarding its composition. It is designed for load bearing throughout treatment in order to improve patient experience and outcomes and allow for simultaneous bilateral lower limb lengthening. The literature published to date is limited with regards to both outcomes and potential issues. In this paper we report on our early experience and raise awareness for the potential of adverse effects from this device. Materials and Methods. This is a review of all patients treated in our institution using this implant. Data were prospectively recorded. We report on demographics, nail accuracy, reliability, consolidation index and cases where concerning clinical and radiological findings were encountered. Results. 14 Stryde nails were implanted in nine patients (three males and six females) between June 2019 and September 2020. Mean age at surgery was 33 years old (14–65 years old). Five patients underwent bilateral lengthening (two femoral and three tibial) and four patients unilateral femoral lengthening for multiple aetiologies. By the time of this report eight patients (13 implants) had completed lengthening. Osteolysis and periosteal reaction at the junction of the telescopic nail was evident in nine implants. Five patients experienced localised pain and swelling. Macroscopic appearances following retrieval were consistent with corrosion at the telescopic junction. Tissue histology was consistent with effects of focal metallic wear debris. Conclusions. From our early experience with this implant we have found the process of lengthening to be accurate and reliable with good regenerate formation and consolidation. Proposed advantages of early load bearing and the ability for bilateral lengthening are promising. We have, however, encountered cases with concerning clinical and radiological findings. We have elected to discontinue its use to allow further investigation into the retrieved implants and patient outcomes from users internationally

Introduction. Current methodologies for designing and validating existing THA systems can be expensive and time-consuming. A validated mathematical model provides an alternative solution with immediate predictions of contact mechanics and an understanding of potential adverse effects. The objective of this study is to demonstrate the value of a validated forward solution mathematical model of the hip that can offer kinematic results similar to fluoroscopy and forces similar to telemetric implants. Methods. This model is a forward solution dynamic model of the hip that incorporates the muscles at the hip, the hip capsule, and the ability to modify implant position, orientation, and surgical technique. Muscle forces are simulated to drive the motion, and a unique contact detection algorithm allows for virtual implantation of components in any orientation. Patient-specific data was input into the model for a telemetric subject and for a fluoroscopic subject. Results. For both stance and swing phase, the model predicted similar patterns and magnitudes compared to telemetry (forces) and fluoroscopy (kinematics). During stance phase, the model predicts 2.5 xBW of maximum hip force while telemetry predicts 2.3 xBW, yielding 8.7% error (Figure 1a). During swing phase, the model predicts 1.1 xBW maximum hip force, similar to telemetry (Figure 1b). During stance phase, the model predicts 1.3mm of hip separation (sliding) compared to 1.6mm for fluoroscopy, yielding 18.8% error (Figure 1c). During swing phase, the model predicts 1.9mm of separation compared to 1.7mm for fluoroscopy, yielding 11.8% error (Figure 1d). The model was also used to assess component placement, version, and optimal positioning compared to live surgery, producing very promising results. Conclusion. The model has proven accurate in predicting kinematics and forces. Therefore, forward solution mathematical modeling can be used to efficiently evaluate new component designs, positioning and technique differences, patient-specific scenarios, and any specific contribution towards THA outcomes that cannot be controlled in vivo. For any figures or tables, please contact the authors directly

The aim was to analyze whether non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have an adverse effect on bone healing by evaluating all available human randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on this subject. A systematic search of electronic databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, and Cross-References) was performed to identify RCTs comparing the occurrence of nonunion in patients who received NSAIDs to the control group. Risk of bias of the studies was assessed. Nonunion was the main outcome evaluated, however, regression analysis was used to estimate the relative risk comparing duration and type of NSAIDs. Six RCTs (609 patients) were included. The risk of nonunion was higher in the patients given NSAIDs after the fracture (P-value= 0.0009, relative risk [RR] = 2.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.6 to 6.3). However, once the studies have been categorized to the duration of NSAIDs, those who received short period of NSAIDs (4 weeks) (P-value = 0.0002, RR = 4.1, CI = 2.1 to 8). Also, indomethacin agent has associated with high nonunion (P-value = 0.0001, RR = 3.9, CI = 2.3 to 13.9) compared to other NSAIDs which did not show a nonunion risk (P-value = 0.24, RR = 2.3, CI = 0.6 to 8.9). Using NSAIDs for long period (> 4 weeks) after fracture is significantly associated with nonunion especially with indomethacin agent. However, short period of NSAIDs (< 2 weeks) did not show the adverse effects of nonunion. Overall, further studies are required to support our conclusion

Essex-Lopresti injuries are often unrecognized acutely with resulting debilitating adverse effects. Persistent axial forearm instability may affect load transmission at both the elbow and wrist, resulting in significant pain. In the setting of both acute and chronic injuries metallic radial head arthroplasty has been advocated, however there is little information regarding their outcome. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of a radial head arthroplasty to address both acute and chronic Essex-Lopresti type injuries. A retrospective review from 2006 to 2016 identified 11 Essex-Lopresti type injuries at a mean follow-up of 18 months. Five were diagnosed and treated acutely at a mean of 11 days (range, 8 to 19 days) from injury, while 6 were treated in a delayed fashion at a mean of 1.9 years (range, 2.7 months to 6.2 years) from injury with a mean 1.5 (range, 0 to 4) prior procedures. The cohort included 10 males with a mean age was 44.5 years (range, 28 to 71 years). A smooth stem, modular radial head arthroplasty was used in all cases. Outcomes included range of motion and radiographic findings such as ulnar variance, capitellar erosion, implant positioning and implant lucency using a modification of the method described by Gruen. Reoperations, including the need for ulnar shortening osteotomy, were also recorded. Three patients in each group (55%) reported persistent wrist pain. The mean ulnar variance improved from +5 mm (range, 1.8 to 7 mm) to +3.7 mm (range, 1 to 6.3 mm) at the time of final follow-up or prior to reoperation. Three (50%) patients in the chronic group underwent a staged ulnar shortening osteotomy (USO) to correct residual ulnar positive variance and to manage residual wrist pain. There were no reoperations in the acute group. Following USO, the ulnar variance in those three cases improved further to +3.5, +2.1, and −1.1 mm. No radial head prostheses required removal. Capitellar erosion was noted in five (45%) elbows, and was rated severe in one, moderate in two, and mild in two. Lucency about the radial head prosthesis stem was noted in eight (73%) cases, and rated as severe in 2 (18%), based on Gruen zones. Treatment of acute and chronic Essex-Lopresti lesions with radial head arthroplasty often results in persistent wrist pain. In the chronic setting, a planned USO was often necessary to restore axial forearm stability after radial head arthroplasty. Essex-Lopresti lesions represent a rare clinical entity that are difficult treat, particularly in the chronic setting. Early recognition and management with a smooth stem modular radial head arthroplasty may provide improved outcomes compared to chronic reconstruction

Purpose of the study:. Recent literature raised concern on the adverse effects, incidence of pseudo tumours and raised blood and urine Chromium and Cobalt levels in patients with a metal on metal articulation. The purpose of this study was to follow up a cohort of patients that received a metal on metal total hip replacement with minimum follow up of ten years and to compare the results with the literature. Methods:. All the available patients that underwent metal on metal total hip replacements during 1999 to 2000 with a minimum follow up of 10 years were clinically examined and evaluated with the Harris Hip Score; X-rays; Full Blood Count; CRP; LFT; U, K & E; blood and urine Chromium and Cobalt levels and Ultrasonic examination of the hip. The ultrasound was done by an independent experienced ultrasonographist in each case to exclude pseudo tumours or fluid collections. The patients were clinically examined to try and find any adverse effects of the metal on metal articulation. Results:. We found one patient that had a revision of the femoral component for a peri-prosthetic fracture retaining the metal on metal articulation that subsequently developed loosening and a pseudo tumour. The remaining patients had excellent Harris Hip Scores and their implants showed no osteolysis or radiological signs of loosening. Conclusion:. Despite the recent concern we obtained good results after ten year follow up with metal on metal prosthesis. However we do recommend careful selection of patients, detailed attention to surgical technique and close follow up when considering metal on metal articulation. Patients should be counselled about the possibility of tissue reaction to the bearing surface and possible future revision surgery

Optimising post-operative joint function is challenging when treating periarticular soft tissue sarcoma (STS). Radiotherapy reduces local recurrence rates but periarticular fibrosis may adversely affect joint function. Neo-adjuvant radiotherapy requires lower doses and smaller treatment volumes and therefore has potential benefits for the management of periarticular STS, but may lead to an increased risk of post-operative wound complications. This study assesses initial outcome and complications after treatment with neo-adjuvant radiotherapy and surgery for patients with periarticular STS. 17 patients treated with neo-adjuvant radiotherapy and surgery were identified. 3D conformal radiotherapy was delivered at a single centre with a dose of 50Gy in 25 fractions over 5 weeks. Patients were assessed weekly for adverse effects. Resection was planned 4–6 weeks after radiotherapy. Median follow-up was 13 months (range 5–44 months). No patients had significant adverse effects during radiotherapy. One patient had surgery delayed due to local skin reaction. Minor complications in five patients (three superficial infections, one seroma, one neuropraxia). One patient required further surgery due to incomplete margins. TESS scores for upper and lower limb patients were 86.1 and 78.1 respectively. No cases of local recurrence have occurred to date. Two patients have developed distant metastatic disease. The early results for periarticular STS managed with neo-adjuvant radiotherapy and surgery are excellent. There does not appear to be a significant increase in post-operative complication rates. With neo-adjuvant radiotherapy. Long term follow-up is required to demonstrate final functional outcome and local control rates

Aim. Infection is one of the worst complications following total joint arthroplasty, which is often associated with significant morbidity and increased medical costs. Although Gram–positive bacteria remains the most prevalent causative agents, an increase in prosthetic joint infections (PJI) due to gram-negative bacteria (GNB) has been reported. Additionally, the emergence of multidrug resistant resistance (MDR) in GNB impacts the therapeutic options and may increase the rate of treatment failure and drug toxicity adverse effects due the prescription of harmful and toxics antimicrobial schemes. The purpose of the present study was to describe the predisposing factors associated to PJI caused by MDR-GNB in a specialized orthopedic reference hospital in Brazil from 2014 through 2018. Method. Retrospective case-control analysis of patients treated for MDR-GNB PJI over a four-year period (2014–2018). Data were collected from medical, surgical and laboratory records. PJI were defined according the criteria of MSIS. MDR was defined as non-susceptibility to at least one agent in three or more antimicrobial categories. Patients with prosthetic infection with at least two positive tissue cultures for MDR-GNB were selected. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to determine the independent risk factors associated with MDR-GNB PJI. Controls: patients with PJI with at least two positive tissue culture for non MDR- GNB. Results. A total of 104 patients were selected, 59 patients in the MDR-GNB PJI group and 44 in the control. Patients with MDR-GNB PJI were elderly (mean age of 68.36), distribution among sex was similar (49.2% female and 50.8% male) and 72.3% had one or more comorbidities. Most frequently identified comorbidities were diabetes (10.2%), malnutrition (5.5%), hypertension (4.7 %) and obesity (3.9%). Hip replacement accounted for 91.5% of the cases and 59.3% were revision arthroplasty. The mean time between the placement of the prothesis and the onset of PJI signs and symptoms was 438 days. In the univariate regression, the significant risk factors for MDR-GNB PJI were revision arthroplasty, alcoholism, nonelective arthroplasty, prior antimicrobial use, presence of concomitant infection and blood transfusion. However, in the multivariate analysis, prior use of antimicrobials (OR 9.31, CI95% 3.02–28.64) and the nonelective arthroplasty (OR 6.29, CI95% 1.75–22.6) remained as independent risk factors for MDR-GNB PJI. Conclusions. Previous use of antimicrobial and nonelective arthroplasty are important risk factors for PJI by GNB MDR

Background. Opiate abuse is a rapidly growing epidemic in the US, and orthopaedic surgeons are among the highest prescribers. While surgeons have relied heavily on opiates after total hip replacement (THR), our goal was to determine whether a multimodal pain regimen could improve pain control and reduce or even obligate the need for opiates. Methods. In a cluster-randomised, crossover trial, we assigned 235 patients undergoing THR to receive either a multimodal pain regimen with a minimal opiate supply (Group A- 10 tablets only), a conventional multimodal regimen (Group B- 60 tablets), or a traditional opiate regimen without multimodal therapy (Group C- 60 tablets). Clusters were determined by surgeon, with each cluster alternating between regimens in 4-week intervals. The multimodal pain regimen comprised standing-dose acetaminophen, meloxicam, and gabapentin. Primary outcomes were VAS pain and daily opiate use for the first 30 days postoperatively. Secondary outcomes included daily assessments of satisfaction, sleep quality, and opiate-related symptoms, hip function at 1-month, and 90-day adverse events. Results. Daily pain was significantly lower in both multimodal groups, Group A (Coeff −0.81, p=0.003) and Group B (Coeff −0.61, p=0.021). While daily opiate utilization and duration of use was also lower for both Group A (Coeff −0.77, p=0.001) and Group B (Coeff −0.30, p=0.04) compared with Group C, Group A also had significantly lower daily opiate use than Group B (Coeff −0.46, p=0.002), and few prescription refills were required in any group. Opiate-related symptoms, in particular fatigue, were significantly lower in Group A compared to Group C (p=0.005), but Group B and C did not differ (p=0.13). Additionally, both multimodal regimens improved satisfaction and sleep, and there was no difference in hip function or adverse events. Conclusions. While a multimodal pain regimen after THR improved pain control and decreased opiate utilization, patients also receiving a minimal opiate supply had a much greater reduction in opiate use and, consequently, fewer opiate-related adverse effects. It's time to rethink traditional approaches to pain management after elective surgery

Tranexamic acid (TXA) is an effective medication to limit blood loss and transfusion requirements in association with contemporary total joint arthroplasty. TXA is in a class of medications termed anti-fibrinolytics due to their action to limit the breakdown of clot that has already been formed. It is useful to note that TXA does not promote the formation of clot, it simply limits the breakdown of already established clot. A recent systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials of TXA use in total hip replacement demonstrated: 1) a substantial reduction in the proportion of patients who required transfusion and 2) no increase in DVT or PE. Similarly a recent Cochrane Database systematic review assessed Anti-fibrinolytic Use for Minimizing Perioperative Blood Transfusion and found tranexamic acid to be effective in reducing blood loss during and after surgery and to be free of serious adverse effects. In orthopaedic surgery varying doses have been used over time. A pragmatic dosing approach for Total Knee and Total Hip patients has been used at the Mayo Clinic over the past 16 years: 1 gram IV over 10 minutes prior to incision (delivered at same time as pre-op antibiotics) followed by 1 gram IV over 10 minutes at the time wound closure is initiated. Infusion rates greater than 100 mg/minute have been associated with hypotension and thus the recommendation for 1 gram over 10 minutes. A recent review of 1500 TKA patients at Mayo Clinic revealed a very low prevalence of clinically symptomatic DVT and PE when tranexamic acid was used with 3 different thromboembolic prophylaxis regimens (aspirin and foot pumps; coumadin; low molecular weight heparin). The safety of TXA for patients with coronary stents has not been fully clarified

Introduction. Clinically relevant attributes of an orthopedic bearing material include its strength, oxidative stability, and wear resistance. Recent reductions in bearing wear and oxidation have been realized by crosslinking (HXLPE), and through the incorporation of α-tocopherol (VE). VE infusion has improved the oxidative stability of HXLPE in vitro [1] and in vivo (as evidenced by retrievals) [2]. However, concern has been raised that adding VE may increase the frictional torque of bearings, potentially increasing the risk of trunnionosis [3]. This study compares the 3D frictional torques of HXLPE vs Vitamin-E HXPLE, against 28 mm and 36 mm metal and ceramic heads. Methods. Samples were made from prints for commercially available Ringloc liners (Biomet, IN). The HXLPE group was made from ArCom XL, and the VE-HXLPE was made from E1 HXLPE (Biomet, IN). Femoral heads were of cobalt chrome (ASTM F1537), or ceramic (Biolox Delta™). Testing was performed at EndoLab®, Germany. An ISO 14242–1 compliant six-station simulator and 3D gait cycle was utilized. During the cycle, the abduction/adduction range was −4°/+7°, the flexion/extension was +25°/-18°, and the external/internal rotation was −10°/+2°. Testing was performed at 37±2 °C, at 1 Hz, and with a maximum dynamic load of 3.0 kN. Lubrication medium was calf serum, EDTA, and antibiotics diluted in DI water (30 g/l of protein). Measurements were averaged across 5 cycles after 120 completed cycles of motion, and after 200 cycles. Analysis was performed using Minitab with multiple 2-way ANOVAs, with a p=0.05 significance threshold. Results. There was a statistically significant effect from head size (p≤0.0005). 36 mm heads exhibited higher torque (4.25±0.31 Nm, 200 cycles) than the 28 mm heads (2.90±0.08 Nm). There was no statistically significant effect (p≥0.409, all outputs) from head type (metal vs ceramic). In the 36 mm groups, there was no statistically significant effect (p≥0.300, all outputs) from the liner material (HXLPE vs VE-HXLPE). Within the metal head groups, the inclusion of VE statistically significantly decreased (p≤0.018, all outputs) the average mean frictional torques by 8.07±4.6%. Conclusion. A larger head size increased the frictional torque. In the metal head groups the infusion of VE decreased the frictional torque, and VE did not statistically significantly change the torque in the ceramic groups. A previous report found that VE increased torque [3], but evidence herein does not support that conclusion. Limitations of the previous study include; use of a simplified rotation torque method, non-physiologic lubrication, lack of statistical analysis, unknown implant design, and unknown VE concentration and processing methods. Based on these results, no adverse clinical effects are anticipated due to VE-associated changes in frictional torque. Short-to-mid-term clinical results have not shown any adverse effects [4]

Tranexamic acid (TXA) is an effective medication to limit blood loss and transfusion requirements in association with contemporary total joint arthroplasty. TXA is in a class of medications termed anti-fibrinolytics due to their action to limit the breakdown of a clot that has already been formed. It is useful to note that TXA does not promote the formation of a clot, it simply limits the breakdown of already established clots. A recent systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials of TXA use in total hip replacement demonstrated: 1) a substantial reduction in the proportion of patients who required transfusion and 2) no increase in DVT or PE. Similarly a recent Cochrane Database systematic review assessed Anti-fibrinolytic Use for Minimizing Perioperative Blood Transfusion and found tranexamic acid to be effective in reducing blood loss during and after surgery and to be free of serious adverse effects. In orthopaedic surgery, varying doses have been used over time. A pragmatic dosing approach for Total Knee and Total Hip patients has been used at the Mayo Clinic over the past 16 years: 1 gram IV over 10 minutes prior to incision (delivered at same time as pre-operative antibiotics) followed by 1 gram IV over 10 minutes at the time wound closure is initiated. Infusion rates greater than 100 mg/minute have been associated with hypotension and thus the recommendation for 1 gram over 10 minutes. A recent review of 1500 TKA patients at Mayo Clinic revealed a very low prevalence of clinically symptomatic DVT and PE when tranexamic acid was used with 3 different thromboembolic prophylaxis regimens (aspirin and foot pumps; coumadin; low molecular weight heparin). The safety of TXA for patients with coronary stents has not been fully clarified

Aim. Prosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a much feared complication to arthroplasty with significant patient morbidity. Rifampin is increasingly used in staphylococcal PJIs treated with debridement and retention of the prosthesis. The evidence supporting rifampin combination therapy in PJIs is limited due to the lack of controlled studies. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of adding rifampin to conventional antimicrobial therapy in early staphylococcal PJIs treated with debridement and retention. Method. In this multicentre randomized controlled trial, 99 patients with PJI after hip and knee arthroplasties were enrolled. All patients underwent a standardized surgical debridement. 65 patients had PJI caused by staphylococci and further included in the study. They were randomly assigned to receive rifampin or not in addition to standard antimicrobial therapy with cloxacillin, or vancomycin in case of methicillin resistance. They received parenteral antibiotics for two weeks, then oral antibiotics for 4 weeks. In case of methicillin resistance, vancomycin was administered i.v. for 6 weeks. The primary end point was no signs of infection after 2 wears follow-up. Results. 48 patients were included in the final analyses. There were no differences in patient characteristics or co-morbidities between the two groups. There was no significant difference in remission rate between the rifampin combination group (17 of 23 (74%)) and the monotherapy group (18 of 25 (72%), relative risk 1,03; 95% confidence interval 0,73 to 1,45, p=0.88). Five patients aborted the rifampin treatment because of adverse effects and continued with monotherapy. All five had complete remission. These patients were not included in the final analysis. Conclusions. Our study has not proven a statistically significant advantage by adding rifampicin to the antibiotic treatment in staphylococcal PJIs. Bigger studies on the subject are needed. Our good success rate raises the question whether the standardized revision surgery is the key to success in these infections rather than rifampin

Hip displacement is the second most common deformity in children with cerebral palsy (CP). A displaced, and particularly a dislocated hip, can have significantly adverse effects on an individual. Surgical intervention to correct progressive hip displacement or dislocation is recommended for children with CP. Success of surgical intervention is often described using radiological outcomes. There is evidence that surgical treatment for displaced or dislocated hips decreases pain and hip stiffness and improves radiological outcomes. However, there is no information in the literature regarding the impact of surgical treatment on the health related quality of life (HRQOL) in these children. The aim of our study was to examine the impact of surgical treatment of hip displacement or dislocation on HRQOL in children with CP. This prospective longitudinal cohort study involved children attending a tertiary care hospital orthopaedic department. Children with CP between the ages of 4 and 18 years, with hip displacement/dislocation, defined as a Reimer's migration percentage (MP) of >40% on a pre-operative x-ray, and undergoing surgical reconstruction were eligible for inclusion. Quality of life was measured pre-operatively and post-operatively using the CPCHILD Questionnaire. Twelve patients (one child was GMFCS level III, 4 were level IV, and 7 were level V), aged 4.0 to 17.3 years, were assessed pre-operatively and then again at least six months post-operatively. All underwent unilateral (5) or bilateral (7) reconstructive hip surgery. The migration percentage of hips undergoing reconstruction was reduced by an average of 52% (9–100%). The average change in CPCHILD score showed an increase of 6.4 points [95% CI: −1.4–14.2]. In this pilot study, no significant change was noted in HRQOL following reconstructive hip surgery, despite a marked reduction in Reimer's MP. However, only 4 of 12 parents reported that their child had daily pain pre-operatively. A larger sample size will be required to draw more accurate conclusions from these findings. There is an evident need for a multicentre study examining this issue in a larger patient population in order to determine the long-term impact of different hip interventions on quality of life in children with CP