Guidelines published by the British Association of Spine Surgeons (BASS) and Society of British Neurological Surgeons (SBNS) recommend urgent MRI imaging and intervention in individuals suspected of having CES. The need for an evidence based protocol is driven by a lack of 24/7 MRI services and centralisation of neurosurgery to tertiary centres, compounded by CES's significant medico-legal implications. We conducted an audit to evaluate the pathway for suspected CES in BCUHB West between 2018 and 2021. A retrospective audit of patients managed for suspected CES between 01/11/2018 and 01/05/2021 was performed, using the SBNS/BASS guidelines as the standard.Objective
Methods
Knee varus malalignment increases medial knee compartment loading and is associated with knee osteoarthritis (OA) progression and severity1. Altered biomechanical loading and dysregulation of joint tissue biology drive OA progression, but mechanistic links between these factors are lacking. Subchondral bone structural changes are biomechanically driven, involve bone resorption, immune cell influx, angiogenesis, and sensory nerve invasion, and contribute to joint destruction and pain2. We have investigated mechanisms underlying this involving RANKL and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), which reflect bone resorption and mineralisation respectively3 and the axonal guidance factor Sema3A. Sema3A is osteotropic, expressed by mechanically sensitive osteocytes, and an inhibitor of sensory nerve, blood vessel and immune cell invasion4. Sema3A is also differentially expressed in human OA bone5.HYPOTHESIS: Medial knee compartment overloading in varus knee malalignment patients causes dysregulation of bone derived Sema3A signalling directly linking joint biomechanics to pathology and pain. Synovial fluid obtained from 30 subjects with medial knee OA (KL grade II-IV) undergoing high tibial osteotomy surgery (HTO) was analysed by mesoscale discovery and ELISA analysis for inflammatory, neural and bone turnover markers. 11 of these patients had been previously analysed in a published patient-specific musculoskeletal model6 of gait estimating joint contact location, pressure, forces, and medial-lateral condyle load distribution in a published data set included in analyses. Data analysis was performed using Pearson's correlation matrices and principal component analyses. Principal Components (PCs) with eigenvalues greater than 1 were analysed.Abstract
OBJECTIVE
METHODS
Virtual fracture clinics (VFC's) aim to reduce the number of outpatient appointments while improving the clinical effectiveness and patients experience through standardisation of treatment pathways. With 4.6% of ED admissions due to trauma the VFC prevents unnecessary face to face appointments providing a cost savings benefit to the NHS. This project demonstrates the importance of efficient VFC process in reducing the burden on the fracture clinics. We completed preformed a retrospective cross-sectional study, analysing two cycles in May (n=305) and September (n=332) 2021. We reviewed all VFC referrals during this time assessing the quality of the referral, if they went on to require a face to face follow up and who the referring health care professional was. Following the cycle in May we provided ongoing education to A&E staff before re-auditing in September.Introduction
Methods
This study aimed to examine the effect of high tibial osteotomy (HTO) on the ankle and subtalar joints via analysis of static radiographic alignment. We hypothesised that surgical alteration of the alignment of the proximal tibia would result in compensatory distal changes. 35 patients recruited as part of the wider Biomechanics and Bioengineering Centre Versus Arthritis HTO study between 2011 and 2018 had pre- and postoperative full-length weightbearing radiographs taken of their lower limbs. In addition to standard alignment measures of the limb and knee (mechanical tibiofemoral angle, Mikulicz point, medial proximal tibial angle), additional measures were taken of the ankle/subtalar joints (lateral distal tibial angle, ground-talus angle, joint line convergence angle of the ankle) as well as a novel measure of stance width. Results were compared using a paired T-test and Pearson's correlation coefficient. Following HTO, there was a significant (5.4°) change in subtalar alignment. Ground-talus angle appeared related both to the level of malalignment preoperatively and the magnitude of the alignment change caused by the HTO surgery; suggesting subtalar positioning as a key adaptive mechanism. In addition to compensatory changes within the subtalar joints, the patients on average had a 31% wider stance following HTO. These two mechanisms do not appear to be correlated but the morphology of the tibial plafond may influence which compensatory mechanisms are employed by different subgroups of HTO patients. These findings are of vital importance in clinical practice both to anticipate potential changes to the ankle and subtalar joints following HTO but it could also open up wider indications for HTO in the treatment of ankle malalignment and osteoarthritis.
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a useful method for analysing human motion data. The objective of this study was to use PCA to quantify the biggest variance in knee kinematics waveforms between a Non-Pathological (NP) group and individuals awaiting High Tibial Osteotomy (HTO) surgery. Thirty knees (29 participants) who were scheduled for HTO surgery were included in this study. Twenty-eight NP volunteers were recruited into the study. Human motion analysis was performed during level gait using a modified Cleveland marker set. Subjects walked at their self-selected speed for a minimum of 6 successful trials. Knee kinematics were calculated within Visual3D (C-Motion). The first three Principal Components (PCs) of each input variable were selected. Single-component reconstruction was performed alongside representative extremes of each PC to aid interpretation of the biomechanical feature reconstructed by each component.Abstract
Objectives
Methods
Exploring the relationship of gait function pre and post total knee replacement (TKR) in two groups of patients. Three-dimensional gait analysis was performed at Cardiff University, UK, and Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden, on 29 and 25 non-pathological (NP) volunteers, and 39 and 28 patients with end-stage knee osteoarthritis (OA), respectively. Patients were assessed pre and one-year post-TKR. Data reduction was performed via Principal Component (PC) analysis on twenty-four kinematic and kinetic waveforms in both NP and pre/post-TKR. Cardiff's and Karolinska's cohorts were analysed separately. The Cardiff Classifier, a classification system based on the Dempster-Shafer theory, was trained with the first 3 PCs of each variable for each cohort. The Classifier classifies each participant by assigning them a belief in NP, belief in OA (BOA) and belief in uncertainty, based on their biomechanical features. The correlation between patient's BOA values (range: 0–1, 0 indicates null BOA and 1 high BOA) pre and post-TKR was tested through Spearman's correlation coefficient in each cohort. The related-samples Wilcoxon signed-rank test (α=0.05) determined the significant changes in BOA in each cohort of patients. The Mann-Whitney U test (α=0.05) was run to explore differences between the patients’ cohorts.Abstract
Objectives
Methods
Noise induced hearing loss (NIHL) is a common cause of preventable deafness in adults and exposure to loud noise at work is a significant risk factor for its development. In order to protect the hearing of workers in the U.K., the Health and Safety Executive (HSE), on behalf of the Department for Work and Pensions, established the Control of Noise at Work Regulations (2005). The objectives of this study were to define the levels of noise exposure for the surgeon, assistant, scrub nurse and anaesthetist during total hip and knee arthroplasty surgery. In addition, we sought to determine whether the noise exposure during these procedures reaches or exceeds the action values set out by the U.K. Noise at Work Regulations (2005). To our knowledge no real-time assessment of personal noise exposure has been performed simultaneously on multiple members of the theatre team during arthroplasty surgery. Individual noise exposure during arthroplasty hip and knee surgery was recorded using a personal noise dosemeter system model 22 (DM22) (Pulsar instruments, Filey, U.K.). Recordings were taken real-time during five separate theatre sessions. Each theatre session included two arthroplasty procedures and lasted approximately 4hrs. Personal noise exposure was expressed in terms of peak sound pressure and an average noise exposure over an 8-hour time-period to reflect the noise experienced by the ear over a working day. In all three sessions involving total hip replacement surgery the peak sound pressure, for the operating surgeon, exceeded the exposure action values set out by the U.K. Noise at Work Regulations. Theatre sessions involving total knee replacement surgery did not exceed any exposure action values. The peak sound pressures experienced during total hip replacement surgery are too high and mandate that the surgeon should be provided with appropriate hearing protection. In addition, if the upper exposure action value is routinely exceeded then the theatre should be designated a hearing protection zone.
Exploring the association of objective lower limb function pre and post total knee replacement (TKR). 3D gait analysis was performed on 28 non-pathological participants (NP) and 40 patients with advanced knee osteoarthritis (OA) before and approximately one year after TKR. For NP and OA patients pre/post-TKR, 12 waveforms on kinetic and kinematic variables of the operative side were chosen to perform data reduction through Principal Component (PC) Analysis. The Cardiff Classifier, a classification system based on Dempster-Shafer theory, was trained with the first 3 PCs of each variable. The 18 highest-ranking PCs classifying the biomechanical features of each participant as Belief in Healthy, Belief in OA (BOA) or Belief in Uncertainty were used to quantify biomechanical changes pre- to post-TKR. The correlation between patients’ BOA values (range: 0 to 1, 0 indicates null BOA and 1 high BOA) pre- and post-TKR was tested through Spearman's correlation coefficient. Wilcoxon matched-pair test (α<0.05) determined the significance of the change in BOA.Abstract
Objectives
Methods
Valgus high tibial osteotomy (HTO) represents an effective treatment for patients with medial compartment osteoarthritis (OA) in a varus knee. However, the mechanisms which cause this clinical improvement are unclear. Previous studies suggest a wider stance gait can reduce medial compartment loading via reduction in the external knee adduction moment (KAM); a measure implicated in progression of medial compartment OA. This study aimed to measure whether valgus HTO is associated with a postoperative increase in static stance width. 32 patients, recruited in the Biomechanics and Bioengineering Centre Versus Arthritis HTO study, underwent valgus (medial opening wedge) HTO. Weightbearing pre- and post- operative radiographs were taken showing both lower limbs. The horizontal distance, measured from a fixed point on the right talus to the corresponding point on the left, was divided by the talus width to give a standardised “stance width” for each radiograph. The difference between pre- and post- operative stance width was compared for each patient using a paired sample t-test.Abstract
OBJECTIVES
METHODS
Explore whether high tibial osteotomy (HTO) changes knee contact forces and to explore the relationship between the external knee adduction moment (EKAM) pre and 12 months post HTO. Three-dimensional gait analysis was performed on 17 patients pre and 12-months post HTO using a modified Cleveland marker-set. Tibiofemoral contact forces were calculated in SIMM. The scaled musculoskeletal model integrated an extended knee model allowing for 6 degrees of freedom in the tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joint. Joint angles were calculated using inverse kinematics then muscle and contact forces and secondary knee kinematics were estimated using the COMAC algorithm. Paired samples t-test were performed using SPSS version 25 (SPSS Inc., USA). Testing for normality was undertaken with Shapiro-Wilk. Pearson correlations established the relationships between EKAM1 to medial KCF1, and EKAM2 to medial KCF2, pre and post HTO.Abstract
Objective
Methods
Robotic-assisted technology in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) aims to increase implantation accuracy, with real-time data being used to estimate intraoperative component alignment. Postoperatively, Perth computed tomography (CT) protocol is a valid measurement technique in determining both femoral and tibial component alignments. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of intraoperative component alignment by robotic-assisted TKA through CT validation. A total of 33 patients underwent TKA using the MAKO robotic-assisted TKA system. Intraoperative measurements of both femoral and tibial component placements, as well as limb alignment as determined by the MAKO software were recorded. Independent postoperative Perth CT protocol was obtained (n.29) and compared with intraoperative values. Mean absolute difference between intraoperative and postoperative measurements for the femoral component were 1.17 degrees (1.10) in the coronal plane, 1.79 degrees (1.12) in the sagittal plane, and 1.90 degrees (1.88) in the transverse plane. Mean absolute difference between intraoperative and postoperative measurements for the tibial component were 1.03 degrees (0.76) in the coronal plane and 1.78 degrees (1.20) in the sagittal plane. Mean absolute difference of limb alignment was 1.29 degrees (1.25), with 93.10% of measurements within 3 degrees of postoperative CT measurements. Overall, intraoperatively measured component alignment as estimated by the MAKO robotic-assisted TKA system is comparable to CT-based measurements.
Orthopaedic surgeons are exposed to high levels of noise when performing common surgical procedures. Noise induced hearing loss (NIHL) has been demonstrated amongst senior orthopaedic staff. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of hearing loss amongst arthroplasty surgeons compared to non-surgical clinicians and explore the factors associated with hearing loss. A cross-sectional prevalence study. Arthroplasty surgeons and non-surgical clinicians were recruited from orthopaedic and medical conferences. All participants were given a paper questionnaire including demographic details, hearing history and Tinnitus and Hearing Survey (THS). All participants were screened for hearing loss in a quiet room using the HearCheck Screener™ (Siemens, UK). Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with hearing loss. All statistical models were adjusted for age, gender, smoking status and personal noise exposure. A power calculation estimated a sample size of 100 participants.Background
Methods
COVID-19 has changed the practice of orthopaedics across the globe. The medical workforce has dealt with this outbreak with varying strategies and adaptations, which are relevant to its field and to the region. As one of the ‘hotspots’ in the UK , the surgical branch of trauma and orthopaedics need strategies to adapt to the ever-changing landscape of COVID-19. Adapting to the crisis locally involved five operational elements: 1) triaging and workflow of orthopaedic patients; 2) operation theatre feasibility and functioning; 3) conservation of human resources and management of workforce in the department; 4) speciality training and progression; and 5) developing an exit strategy to resume elective work. Two hospitals under our trust were redesignated based on the treatment of COVID-19 patients. Registrar/consultant led telehealth reviews were carried out for early postoperative patients. Workflows for the management of outpatient care and inpatient care were created. We looked into the development of a dedicated operating space to perform the emergency orthopaedic surgeries without symptoms of COVID-19. Between March 23 and April 23, 2020, we have surgically treated 133 patients across both our hospitals in our trust. This mainly included hip fractures and fractures/infection affecting the hand.Aims
Methods
The intra-operative diagnosis of Prosthetic Joint Infection (PJI) is a dilemma requiring intra-operative sampling of suspicious tissues for frozen section, deep tissue culture and histopathology to secure a diagnosis. Alfa defensin-1 testing has been introduced as a quick and reliable test for confirming or ruling out PJI. This study aims to assess its intra-operative reliability compared to the standard tests. Twenty patients who underwent revision hip and knee arthroplasty surgery were included. Patients joint aspirate was tested intra-operatively with the Synovasure kit, which takes approximately ten minutes for a result. Our standard protocol of collecting 5 deep tissue samples for culture and one sample for histopathology was followed. Results for Alfa defensin-1 test were then compared with final culture and histopathology results in all these patients.Introduction
Methods
Revision total hip arthroplasty is a complex procedure and becoming more common. Acetabular implant loosening or fracture has previously been treated with a cup and cage construct. Recent studies have shown significant failure rates with Cup Cage constructs in more complex 3B and 3C Acetabular revisions. As a result the use of 3D printed custom made acetabular components has become more common. We present 5 cases with severe acetabular bone loss that were treated with 3D printed acetabular components. The components were manufactured by OSSIS medical in New Zealand. The patient's original femoral stem was retained in all cases. Pre operatively the implant design was approved by the arthroplasty team prior to final manufacture. Implants were provided with a sterilisable model used intraoperatively for reference.Introduction
Method
Despite improvement in implants and surgical techniques up to 20% of Total Knee Arthroplasty TKA patients continue to report dissatisfaction. The ATTUNE Knee System was designed to provide better patellar tracking and stability through the mid-range of flexion and therefore improve patient outcomes and satisfaction. The aims of this study were to assess patient outcomes in a consecutive series of ATTUNE TKA and ensure early results were comparable to other TKA systems in Australia.Introduction
Aims
The magnitude and pattern of acceptable migration in clinically successful cementless stems is not well understood. Radiostereometric analysis (RSA) is a well-recognised method of assessing implant migration. Previous studies have reported long term RSA results for cemented stems. The aim of this study was to assess the long-term migration characteristics of the Corail hydroxyapatite-coated cementless stem at 10 years using RSA. A prospective cohort of 30 patients undergoing primary total hip arthroplasty for primary hip osteoarthritis were enrolled into a study to characterise the migration behaviour of a cementless stem. Tantalum markers were attached to the stem and placed in the bone intraoperatively, allowing for RSA measurements to be taken in vivo. Previous 5-year results have been presented. A total of 14 patients (total 15 hips, one bilateral) with mean age 82 years (range, 69–92 years) underwent repeat long-term RSA radiographs at minimum 10 years post op. The mean time to follow up was 13.9 years (range, 13.3–14.4 years). The RSA radiographs were analysed to assess for implant rotation and translation.Introduction & aims
Method
Focal cartilage defects (FCDs) found in medial and lateral compartments of the knee are accompanied with patient-reported pain and loss of joint function. There is a deficit of evidence to explain why they occur. We hypothesise that aberrant knee joint loading may be partially responsible for FCD pathology, therefore this study aims to use 3-dimensional motion capture (MoCap) analysis methods to investigate differences in gait biomechanics of subjects with symptomatic FCDs. 11 subjects with Outerbridge grade II FCDs of the tibiofemoral joint (5 medial compartment, 6 lateral compartment) and 10 non-pathological controls underwent level-gait MoCap analysis using an infra-red camera (Qualisys) and force-plate (Bertec) passive marker system. 6-degree of freedom models were generated and used to calculate spatio-temporal measures, and frontal and sagittal plane knee, hip and ankle rotation and moment waveforms (Visual 3D). Principle component analysis (PCA) was used to score subjects based on common waveform features, and PC scores were tested for differences using Mann-Whitney tests (SPSS). No group differences were found in BMI, age or spatio-temporal measures. Medial-knee FCD subjects experienced higher (p=0.05) overall knee adduction moments (KAMs) compared to controls. Conversely, lateral-knee FCD subjects found lower (p=0.031) overall KAMs. Knee flexion and extension moments (KFMs/KEMs) were relatively reduced (p=0.013), but only in medial FCD subjects. This was accompanied by a significantly (p=0.019) higher knee flexion angle (KFA) during late-stance. KAMs have been shown to be predictive of frontal plane joint contact forces, and therefore our results may be reflective of FCD subjects overloading their respective diseased knee condyles. The differences in knee sagittal plane knee moments (KFMs/KEMs) and angles (KFA) seen in medial FCD subjects are suggestive of gait adaptations to pain. Overall these results suggest treatments of FCDs should consider offloading the respective affected condyle for better surgical outcomes.
Total knee arthroplasty is associated with early postoperative pain. Appropriate pain management is important to facilitate postoperative rehabilitation and positive functional outcomes. This study compares outcomes in TKA with three techniques; local infiltration analgesia, single shot femoral nerve block and intrathecal morphine. Forty-five patients undergoing elective primary Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) with were randomized into one of three groups in a double blind proof of concept study. Study arm 1 received local infiltration analgesia ropivacaine intra-operatively, an elastomeric device of ropivacaine for 24 hours post-op. Study arm 2 received a femoral nerve block of ropivacaine with placebo local infiltration analgesia and placebo intrathecal morphine. Study arm 3 received intrathecal morphine, placebo femoral nerve block and placebo local infiltration analgesia. All patients received standardized pre-operative, intraoperative and Post-operative analgesic medication. Participants were mobilized at 4 hrs, 24hrs and 48 hrs post operation. Range of Motion, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) pain intensity scores and two minute walk test and Timed Up and Go test were performed. Postoperative use of analgesic drugs was recorded. Knee Society Score (KSS), Oxford Knee Score and Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) were completed at preoperative and 6 weeks post op. Preliminary results of 32 participants convey the positive outcomes after total knee replacement demonstrated by the improvement in Oxford Knee Score and Knee Osteoarthritis Outcome score. There are marked improvements in the 2-minute walk tests at the six week time-point. At day one post-operative only 5 participants were unable to walk. Patient-controlled analgesia was used on 5 occasions on day one, 2 of which continued on day two. Sedation scores were recorded in six participants on day one and 2 on day two. Nausea was reported in 5 cases on day one and 9 on day two. Urinary catheter was needed in 5 cases on day one. Importantly the study remains blinded, therefore an analysis of the three study arms is not available and is therefore currently difficult to report on the statistical significance. There will be further assessment of the efficacy of analgesia using VAS pain scores, analgesia consumption and side effects collected preoperatively, 0–24hrs and 24–48 hours postoperatively between the three randomized groups. The assessment of functional outcomes will be measured between the three groups by comparing the ability to mobilize the first 4 hrs after surgery, maximal flexion and extension, two minute walk test and timed up-and-go preoperatively, on postoperative day 1 and 2 and 6 weeks.Methods
Results
Patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty have expected blood loss during and after surgery. The current literature remains inconclusive in regards to which surgical instrumentation techniques in total knee arthroplasty are effective in minimising peri-operative blood loss. The primary objective of this retrospective review of a prospective randomized cohort study is to compare surgical and patient factors and their influence on blood loss and transfusions rates between one type of Patient Specific Instrumentation (PSI) (SignatureTM), Navigated Computer-Assisted Surgery (CAS) and Conventional Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) surgical techniques. 128 matched patients (38 SignatureTM, 44 CAS, 46 Conventional surgeries) were compared. Pre-operative factors were analysed including; age, gender, Body Mass Index (BMI), pre-operative hemoglobin (g/L), International Normalized Ratio (INR), use of anticoagulants and co-morbid bleeding diathesis. Maximal hemoglobin drop were compared on Day 1 to 3, as well as, transfusion requirement. Peri-operative factors were collected including; surgical time, tourniquet time, drain output, insitu drain time, order of tibia or femoral cut and intra-operative loss from suction.Introduction
Method
Total knee arthroplasty is associated with early postoperative pain. Appropriate pain management is important to facilitate postoperative rehabilitation and positive functional outcomes. This study compares outcomes in TKA with three techniques; local infiltration analgesia, single shot femoral nerve block and intrathecal morphine. Forty-five patients undergoing elective primary Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) with were randomized into one of three groups in a double blind proof of concept study. Study arm 1 received local infiltration analgesia ropivacaine intra-operatively, an elastomeric device of ropivacaine for 24 hours post-op. Study arm 2 received a femoral nerve block of ropivacaine with placebo local infiltration analgesia and placebo intrathecal morphine. Study arm 3 received intrathecal morphine, placebo femoral nerve block and placebo local infiltration analgesia. All patients received standardized pre-operative, intraoperative and Post-operative analgesic medication. Participants were mobilized at 4 hrs, 24hrs and 48 hrs post operation. Range of Motion, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) pain intensity scores and two minute walk test and Timed Up and Go test were performed. Postoperative use of analgesic drugs was recorded. Knee Society Score (KSS), Oxford Knee Score and Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) were completed at preoperative and 6 weeks post op.Background
Methods
Total hip replacement (THR) is a very common procedure performed for the treatment of osteoarthritis of the hip. The aim of THR is to restore function and quality of life of the patients, by restoring femoral offset, leg length, centre of rotation, and achieving stability, to avoid dislocation postoperatively. We aimed to perform preoperative assessment of femoral offset on anteroposterior (AP) radiographs of the hip, and on corresponding CT scans, for patients undergoing primary THR. Patients were positioned according to a standardised protocol prior to obtaining radiographs of the hip and CT scan. Inter- and intra-observer reliability was evaluated between 3 observers of differing levels of seniority – an orthopaedic trainee, a fellow, and a consultant. CT scan measurements of offset were performed by one consultant radiologist. The researchers measuring radiographic offset were blinded to the results of the CT measurements.Introduction
Method
Shoulder impingement syndrome (SIS) is a common debilitating condition, treated across multiple health disciplines including Orthopaedics, Physiotherapy, and Rheumatology. There is little consistency in diagnostic criteria with ‘Shoulder impingement syndrome’ being used for a broad spectrum of complex pathologies. We assessed patterns in diagnostic procedures for SIS across multiple disciplines. This is a systematic review of electronic databases MEDLINE, PubMed, The Cochrane Library, Embase, Scopus and CINAHL five years of publications, January 2009 - January 2014. Search terms for SIS included subacromial impingement syndrome, subacromial bursitis. Searches were delimited to articles written in English. The PRISMA guidelines were followed. Two reviewers independently screened all articles, data was then extracted by one reviewer and twenty percent of the extraction was independently assessed by the co-reviewer. Studies included were intervention studies examining individuals diagnosed with SIS and we were interested in the process and method used for the diagnosis.Background
Methods
There are conflicting views when assessing the best imaging modality by which to assess long leg alignment pre and post operatively for patients’ receiving primary total hip replacements. It has been a long standing standard that long-leg radiographs are used for measuring and interpreting alignment of the lower limb, but recently it has been suggested that CT imaging may be a better option for this assessment. Patients awaiting total knee replacement surgeries were invited to participate in this clinical trial. 120 participants’ consented and completed both pre and post-operative long-leg radiographs, and lower limb CT scans. Long leg radiographs were analysed and measured by senior orthopaedic surgeons pre and post-operatively, while CT scans were analysed using the perth protocol method by trained radiologists. Mechanical alignment of the lower limb was calculated using both imaging modalities, the CT “scout” scan was used for the measurement of the mechanical alignment. Pre-operatively the patients had their imaging performed between 1 year and 1 week pre-operatively, and following surgery their imaging was standardised to 6 months post-operatively. For long leg radiographs, patients were asked to stand with their feet shoulder width apart and toes forward facing (on occasion deformities would not allow for this stance, and they were asked to adopt this stance to the best of their ability).Introduction
Methods
Alignment and soft tissue balance are two of the most important factors that influence early and long term outcome of total knee arthroplasty. Current clinical practice involves the use of plain radiographs for preoperative planning and conventional instrumentation for intra operative alignment. The aim of this study is to assess the SignatureTM Personalised system using patient specific guides developed from MRI. The SignatureTM system is used with the VanguardRComplete Knee System. This system is compared with conventional instrumentation and computer assisted navigation with the Vanguard system. Patients were randomised into 3 groups of 50 to either Conventional Instumented Knee, Computer Navigation Assisted Knee Arthroplasty or Signature Personalised Knee Arthoplasty. All patients had the Vanguard Total knee Arthroplasty Implanted. All patients underwent Long leg X-rays and CT Scans to measure Alignment at pre-op and 6 months post-op. All patients had clinical review and the Knee Society Score (KSS) at 1 year post surgery was used to measure the outcome. A complete dataset was obtained for 124 patients. There were significant differences in alignment on Long leg films ot of CT scan with perth protocol. Notably the Signature group had the smallest spread of outliers. In conclusion the Signature knee system compares well in comparison with traditional instrumentation and CAS Total Knee Arthroplasty.
Safety and efficacy of novel prostheses relies on the determination of early implant migration and subsequent risk of loosening. Radiostereometric Analysis (RSA) has been used to evaluate the clinical failure risks of femoral stems by reporting distal migration, a measure of stem subsidence, when examining early migration characteristics. The migratory patterns of femoral stems, 24 months postoperatively, have provided a surrogate outcome measure to determine implant stabilisation and predict long-term performance and survivorship. RSA assessed femoral stem migration and provided comparison of the early migration characteristics with published data of a clinically established counterpart. Twenty five patients undergoing primary total hip arthroplasty were implanted with a hydroxyapatite-coated femoral stem. The median age was 65 years (range, 43–75 years). During surgery tantalum markers were attached onto the distal tip and shoulder of the stem. Eight tantalum markers were inserted into the femur, four placed in each of the greater and lesser trochanter. RSA examinations were performed postoperatively at 4 to 5 days, 6, 12 and 24 months. Eleven patients who had complete RSA follow-up as well as the valid data from five patients were analysed to determine the movement of the femoral stem relative to the femur and were compared to the published data of a clinically established counterpart.Background
Methods
Inter- and intra-observer variation has been noted in the analysis of radiographic examinations with regard to experience of surgeons, and the monitors used for conducting the evaluations. The aim of this study is to evaluate inter/intra observer variation in the measurement of mechanical alignment from long-leg radiographs. 40 patients from the elective waiting list for TKA underwent long leg radiographs pre-operatively and 6 months post-operatively (total of 80 radiographs). The x-rays were analysed by 5 observers ranging in experience from medical student to head orthopaedic surgeon. Two observers re-analysed their results 6 months later to determine intraobserver correlation, and one observer re-measured the alignment on a different monitor. These measurements were all conducted blindly and none of the observers had access to the others’ results. 80 radiographs were analysed in total, 40 pre-op and 40 post-op. The mechanical alignment was analysed using Pearson's correlation (r = 0 no agreement, r = 1 perfect agreement) and revealed that experience as an orthopaedic surgeon has little effect on the measurement of mechanical alignment from long leg radiograph. The results for the different monitor analysis were also analysed using Pearson's correlation of long leg alignment. Monitor quality does seem to affect the correlation between alignment measurements when reviewing both intra and inter observer correlation on different computer monitors. Surgical experience has little impact on the measurement of alignment on long leg radiographs. Of greater concern is that monitors of different resolution can affect measurement of mechanical alignment. As there might be a range of monitors in use in different institutions, and also in outpatient clinics to surgical theatres, close attention should be paid to the implications of these results.
Risk factors for poor outcomes after total knee replacement (TKR) have been identified, but the underlying causes are not fully understood. The aim of this research was to establish the relationship between measurable gait parameters and patients' subjective function, pre and post total knee replacement. 25 subjects underwent gait analysis, before and one year following total knee replacement. Patient reported function was investigated using the Activities of Daily Living Scale of the Knee Outcome Survey (KOS). Gait analysis was performed using infrared cameras and reflective marker clusters. Correlation between motion analysis data and patient reported function was investigate. Whilst multiple gait parameters correlated with KOS score preoperatively, there was no correlation after TKR. Three preoperative measurements correlated with the improvement in score a subject achieved following surgery: These were preoperative rate of extension in swing, total range of flexion from heel strike and time point of maximum stance extension. Our results suggest that whilst preoperatively there is a close relationship between knee biomechanical function and patient reported function, after TKR factors other than biomechanical function determine patient outcomes.
Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) aims to deliver relief from pain and restore normal function. Unfortunately, a significant cohort of patients report poor outcomes. Synovial fluid metabolite concentrations at surgery predict outcome of TKA, assessed by a validated measure.Introduction
Hypothesis
High tibial Osteotomy (HTO) realigns the forces in the knee to slow the progression of osteoarthritis. This study relates the changes in knee joint biomechanics during level gait to glutamate signalling in the subchondral bone of patients pre and post HTO. Glutamate transmits mechanical signals in bone and activates glutamate receptors to influence inflammation, degeneration and nociception in arthritic joints. Thus glutamate signalling is a mechanism whereby mechanical load can directly modulate joint pathology and pain. 3D motion analysis was used to assess level gait prior to HTO (n=5) and postoperatively (n=2). A biomechanical model of each subject was created in Visual3D (C-motion. Inc) and used for biomechanical analysis. Gene expression was analysed by RT-PCR from bone cores from anterior and posterior drill holes, subdivided according to medial or lateral proximal tibia from HTO patients (n=5).BACKGROUND
METHODS
To determine whether cycles of pivot shift testing prior to anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction alters metabolite levels in synovial fluid. Testing for pivot shift is a standard aspect of the EUA prior to an ACL reconstruction. Teaching 2 trainees to perform the pivot test will result in the knee being pivoted 5 times. All cases were isolated ACL deficiency, without meniscal or chondral damage (n=3). Each knee had synovial fluid extracted under aseptic conditions following anaesthesia. The pivot shift test was then performed and demonstrated 5 times. After preparation of the knee for surgery, a second synovial fluid sample was extracted. The time between samples was 5 minutes. Synovial fluids were analysed using 500 MHz 1H NMR spectroscopy. Chemical shifts were referenced to known concentration NMR internal standard (TSP), peaks identified and peak integrals measured using the Bruker software Topspin 2.0.Purpose of study
Method
Patellofemoral replacement is an established intervention in selected patients with severe isolated patellofemoral osteoarthritis. FPV (Wright Medical, UK) is a third generation patellofemoral arthroplasty implant and is the second most used after AVON in National Joint Registry for England and Wales. Reports of survivorship and functional of this implant are scarce in literature. Evaluation of functional outcome and survivorship following FPV patellofemoral arthroplasty.Background
Aim
To determine the effect of the use of radial extracorporeal shockwave therapy (rESWT) in the treatment of patellar tendinopathy. Between 2005 and 2010, twenty eight patients (34 knees), who showed poor or no result from conservative management, had rESWT for patellar tendinopathy. The device used is Swiss Dolorclast¯(EMS, Switzerland). All patients received three weekly sessions of 2000 impulses at 3.0 bar (energy flux density = 0.14 mJ/mm2) and a frequency of 15 Hz. We assessed pain, function and activity and quality of life of the patient before and three months after treatment using KOOS (Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score).Aim
Methods
Motion analysis is routinely used in the clinical and research sectors to quantify joint biomechanics. It plays an important role in clinical assessments by aiding the physician to distinguish between primary movement abnormalities and any secondary compensatory mechanisms that may overshadow the cause of the problem. During a data collection session, a wealth of biomechanical data regarding joint and segment kinematics and kinetics are collected from patients performing daily activities. Objective classification can be used to automate a diagnosis from this data and has been used previously to analyse measurements of level gait [1]. It is of interest to assess the knee during stair-gait as this activity involves greater range of motion (ROM) of the lower limbs, larger forces and moments acting at the knee. The aim of the current study is to explore the use of an objective classifier [1] to characterise knee osteoarthritis (OA) and monitor functional recovery following a total knee replacement (TKR) using measurements from stair-gait.INTRODUCTION
AIM
Useful feedback from a Total Knee Replacement (TKR) can be obtained from post-surgery in-vivo assessments. Dynamic Fluoroscopy and 3D model registration using the method of Banks and Hodge (1996) [1] can be used to measure TKR kinematics to within 1° of rotation and 0.5mm of translation, determine tibio-femoral contact locations and centre of rotation. This procedure also provides an accurate way of quantifying natural knee kinematics and involves registering 3D implant or bone models to a series of 2D fluoroscopic images of a dynamic movement. The aim of this study was to implement a methodology employing the registration methods of Banks and Hodge (1996) [1] to assess the function of different TKR design types and gain a greater understanding of non-pathological (NP) knee biomechanics.INTRODUCTION
AIM
Glutamate is a neurotransmitter that transmits mechanical signals in bone (1) and activates glutamate receptors and transporters, in bone, cartilage, meniscus and synovium (2). Glutamate receptor activation influences inflammatory, degenerative and nociceptive pathways in arthritic joints (2). Thus glutamate signalling is a mechanism whereby mechanical load can directly influence joint pathology and pain. We have investigated components of glutamate signalling in the subchondral bone of patients with osteoarthritis to determine which are expressed and whether this varies in anatomical regions subject to different loads. Subchondral bone was sampled from tibial cuts derived from total knee arthroplasty (n=2, TKR, Kellgren Lawrence grade 3) and from tibial drill hole sites from high tibial osteotomy (n=5, HTO, KL grades 2 and 3) for osteoarthritis. RNA was extracted, reverse transcribed and RT-PCR performed for a housekeeping gene GAPDH, a glutamate transporters (EAAT-1, EAAT1ex9skip), glutamate receptors (NR2A and KA1), a bone matrix protein, osteocalcin, and signaling molecules (osteoprotegerin [OPG], RANKL). We found differential mRNA expression in different regions of subchondral bone. In one TKR patient, EAAT-1 expression was significantly reduced in the anterior zone versus the middle or posterior zones of the tibial plateau (ANOVA, p<0.001). HTO bone cores were subdivided medial/lateral and anterior/posterior. Good quality RNA was obtained from bone cores removed from drill holes during HTO surgery, with GAPDH, osteocalcin, EAAT-1, EAAT1ex9skip, NR2A, KA1, OPG and RANKL mRNA expression detected. In one patient, comparison of gene expression in bone cores obtained pre and post HTO revealed that EAAT1ex9skip was rarely detected in post-op bone whereas KA1 was rare in pre-op bone. This differential mRNA expression may be due to the altered loading through the joint caused by the osteotomy, although these on/off differences need to be quantified to confirm this. We have shown that glutamate transporters and receptors are expressed in human subchondral bone. Activation of these receptors and transporters by the increased synovial fluid concentrations of glutamate released in arthritis will influence pathological changes and nociception. In some patients, glutamate transporter mRNA expression appears to vary with anatomical location in bone, or after HTO surgery, consistent with our original discovery of this transporter as mechanically-regulated in bone (1). If glutamatergic signaling is mechanically regulated in the human knee, this will vary during arthritic disease progression and after joint realignment, providing a direct mechanism linking mechanical loading through the joint to pathology and pain in arthritis.
is the most common arthritic condition. OA causes joint pain, loss of mobility and significantly affects the quality of life for the affected individual. The major burden to patients with arthritis is pain. However, often radiological joint destruction and the extent of pain do not correlate. This causes a dilemma for clinicians in advising timing for joint replacement surgery. In arthritis, concentrations of the neurotransmitter, glutamate is increased within the synovial fluid activating both peripheral pain mechanisms and pathological processes (1). Other pathological/pain related metabolites are also released into synovial fluid, which provides a real time snap shot of the joint pathology. We have tested the hypothesis that ‘The increased levels of pain and disease-related metabolites within human synovial fluids from arthritic joints can be detected and quantified ex vivo using high resolution 1H-NMR.’ OA synovial fluid samples were obtained during arthroscopy or total knee replacements from patients with varying degrees of pain and pathology (cartilage graded 0-4; n=21). Pain perception was determined using the Oxford knee score and samples sub-classified as mild, moderate and severe pain. All samples were analysed using 500 MHz 1H NMR spectroscopy. Chemical shifts were referenced to a known concentration NMR internal standard (TSP), peaks identified by reference to published synovial fluid NMR spectra (2) and peak integrals measured using the Bruker software Topspin 2.0. Results: Using NMR we were able to detect around 26 metabolite-specific peaks in synovial fluid spectra (such as glutamate/glutamine, isoleucine, acetyl glucoproteins, beta-hydroxbutyrate, CH2 lipids, lactate, glucose). Some specific metabolites varied significantly with pain or pathological score. For example, we found significantly more glutamate/glutamine, isoleucine and beta-hydroxybutyrate (p<0.05, T test) in OA samples reporting mild to moderate levels of pain (n=14) compared to severe pain (n=7). Significantly more CH2 lipids (p<0.05, T-test) were also present in samples indicating severe pain compared to mild/moderate pain.Osteoarthritis (OA)
Method
Meniscal tears commonly occur after a traumatic twisting injury to the knee (acute) or can form over time (degenerate). Symptoms include pain, swelling, and ‘locking’ of the knee. These symptoms are also commonly associated with osteoarthritis (OA). In some cases of OA, degenerative meniscal tears can also be present making it difficult to determine the cause of symptoms. Furthermore, acute meniscal lesions may be associated with early stage OA but often no radiological signs are evident. Many metabolites associated with joint disorders are released into the synovial fluid providing a real-time snap shot of joint pathology. The ability to examine concentrations of specific metabolites within synovial fluid could provide invaluable clinical information about the cause and stage of joint pathology. We have tested the hypothesis that ‘high resolution 1H-NMR can discriminate between osteoarthritic and meniscal tear-related metabolites within human synovial fluids and aid in clinical diagnosis.’ Synovial fluid samples have been obtained during arthroscopy or knee replacement from patients with varying degrees of joint pathology (cartilage graded 0-4; meniscal tears classified as acute or degenerative). Samples were also taken from patients undergoing Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) reconstruction with no additional pathology. Samples were analysed using 500 MHz 1H NMR spectroscopy. Chemical shifts were referenced to known concentration NMR internal standard (TSP), peaks identified by reference to published synovial fluid NMR spectra (1) and peak integrals measured using the Bruker software Topspin 2.0. Spectroscopy revealed a number of differences in metabolites between OA, meniscal tear and ACL pathologies. These included significantly increased concentrations of glutamate, n-acetyl glycoprotein and β-hydroxybutyrate in OA (n=10) and acute meniscal tears (n=6) compared to ACL samples (p<0.05, T-test, n=6). Specific metabolites were also able to discriminate between OA with no meniscal tear and OA with meniscal tear synovial fluids. For example, concentrations of n-acetyl glycoproteins, glutamate and CH3 lipids were significantly increased in OA without tears (n=10) compared to OA plus meniscal tears (n=12); conversely ceramide concentrations were significantly increased in OA plus tears compared to OA only samples (p<0.05, T-test).Method
Results
Good quality RNA was obtained from bone cores removed from drill holes during HTO surgery, with GAPDH, EAAT-1, NR2A and KA1 expression detected. Osteocalcin expression was high indicating RNA was derived from osteoblasts and osteocytes, but did not vary with anatomical site or disease status. End-stage RT-PCR indicated differential expression of EAAT-1 between medial and lateral bone samples in total knee arthroplasty, however these differences were not significant by quantitative RT-PCR. In one patient, EAAT-1 expression was significantly reduced in the anterior zone versus the middle or posterior zones (ANOVA, p<
0.001). EAAT-1ex9skip represented a significant proportion of the total EAAT-1 mRNA expression in bone from TKR patients, but appeared less abundant in HTO samples.
We retrospectively reviewed data for 839 primary TKAs done at a National Arthroplasty Centre over one year (April 2007 – March 2008). Body mass index (BMI) data was available for 824 (98%) of the patients. Surgical site infection (SSI) data had been collected prospectively by the Infection Control team for up to 30 days post-operatively and was available for all patients. There were 23 patients with SSIs, 22 having superficial SSI and only one patient with a deep SSI. The overall superficial SSI rate was 2.7%. For the BMI<
25 group (9.6% of patients) SSI rate was 1.3%. For BMI 25–30 (31.6% of patients) SSI rate was 2.3%. For BMI 30–35 (31.2% of patients) SSI rate was 1.6%. For BMI 35–40 (19.0% of patients) SSI rate was 3.2%. For BMI >
(8.6% of patients) SSI rate was 8.5%. Fisher’s Exact Test between all obese patients (BMI<
30) and those with BMI<
30 showed no significant difference in superficial SSI rates (p = 0.39) but did show a significant difference between superficial SSI rates in the obese class III patients (BMI>
40) and the rest of the cohort (p = 0.008). Obese class III (BMI >
40) patients are at an increase risk of superficial SSI as compared to other patients undergoing primary TKA. However, obese class I and II patients (BMI 30–40) do not appear to have an increased likelihood of superficial SSI as compared to patients who have BMI<
30.
Good quality RNA was obtained from bone cores removed from drill holes during HTO surgery, with GAPDH, EAAT-1, NR2A and KA1 expression detected. Osteocalcin expression was high indicating RNA was derived from osteoblasts and osteocytes, but did not vary with anatomical site or disease status. End-stage RT-PCR indicated differential expression of EAAT-1 between medial and lateral bone samples in total knee arthroplasty, however these differences were not significant by quantitative RT-PCR. In one patient, EAAT-1 expression was significantly reduced in the anterior zone versus the middle or posterior zones (ANOVA, p<
0.001). EAAT-1ex9skip represented a significant proportion of the total EAAT-1 mRNA expression in bone from TKR patients, but appeared less abundant in HTO samples.
31.2% of the patients were obese class I (BMI 30 – 35), 19.0% were obese class II (BMI 35 – 40) and 8.6% were obese class III (BMI >
40). There were 23 patients with SSIs, 22 having superficial SSI and only one patient with a deep SSI. The overall superficial SSI rate was 2.7%. The superficial SSI rates for each group were as follows: normal (BMI <
25) = 1.3%; overweight (BMI 25 –30) = 2.3%; obese class I = 1.6%; obese class II = 3.2%; obese class III = 8.5%. The Fisher’s Exact Test between all obese patients and those with BMI <
30 showed no significant difference in superficial SSI rates (p = 0.39) but did show a significant difference between superficial SSI rates in the obese class III patients and the rest of the cohort (p = 0.008).
We describe a new method for reconstructing the patellar tendon following combined injury to the patellar tendon and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Combined injuries to the patellar tendon and the ACL represent a rare and potentially serious injury pattern. The injury to the patellar tendon can often go undiagnosed at primary presentation. Reconstructive options for the patellar tendon are described but can be technically difficult, particularly if ipsilateral hamstring has been used for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Evidence suggests combined injuries generally lead to poor long term outcome. We describe a case of a 26 year old male who presented with a reconstructed ACL and a patellar tendon deficient knee. Diagnosis was confirmed on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Ipsilateral hamstrings had been used as donor for ACL reconstruction. An Achilles tendon allograft with distal bone block was used in combination with contralateral semitendinosus and gracilis autograft to reconstruct the three bundles of the patellar tendon. The patient experienced no postoperative complications and was followed up radiologically and clinically. Computer Topography imaging performed at 6 months post-operatively showed union of the bony Achilles tendon block. MRI performed 1 year post-operatively showed good incorporation of the tendinous grafts and no evidence of degeneration or tearing. Oxford knee score at 6 months post-operatively was 31/48. One year post-operatively full pre-injury activity level had been achieved. We believe this method to provide adequate strength and integrity, enabling early rehabilitation following this rare injury. It has also been shown to give a good functional outcome.
Human meniscus expressed GAPDH, type 1 collagen, EAAT-1, EAAT-1ex9skip, NR2A, AMPA GluR3 and KA1 mRNAs. Levels of EAAT-1 expression, normalised to GAPDH, did not differ between the inner and outer halves, or in the anterior, middle or posterior regions of menisci from the less affected compartments of arthritic knees. EAAT-1 expression appeared greater in the 2 painful, compared with the single non-painful meniscus. Interestingly, EAAT-1ex9skip was significantly more common within the outer zones (ANOVA, P=0.040) and in the posterior horns of the menisci (ANOVA, p=0.038).
Patient’s charts and radiology findings were reviewed with special attention to operative notes and preoperative knee MR imaging. Patients with knee symptoms prior to presenting injury were excluded. The mechanism of injury, the time elapsed from the original injury to anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, associated meniscal injury, and quality of cartilage in the knee- at the time of MR imaging and ACL reconstruction were noted. Degenerative cartilage changes were graded upon reconstruction using the Outerbridge classification. The average time from Injury to MR imaging and MR to ACL reconstruction was 4.85 and 12.65 months respectively. We found a direct relationship between the time elapsed after the ACL injury and the severity of the chondral lesion (p<
0.05). Furthermore, a significant worsening in chondral degeneration of the involved knee was seen when the MR imaging and ACL reconstruction were more than 12 months apart (p<
0.01).
Early reconstruction may protect the knee from chondral wear and subsequent degenerative arthritis.
In this study we intend to evaluate the outcomes for patients with the Rotaglide mobile meniscal knee prosthesis implanted for osteoarthritis. All patients reviewed had this prosthesis implanted as a primary total knee arthroplasty in Crosshouse hospital. The minimum follow up period was 5 years (range 5 to 8.2). Patients were assessed clinically by the junior author (CW) and the results were standardised using the Hospital for Specialist Surgery (HSS) knee score. Standard radiographs were taken in AP and lateral planes to assess for loosening using the Knee Society roentgenographic system. Case notes were then examined for evidence of complications in the peri and postoperative complications. Sixty-five patients (71 knees) were reviewed. There was an excellent clinical outcome with HSS scores of 85 in 97.1% of patients. Two knees (2.9%) were revised, one for meniscal fracture and one for meniscal dislocation. Both these patients also attended for review and were making good progress. Both of these failures occurred early in our series and in a total of 312 knees to date there have been no other meniscal failures. No knees were revised for aseptic loosening and there have been no deep infections. We feel this prosthesis offers a safe and effective treatment for osteoarthritis with a good clinical outcome at 5 years with a low level of complications.
Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a common, effective operation but postoperative infection has devastating consequences. Several papers have associated perioperative autologous transfusion with reduced infection rates. Salvaged blood may augment the inflammatory response and central within it is polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN). Our hypothesis was that autologous transfusion enhances PMN activity by: increased PMN transmigration to potential infection site, enhanced phagocytosis, augmented respiratory burst activity. Our randomised controlled prospective study showed a significant increase in superoxide production by PMN of patients who received unwashed autologous transfusion supporting the clinical studies where infection rates following autologous transfusion were reduced.
We present our methodology and some preliminary results.