The February 2024 Children’s orthopaedics Roundup³⁶⁰ looks at: Hip impingement after in situ pinning causes decreased flexion and forced external rotation in flexion on 3D-CT; Triplane ankle fracture patterns in paediatric patients; Improved forearm rotation even after early conversion to below-elbow; Selective dorsal rhizotomy and cerebral palsy (CP) hip displacement; Abduction bracing following anterior open reduction for developmental dysplasia of the hip does not improve residual dysplasia or reduce secondary surgery; 40% risk of later total hip arthroplasty for in situ slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) pinning; Does brace treatment following closed reduction of developmental dysplasia of the hip improve acetabular coverage?; Waterproof hip spica casts for paediatric femur fractures.

The December 2023 Children’s orthopaedics Roundup³⁶⁰ looks at: A comprehensive nonoperative treatment protocol for developmental dysplasia of the hip in infants; How common are refractures in childhood?; Femoral nailing for paediatric femoral shaft fracture in children aged eight to ten years; Who benefits from allowing the physis to grow in slipped capital femoral epiphysis?; Paediatric patients with an extremity bone tumour: a secondary analysis of the PARITY trial data; Split tibial tendon transfers in cerebral palsy equinovarus foot deformities; Liposomal bupivacaine nerve block: an answer to opioid use?; Correction with distal femoral transphyseal screws in hemiepiphysiodesis for coronal-plane knee deformity.

Aims. The aim of this study was to describe the incidence of refractures among children, following fractures of all long bones, and to identify when the risk of refracture decreases. Methods. All patients aged under 16 years with a fracture that had occurred in a bone with ongoing growth (open physis) from 1 May 2015 to 31 December 2020 were retrieved from the Swedish Fracture Register. A new fracture in the same segment within one year of the primary fracture was regarded as a refracture. Fracture localization, sex, lateral distribution, and time from primary fracture to refracture were analyzed for all long bones. Results. Of 40,090 primary fractures, 348 children (0.88%) sustained a refracture in the same long bone segment. The diaphyseal forearm was the long bone segment most commonly affected by refractures (n = 140; 3.4%). The median time to refracture was 147 days (interquartile range 82 to 253) in all segments of the long bones combined. The majority of the refractures occurred in boys (n = 236; 67%), and the left side was the most common side to refracture (n = 220; 62%). The data in this study suggest that the risk of refracture decreases after 180 days in the diaphyseal forearm, after 90 days in the distal forearm, and after 135 days in the diaphyseal tibia. Conclusion. Refractures in children are rare. However, different fractured segments run a different threat of refracture, with the highest risk associated with diaphyseal forearm fractures. The data in this study imply that children who have sustained a distal forearm fracture should avoid hazardous activities for three months, while children with a diaphyseal forearm fracture should avoid these activities for six months, and for four and a half months if they have sustained a diaphyseal tibia fracture. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2023;105-B(8):928–934

Background. Both-bone diaphyseal forearm fractures constitute up to 5.4% of all fractures in children under 16 years of age in the United Kingdom. Most can be managed with closed reduction and cast immobilisation. Surgical fixation options include flexible intramedullary nailing and plating. However, the optimal method is controversial. Objectives. The main purpose of this study was to systematically search for and critically appraise articles comparing functional outcomes, radiographic outcomes and complications of nailing and plating for both-bone diaphyseal forearm fractures in children. Methods. A literature search of MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE and Cochrane library databases using specific search terms and limits was undertaken. The critical appraisal checklist (adapted from Critical Appraisal Skills Programme-CASP, Oxford; Guyatt et al) for an article on treatment was used to aid assessment. Results. All 7 studies identified were retrospective, comparative and non-randomized. They all included patients with similar baseline characteristics. There were no statistically significant differences in group outcomes for range of forearm movement, time to fracture union and complication rates. Less operative time and better cosmesis was noted in the IM nailing groups. Some studies showed post-operative radial bow was significantly abnormal in the IM nailing groups, but did not affect forearm movement. Conclusion. Based on similar functional and radiographic outcomes, nailing seems to be a safe and effective option when compared to plating for forearm fractures in children. However, critical appraisal of the studies in this review identified some methodological deficiencies and further prospective, randomized trials are recommended

The August 2012 Children’s orthopaedics Roundup³⁶⁰ looks at: whether 3D-CT gives a better idea of coverage than plain radiographs; forearm fractures after trampolining accidents; forearm fractures and the Rush pin; the fractured distal radius; elastic stable intramedullary nailing for long-bone fractures; aponeurotic recession for the equinus foot; the torn medial patellofemoral ligament and the adductor tubercle; slipped capital femoral epiphysis; paediatric wrist arthroscopy; and Pirani scores and clubfoot.

The majority of diaphyseal forearm fractures in children are treated by closed reduction and plaster immobilisation. There is a small subset of patients where operative treatment is indicated. Recent reports indicate that elastic intramedullary nailing (EIN) is gaining popularity over plate fixation. We report the results of EIN for diaphyseal fractures of the forearm in 44 children aged between 5 and 15 years during a three-year period. The indications were instability (26), redisplacement (14), and open fractures (4). Closed reduction and nailing was carried out in 18 cases. A single bone had to be opened in 16 cases and in 10 cases both bones were opened for achieving reduction. Out of the 39 both bone forearm fractures, 35 patients had stabilisation of both radius and ulna and in 4 cases only a single bone was nailed (Radius 3, Ulna 1). Union was achieved in all the 44 cases at an average time of 7 weeks with one delayed union. All patients regained full flexion and extension of the elbow and wrist. Pronation was restricted by an average of 20° in 30% patients. Complications were seen in 10 patients (20%). 4 patients had prominent metal work which required early removal. There was refracture in one case, which was treated by nail removal and re-fixation. Two patients developed post operative compartment syndrome requiring fasciotomy. EIN of the radius alone in a patient with fractures of both the bones of forearm, led to secondary displacement of the ulna. This resulted in ulnar malunion and a symptomatic distal radio-ulnar joint subluxation. This was successfully treated by ulnar osteotomy. Compared to forearm plating EIN involves minimal scarring, easier removal and less risk of nerve damage. We therefore recommend EIN for the treatment of unstable middle and proximal third forearm fractures

We identified 25 children (10 girls and 15 boys) who had been treated with single bone intramedullary fixation for diaphyseal fractures of both forearm bones. Their mean age was 10.75 years (4.6 to 15.9). All had a good functional outcome. We conclude that in selected children, single bone intramedullary nailing is a suitable method of treatment for diaphyseal fractures of both bones of the forearm.

Aims: To compare the cost of intra-medullary implants used stabilising paediatric diaphyseal fractures with the clinical outcome. Methods: Between March 1994 and August 2001, at two centres, The Womenñs and Childrenñs Hospital, Adelaide, Australia and The Royal London Hospital, London UK 60 children were surgically treated for diaphyseal forearm fractures using Elastic Stable Intramedullary Nails (ESIN) or 2.5mm Kirschner wires. Having established no difference in the clinical outcome or subjective disability of either technique we compared the implant cost directly. Results: The two treatments both resulted in an excellent outcome with all fractures leading to union with no subjective disability. The Kirscner wires cost £3.00 per wire while the ESI Nails cost between £57.50 and £ 113.30 per wire, depending on the dimensions. Conclusions: We were not able to demonstrate any difference in outcome between ESIN and K-Wiring, although the nails do offer theoretical advantages. The cost implications of using the special implant are twenty fold or more, and as the pressures of cost cutting grow, we wonder if theoretical advantage is Òvalue for moneyÒ

Aim: A retrospective study to analyse the treatment of paediatric diaphyseal forearm fractures over the preceding 6 years and to assess if there was any difference in outcome between plate and elastic stable intra-medullary nailing (ESIN). Material and Methods: Between January 1997 and December 2002, 144 unstable fractures required surgical fixation. 59 patients were treated with both-bone plate fixation, 55 patients were treated with single-bone plate fixation and 30 patients were treated with ESIN. The mean age of surgery was approximately 12 with peaks at age 8 and 13 years. In the plate group, 70% to 80% were undertaken by the SpRs and in the nailing group, approximately 50% were undertaken by staff grades; 30% by Consultants and 20% by SpRs. Results: Between each group there was no difference in time spent in plaster, clinic attendance, time to clinical union and time to restoration of normal movements. On radiographic reviews, single-bone plate fixation patients united quicker than the both-bone plate fixation or ESIN groups. Average anaesthetic times became more prolonged from single-bone to ESIN to both-bone plate fixation. Compound fractures were approximately 10% in both groups. There were hyper-trophic scars in approximately 10% in the plate group and 3% in the nail group. There were 3 compartment syndromes in the plate group and 2 compartment syndromes in the nail group. In the plating groups, there was a higher rate of peri-prosthetic fracture, mal-union, hyper-trophic scarring, infection and neuro-vascular complications. Conclusion: ESIN is superior to plating in relation to surgical complications. It is therefore recommended that elastic stable intra-medullary nailing should be used for displaced paediatric diaphyseal forearm fractures

Introduction: The majority of forearm fractures in children can be managed with a plaster cast alone and manipulation under anaesthetic as required. A small number of cases however require surgical intervention. A variety of methods are available but the use of elastic intramedullary nails is becoming the technique of choice. Method: We present a two-centre study assessing the outcome of either Elastic StabJe Intramedullary Nails (ESIN) or Kirschner wires as the method of fracture stabilisation in diaphyseal forearm fractures of the radius and ulna. Results: ESIN group: 24 children underwent ESIN fixation. There were 22 boys and 2 girls, mean age 9.4 years (1.4–15.2 years, p=O.ll). Indications for stabilisation included 21 cases for fracture instability (immediate or delayed,) 2 irreducible fractures and 1 open fracture. 14 children underwent surgery on the day they sustained their fracture. The remainder were operated on an average 6.5 days following injury (1–14 days). In the K wire group: 36 children underwent K-wires fixation with 2.5mrn wires. There were 21 boys and 15 girls, mean age 10.6 years (2.2–15.5 years). Indication for stabilisation included 22 cases for fracture instability , 6 irreducible fractures and 8 open fractures. 32 children underwent surgery on the day they sustained their fracture. The remaining 4 patients were operated on the following day. Conclusions: All fractures united with no resultant subjective disability. The complication rate following K-wires was 16% and that following nail fixation 9%. Loss of forearm rotation was documented in 4 children in the K-wire group and 3 children stabilised with nails. These results confirm an excellent outcome following intramedullary fixation. We have demonstrated no difference in outcome between K-wires and ESIN, although the elastic nails do offer some theoretical advantages

Abstract: A review study of 40 skeletally immature patients with displaced, diaphyseal both-bone forearm fractures treated with open reduction, internal fixation of radius only, using Mini DCP/one third tubular plate. Forty children (age range 5–13 years), treated between 1987–1999 by one surgeon were evaluated subjectively for pain or restriction of activities at games or school, clinically for range of movements at elbow, wrist and forearm rotation, and radiologically for residual angulation and time at healing. Duration of follow up was 2–12 years. Galeazzi and Monteggia fractures, as well as fractures with metaphyseal involvement were excluded. Among 40 patients, 26 were male and 14 female. Fracture distribution was 4 (10%) upper third, 12 (30%) middle third and 24 (60%) lower third of radius and ulna. Healing time was 2–10 (mean 3.6 months). One patient went into non-union and required further surgery. One patient developed superficial cellulites around the wound, resolved by a week course of oral antibiotics. No other complications were noted. Subjective evaluation showed excellent results in all patients according to our criteria. Clinically all patients had full range of motion at elbow, wrist and forearm rotation, except two patients who were 5 degree short of pronation and one patient 10 degree short of both supination and pronation, as compared to their normal forearm. Radiologically, two patients showed residual angulation of 5 degree in ulna. We conclude that single bone fixation offers a safe and effective way of treating displaced diaphyseal fractures of both radius and ulna, with excellent functional outcome

Until recently, diaphyseal fractures in children aged 4–12 years were treated conservatively. Although Prof. Havránek recommended oblique bilateral skin traction in his monograph entitled Split Russell Traction, he is currently inclined to use skeletal traction through the proximal tibia (Goteborg traction). The author himself stresses that this therapy requires great expertise from the medical staff. In addition, patients are immobilised for several weeks in hospital. The Pediatric Traumatology School in Nancy, France prepared a method of intramedullar elastic ostheosynthesis according to Métaizeau and Prévote. After our experience with intramedullary fixation using Prévote’s nails in diaphyseal fractures of adults and diaphyseal forearm fractures, we also decided to use this ostheosynthesis in diaphyseal femoral fractures of children. Our group includes four patients (2 boys, 2 girls) with a mean age of 4.2 years (range 4–11). Average time from injury to operation was eight hours. The patient is in a supine position and given a general anaesthesia. After repositioning, two or more Prévot nails are inserted above the distal physis from the medial and lateral side towards the femoral diaphysis. The nails cross distally and proximally to the fracture line and are anchored in the intertrochanteric area. The operative procedure usually lasts approximately thirty minutes. The patient is hospitalised from two to five days. The child walks with crutches after discharge, and trains the operated lower extremity. According to the parents, these children began to load the extremity spontaneously after two weeks. After four weeks we perform a radiographic check and permit full loading. The bars are removed in eight weeks in children up to the age of seven years, and 12 weeks in older children. All of the children recovered without any problems. The schedule for follow-up is from nine to twelve months. The extremities do not appear to have a tendency to overgrow. The method of mini-invasive osteosynthesis of diaphyseal femoral fractures in children aged from four to twelve years is a modern alternative to conservative treatment. It is more comfortable for the patients, avoids the skin complications of traction therapy, and significantly shortens the time of treatment. This method will also be particularly useful in treating polytraumatised patients

Displaced fractures of the forearm in children are often treated conservatively, but there is a relatively high incidence of redisplacement, malunion and consequent limitation of function. We have performed percutaneous Kirschner (K) wire fixation in 72 such children under the age of 14 years, of which 57 were reviewed for our study. Both the radius and ulna were fractured in 45 (79%), the radius only in eight and the ulna only in four. The mean initial angulation was 19° in the lateral plane and 9° in the anteroposterior plane for the radius and 15° and 9°, respectively, for the ulna. In 42 patients (74%) we performed closed reduction. In the remaining 15 (26%) closed reduction failed and an open reduction, through a minimal approach, was required before K wiring. At a mean follow-up of 20 months all patients had good functional results with an excellent range of movement. Only five had angulation of from 10° to 15° and none had nonunion, premature epiphyseal closure or deep infection. Percutaneous intramedullary K wiring for forearm diaphyseal fracture is a convenient, effective and safe operation, with minimal complications