INTRODUCTION

In recent years, there has been a shift toward outpatient and short-stay protocols for patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA). We developed a peri-operative THA and TKA short stay protocol following the Enhance Recovery After Surgery principles (ERAS), aiming at both optimizing patients’ outcomes and reducing the hospital length of stay. The objective of this study was to evaluate the implementation of our ERAS short-stay protocol. We hypothesized that our ERAS THA and TKA short-stay protocol would result in a lower complication rate, shorter hospital length of stay and reduced direct health care costs compared to our standard procedure.

Management of pseudotumours associated with MoM THA can be difficult and complications are frequent. The functional outcome of patients after revision surgery may be suboptimal. The objective of this study was to assess our experience with revisions of failed MoM THA due to pseudotumours.

78 hips were diagnosed with pseudotumours in 70 patients following metal-on-metal hip replacements. Of these, 68 MoM THA were revised in 62 patients. Pre operative symptoms, radiographic analysis, metal ion levels, MRI results, intra-operative findings, WOMAC scores, the satisfaction level and the complication rate were recorded.

Five patients had a resurfacing arthroplasty as their primary implants while the remaining 63 hips in 57 patients had MoM THA of different brands. The average time between the primary and revision surgery was 69 months (range 15–120). The average age at revision was 59 years (43–87). The mean follow-up was 24 months (range 2–73). 36 patients had minimal one year follow-up. Most lesions consisted of cystic changes and solid lesions were observed in 19 patients. In 57 hips, the pseudotumours were located posteriorly or postero-laterally around the greater trochanter. Intra operatively, muscle necrosis was observed in 15(22%) patients. Most THA cases demonstrated wear and corrosion at the head neck junction of the femoral implants. Thirty-five patients (44.9%) had greater than 50 degrees of cup abduction, including 10 patients (12.8%) with an abduction angle greater than 60 degrees. The average pre operative and postoperative Co ion levels were 27.46 ug/L (range 0.36–145.6) and 2.46 (range 0.4–12.48), respectively. Post revision, a total of 10 hips (14.7%) sustained a dislocation, with seven (10.3%) of them experiencing recurrent dislocations. In 8/10 hips, the femoral head size was 36mm or greater. Revision for dislocation occurred in seven(10.3%) patients. Three(4.4%) deep and one(1.47%) superficial infections occurred and deep infections were re-operated. One(1.47%) fracture of the greater trochanter and one (1.47%) psoas tendinitis did not need revision. Therefore, a total of 10 patients (14.7%) were reoperated. 6 revisions for instability were performed in the first 34 patients, while 1 were done in the last 34 patients. At one year post revision surgery, the mean WOMAC score was 19.68 (range 0–48). In comparison, the mean WOMAC score of the same patients one year after their primary surgery was 8.1 (0–63). Patient satisfaction level of patients one year post revision surgery was 7.61 (range 5–10) compared to 4.15 (range 0–7) pre-revision one.

The complication rate after revision of pseudotumours is high. Most re revisions occurred secondary to instability despite the use of larger femoral heads. The functional outcome at one year post revision seems to be lower than that seen after primary THA but similar to other revisions in the literature. Experience in the management of these patients may reduce the complication rate.

Modifying Knee anatomy during mechanical Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) may impact ligament balance, patellar tracking and quadriceps function. Although well fixed, patients may report high levels (20%) of dissatisfaction. One theory is that putting the knee in neutral mechanical alignment may be responsible for these unsatisfactory results. Kinematic TKA has gained interest in recent years; it aims to resurface the knee joint and preservation of natural femoral flexion axis about which the tibia and patella articulate, recreating the native knee without the need for soft tissue relaease. That's being said, it remains the question of whether all patients are suitable for kinematic alignment. Some patients' anatomy may be inherently biomechanically inferior and recreating native anatomy in these patients may result in early implant failure. The senior author (PAV) has been performing Kinematic TKA since 2011, and has developed an algorithm in order to better predict which patient may benefit from this technique.

Lower limb CT scans from 4884 consecutive patients scheduled for TKA arthroplasty were analysed. These exams were performed for patient-specific instrumentation production (My Knee®, Medacta, Switzerland). Multiple anatomical landmarks used to create accurate CT-based preoperative planning and determine the mechanical axis of bone for the femur and tibia and overall Hip-knee-Ankle (HKA). We wanted to test the safe range for kinematic TKA for the planned distal resection of the femur and tibia. Safe range algorithm was defined as the combination of the following criteria: – Independent tibial and femoral cuts within ± 5° of the bone neutral mechanical axis and HKA within ± 3°. The purpose of this study is to verify the applicability of the proposed safe range algorithm on a large sample of individual scheduled for TKA.

The preoperative tibial mechanical angle average 2.9 degrees in varus, femoral mechanical angle averaged 2.7 degrees in valgus and overall HKA averaged of 0.1 in varus. There were 2475 (51%) knees out of 4884, with femur and tibia mechanical axis within ±5° and HKA within ±3° without need for bony corrections. After applying the algorithm, a total of 4062 cases (83%) were successfully been evaluated using the proposed protocol to reach a safe range of HKA ±3° with minimal correction. The remaining 822 cases (17%) could not be managed by the proposed algorithm because of their unusual anatomies and were dealt with individually.

In this study, we tested a proposed algorithm to perform kinematic alignment TKA avoiding preservation/restoration of some extreme anatomies that might not be suitable for TKA long-term survivorship. A total of 4062 cases (83%) were successfully eligible for our proposed safe range algorithm for kinematic TKA. In conclusion, kinematically aligned TKA may be a promising option to improve normal knee function restoration and patient satisfaction. Until we have valuable data confirming the compatibility of all patients' pre arthritic anatomies with TKA long-term survivorship, we believe that kinematically alignment should be performed within some limits. Further studies with Radiostereometry or longer follow up might help determine if all patients' anatomies are suitable for Kinematic TKA.

Large bearing surfaces are appealing in total hip arthroplasty (THA) as they may help create a greater range of impingement free motion and reduce the risk of dislocation. However, attempts to achieve this with a metal bearing surface have been blighted by adverse reactions to metal debris. Ceramic bearings have a good long-term track record in more conventional head sizes, and manufacturing techniques now permit the use of larger ceramic bearing surfaces using monoblock uncemented acetabular components. In this study, we are reviewing the early results of the Maxera® acetabular component (Zimmer, Indiana) at our institution.

All data was collected prospectively. Maxera® acetabular component is a Titanium (Ti) shell with plasma sprayed Ti for the osteointegrative surface. Delta ceramic liner is inserted & locked into the cup shell by the manufacturer (non-modular). With the Maxera cup system, the bearing diameter is dictated by the acetabular component size. Acetabular components (AC) of 46 and 48 mm have a bearing diameter (BD) of 36 mm, AC of 50 and 52 mm: have a 40 mm BD, AC of 54 and 56 mm: have a BD of 44 mm and AC of 58–64: have a 48mm BD. Delta ceramic femoral head size of 44 and 48 mm have a modular Ti sleeve between the head and femoral stem trunnion. Femoral head sizes of 36 and 40 mm have no Ti sleeve. All THA had an uncemented femoral stem. Implants were inserted with a posterior approach. Patients were reviewed at 6 weeks, 6 months and then annually with radiographs. Clinical function was evaluated using WOMAC and UCLA scores along with joint perception questionnaires.

Five hundred components have been implanted in 442 patients (250 women, 192 men) with a mean age of 55, (min 17, max 80) and a mean BMI of 26.9 (min 17.8, max 51). The mean acetabular size was 54 (min 46, max 64), leading to a mean femoral head size of 44. At a minimum of two years follow-up (mean 3.8 years): 5 patients have been revised, 4 secondary to undetected intraoperative fracture of the femur and only one due to early displacement of a Maxera® cup (0.2%). Five patients reported a mild squeaking; two reported clicking and one patient presented with a symptomatic heterotopic ossification. The WOMAC score improved significantly post-operatively, (57.4 compared to 4.4 post-operatively, p<0.001). The mean post-operative UCLA score was 6.9. Sixty percent (60.6%) of patients rated their joint perception as either “natural” or “artificial without limitation”. two patients (0.4%) suffered a dislocation after high velocity trauma without recurrence after closed reduction. No ceramic component fracture was recorded.

This prospective study shows that this monoblock acetabular component provides an easy implantation with minimal complications. The ceramic bearing surface provides good clinical function and joint perception. Bearing surfaces of this design may provide an alternative to large head metal on metal (MoM) implants without the side effects of metal debris/ions.

Purpose

The purpose of the study was to determine the rate of conversion from RSA to THR in a number of Canadian centers performing resurfacings

Purpose: Recently, there has been concern raised on the occurrence of pseudotumors after metal on metal hip resurfacing. A pseudotumor is defined as a local soft tissue mass associated with localized bony and/or tissue (muscle) destruction. The primary purpose of this study is to determine the incidence of this complication in several high volume Canadian academic centres.

Method: Nine of the 11 Canadian academic centres who perform metal on metal hip resurfacings were surveyed. The number of metal on metal hip resurfacing arthroplasties performed at each centre was first determined, as were the number of those who have presented with a pseudotumour, and subsequently gone on to revision surgery. The basic demographics of the group were recorded, as were the radiographic and implant design variables for those cases presenting with a pseudotumour.

Results: A sample of 3,400 hip resurfacing arthroplasties performed between 2002 and December 2008 were surveyed. Demographics were tabulated for a sub-sample of these patients. 76% were male, the mean length of follow-up was 3.02 years, mean BMI was 28.65, and mean age was 52.10 years. Three of 3,400 cases presented with a pseudotumour, an incidence of .09%.

Conclusion: Although pseudotumors remain a concern after metal on metal hip resurfacing, the incidence at short to mid term follow-up is very low in this multi-centre academic survey. This information is significantly lower than what other groups have recently reported. Continued close monitoring is required in order to determine what clinical factors are at play.

Purpose: Even with modern ancillary and good surgical experience, rotational implant positioning is sometimes sub-optimal, leading to poor results. Except for obvious cases with patellar instability, the symptoms are often vague and non-contributive to the diagnosis of failure. This is why implant malpositioning and particularly malrotational postioning remain an underestimated cause of failure after primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA). We report our experience with TKA revision for rotational malpositioning.

Method: We retrospectively assessed the results of TKA revisions in 22 knees for malrotational positioning. In all cases, malrotational implant positioning was confirmed by CT-scan according to Berger’s protocol.

Results: Mean age was 66 years (47–74) at the time of the primary TKA. After the index procedure, all patients presented early anterior knee pain with patellar instability (tilt and subluxation in ten cases, and permanent patellar dislocation in two cases). Malrotational positioning predominated on the tibial component with mean 23° internal rotation. Mean cumulative malrotation (tibial plus femur) was 22° internal rotation. All but four patients underwent femoral and tibial component revision. In two cases, only the tibial component was revised, and in two other cases, isolated transposition of the anterior tibial tuberosity was carried out. One was a failure, and finally underwent a successful full revision. At a mean follow-up of 30 months (12–60), we noted significant functional outcome improvement. One patient, who underwent a patellectomy previously at the index TKA procedure, had persistant anterior knee pain. No patient presented patellar instability.

Conclusion: The diagnosis of implant malrotational positioning is sometimes difficult. The most common errors are tibial component positioning. In case of suspicion of malrotational positioning, protocolized CT-scan allows quick and simple diagnosis. If the malrotation is confirmed, TKA revision should be performed upon patient disability and severity of the symptoms. It is important not to delay the surgery, particularly in cases of patellofemoral dislocation because of the risks of developing soft tissue contractures resulting in a more difficult revision procedure.

Purpose: Massive cavitary and segmental bone defects of the medial wall in revision arthroplasty are usually managed with large auto and/or allograft in association with a cemented or a cementless cup. To obtain a satisfactory hip center reconstruction with such a procedure can be sometimes challenging and the complications rate can be high. One other option is the use of a cup with a medial expansion (“protrusio cup”) to treat the medial bone defect.

Method: We carried out a retrospective study including 21 consecutive acetabular revisions arthroplasties using a cementless Converge Protrusio™ cup (Zimmer, Warsaw, IN, USA). Clinical outcomes were assessed by Harris Hip Score (HHS), WOMAC index and SF-12. Hip centre was assessed on anteroposterior (AP) view and the reconstruction was considered as satisfying when its location was located from − 10 to + 10 mm proximally (y axis) and/or medially (x axis) in comparison with ideal theoretical hip center location. Cup migration and modification of abduction angle were considered as significant when there were respectively > 4mm and to > 4° in comparison with the immediate postoperative AP view.

Results: At the last follow up [radiological data: 71.6 months (24–128.3) and clinical data: 72.1 months (24–129.5)], two patients were died and there were no lost of follow up. The mean HHS was 79.4% (52–100), WOMAC 82% (46–100), SF-12 52 (23–71) and 44 (18–65). Bone defect were filled with cancellous bone chips allograft in 16 cases and bulk bone allograft was used in only two cases to manage a large segmental defect of the roof. Bone graft integration was completed in all cases. The mean abduction cup angle was 43.6° (32–60). A satisfying hip centre positioning was obtained in 19 cases on x axis and in 10 cases on y axis, in all the remaining cases, we noted an improved implant positioning. The complications were: recurrent dislocation in one case (successfully revised with a constrained liner), infection in two cases (1 treated conservatively and the other one revised in two times procedure) and Brooker’s type III and IV ectopic ossifications in three cases. A significant cup migration occurred in only one case at nine years but was not revised because of painless. No case required revision for aseptic loosening.

Conclusion: Protusio cups appear as a reliable procedure to manage bone loss in acetabular revision. The revision procedure is widely simplified by reducing the use of the massive allograft and by promoting a satisfying hip center reconstruction to allow an optimal biomechanical joint functioning. Moreover, the cementless fixation in contact with patient acetabular bone makes more easy bone integration.

Purpose of the study: The purpose of this work was to compare the subjective and functional outcomes of patients with a large diameter total hip arthroplasty (LD-THA) or hip resurfacing (HR).

Material and methods: Forty-eight persons were assessed and double blind randomised to receive either LD-THA (n=24) or HR (n=24). The clinical and radiographic assessment and gait analysis were performed preoperatively and at three, six and 12 months postoperatively. Gait analysis was performed once in a third group of healthy adults (n=14) who served as controls.

Results: The two groups were comparable preoperatively regarding demongraphic and functional characteristics. Postoperatively, the two groups with prostheses exhibited very rapid recovery with normalization of test results compared with controls within three to six months. The clinical assessment, the analysis of postural balance, gait analysis and most of the specific tests were not different between the two groups with prostheses.

Conclusion: There was no remarkable difference in subjective or objective assessments between subjects with a LD-THA or HR. This suggests that the only potential advantage of HR is the preservation of femoral bone stock. Long-term HR implant survival will determine the reality of this benefit.

Purpose of the study: A medial incision for implantation of a total knee arthroplasty (TKA) offers an excellent surgical exposure while minimising the length of the skin opening. This incision however implies section of the proximal portion of the infrapatellar branch of the medial saphenous nerve, potentially associated with lateral hypoesthesia and formation of a neuroma (painful scar). We hypothesised that an anterolateral skin incision would produce less hypoesthesia and postoperative discomfort.

Material and methods: We conducted a prospective randomised study to compare the degree of hypoesthesia after a medial or lateral skin incision for the implantation of a TKA. Fifty-knees in 43 patients, mean age 65.9±8.4 years were included; 26 knees for the lateral incision and 24 for the medial. All patients had the same type of implant. Clinical results were assessed with WOMAC, KOOS and SF36. Semme-Weinstein monofilaments were applied to measure sensitivity at 13 characteristic points. Patients were assessed at six weeks and six months. The zone of hypoesthesia was delimited and photographed for measurement with Mesurim Pro9^®. Satisfaction with the surgery and the scar was noted. Data were processed with Statview^®; p< 0.05 was considered significant.

Results: The two groups were comparable preoperatively regarding age, gender, body weight, height, body mass index, body surface area, aetiology, and clinical score. Operative time, blood loss, and number of complications were comparable. The functional outcomes (WOMAC, KOOS, SF36) were comparable at six weeks and six months. Active flexion was significantly greater at six months in the lateral incision group (p=0.03). The zone of hypoesthesia was significantly smaller in the lateral incision group at six weeks (p< 0.01) and at six months (p< 0.01), as were the number of points not perceived on the filament test (p< 0.01 in both cases) while the length of the incision was comparable (p> 0.05). This was associated subjectively, with less loss of sensitivity and less anterior pain reported by the patient at six months.

Discussion: Lateral and medial incisions enable comparable functional outcomes. The lateral incision produces less hypoesthesia and less anterior pain. This improves the immediate postoperative period and facilitates rehabilitation as is shown by the gain in flexion at six months.

Purpose of the study: Tribology studies of total hip arthroplasty (THA) have demonstrated that large diameter head in metal-on-metal bearings produce fewer wear particles than small diameter heads. The other advantages of this option are better stability, less dislocation, and optimal joint range of motion. The purpose of this work was to compare blood levels of chromium, cobalt and titanium six months and one year after implantation of different models of large diameter metal-on-metal THA.

Material and methods: We conducted a retrospective comparative and randomised study including 110 patients who had been implanted with a larger diameter head THA/Zimmer? Smith and Nephez, Biomet or Depuy. The metal ion concentrations (Cr, Co, Ti) were measured in whole blood by an independent laboratory using high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-ICP-MS). Blood samples were drawn preoperatively and postoperatively at six months and one year.

Results: At six months, the concentrations of metal ions in whole blood expressed as mean (range) for Cr (μg/L) Co (μg/L) and Ti (μg/L) were, respectively: Zimmer 1.3 (0.4/2.8) 1.7 (0.9/6.8) 2.5 (0.6/6.7); Smith and Nephew 2.0 (0.7/4.2) 2.1 (0.5/6.6) 1.1 (0.5/4.1); Biomet 1.2 (0.4/2.2) 0.9 (0.3/3.4) 1.4 (0.8/2.4); Depuy 1.7 (0.5/3.2) 1.9 (0.3/4.2) 1.3 (0.5/3.9). There was a significant difference between groups for Cr (p=0.006), Co (p=0.047) and Ti (p< 0.001). The Biomet implants presented the lowest concentrations for Cr and Co; the Zimmer implants gave the highest levels of Ti.

Discussion and Conclusion: Several implant-related factors affect blood concentrations of metal ions: contact surfaces leading to “active” abrasion but also wear in other parts of the implant giving rise to “passive” corrosion. Bearing wear is related to the diameter of the head, its roughness, its spherical shape, joint clearance, the manufacturing technique (forging, casting) and its carbon content. The Biomet head corresponds to a better compromise for these different factors. Passive corrosion can result from an exposed metal surface or from metal to metal contact. This explains the high level of Ti ions found for all implants tested since titanium is not present in the bearings.

Purpose: Femoral neck narrowing (FNN) has been reported after metal-on-metal hip resurfacing (HR). It is significant (> 10%) in a number of cases (from 0 up to 27.6%). Its origin remains unclear, but bone remodelling, impingement, head necrosis and osteolysis have been incriminated. The aims of this study were to assess these issues and describe their consequences in a prospective series with a minimum follow-up of five years.

Method: Fifty-seven HRs in 53 patients (30 men, 23 women, average age 49.2±8.4 years) were included prospectively with clinical (WOMAC, UCLA activity score) and radiological evaluation at one, two and five years. All patients received the Durom™ resurfacing system (Zimmer, Warsaw, IN, USA), with cementless acetabular cup and cemented femoral implant. All cases were undertaken via a posterior approach. Femoral and acetabular implant positioning was assessed. The neck-to-head prosthesis (N/H) ratio was calculated at the junction of the neck with the femoral component and at mid-distance between the neck junction and the inter-trochanteric line (N1/2/H) on anterior-posterior view. Ion concentrations (chromium, cobalt and titanium) were measured at 12 months. We considered p< 0.05 as the significance level.

Results: The N/H ratio decreased significantly at one, two and five years in comparison to the postoperative data (p< 0.01 for all parameters) and N1/2/H declined significantly only at one and two years (p=0.003 and p=0.03, respectively). There was no difference in the N/H ratio or N1/2/H between two and five years. We encountered no deleterious consequences of FNN on clinical outcome, and no significant relationship with cup positioning, gender, body mass index or level of activity. Femoral positioning in valgus was associated with a decrease in N1/2/H at one and two years (p=0.02), whereas the N/ H ratio tended to be lower when cobalt concentration was elevated (p=0.08). Significant FNN was observed in two cases at two years (−12.9% and – 11.1%) with a localized and progressive femoral anterior-superior notch absent on immediate postoperative X-rays. At five years, we noted three other cases with circumferential FNN, limited at the junction neck-cup area (average narrowing around – 20% between two and five years). One of these cases presented a femoral stem fracture. Osteonecrosis was confirmed during surgical revision.

Conclusion: In the current group, FNN was seen infrequently up to five years after surgery (9%). Mechanically-induced remodelling should be differentiated from overall FNN which may be due to femoral head necrosis. In this case, revision could be proposed before implant failure or femoral loosening. Impingement causes very early and localized FNN at the upper part of the neck; for these patients, simple observation should be the rule, all the more since they are usually pain-free and rarely disabled.

Purpose: Tribological studies of hip arthroplasty suggest that larger diameter metal-on-metal (MOM) articulations would produce less wear than smaller diameter articulations. Other advantages of these large femoral head implants include better stability with lower dislocation rates and improved range of motion. The aim of the present study was to compare chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co) and titanium (Ti) ion concentrations up to one year after different large diameter MOM total hip arthroplasties (THAs).

Method: One hundred and twelve patients were randomized to receive large (femoral head > 36 mm diameter) metal-on-metal articulation THA (LDH) from one of the following companies: Zimmer, Smith & Nephew, Biomet or Depuy. Samples of whole blood were collected pre-operatively and post-operatively at six months and one year. Cr, Co and Ti concentrations were measured by high-resolution mass spectrometry in an independent laboratory. All LDH implants have a modular Cr-Co tapered sleeve for leg length adjustment, except for Biomet with its sleeve made of Ti. All groups had Ti stems, and Zimmer and Biomet had, in addition, a Ti acetabular porous surface for secondary fixation. We undertook statistical analysis (SPSS 14.0) with p< 0.05 as significant.

Results: The groups were comparable in respect to pre-operative parameters (age, gender ratio, body mass index, etc.) as well as post-operative functional scores at six months and one year. We found that Biomet, Depuy and Smith & Nephew LDH had similar Co ion levels at 12 months post-op with 1.5, 1.4 and 1.6 ug/L, respectively. Durom LDH had the highest Co level with 2.3 ug/L (p< 0.01 versus the three other groups). The highest Ti ion levels were observed in the Zimmer group with 3.2 ug/L (p< 0.01 versus the three other groups) and the Biomet group with 2.0 ug/L (p=0.01 versus Zimmer and NS versus the other 2). Ti levels tripled versus pre-op for BHR and ASR (0.5 versus 1.5 and 0.5 versus 1.4 ug/L).

Conclusion: Different implant factors may influence metal ion levels measured in whole blood: articular surface wear and implant passive corrosion. Zimmer’s Durom LDH presents higher Co levels than the other groups. Since previously-published Durom hip resurfacing (same bearing characteristics as Durom LDH) showed much lower Co ion results, the modular sleeve may be incriminated. The plasma-sprayed acetabular surface of Zimmer’s and Biomet’s components seems to be responsible for the significant difference in Ti versus the other implants. Biomet’s plasma-sprayed Ti appears to be less prone to corrosion than Durom’s plasma spray coating. When evaluating metal ion release from MOM THA, total metal load from the implants should be considered, and newer implant designs should be evaluated scientifically before their widespread clinical use. LDH-THA should be seen as an improvement and should not be blamed as the source of metal ion release when a specific implant produces unsatisfactory results.

Purpose: Antero-medial parapatellar skin incision in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) provides excellent surgical exposure with minimal skin incision length. However, it is associated with the infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve section, leading to antero-lateral knee hypoesthesia and sometimes painful nevroma. We hypothesized that

antero-lateral skin incision in TKA produces a lower rate of hypoesthesia compared to the medial parapatellar cutaneous approach, and

Method: A total of 69 knees in 64 patients who underwent TKA were randomized for antero-medial (n=35) or antero-lateral (n=34) skin incision. Mean age was 66.4±8.2 years. Functional outcome was assessed by WOMAC, KOOS and SF-36 scores pre-operatively and at six weeks, six months and one year follow-up. Range of motion (active and passive flexion and extension) was measured. The area of hypoesthesia was analyzed in a standardized manner by an independent observer using a calibrated Semme-Weinstein monofilament applied on 13 reference points. A digital photograph was taken, and the area of hypoesthesia was then measured informatically (Mesurim Pro^® software). Patient satisfaction with their scar and their surgery was evaluated. Statistical analysis was carried out with p< 0.05 considered as significant.

Results: The two groups were comparable pre-operatively. There was no significant difference in functional outcome (WOMAC, KOOS, SF-36 scores) at six weeks, six months and one year between the two groups. Active and passive ranges of motion were comparable. The area of hypoesthesia and the number of non-perceived points in the monofilament test were significantly lower after antero-lateral incision at six weeks (p=0.007 and p=0.02, respectively) and 6 months (p=0.02 and p=0.005, respectively). At one year, the area of hypoesthesia was lower in the antero-lateral group, but was not significant (p=0.08). Antero-lateral incision patients reported a lower rate of subjective sensitivity loss and anterior knee pain at six weeks, six months and one year.

Conclusion: Antero-medial and antero-lateral parapatellar skin incisions in TKA have a similar functional outcome. However, antero-lateral cutaneous incision produces a lower rate of hypoaesthesia and less anterior knee pain in the early recovery period.

Purpose of the study: Despite a survival rate to the order of 90–95% at ten years, implant malposition and particularly malrotation can cause an underestimation of failure after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). We report our experience with revision TKA for isolated malrotation.

Material and methods: Twelve patients underwent revision for isolated maltrotation of an implant. This series of three men and nine women, mean age 66 years, range 47–74 years at primary surgery, were reviewed retrospectively. During the follow-up, all patients complained of early onset anterior knee pain, which was generally noted severe, associated with moderate patellar instability in four cases, noted severe in 7 others and extreme in one (permanent patellar dislocation). Half of the patients also exhibited hyperlaxity was invalidating instability. Range of motion was generally preserved (2/5/100). In all cases, the rotational problems were confirmed on the computed tomography which revealed predominant tibial malrotation, measured at 23 mean internal rotation and a cumulative malrotation (femur+tibia) of 22 internal rotation.

Results: All patients except two required revision of both femoral and tibial implants. In one case, the tibial piece was alone changed and in another, isolated translation of the anterior tibial tuberosity was performed. For eight of eleven cases, the revision implants had a stem and femoral inserts were used to control the bone stock loss induced by the corrective cuts in six cases and requiring more or less extensive ligament balance procedures in six. At mean follow-up (30 months, range 12–60), there was a very significant improvement in the functional results; only one patients with a history of patellectomy complained of persistent anterior pain. None of the patients complained of patellar instability.

Discussion: Excessive cumulative internal rotation of the implants induces increased stress on the patella, causing early anterior pain, then subluxation and finally dislocation beyond −15 to −20° internal rotation. These position errors are concentrated on the tibia were care must be taken to respect the anatomic landmarks (bicondylar axis, anterior tibial tuberosity) to avoid early failure. In the event of major rotational disorders, revision may be required with procedures to correct the ligament balance.

Purpose: Clinical studies still show significant variability in offset and leg length reconstruction after 28mmTHA. Precise restoration of hip biomechanics is important since it reduces wear and improves stability, abductor function and patient satisfaction. There is a tendency to increase offset and leg length to ensure stability of 28mmTHA. This may not be needed with the more stable LDHTHA and hip resurfacing implants, therefore potentially improving the precision of the hip reconstruction. The aim of this study was to verify this assumption.

Method: Leg length and femoral offset were measured on standardized digital radiographs with a computer software in 254 patients (49 HR, 74 LDHTHA, 132 28mmTHA) with unilateral hip involvement and compared to the normal contralateral side.

Results: Femoral offset was increased in 72% of 28mmTHA (mean +3.3mm), 56% of LDHTHA (mean +1.0mm) and 8% of HR (mean −3.2mm) (intergroup differences p< 0.05). The mean LLI was greater after 28mmTHA (+2,29mm) vs. (−0.45mm for LDHTHA and −1.8mm for HR). The percentage of patients with increased leg length > 4mm was greater for 28mmTHA (11%) compared to LDHTHA (2.7%) and HR (2%).

Conclusion: The stability afforded by the larger head of LDHTHA reduces the surgeon’s tendency to increased leg length and femoral offset to avoid instability as during 28mmTHA. In addition, compared to HR, LDHTHA allows more precise restoration of equal leg length and femoral offset in patient with greater pre operative deformities (low femoral offset and LLI > 1cm). LDHTHA may represent the most precise method of hip joint reconstruction.

Purpose: The long term exposure to metal ions released from metal-metal articulations is worrying. Studies have shown comparable ion level between metal-metal HR and 28mmTHA. No study has analyzed the amount of ion released from LDH-THA. We compared the amount of ion released from HR and LDH-THA from the same manufacturer.

Method: Whole-blood concentrations of Cobalt was measured prospectively (pre op, 3, 6, 12, 24 months) with HR-ICPMS in 74 HR and 54 LDH-THA with the same metal bearing characteristics and acetabular component (monoblock Cobalt-Chrome with titanium plasma-spray coating). The femoral head of LDH-THA was inserted on a titanium stem with a Cobalt-Chrome adapter sleeve to adjust offset and leg length.

Results: Demographic data was similar. The pre op Cobalt level (ug/L) were 0.10 vs. 0.11, 3 months 0.90 vs. 0.84, 6 months 0.90 vs. 1.28, 12 months 0.68 vs.1.75, and 24 months 0.56 (5.6X preop level) vs. 1.82 (16.5X preop level) in the HR and LDH-THA groups, respectively. The cobalt level decreased after 6 months in HR, whereas it was still increasing at 2y with LDH-THA.

Conclusion: In order to reduce wear and ion release from metal-metal bearing, most manufacturers focus research on improvements at the bearing surfaces. This study has shown that the simple addition of a sleeve with 2 modular junctions can results in a dramatic increase in ion release, diminishing the value of improvements made at the bearing surface. The total amount of ion released from a metal-metal implant should be considered globally and as such, better modular taper designs should be developed.

Purpose: Better clinical outcome is generally reported after hip resurfacing when compared to conventional 28mmTHA. This may simply be the consequences of biased patient selection, patient perception or the advantageous use of larger diameter femoral heads in HR. The true clinical benefits of HR can only be assessed by comparison with LDH-THA in a blinded randomized study to eliminate/reduce those biases. This was the aim of the study.

Method: Charnley class A patients were randomized between HR or LDH-THA and kept blinded for one year. Clinical data, gait analysis, postural balance evaluations and functional tests were performed pre-operatively at 3, 6, 12 and 24 months postoperatively. Fourteen normal patients served as controls.

Results: Twenty-four patients were assigned to each group. There was no significant difference in WOMAC, SF-36, activity scores, and patient satisfaction. A slight advantage was observed for HR during the functional reach test (postural balance) and for LDH-THA during the step test (speed, strength and balance), all other tests showing no differences. Both groups quickly reached controls value for all tests by 3 months.

Conclusion: We have failed to demonstrate a clear difference in outcome between HR and LDH-THA. Both groups fully recovered quickly. The postulated clinical advantages of HR over 28mmTHA most likely result from using a larger head in highly motivated patients. The only clear advantage of HR over LDH-THA remains proximal femoral bone conservation, although with the excellent durability of currently used femoral stems, HR has to demonstrate comparable survivorship before bone conservation is considered a true benefit.

Purpose: The goal of this study is to compare patients’ perception of their hip or knee joint following joint replacement surgery.

Method: A total of 357 patients who underwent hip or knee joint surgery were included in the study. Of the patients who had knee replacement surgery, 46 had unicompartmental knee replacement (UKR) and 119 had total knee replacement (TKR). In the group of patients who had hip replacement surgery, 98 underwent hip resurfacing (SRA) and 97 had total hip replacements (THR). The perception patients had of their replaced articulation as well as functional outcome scores such as the WOMAC and SF-36 were measured at one year post-surgery and compared between the four groups.

Results: Although global satisfaction and clinical outcome scores were excellent in all four groups, WOMAC scores at 1–2 year follow-up were significantly different between hip or knee replacement surgery (p< 0.0001). Also, the perception that patients had of their reconstructed joint was significantly different between the hip and knee groups (p< 0.001). Half of patients from the hip group considered their replaced hip “as a natural joint” and 76% considered their joint as having no functional limitations compared to only 19% and 39% respectively for the knee group. Of patients with knee joint surgery, 14% (20/165) considered their joint as “artificial with important limitations” as opposed to only 1% (2/195) of those who had hip joint surgery. There were no significant differences in Womac scores or perception when comparing TKR and UKR or THR and SRA patients. Perception was strongly correlated to Womac scores for all four groups (R²=0.951).

Conclusion: Hip and knee joint replacement surgery are recognized as highly effective medical interventions in terms of cost/benefit ratio in current medical practice. It is remarkable to see that replacement of each of these articulations can yield vastly different results in terms of patient function, perception and satisfaction. From this study, it is clear that research in prosthetic development and surgical techniques should be focused on the interventions such as knee joint replacement, which are not yet capable of offering both a high level of function and satisfaction to patients.

Introduction: Metal on metal hip replacement using large diameter bearings can be used as part of a hip resurfacing (HR) system or with a large diameter head total hip arthroplasty (LDH-THA). Both types of implant release metal ion, but the amount of ion released after LDH-THA has not been studied. The aim of the present study was to assess whole blood metal ion release at one year following LDH-THA.

Material and Method: Pre and post operative Cr, Co and Ti concentrations in whole blood were measured using a high resolution mass spectrometer (HR-ICP-MS) in 29 patients with LDH-THA (Durom LDH, Zimmer). The results were compared to published ion levels on a HR system (Durom, Zimmer) possessing the same tribological characteristics, the only differences being the presence of a modular sleeve and opened femoral head design in LDH-THA.

Summary of results: Post operative Cr, Co and Ti mean levels of LDH-THA were 1.3, 2.0 and 2.8 μg/L at 6 months and 1.3, 2.2 and 2.7 μg/L at 12 months. In the LDH-THA, the opened femoral head design showed significantly higher Co ion concentrations than the closed femoral head design (3.0 vs 1.8 ug/L, p=0.037). Compared to previously published results after HR, Co levels were significantly higher at one year in the LDH THA (2.2 ug/L vs. 0.7 ug/L, p< 0.001).

Discussion: In order to reduce wear and ion release from metal-metal bearing, most manufacturers focus research on improvements at the bearing surfaces. This study has demonstrated that the addition of a sleeve with modular junctions and an open femoral head design of LDH-THA causes more Co release than bearing surface wear (157% and 67% respectively). Even if no pathological metal ion threshold level has been determined, efforts should be made to minimize their release. We recommend modification or abandonment of the modular junction and femoral head closed design for this specific LDH-THA system. The total amount of ion released from a metal-metal implant should be considered globally and newer implant design should be scientifically evaluated before their widespread clinical use.