Introduction. Spinal aBMD only explains 50–80% of vertebral strength, and the application of aBMD measurements in isolation cannot accurately identify individuals who are likely to eventually experience bone fracture, due to the low sensitivity of the test. For appropriate treatment intervention, a more sensitive test of bone strength is needed. Such a test should include not only bone mineral density, but also bone quality. Quantitative computed tomography-based finite element methods (QCT/FEM) may allow structural analyses taking these factors into consideration to accurately predict bone strength (PBS). To date, however, basic data have not been reported regarding the prediction of bone strength by QCT/FEM with reference to age in a normal population. The purpose of this study was thus to create a database on PBS in a normal population as a preliminary trial. With these data, parameters that affect PBS were also analyzed. Methods. Participants in this study comprised individuals who participated in a health checkup program with CT at our hospital in 2009. Participants included 217 men and 120 women (age range, 40–89 years). Exclusion criteria were provided. Scan data of the second lumber vertebra (L2) were isolated and taken from overall CT data for each participant obtained with simultaneous scans of a calibration phantom containing hydroxyapatite rods. A FE model was constructed from the isolated data using Mechanical Finder software. For each of the FE models, A uniaxial compressive load with a uniform distribution and uniform load increment was applied. For each participant, height and weight were measured, BMI was calculated. Simple linear regression analysis was used to estimate correlations between age and PBS as analyzed by QCT/FEM. Changes in PBS with age were also evaluated by grouping participants into 5-year age brackets. One-way analysis of variance was used to compare average PBS for participants in each age range. Mean PBS in the 40–44 year age range was taken as the young adult mean (YAM). The ratio of mean PBS in each age group to YAM was calculated as a percentage. A multivariate statistical technique was used to determine how PBS was affected by age, height, weight, and BMI. Result/Discussion. Mean PBS was lower in women than in men for all age ranges. PBS in men and women significantly decreased with age. Simple linear regression between age and PBS showed the annual rate of decline in PBS was 55 N/year in men and 164 N/year in women. Mean PBS in the 75–79 year age range was 77% of YAM in men and in women, that in the 70–79 year age range was 47% of YAM. PBS was strongly dependent on age, while physical status had less effect

As the field of hip arthroscopy continues to develop, functional measures and testing become increasingly important in patient selection, managing patient expectations prior to surgery, and physical readiness for return to athletic participation. The Hip Sport Test (HST) was developed to assess strength, coordination, agility, and range of motion prior to and following hip arthroscopy as a functional assessment. However, the relationship between HST and hip strength, range of motion, and hip-specific patient reported outcome (PRO) measures have not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlation between the HST scores and measurements of hip strength and range of motion prior to undergoing hip arthroscopy. Between September 2009 and January 2017, patients aged 18-40 who underwent primary hip arthroscopy for the treatment of femoroacetabular impingement with available pre-operative HST, dynamometry, range of motion, and functional scores (mHHS, WOMAC, HOS-SSS) were identified. Patients were excluded if they were 40 years old, had a Tegner activity score < 7, or did not have HST and dynamometry evaluations within one week of each other. Muscle strength scores were compared between affected and unaffected side to establish a percent difference with a positive score indicating a weaker affected limb and a negative score indicating a stronger affected limb. Correlations were made between HST and strength testing, range of motion, and PROs. A total of 350 patients met inclusion criteria. The average age was 26.9 ± 6.5 years, with 34% females and 36% professional athletes. Total and component HST scores were significantly associated with measure of strength most strongly for flexion (rs = −0.20, p < 0 .001), extension (rs = −0.24, p<.001) and external rotation (rs = −0.20, p < 0 .001). Lateral and diagonal agility, components of HST, were also significantly associated with muscle strength imbalances between internal rotation versus external rotation (rs = −0.18, p=0.01) and flexion versus extension (rs = 0.12, p=0.03). In terms of range of motion, a significant correlation was detected between HST and internal rotation (rs = −0.19, p < 0 .001). Both the total and component HST scores were positively correlated with pre-operative mHHS, WOMAC, and HOS-SSS (p<.001 for all rs). The Hip Sport Test correlates with strength, range of motion, and PROs in the preoperative setting of hip arthroscopy. This test alone and in combination with other diagnostic examinations can provide valuable information about initial hip function and patient prognosis

While controversy remains as to the relative benefit of operative (OM) versus non-operative management (NOM) of Achilles tendon ruptures (ATR), few studies have examined the effect on high impact maneuvers such as jumping and hopping. The purpose of this study is to compare functional performance and musculotendinous morphology in patients following OM or NOM for acute ATR. Eligible patients were aged 18-65 years old with an ATR who underwent OM or NOM within three weeks of injury and were at least one-year post injury. Gastrocnemius muscle thickness and Achilles tendon length and thickness were assessed with ultrasound. Functional performance was examined with single-leg hop tests and isokinetic plantar strength at 60o/s and 120o/s. 24 participants completed testing (12/ group). Medial (OM: 2.2 ± 0.4 cm vs 1.9 ± 0.3 cm, NOM 2.15 ± 0.5 cm vs 1.7 ± 0.5 cm; p = 0.002) and lateral (OM 1.8 ± 0.3 cm vs 1.5 ± 0.4 cm, NOM 1.6 ± 0.4 cm vs 1.3 ± 0.5 cm; p = 0.008) gastrocnemius thickness were reduced on the affected limb. The Achilles tendon was longer (OM: 19.9 ± 2.2 cm vs 21.9 ± 1.6 cm; NOM: 19.0 ± 3.7 cm vs 21.4 ± 2.9 cm; p = 0.009) and thicker (OM: 0.48 ± 0.16 cm vs 1.24 ± 0.20 cm; NOM: 0.54 ± 0.08 cm vs 1.13 ± 0.23 cm; p < 0.001) on the affected limb with no differences between groups. Affected limb plantar flexion torque at 20o plantar flexion was reduced at 60o/s (OM: 55.6 ± 20.2 nm vs 47.8 ± 18.3 nm; NOM: 59.5 ± 27.5 nm vs 44.7 ± 21.0 nm; p = 0.06) and 120o/s (OM: 44.6 ± 17.9 nm vs 36.6 ± 15.0 nm; NOM: 48.6 ± 16.9 nm vs 35.8 ± 10.7 nm; p = 0.028) with no group effect. There was no difference in single leg hop performance. Achilles tendon length explained 31.6% (p = 0.003) and 18.0% (p = 0.025) of the variance in plantar flexion peak torque limb symmetry index (LSI) at 60o/s and 120o/s respectively. Tendon length explained 28.6% (p=0.006) and 9.5% (p = 0.087) of LSI when torque was measured at 20o plantar flexion at 60o/s and 120o/s respectively. Conversely, tendon length did not predict affected limb plantar flexion peak torque (nm), angle-specific torque at 20o plantar flexion (nm) and affected limb single leg hop distance (cm) or LSI (%). There was no difference in tendon length between treatment groups and deficits in gastrocnemius thickness and strength are persistent. Deficits in the plantar flexion strength LSI are partially explained by increased tendon length following Achilles tendon rupture, regardless of treatment strategy. Hop test performance is maintained and may be the result of compensatory movements at other joints despite persistent plantarflexion weakness

Purpose of study and background. Spinal muscle area (SMA) is often employed to assess muscle functionality and is important for understanding the risk individuals may have of developing back pain or the risk of postural instability and falls.. However, handgrip strength (HGS) has also been utilized as a measure of general muscle capacity. This study aimed to examine the relationship between SMA and HGS to assess whether the latter could be used as an accurate indicator of the former. Methods. 150 participants (75 males and 75 females, aged 47–70 years) were selected from the UK Biobank dataset. Handgrip strength values were extracted and averaged over left and right values. Abdominal MRI images were examined and cross-sectional area of the erector spinae and multifidus determined at the L3/4 level and summed to provide a total muscle area. Results. HGS and SMA (mean±sd) were 39.6 ± 7.4 kg and 4664 ± 868 mm. 2. for males and 24.7 ± 5.9 kg, and 3822 ± 579 mm. 2. for females. Pearson correlation between HGS and SMA was r = 0.41 for males (p = <0.001), r = 0.40 for females (p = <0.001), and r = 0.61 for the combined groups (p<0.001). Conclusion. Significant correlations were found between HGS and SMA for individual sexes and combined groups. However, although HGS may be a useful measure for predicting modifications in group responses in spinal muscle function, for example, following an intervention, it does not have the power to confidently predict muscle values at an individual participant level. Conflicts of interest: No conflicts of interest. Sources of funding: Prince Sattam University, KSA, provided a PhD scholarship for Salman Alharthi

Aims. To draw a comparison of the pullout strengths of buttress thread, barb thread, and reverse buttress thread bone screws. Methods. Buttress thread, barb thread, and reverse buttress thread bone screws were inserted into synthetic cancellous bone blocks. Five screw-block constructs per group were tested to failure in an axial pullout test. The pullout strengths were calculated and compared. A finite element analysis (FEA) was performed to explore the underlying failure mechanisms. FEA models of the three different screw-bone constructs were developed. A pullout force of 250 N was applied to the screw head with a fixed bone model. The compressive and tensile strain contours of the midsagittal plane of the three bone models were plotted and compared. Results. The barb thread demonstrated the lowest pullout strength (mean 176.16 N (SD 3.10)) among the three thread types. It formed a considerably larger region with high tensile strains and a slightly smaller region with high compressive strains within the surrounding bone structure. The reverse buttress thread demonstrated the highest pullout strength (mean 254.69 N (SD 4.15)) among the three types of thread. It formed a considerably larger region with high compressive strains and a slightly smaller region with high tensile strains within the surrounding bone structure. Conclusion. Bone screws with a reverse buttress thread design will significantly increase the pullout strength. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2021;10(2):105–112

Sarcopenia is an age-related geriatric syndrome which is associated with subsequent disability and morbidity. Currently there is no promising therapy approved for the treatment of sarcopenia. The receptor activator of nuclear factor NF-κB ligand (RANKL) and its receptor (RANK) are expressed in bone and skeletal muscle. Activation of the NF-κB pathway mainly inhibits myogenic differentiation, which leads to skeletal muscle dysfunction and loss. LYVE1 and CD206 positive macrophage has been reported to be associated with progressive impairment of skeletal muscle function with aging. The study aims to investigate the effects of an anti-RANKL treatment on sarcopenic skeletal muscle and explore the related mechanisms on muscle inflammation and the polarization status of macrophages. Sarcopenic senescence-accelerated mouse P8 (SAMP8) mice at month 8 were treated intraperitoneally with 5mg/kg anti-RANKL (IK22/5) or isotype control (2A3; Bio X Cell) antibody every 4 weeks and harvested at month 10. Senescence accelerated mouse resistant-1 (SAMR1) were collected at month 10 as the age-matched non-sarcopenic group. Ex-vivo functional assessment, grip strength and immunostaining of C/EBPa, CD206, F4/80, LYVE1 and PAX7 were performed. Data analysis was done with one-way ANOVA, and the significant level was set at p≤0.05. At month 10, tetanic force/specific tetanic force, twitch force/specific twitch force in anti-RANKL group were significantly higher than control group (all p<0.01). The mice in the anti-RANKL treatment group also showed significantly higher grip strength than Con group (p<0.001). The SAMP8 mice at month 10 expressed significantly more C/EBPa, CD206 and LYVE1 positive area than in SAMR1, while anti-RANKL treatment significantly decreased C/EBPa, CD206 and LYVE1 positive area. The anti-RANKL treatment protected against skeletal muscle dysfunctions through suppressing muscle inflammation and modulating M2 macrophages, which may represent a novel therapeutic approach for sarcopenia. Acknowledgment: Collaborative Research Fund (CRF, Ref: C4032-21GF)

Purpose. The Purpose of this study was to evaluate hamstring strength after autogenous hamstring anterior cruciate ligament(ACL) reconstruction with emphasis on deeper knee flexion angles. A comparison of hamstring strength between patients undergoing ACL reconstruction using semitendinosus(ST), and those with semitendinosus and Gracilis(STG) tendons was conducted. Method. Sixty patients were prospectively followed after undergoing ACL reconstruction surgery. Forty patients received a ST graft, and 20 patients had a STG graft. All patients had standard IKDC subjective knee evaluation completed, and had bilateral hamstring strengths tested using isokinetic testing with a Cybex Orthotron machine. In addition, a hand held Microfet dynamometer was used to measure hamstring strengths at deeper knee flexion angles at six, 12, and 24 months. Results. When comparing the surgical hamstring strength compared to the control side at deeper knee flexion angle, the STG and ST group had and average of 65.0% and 79.8% strength respectively at 6 months(p<0.05). While at one year the STG and ST group had 63.6%, and 78.3% of their hamstring strength(p<0.05). Conclusion. Hamstring strength at deeper flexion angles after ACL reconstruction using autogenous semitendinosus and gracilis tendons is significantly weaker than using semitendinosus alone. The use of single tendon ACL reconstruction should be advocated to decrease morbidity of this procedure

Aims. Orthopaedic surgery requires grafts with sufficient mechanical strength. For this purpose, decellularized tissue is an available option that lacks the complications of autologous tissue. However, it is not widely used in orthopaedic surgeries. This study investigated clinical trials of the use of decellularized tissue grafts in orthopaedic surgery. Methods. Using the ClinicalTrials.gov (CTG) and the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) databases, we comprehensively surveyed clinical trials of decellularized tissue use in orthopaedic surgeries registered before 1 September 2022. We evaluated the clinical results, tissue processing methods, and commercial availability of the identified products using academic literature databases and manufacturers’ websites. Results. We initially identified 4,402 clinical trials, 27 of which were eligible for inclusion and analysis, including nine shoulder surgery trials, eight knee surgery trials, two ankle surgery trials, two hand surgery trials, and six peripheral nerve graft trials. Nine of the trials were completed. We identified only one product that will be commercially available for use in knee surgery with significant mechanical load resistance. Peracetic acid and gamma irradiation were frequently used for sterilization. Conclusion. Despite the demand for decellularized tissue, few decellularized tissue products are currently commercially available, particularly for the knee joint. To be viable in orthopaedic surgery, decellularized tissue must exhibit biocompatibility and mechanical strength, and these requirements are challenging for the clinical application of decellularized tissue. However, the variety of available decellularized products has recently increased. Therefore, decellularized grafts may become a promising option in orthopaedic surgery. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2023;12(3):179–188

Recently, a new suture was designed to minimize laxity in order to preserve consistent tissue approximation while improving footprint compression after tendon repair. The aims of this study were: (1) to compare the biomechanical competence of two different high strength sutures in terms of slippage and failure load, (2) to investigate the influence of both knots number and different media (air, saline and fat) on the holding capacity of the knots. Alternating surgical knots of two different high-strength sutures (group1: FibreWire; group2: DynaCord; n = 105) were tied on two roller bearings with 50N tightening force. Biomechanical testing was performed in each medium applying ramped monotonic tension to failure defined in terms of either knot slippage or suture rupture. For each group and medium, seven specimens with either 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 knots each were tested, evaluating their knot slippage and ultimate load to failure. The minimum number of knots preventing slippage failure and thus resulting in suture rupture was determined in each group and medium, and taken as a criterium for better performance when comparing the groups. In each group and medium failure occurred via suture rupture in all specimens for the following minimum knot numbers: group1: air – 7, saline – 7, fat – 7; group2: air – 6; saline – 4; fat – 5. The direct comparison between the groups when using 7 knots demonstrated significantly larger slippage in group1 (6.5 ± 2.2 mm) versus group2 (3.5 ± 0.4 mm) in saline (p < 0.01) but not in the other media (p ≥0.52). Ultimate load was comparable between the two groups for all three media (p ≥ 0.06). The lower number of required knots providing sufficient repair stability, smaller slippage levels and identical suture strength, combined with the known laxity alleviation effect demonstrate advantages of DynaCord versus FibreWire

Objectives. Screw plugs have been reported to increase the fatigue strength of stainless steel locking plates. The objective of this study was to examine and compare this effect between stainless steel and titanium locking plates. Methods. Custom-designed locking plates with identical structures were fabricated from stainless steel and a titanium alloy. Three types of plates were compared: type I unplugged plates; type II plugged plates with a 4 Nm torque; and type III plugged plates with a 12 Nm torque. The stiffness, yield strength, and fatigue strength of the plates were investigated through a four-point bending test. Failure analyses were performed subsequently. Results. For stainless steel, type II and type III plates had significantly higher fatigue strength than type I plates. For titanium, there were no significant differences between the fatigue strengths of the three types of plates. Failure analyses showed local plastic deformations at the threads of screw plugs in type II and type III stainless steel plates but not in titanium plates. Conclusion. The screw plugs could increase the fatigue strength of stainless steel plates but not of titanium plates. Therefore, leaving screw holes open around fracture sites is recommended in titanium plates. Cite this article: L-W. Hung, C-K. Chao, J-R. Huang, J. Lin. Screw head plugs increase the fatigue strength of stainless steel, but not of titanium, locking plates. Bone Joint Res 2018;7:629–635. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.712.BJR-2018-0083.R1

Background. Revision total knee arthroplasties (rTKA) are performed with increasing frequency due to the increasing numbers of primary arthroplasties, but very little is known regarding the influence of muscle strength impairments on functional limitations in this population. Objectives. The aim of this study was to assess relationship between muscle strength and functional level in patient with rTKA. Design and Methods. Twenty-three patients (8 males, 15 females) were included in the study with mean age 68.4±10 years. Patients performed 3 performance tests (50-Step Walking Test, 10 Meter Walk Test, 30-Second Chair-Stand Test), and one self-report test (HSS) were preferred to assess patients. The maximum isometric muscle strength of quadriceps femoris and hamstring muscles of all the patients was measured using Hand-Held Dynamometer (HHD). Results. While moderate-to-strong significant correlations was found between quadriceps femoris muscle strength and 30- Second Chair-Stand Test (r=0.390, p=0.049), 50-Step Walking Test (r=−0.530, p=0.005), 10 Meter Walk Test (r=−0.587, p=0.002), there were not significant correlation between HSS knee score and all performance-based tests (p>0.05). Also there were not significant correlation between hamstring muscle strength and all other measurement tests (p>0.05). Conclusion. The moderate-to-strong statistical significant correlation between quadriceps femoris muscle strength and functional performance tests suggests that improved postoperative quadriceps strengthening could be important to enhance the potential benefits of rTKA

Aims. Limited implant survival due to aseptic cup loosening is most commonly responsible for revision total hip arthroplasty (THA). Advances in implant designs and materials have been crucial in addressing those challenges. Vitamin E-infused highly cross-linked polyethylene (VEPE) promises strong wear resistance, high oxidative stability, and superior mechanical strength. Although VEPE monoblock cups have shown good mid-term performance and excellent wear patterns, long-term results remain unclear. This study evaluated migration and wear patterns and clinical and radiological outcomes at a minimum of ten years’ follow-up. Methods. This prospective observational study investigated 101 cases of primary THA over a mean duration of 129 months (120 to 149). At last follow-up, 57 cases with complete clinical and radiological outcomes were evaluated. In all cases, the acetabular component comprised an uncemented titanium particle-coated VEPE monoblock cup. Patients were assessed clinically and radiologically using the Harris Hip Score, visual analogue scale (pain and satisfaction), and an anteroposterior radiograph. Cup migration and polyethylene wear were measured using Einzel-Bild-Röntgen-Analyze software. All complications and associated treatments were documented until final follow-up. Results. Clinical assessment showed persistent major improvement in all scores. On radiological assessment, only one case showed a lucent line (without symptoms). At last follow-up, wear and migration were below the critical thresholds. No cup-related revisions were needed, indicating an outstanding survival rate of 100%. Conclusion. Isoelastic VEPE cups offer high success rates and may prevent osteolysis, aseptic loosening, and the need for revision surgeries in the long term. However, longer follow-up is needed to validate our findings and confirm the advantages offered by this cup. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2024;5(10):825–831

Objectives. Bisphosphonates (BP) are the first-line treatment for preventing fragility fractures. However, concern regarding their efficacy is growing because bisphosphonate is associated with over-suppression of remodelling and accumulation of microcracks. While dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scanning may show a gain in bone density, the impact of this class of drug on mechanical properties remains unclear. We therefore sought to quantify the mechanical strength of bone treated with BP (oral alendronate), and correlate data with the microarchitecture and density of microcracks in comparison with untreated controls. Methods. Trabecular bone from hip fracture patients treated with BP (n = 10) was compared with naïve fractured (n = 14) and non-fractured controls (n = 6). Trabecular cores were synchrotron scanned and micro-CT scanned for microstructural analysis, including quantification of bone volume fraction, microarchitecture and microcracks. The specimens were then mechanically tested in compression. Results. BP bone was 28% lower in strength than untreated hip fracture bone, and 48% lower in strength than non-fractured control bone (4.6 MPa vs 6.4 MPa vs 8.9 MPa). BP-treated bone had 24% more microcracks than naïve fractured bone and 51% more than non-fractured control (8.12/cm. 2. vs 6.55/cm. 2. vs 5.25/cm. 2. ). BP and naïve fracture bone exhibited similar trabecular microarchitecture, with significantly lower bone volume fraction and connectivity than non-fractured controls. Conclusion. BP therapy had no detectable mechanical benefit in the specimens examined. Instead, its use was associated with substantially reduced bone strength. This low strength may be due to the greater accumulation of microcracks and a lack of any discernible improvement in bone volume or microarchitecture. This preliminary study suggests that the clinical impact of BP-induced microcrack accumulation may be significant. Cite this article: A. Jin, J. Cobb, U. Hansen, R. Bhattacharya, C. Reinhard, N. Vo, R. Atwood, J. Li, A. Karunaratne, C. Wiles, R. Abel. The effect of long-term bisphosphonate therapy on trabecular bone strength and microcrack density. Bone Joint Res 2017;6:602–609. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.610.BJR-2016-0321.R1

Tendon is a bradytrophic and hypovascular tissue, hence, healing remains a major challenge. The molecular key events involved in successful repair have to be unravelled to develop novel strategies that reduce the risk of unfavourable outcomes such as non-healing, adhesion formation, and scarring. This review will consider the diverse pathophysiological features of tendon-derived cells that lead to failed healing, including misrouted differentiation (e.g. de- or transdifferentiation) and premature cell senescence, as well as the loss of functional progenitors. Many of these features can be attributed to disturbed cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) or unbalanced soluble mediators involving not only resident tendon cells, but also the cross-talk with immigrating immune cell populations. Unrestrained post-traumatic inflammation could hinder successful healing. Pro-angiogenic mediators trigger hypervascularization and lead to persistence of an immature repair tissue, which does not provide sufficient mechano-competence. Tendon repair tissue needs to achieve an ECM composition, structure, strength, and stiffness that resembles the undamaged highly hierarchically ordered tendon ECM. Adequate mechano-sensation and -transduction by tendon cells orchestrate ECM synthesis, stabilization by cross-linking, and remodelling as a prerequisite for the adaptation to the increased mechanical challenges during healing. Lastly, this review will discuss, from the cell biological point of view, possible optimization strategies for augmenting Achilles tendon (AT) healing outcomes, including adapted mechanostimulation and novel approaches by restraining neoangiogenesis, modifying stem cell niche parameters, tissue engineering, the modulation of the inflammatory cells, and the application of stimulatory factors. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2022;11(8):561–574

Introduction. During revision surgery, the active electrode of an electrocautery device may get close to the implant, potentially provoking a flashover. Incidents have been reported, where in situ retained hip stems failed after isolated cup revision. Different sizes of discoloured areas, probably induced by electrocautery contact, were found at the starting point of the fracture. The effect of the flashover on the implant material is yet not fully understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the fatigue strength reduction of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy after electrocautery contact. Material and Methods. 16 titanium rods (Ti-6Al-4V, extra low interstitial elements, according to DIN 17851, ⊘ 5 mm, 120 mm length) were stress-relief annealed (normal atmosphere, holding temperature 622 °C, holding time 2 h) and cooled in air. An implant specific surface roughness was achieved by chemical and electrolytic polishing (Ra = 0.307, Rz = 1.910). Dry (n = 6) and wet (n = 6, 5 µl phosphate buffered saline) flashovers were applied with a hand-held electrode of a high-frequency generator (Aesculap AG, GN 640, monopolar cut mode, output power 300 W, modelled patient resistance 500 Ω). The size of the generated discoloured area on the rod's surface - representative for the heat affected zone (HAZ) - was determined using laser microscopy (VK-150x, Keyence, Japan). Rods without flashover (n = 4) served as control. The fatigue strength of the rods was determined under dynamic (10 Hz, load ratio R = 0.1), force-controlled four-point bending (FGB Steinbach GmbH, Germany) with swelling load (numerical bending stress 852 MPa with a bending moment of 17.8 Nm) until failure of the rods. The applied bending stress was estimated using a finite-element-model of a hip stem during stumbling. Metallurgical cuts were made to analyse the microstructure. Results. The control rods failed at the pushers of the setup (median: 94,550, range: 194,000 cycles). The rods with flashover failed directly at the HAZ significantly earlier than the control rods (p = 0.018). The analysis of the microstructure showed a transformation of the equiaxed α+β microstructure to a bimodal state. The size of the HAZs were equal for the dry (median: 1.51 mm. 2. , range: 5.68 mm. 2. ) and wet flashovers (median: 0.92 mm. 2. , range: 2.50 mm. 2. , p = 0.792). The cycles to failure were smaller for the dry flashover (median: 22,650 cycles, range: 5,700) than the wet flashover but not reaching statistical significance (median: 32,200, range: 57,900; p = 0.052). No correlation between the dimension of the HAZs and the cycles to failure was found (dry: r. 2. = 0.019, p = 0.8; wet: r. 2. = 0.015, p = 0.721). Discussion. Flashovers induced by an electrocautery device reduce the fatigue strength of Ti-6Al-4V. Since no correlation between the size of the HAZs and the cycles to failure was found, every contact between electrocautery devices and metal implants should be avoided. For any figures or tables, please contact authors directly

Background. Trunk muscles play an important role in supporting the spinal column. A decline in trunk muscle mass, as measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis (TMM–BIA), is associated with low back pain and poor quality of life. Purpose. The purpose of this study was to determine whether TMM–BIA correlates with quantitative and functional assessments traditionally used for the trunk muscles. Methods. We included 380 participants (aged ≥ 65 years; 152 males, 228 females) from the Shiraniwa Elderly Cohort (Shiraniwa) study, for whom the following data were available: TMM–BIA, lumbar magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and back muscle strength (BMS). We measured the cross-sectional area (CSA) and fat-free CSA of the paravertebral muscles (PVM), including the erector spinae (ES), multifidus (MF), and psoas major (PM), on an axial lumbar MRI at L3/4. The correlation between TMM–BIA and the CSA of PVM, fat-free CSA of PVM, and BMS was investigated. Results. TMMBIA correlated with the CSA of total PVM and each individual PVM. A stronger correlation between TMM–BIA and fat-free CSA of PVM was observed. The TMM–BIA also strongly correlated with BMS. Conclusion. TMM–BIA is an easy and reliable way to evaluate the trunk muscle mass in a clinical setting. Conflict of interest. None. Sources of funding. None

Compressive fracture of osteoporotic vertebrae has been one of the most important health problems in aged societies because severely injured spin might be a reason of bedridden for elderly people. Osteoporosis has been widely assessed by averaged bone mineral density of vertebrae measured using DEXA, however, BMD sometimes does not reflect the strength of vertebrae. CT imaged based finite element method (CT-FEM) has been applied to evaluate the strength of vertebrae based on the biomechanics theory and approved by a part of the highly advanced medical treatment in Japan. In the present study, compressive strength of more than 100 vertebrae were evaluated using CT-FEM, and the correlation between BMD and the strength was thoroughly investigated. It was found that some vertebrae with high BMD could have low strength which may cause fracture easily. Thus, a controversial point of the BMD based diagnosis of osteoporosis was clearly indicated. In this invited talk, some basic theories of CT-FEM and fracture assessment and some key results from the recent study will be presented

Introduction. Taper corrosion and fretting has been identified to be a major problem in total hip replacement during the past years. Taper design and manufacturing are not been standardised, and therefore it can be assumed that the tapers vary among different implant manufacturers. This can lead to variable contact situations and stresses in the taper junction depending on the combination. It can be assumed that the taper strength will influence the occurrence and magnitude of micromotions which are known to influence corrosion. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the influence of the taper angle clearance on the taper connection strength. Material & Methods. For the investigation stem dummys with different taper angles were used that were manufactured from titanium alloy. The stem dummys were combined with ceramic heads with identically taper angles. Out of this, there were seven groups ranging from distal contact through full contact up to proximal contact. Three samples were used in each group and five repetitive measurements per samples were performed. All taper connections were impacted with different forces (1 kN, 3 kN, 6 kN and 10 kN) and afterwards an increasing torque was applied until the head disconnected. The maximal torque off value was used as a measure for the taper strength. Results. A greater taper clearance leads to a higher taper strength (Fig. 1). However, this effect is also influenced by the assembly force and becomes even stronger with higher assembly forces. When comparing a distal, full and proximal contact situation the full contact shows the lowest taper strength, whereas the distal contact situation leads to the highest taper strength. Discussion and conclusion. The design variability in taper connections influences its strength. A smaller contact area leads to higher local contact pressure. It is assumed that this increases local plastic deformations of the surface structure which is beneficial for this self-locking mechanism of the junction. However, the effect of the assembly force seems to overcome the effect of the taper clearance. Therefore taper junctions should be firmly connected in total hip replacements. Furthermore, surgeons should be aware that in a clinical case of a Mix & Match the taper strength may be reduced depending on the combined components. For figures/tables, please contact authors directly.

Aims. The aim of the HIPGEN consortium is to develop the first cell therapy product for hip fracture patients using PLacental-eXpanded (PLX-PAD) stromal cells. Methods. HIPGEN is a multicentre, multinational, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. A total of 240 patients aged 60 to 90 years with low-energy femoral neck fractures (FNF) will be allocated to two arms and receive an intramuscular injection of either 150 × 10. 6. PLX-PAD cells or placebo into the medial gluteal muscle after direct lateral implantation of total or hemi hip arthroplasty. Patients will be followed for two years. The primary endpoint is the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) at week 26. Secondary and exploratory endpoints include morphological parameters (lean body mass), functional parameters (abduction and handgrip strength, symmetry in gait, weightbearing), all-cause mortality rate and patient-reported outcome measures (Lower Limb Measure, EuroQol five-dimension questionnaire). Immunological biomarker and in vitro studies will be performed to analyze the PLX-PAD mechanism of action. A sample size of 240 subjects was calculated providing 88% power for the detection of a 1 SPPB point treatment effect for a two-sided test with an α level of 5%. Conclusion. The HIPGEN study assesses the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of intramuscular PLX-PAD administration for the treatment of muscle injury following arthroplasty for hip fracture. It is the first phase III study to investigate the effect of an allogeneic cell therapy on improved mobilization after hip fracture, an aspect which is in sore need of addressing for the improvement in standard of care treatment for patients with FNF. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2022;3(4):340–347

Objectives. The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature on measurement of muscle strength in patients with femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) and other pathologies and to suggest guidelines to standardise protocols for future research in the field. Methods. The Cochrane and PubMed libraries were searched for any publications using the terms ‘hip’, ‘muscle’, ‘strength’, and ‘measurement’ in the ‘Title, Abstract, Keywords’ field. A further search was performed using the terms ‘femoroacetabular’ or ‘impingement’. The search was limited to recent literature only. Results. A total of 29 articles were reviewed to obtain information on a number of variables. These comprised the type of device used for measurement, rater standardisation, the type of movements tested, body positioning and comparative studies of muscle strength in FAI versus normal controls. The studies found that hip muscle strength is lower in patients with FAI; this is also true for the asymptomatic hip in patients with FAI. Conclusions. Current literature on this subject is limited and examines multiple variables. Our recommendations for achieving reproducible results include stabilising the patient, measuring isometric movements and maximising standardisation by using a single tester and familiarising the participants with the protocol. Further work must be done to demonstrate the reliability of any new testing method. Cite this article: E. Mayne, A. Memarzadeh, P. Raut, A. Arora, V. Khanduja. Measuring hip muscle strength in patients with femoroacetabular impingement and other hip pathologies: A systematic review. Bone Joint Res 2017;6:66–72. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.61.BJR-2016-0081