Two hundred and forty-one patients with extremity osteosarcoma presented to our institution between 1989 and August 2002, thirty-six of whom had a pathologic fracture. There were twenty-five limb salvage surgeries and ten primary amputations, with three limb salvage surgeries requiring secondary amputations. One patient had an unresectable tumor and was treated palliatively. At mean follow-up of 96.9 months there was one local recurrence and eighteen patients were alive without disease in the pathologic fracture group. There was no survival difference between the pathologic fracture group with no metastases at presentation and the non-pathologic fracture group with no metastases (119.4 months vs 134.3 months, log rank 0.83, p=0.36). To examine the outcome of osteosarcoma patients that present with a pathologic fracture as compared to those patients without a pathologic fracture. There was no significant difference in the rate of amputation vs limb salvage surgery in osteosarcoma patients that presented with a pathologic fracture as compared to those without. There was no difference in the two groups’ disease-free and overall survival, for those patients that presented without metastatic disease. Presentation with a pathologic fracture in osteosarcoma does not preclude limb salvage surgery and is not a prognostic indicator for decreased survival. Retrospective review of all patients presenting to our institution with extremity osteosarcoma between 1989 and August 2002. There were two hundred and forty-one patients with extremity osteosarcoma, thirty-six of whom presented with a pathologic fracture. In the pathologic fracture group, there were nineteen males and seventeen females. Twenty-five were treated with limb salvage surgery, ten required a primary amputation and one was unre-sectable. Three limb salvage surgery patients required a secondary amputation. Sevenpatients presented with metastatic disease. Twenty-eight of the thirty-six patients received (neo) adjuvant chemotherapy. At last follow-up, eighteen patients were alive no evidence of disease (51.4%), three were alive with disease, eleven were dead of disease and three were deceased from other causes. There was one local recurrence (2.8%). Mean overall survival was 119.4 months (0–147.1) for patients with a pathologic fracture and no metastasis at presentation and 134.3 months (0–172.5) for patients with no pathologic fracture and no metastasis (log rank 0.83, p=0.36)

Besides the femur and the tibia, the humerus is the third most common localisation of osteosarcoma. 78 patients with osteosarcoma of the humerus have been treated at our institution since 1934. Among these, 7 patients have been admitted before implementation of the Vienna Tumour Registry in 1968, additionally 4 patients had undergone primary surgical resection at another institution. This left 67 patients for follow-up after multi-modal therapy of humeral osteosarcoma comprising neo-adjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy and surgical resection. (38 males and 29 females with an average age of 21.8 years, range 3.6 to 73.2 years) The subtypes of tumours observed were classic osteosarcoma in 56 patients, parostal sarcoma in 4, teleangiectatic sarcoma in 3, secondary sarcoma in 2 (one in Morbus Paget and one after radiation of a hemangioendothelioma), high-grade surface sarcoma in 1 and a humeral lesion within a multifocal osteosarcoma in 1. The localisation was foremost the proximal humerus (61) and rarely affecting the distal (5) or total bone (1). 11 patients suffered from pulmonary metastases upon primary diagnosis. In 9 cases resection alone was indicated. 9 patients underwent a resection-replantation-plasty, and in 2 patients primary amputation was performed. 46 patients were treated by resection and endoprosthetic reconstruction using ceramic prostheses (7), custom-made endoprostheses (13) or humeral HMRS modular prostheses (26). Before 1980 a non-standardised neo-adjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy was administered in 12 patients, all patients thereafter received a chemotherapeutic regimen according to the COSS or EURAMOS-1 protocol. In 3 patients with parostal sarcoma no adjuvant therapy was indicated. The patient with multifocal osteosarcoma was treated conservatively by chemotherapy, radiation and immunotherapy by dendritic cell vaccination. The overall survival was 58% at 5 years. 23 patients died of their disease at an average of 25 months after operation (range 2 to 135 months). Average follow-up of the remaining patients was 91 months. (range 1 to 389 months). 4 patients treated before 1982 developed local tumour recurrence leading to secondary amputation in all cases, and death of disease within 12 months in 3 cases, respectively. 16 patients had to undergo one or more revisions, including secondary amputation in 2. Pulmonary metastases were observed in 15 patients, 2 patients developed skeletal metastates. After resection of metastatses, 14 patients died of disease, among them 9 patients died within 12 months after operation. Upon latest follow-up, 3 patients were alive disease-free, the patient with multifocal osteosarcoma was alive with disease 22 months after primary diagnosis. The multimodal treatment of osteosarcoma shows satisfactory oncological results. The implementation of standardised chemotherapeutic protocols has improved overall outcome

Purpose of the study: Advances in chemotherapy protocols over the last 20 years have considerably improved the prognosis and functional outcome in patients with osteogenic sarcoma. We report here the results of a cooperative study conducted under the auspices of the French Society of Pediatric Oncology (SFOP). Twenty-nine oncology centers participated in this retrospective national multicentric study. Materials and methods: The study included 15 .3 patients with osteogenic sarcoma of the limb who were treated by the OS87 protocol with conservative surgery between 1987 and 1994. The OS87 protocol consisted in conservative or nonconservative surgery combined with pre- and postoperative chemotherapy. The following inclusion criteria were used: age under 20 years, tumor localization in a limb (pelvis and spine excluded), no metastasis at diagnosis, biopsy proven osteogenic sarcoma. Results: Mean age at diagnosis was 13 years. The knee localization predominated (80 p. 100). 82.5 p. 100 of the patients had grade IIB disease (Enneking classification). For the 187 patients included in the protocol surgery was nonconservative in 20 p. 100 of the cases and conservative in 80 p. 100. The choice of the surgical technique (arthroplasty, allograft, autograft, resection without reconstruction) depended on the patient’s age and school situation. Data analyzed here concerned only those patients who had conservative treatment. Mean follow-up was 64 months. The actuarial survival curve plateaued at 71 p. 100 at more than 6 years. Early and late complications were numerous and variable (mechanical, infectious, local recurrence). Secondary amputation was required in 10 p. 100 of the patients. The overall functional outcome of the preserved limbs was nevertheless good with rapid restoration of self-sufficiency despite major surgery and a high number of reoperations (about 65 p. 100 of cases). Discussion: In light of the frequency and the seriousness of the complications, these results are modest. Patients and family should be advised of the risk, particularly the risk of secondary amputation which may be required early due to contaminated excision or at mid term due to major non-cancerological complications. As survival has been improved, functional capacity must be preserved for several years. This orients surgery towards more “biological” reconstruction which can provide greater longevity than arthroplasty

Purpose: Between January 1975 and December 2000, 498 cases of sarcoma of limb bones were treated by our multi-disciplinary team. Mean patient age was 27.1 years. Mean tumour size was 13.1 cm. Histology revealed osteosarcoma (n= 231), chondrosarcoma (n=118), Ewing sarcoma (n=104), MFH (n= 25), fibrosarcoma (n=12) and diverse tumours (n=8). The most frequent localisations were: femur (n=203), pelvis (n=98), tibia (n=86), humerus (n=60). Metastasis was present in 64 cases when first seen by our team. The histological resection was wide in 295 cases, marginal in 185 and contaminated in 18. Adjuvant treatment was adapted to patient age, histology and tumour localisation. Postoperative radiotherapy (34 to 50 Gy) was given for certain adults with osteosarcoma or Ewing tumours who had little histological response to preoperative chemotherapy or who had a marginal or contaminated resection. Results: Median follow-up was 12 years. Two hundred fifty-two patients were living and disease free, eight were still under treatment, and 238 had died of their disease or treatment complications. There were 35 cases of local relapse, most of them (n=26) in referred patients, particularly after insufficiently effective chemotherapy. Complications were mainly deep infections (n=42). Secondary amputation was required for 24 patients (5%). Functional outcome at last follow-up was excellent in 52% of the patients, good in 35%, fair in 7% and unsatisfactory in 6%. Outcome depended basically on tumour size and localisation and deteriorated with infectious complications and radiotherapy. Conclusion: 1. In our series, conservative surgery was performed in 95% of the cases, even for large tumours with fractures or for young children. 2. Functional outcome was better after conservative surgery: more than 85% excellent or good function. 3. Risk of local relapse was 2% for patients seen for initial diagnosis of high-grade malignant sarcoma. For patients with low-grade malignant tumours, or those who could not be given effective chemotherapy, the risk of local relapse was higher. 4. Radiotherapy improved local control for Ewing sarcomas and mesenchymatous chondro-sarcomas but its effect could not be assessed for the other tumours. As most of the secondary amputations and most of the poor functional results were observed in patients given complementary radiotherapy, this therapeutic modality, should, in our opinion, be avoided. 5. Preoperative chemotherapy being potentially dangerous for poor responders when the preoperative phase is continued too long, we advocate one month of preoperative chemotherapy for osteosarcoma and six weeks for Ewing sarcoma. This should be sufficient to allow conservative surgery (reduced tumour size) and chemotherapy (precise dose and protocols)

Aims

To evaluate mid-to long-term patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) of endoprosthetic reconstruction after resection of malignant tumours arising around the knee, and to investigate the risk factors for unfavourable PROMs.

Purpose of Study. We intended to determine our rates of deep infection and non-union in severe open tibial fractures treated at our institution with Ilizarov frames. Methods. We retrospectively reviewed the case notes and radiographs of sixty consecutive cases of severe (Gustillo-Anderson Grade III) open fractures of the tibia treated in our tertiary referral unit with the ‘Flap and Frame’ technique. This technique involves early aggressive soft tissue and bone debridement and temporary skeletal stabilisation, followed by soft tissue coverage and then, when the soft tissues have settled, definitive skeletal stabilisation with the Ilizarov frame. The primary outcome measures were the presence of deep infection, occurence of union with the index frame, and any requirement for secondary amputation. Results. Mean average age was 43.3 years (range 16–89). None had neurovascular injuries requiring repair, while three quaters required soft tissue coverage procedures. Half of the fractures had significant bone loss following debridement, with a mean average loss of 28.1 mm (range 5–125). Mean followup was 10.3 months. The deep sepsis rate was 1.7 percent, or 5 percent including cases with significant soft tissue infection but no confirmed bone infection, with a 5 percent non-union rate. Conclusion. In our centre management of severe open fractures of the tibia treated with the ‘Flap and Frame’ technique, with Ilizarov, fixation achieves rates of deep infection and union which compare favourably with previously reported results

Megaendoprotheses are widely used in the reconstruction of large bone defects in orthopaedic tumour surgery. The major complications (up to 36%) are periprosthetic infections. Persisting periprosthetic infections lead to secondary amputation up to 37% of the cases. One underestimated reason for persisting infections are subpopulations of S. aureus called “small colony variants” (SCVs). Aim of this study was to evaluate that silver ions might prevent or cure a periprosthetic infection caused by SCVs. For testing the antimicrobial activity of silver-coated titanium we used a technique introduced by Bechert et al. Therefore an adhesion and proliferation assay was performed with clinical isolates of S. aureus SCV (A22616/3). We tested the adhesion and proliferation properties of S aureus SCV on stainless steel (steel), Cobalt-Chrome-Molybdenum-alloy (CoCrMo), Titan-Aluminium-Vanadium-alloy (TiAlVa) and silver-coated Titan-Aluminium-Vanadium-alloy (scTiAlVa). Adhesion of S. aureus SCV is significantly reduced on scTiAlVa vs. steel (p> 0001). We could also demonstrate that the proliferation rate of scTiAlVa vs. all tested materials is significant (p> 0001) lower. We concluded that silver-coating has an effective antimicrobial activity against S. aureus SCVs. Thus silver-coated megaendoprostheses are a good prophylaxis against persisting infections caused by S. aureus SCVs

Background. Decisions about local treatment are important in osteosarcoma treatment. The purpose of this study was to review decisions about local treatment in one centre. Methods. This was a retrospective review of the records of all patients with high-grade extremity osteosarcoma presenting to our centre between 1997 and 2008. Particular attention was paid to local control decisions. Results. 54 patients were included, 37 were male. Median age was 18 (4.1 to 71.3 years). The anatomical location was distal femur in 33, tibia in 8, humerus in 7, ankle/foot in 3, fibula in 2 and clavicle in 1. 8 (14.8%) patients had metastases at presentation. 13 (24.1%) patients underwent primary amputation, predominantly in the early years of the series. The remaining 41 patients had limb-sparing surgery, 5 of whom had microscopically positive margins. 21 of 54 (38.8%) had >90% necrosis in the resected tumour. 3 patients had poor necrosis and positive margins. These were a 70 yo intolerant of chemotherapy, who refused amputation, developed LR and metastatic disease; a 15 yo with metastatic disease, who had a secondary amputation and metastatectomy and survived and a 43 yo who developed metastases and LR on chemotherapy. 4 further patients had local recurrence after LSS. All had poor necrosis after chemotherapy but adequate margins. All developed metastatic disease and 3 have died. Overall survival was 60%. 5-year survival without metastatic disease at presentation was 65%. Conclusion. Our series is similar to other centres. Challenges include older patients, poor response to chemotherapy and metastases

We aimed to investigate the treatment and outcome of patients over 65 years of age with tibial Pilon fracture. Patients were treated by primary open reduction and internal fixation or external fixation (EF) as determined by local soft tissue conditions. Patient course, incidence of radiological osteoarthritis and functional outcome using the SF-36 questionnaire were recorded. All patients were evaluated serially until discharge from final follow-up. The mean follow-up time was 28 months (12-45). Statistical analysis was performed using Analyse-it(tm) software for Excel. In total 25 patients were studied. Two patients died before completion of treatment and were excluded from the final analysis. Therefore, 23 patients (10 male) were included with a mean age of 70.9 years (range 66-89) and a mean ISS of 10.25 (range 9-22). There were 4 grade IIIb open injuries. Three patients suffered superficial tibial wound infection. Two patients underwent early secondary amputation due to deep bone sepsis within 8 weeks of injury. One patient in the ORIF group underwent primary arthrodesis, which was subsequently revised due to non-union. 3 patients underwent secondary bone grafting to enhance healing, performed at 2, 6 and 9 weeks. 2 patients with metal work failure underwent subsequent revision of ORIF and progressed to union; the mean time to union was 33.8 weeks. At final follow-up 7 (28%) patients had radiological features of osteoarthritis but none had symptoms severe enough to warrant ankle arthrodesis. There were significant differences from the USA norm in physical function score, role physical score, and physical component score, (p< 0.01). Conclusion/Significance. In older patients local complications are relatively common and clinical vigilance must be maintained in order to allow appropriate intervention during their post-operative course. Despite the incidence of radiological post-traumatic arthrosis, none of the patients progressed to ankle fusion

Introduction: Septic non unions are rare and often occurs after an open fracture but they might arise after an inappropriate surgical or medical treatment. Different techniques can be used for the treatment. External fixation has many advantages over other techniques particularly when bone reconstruction and/or plastic surgery are indicated although sometimes more than one surgery is necessary to restore ideal biological and mechanical conditions for healing. Material and Methods: The authors present their experience in the treatment of 38 septic non unions using a protocol which differentiates the diagnostic and therapeutic approach. External fixation can be used as a single procedure or associated to other surgical procedures in relation to the type and diffusion of the infection. Results: Bone healing and infection eradication have been obtained in 92% of the cases (35 pts). We had 3 secondary amputations (8%). In the first series of patients screw removal and replacement, for pin track infections, occurred in 40% of the cases while this percentage decreased to 4.3% when HA- coated screws were used. Conclusions: The treatment of septic non-unions needs a multidisciplinary approach to treat properly both non union and infection of bone and soft tissues. Internal fixation remains a procedure at risk because of the high rate of infection recurrence. External fixation is instead still the safer and more versatile surgical option to treat these pathologies. It nevertheless requests strict diagnostic and therapeutic protocols and a good postoperative organisation in order to shorten the healing time and to minimise the complications

Purpose: Improved surgical technique and facilities enable emergency salvage of very damaged limbs. Functional outcome after this type of conservative treatment is generally satisfactory but at the risk of more or less quiescent osteitis. In the event of chronic osteitis, the neighbouring skin can undergo malignant degeneration (squamous-cell carcinoma). The purpose of our work was to report three such transformations and discuss therapeutic indications. Material and methods: The study series included three patients with chronic osteitis of the tibia after trauma. During surveillance, several years later we observed changes in local signs: increasing pain, purulent discharge and bleeding (Rowlands triad). In each patient, biopsy led to the diagnosis of transformation to squamous-cell carcinoma. All patients were treated by above knee amputation. Results: Outcome was satisfactory with an excellent quality scar formation. The search for extension was still negative a three years follow-up. Discussion: The frequency of carcinomatous degeneration near zones of chronic osteitis varies depending on the series to 0.2% to 1.7%. This is in sort the cost of conservative treatment. Changes in the clinical presentation, Rowland’s triad, associated with modification of the bacterial flora and development of a nauseous odour are important signs which should be followed by a biopsy. The treatment of choice for most authors is amputation in order to increase patient survival. Conclusion: The desire to pursue conservative reconstruction surgery even in the most difficult cases should not mask the risk of potential malignant transformation. Secondary amputation should not be considered as a failure in these extreme clinical situations

Background. Modular endoprostheses today represent a standard treatment option in the management of musculoskeletal tumors of the lower extremities. Long-term results of these reconstructions, however, are often limited by the course of the underlying disease. We therefore report our experiences in cancer patients with megaprostheses of the lower limb after a minimum of 15 years. Materials and Methods. 62 patients, 34 men and 28 women, with a mean age of 26 years (median, 20; range, 6–83) were included in this investigation with a mean follow-up of 230 months (median, 228; range, 180–342). Endoprosthetic reconstructions of the proximal femur (11), the distal femur (28), the total femur (2) or the proximal tibia (21) were indicated for osteosarcoma (43), chondrosarcoma (5), malignant fibrous histiocytoma (3) or other tumors (11). All patients have received either a KMFTR (22) or a HMRS (40) modular prosthesis; 23 patients had a muscle flap, 14 had a fibular transposition osteotomy and 4 have received an artificial LARS ligament for soft-tissue reconstruction. Results. 7 patients (11.3%) died throughout the follow-up period, but none succumbed to primary disease. One patient (1.6%) developed a local recurrence after 31 months that was resected. Overall, 56 patients (90.3%) underwent revision of their prosthesis; 50 (80.7%) had multiple revisions up to a maximum of 12 operations (mean, 3 per patient). The median overall prosthetic survival to first revision was 40 months; the corresponding 5-, 10- and 15-year survival rates were 35.5%, 14.5% and 12.9%, respectively. 3 patients (5.4%) had an infection, 8 (14.3%) had a soft-tissue related failure, 30 (53.6%) had a mechanical or structural failure and 15 (26.8%) had an aseptic loosening. The 15-year survival rates of these respective endpoints were 87.1% for infection, 79.0% for soft-tissue related failure, 32.3% for mechanical or structural failure and 56.5% for aseptic loosening. 59 patients (95.2%) have retained their prosthesis; 2 patients (3.2%) underwent secondary amputation due to an irresolvable complication, another one (1.6%) for a second malignancy. Conclusion. Modular prosthetic reconstructions of the lower extremities have a high revision rate in the long-term, primarily due to mechanical failures. Given that patients survive their malignant disease the rate of secondary implant removal, however, tends to be low, providing satisfactory function and body integrity. Further advances in implant design, soft tissue management and infection prophylaxis are required to reduce revision rates

Parosteal osteosarcoma is an uncommon tumour. Different methods of surgical treatment have been reported. Aim of this study was to investigate differences in outcome after biological and prosthetic reconstruction. Since August 1969, 28 patients have been treated at our institution. Average age was 26 years, range 15 to 59 years. Patient data was retrospectively reviewed within the prospective database of the Vienna Tumour Registry. Average follow-up was 133.9 months, range 8.4 to 382.6 months. Two patients died of disease 8.4 and 81.4 months after operation, respectively, another patient died due to unrelated causes 330.4 months postoperatively. All surviving patients were followed for a minimum of 3.6 months. Location of the lesion was the distal femur (19), proximal humerus (four), proximal tibia (three), mid-diaphyseal and proximal femur (one each). In 12 patients endoprosthetic reconstruction was indicated. Biological reconstruction was performed in 11 patients. Three patients underwent rotationplasty, two patients were amputated. Eight of 12 patients with endoprostheses have been revised, five have had multiple revisions. Causes for revision were bushing wear (four), aseptic loosening (four), infection (three) and periprosthetic fracture (one). There was no local recurrence in the endoprosthetic group. Two of 11 patients with biological reconstruction underwent revision due to pseudarthrosis and femoral fracture, respectively. There were two cases of local recurrence requiring secondary amputation. Two patients with rotationplasty underwent revision for wound healing disturbance and thrombectomy, respectively. Three patients developed lung metastases, leading to death of disease in two cases of amputation and rotationplasty. One patient with endoprosthetic reconstruction was alive 129.0 months after pulmonary metastasectomy. Functional outcome was satisfactory in all patients; there were no significant differences between patients with endoprosthetic or biological reconstruction. Biological reconstruction showed less revisions compared to endoprostheses, however, exact preoperative planning is required to obtain clear margins of resection

Purpose: Primary bone tumours situated at the distal end of the humerus are exceptional and observed in only 1% of the cases. Reconstruction at this level is often difficult due to the wide bone resection. Choosing a massive prosthesis is an interesting method allowing correct carcinological and functional results. We report a series of ten patients who underwent reconstruction of the lower end of the humerus between 1970 and 2001 with a massive prosthesis after tumour resection. Material and methods: This series included four men and six women, mean age 51 years (15–76). Eight patients had primary bone tumours and two had secondary bone lesions. Mean follow-up was 79 months (9–372). The custom-made constrained hinge prosthesis composed of chromium-cobalt and titanium was cemented. Regular clinical and radiological follow-up data were recorded. The Henneking score and the Toronto Extremity Survival Score (TESS) were used to assess functional outcome. Results: Three patients underwent revision for aseptic loosening of the humeral component at 48, 56 and 366 months with problem of polyethylene insert wear for two of them. There were no infctions or local recurrences and no secondary amputations. The posterior or anterolateral approach was used for humeral resection (mean 153 mm, 63–160 mm). Postoperatively, three patients developed transient palsy (one radial and two ulnar) which regressed. Four patients died from metastasis and had a satsifactory prosthesis result at time of death. The mean TESS was 73% (29–93%) at last follow-up. Discussion: Although this is a small series, the long-term results appear to indicate that reconstruction of the lower extremity of the humerus with a massive prosthesis is a satisfactory option for this rare tumour localisation

Objective: 1997 Zwipp [. 1. ] proposed a 5-point scoring system for the classification of the complex trauma of the foot. However, outcome and quality of life after this injury have not been studied systematically. Therefore, the objective of this prospective cross-sectional study was to evaluate the functional outcome and quality of life after complex trauma of the foot. Patients and Methods: 74 patients with a complex trauma of the foot (≥5 points on the Zwipp-Scale) were treated between 2001 and 2007 in the authors’ institution. 50 patients met the inclusion criteria. Using standardized evaluation forms all relevant parameters concerning patients’ history and clinical data were recorded, including items to calculate the AOFAS-Score, the SF-12 and the VAS-Foot and Ankle Score. All patients were examined by an experienced orthopaedic surgeon and an experienced orthopedist. Finally, functional assessment was competed by dynamic baro-pedography and x-rays. Results: Primary amputation was necessary in 15 patients, 11 x on the level of the forefoot, 2x in the tarsal region and 1x at the level of the thigh. After initial preservation of the foot 4 secondary amputations were necessary. a compartment syndrome was diagnosed in 30 patients. Soft tissue coverage was achieved 12 x using a free vascular flap, 17 x using split skin grafts und 4 x using full skin grafts. On average 4 operations were necessary. The complication rate was 19%. Mean follow-up was 3.5 [1–5] years. At that time the AOFAS Score was 74 (60–100), the SF-12 Score 42.9 (physical health summary scale) and the VAS-Foot and Ankle Score was 76.4 (±12.3). The results showed a significant correlation the Zwipp-Scale (p=0,001). Pedographic evaluation demonstrated changes in gait (contact time, gait line, peak pressure) in 79% of the patients. These findings correlated with the radiologic changes of the foot. 46% of the patients did not wear their orthopaedic shoes. 31% of the orthopaedic shoes or orthotic appliances were regarded insufficient by the orthopaedic surgeon and the orthopedist. Conclusion: Quality of life after complex trauma of the foot is better than expected and comparable to complex monotrauma of the foot (e.g. calcaneus or talus). Long-term outcome is dictated by the trauma of the bones and joints and not the soft tissue trauma. Objective measurements like dynamic pedorgraphy show the limitations of the patients. Orthotic supply can be improved in a reasonable number of the patients

Purpose: The literature on management of advanced soft tissue tumours is limited because of the rarity of cases following increased awareness and improved diagnostic resources. Method: Our experience of managing 18 patients with fungating soft tissue tumours of the extremities and one patient with a sarcoma involving the scapular region (limb girdle) is presented. There were 14 males and 5 females. Average age was 70.6 yrs ranging between 37 – 98 years. 13 tumours involved lower limb and 6 the upper limb. Results: The follow-up ranged from a minimum of 6 months to 10 years from the initial referral. The histological diagnosis was Sarcoma in 15 patients (Spindle cell sarcoma in 4, Fibrous Histiocytoma in 2, Pleomorphic sarcoma in 3, liposarcoma in 2, leiomyosarcoma in 2, Fibrosarcoma in 1 and 1 Round cell sarcoma). In the remaining 3 patients immunohistochemistry studies confirmed a Metastatic Squamous cell Sarcoma, a Metastatic Malignant Melanoma and a Metastases from a poorly differentiated upper GI malignancy each. Primary wide local excision was performed in 15 patients and primary amputation was performed in two patients. In 2 patients when tumour was unresectable due to the location and local spread, an embolisation was performed in both for palliation. Lung Metastases were present at the time of referral in 6 patients and developed later during follow-up in 4 patients. A histologically proven recurrence occurred in 6 patients after an average of 15.83 (4 to 41) months. Revision surgery was needed in 9 patients for either a positive margin on histology or a recurrence, including 3 secondary amputations. Local adjuvant Radiotherapy was given for 7 patients and a combination of radio and chemotherapy was used in 2 patients for metastases. Mortality was 53 % (9 patients) by the end of 32 months of follow-up. Conclusion: Fungation in soft tissue tumours is rare and often a sign of locally advanced disease and a high grade nature, patients either have systemic spread by the time or develop later inspite of good local disease control. Primary wide local excision in such patients is difficult and has a high chance of a positive margin hence primary amputation may be better for local clearance. Recurrence of tumour and revision surgery is common and the mortality was > 50% at the end of 3 years from presentation to treatment in our series

Background: The literature on description and management of advanced fungating soft tissue tumours (FSST) is limited because of the rarity of cases. Recent advances in diagnostic resources and an increased awareness of the disease has made early recognition easier. Manchester Royal Infirmary is a Regional Sarcoma Centre in the North West of England. We describe our experiences in managing patients with FSST of the extremities. Patients and Methods: Between 1997 and 2007, 18 patients presented with FSST of the extremities (13 involving the lower limb, and 5 involving the upper limb), and 1 patient with a sarcoma involving the scapular region (limb girdle). The cohort included 14 males and 5 females with a mean average age of 68.5 ± 13.7 years. Follow-up ranged from a minimum of 6 months to 10 years from the initial referral. Results: The histological diagnosis was sarcoma in 15 patients, subclassified into spindle cell sarcoma (4), fibrous histiocytoma (2), pleomorphic sarcoma (3), liposarcoma (2), leiomyosarcoma (2), fibrosarcoma (1) and round cell sarcoma (1). In the remaining 3 patients immunohistochemistry studies confirmed a metastatic squamous cell sarcoma, a metastatic malignant melanoma and a metastasis from a poorly differentiated upper gastrointestinal malignancy. Lung metastases were present at the time of referral in 6 patients and developed later during follow-up in 4 patients. For patients where curative surgery was an option, primary wide local excision (15 patients) or primary amputation (2 patients) was performed. The remaining 2 patients presented with unresectable disease due to the location and localised spread; an embolisation was performed for palliation in both cases. Revision surgery was needed in 9 patients for either a positive resection margin confirmed by histology, or a recurrence; these included 3 secondary amputations. A histologically proven recurrence occurred in 6 patients after an average of 15.8 (4 to 41) months. Local adjuvant radiotherapy was administered to 7 patients and a combination of radio–and chemotherapy was used in 2 patients for metastases. Mortality was 53% (9 patients) by the end of 36 months follow-up period. Conclusion: Fungation in soft tissue tumours is a rare phenomenon and often a sign of locally advanced disease with a high grade nature. Patients present with either systemic spread, or have a tendency to develop metastases despite good local disease control. Primary wide local excision is difficult with a high chance of a positive margin; hence primary amputation may be better for local clearance. Tumour recurrence and revision surgery, however, is common. We report a mortality rate of > 50% at the end of 3 years from presentation to treatment

Introduction: Soft-tissue sarcomas (STS) in children and young adults are rare. This is a heterogeneous group of tumors, which is traditionally divided to rhabdomyo-sarcomas and non-rhabdomyosarcoma soft-tissue sarcomas (NRSTS). These tumors are further classified to high- and low-grade tumors. Material and Methods: Between 1988 and 1999, the authors treated 50 patients (25 males, 25 females) under the age of 20 who were diagnosed with a soft-tissue sarcoma. Histopathological Diagnoses: rhabdomyosarcoma – 11, synovial sarcoma – 6, other high-grade STS (extraskeletal Ewing’s sarcoma, epitheloid sarcoma, neurofibrosarcoma, hemangiopericytoma, fibrosarcoma, and unclassified sarcoma) – 17. Seven patients were diagnosed with low-grade STS and 9 patients with an aggressive desmoid tumor. Anatomic Location: Lower extremities – 30, upper extremities – 9, shoulder girdle – 2, trunk – 4, pelvic girdle – 5. Preoperative Treatment: Thirty patients received neo-adjuvant chemotherapy, four patients underwent isolated limb perfusion with TNF and melphalan, and one patient received preoperative radiation therapy. Surgery: Forty-seven underwent limb-sparing resections and 3 underwent primary amputation. Wide margins were achieved in 37 patients and marginal margins in 10. Intralesional resection was performed in 3 patients. Postoperative Treatment: Thirty-seven patients received adjuvant chemotherapy and 34 received radiation therapy. Oncological Status: At the most recent follow-up, 24 patients of the 37 patients with high-grade STS have no evidence of disease, three are alive with disease, and seven are dead. Fourteen of the 16 patients with low-grade tumors have no evidence of disease and 2 are alive with disease. There were 4 secondary amputations due to local tumor recurrence. Conclusions: Management of soft-tissue sarcomas in children and young adults requires the judgmental use of pre- and postoperative treatment modalities. Local tumor control can be achieved in the majority of the patients. A longer follow-up is required to determine the overall survival of these patients

Purpose: Amputation is often proposed for malignant tumours of the distal tibia. The purpose of our study was to report outcome and complications after conservative treatment of osteosarcoma of the distal tibia. Material and methods: Eight patients, four boys and four girls aged 8 – 16 years (mean 12 years) were managed conservatively with high-dose methotrexate chemotherapy for osteosarcoma of the distal tibia between 1983 and 1998. Wide resection was performed in all cases and one patient had a lung metastasis. Mean length of resection was 13 cm (9–19). Tibiotalar reconstruction arthrodesis was performed in seven patients. Tibial grafts and a centromedullar nail associated with fibulotalar arthrodesis with screw fixation were used in four patients. Plate fixation was used in two, and one patient had a cement spacer while waiting for biological reconstruction. After surgery, the patients were immobilised in a plaster cast for three to six months. Weight bearing began two to four months after surgery. Results: Resection was wide in four cases, marginal in three , and contaminated in one. Four patients responded well to chemotherapy and four responded poorly. Outcome was assessed at a mean follow-up of 5.5 years (2–17 years). At last follow-up, six patients were in remission, and two had died, including one after local recurrence despite amputation. Three patients had a deep infection which cured in all three without surgery. Two revisions were required in one patient with nonunion before achieving a solid union. All the patients who had a tibiotalar arthrodesis progressively developed nearly normal “ankle” function subsequent to progressive sub-talar hypermobility. The mean MSTS score was 27.7/30 (range 22 – 30). Discussion: Conservative management of osteosarcoma of the distal tibia appears to be feasible and provides excellent functional results despite an important risk of infection. Wide surgical margins requires a good response to chemotherapy. In case of doubt, reconstruction must avoid contaminating the rest of the tibia in order to allow secondary amputation if needed

Introduction: Numerous studies had been published concerning the classification, biomechanics and the management of penetrating extremity trauma involving long-bone fractures. Significant controversy exists in protocols of the management and outcomes of these serious injuries. Bullets and multiple shrapnel injuries due to terror attacks may differ in injury pattern and severity. The role of immediate internal fixation still remains questionable. During a period of four years 92 patients suffering from 103 long bone fracture due to penetrating gunshot and shrapnel injuries were treated in our level I trauma center. The aim of this retrospective study is to evaluate the outcome of these patients regarding our treatment protocol. Patients and Methods: 92 patients suffering from 113 long bone fractures caused by firearms and shrapnel injuries were treated in a level I trauma centre between 1/2000 and 12/2003. There were 36 femoral fractures, 50 tibial fractures, 5 humeral fractures and 24 forearm fractures. 43% of the patients suffered from associated injuries. Fifty eight percent of the patients had an Injury severity score (ISS) of 9–14 and 21% had an ISS greater than 25. 30% of the patients suffered form an associated vascular injury and 32% from an associated nerve injury of the fractured extremity. 36% of patients had multiple fractures. Overall mortality rate was 4%. Results: 77% of the fractures were fixated primarily and 23% were splinted or put in a cast. 3% of limbs were amputated. Out of the primary fixation group, 45% of the fractures were fixed with intramedullary nails, 44% with an external fixator and 11% with plates. 28% of the fractures required arterial repair, 18% required nerve repair and soft tissue coverage procedures were needed in 14% of the fractures. The infection rate for the entire group was 12%. Non-union occurred in 8%. Secondary amputation rate was 4%. Discussion: The surge of violence in our region had produced penetrating long bone injuries with increased severity, often associated with polytrauma, differing from other published series. Our management of these serious injuries was aggressive with the increased use of primary intramedullary nailing and internal fixation with comparable results of other published series. We conclude that aggressive primary surgical approach using multidisciplinary teams can result in favourable results in these unique patients subset