Aims. Traditionally, acetabular component insertion during total hip arthroplasty (THA) is visually assisted in the posterior approach and fluoroscopically assisted in the anterior approach. The present study examined the accuracy of a new surgeon during anterior (NSA) and posterior (NSP) THA using robotic arm-assisted technology compared to two experienced surgeons using traditional methods. Methods. Prospectively collected data was reviewed for 120 patients at two institutions. Data were collected on the first 30 anterior approach and the first 30 posterior approach surgeries performed by a newly graduated arthroplasty surgeon (all using robotic arm-assisted technology) and was compared to standard THA by an experienced anterior (SSA) and posterior surgeon (SSP). Acetabular component inclination, version, and leg length were calculated postoperatively and differences calculated based on postoperative film measurement. Results. Demographic data were similar between groups with the exception of BMI being lower in the NSA group (27.98 vs 25.2; p = 0.005). Operating time and total time in operating room (TTOR) was lower in the SSA (p < 0.001) and TTOR was higher in the NSP group (p = 0.014). Planned versus postoperative leg length discrepancy were similar among both anterior and posterior surgeries (p > 0.104). Planned versus postoperative abduction and anteversion were similar among the NSA and SSA (p > 0.425), whereas planned versus postoperative abduction and anteversion were lower in the NSP (p < 0.001). Outliers > 10 mm from planned leg length were present in one case of the SSP and NSP, with none in the anterior groups. There were no outliers > 10° in anterior or posterior for abduction in all surgeons. The SSP had six outliers > 10° in anteversion while the NSP had none (p = 0.004); the SSA had no outliers for anteversion while the NSA had one (p = 0.500). Conclusion. Robotic arm-assisted technology allowed a newly trained surgeon to produce similarly accurate results and outcomes as experienced surgeons in anterior and posterior hip arthroplasty. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2021;2(6):365–370

The computational modelling and 3D technology are finding more and more applications in the medical field. Orthopedic surgery is one of the specialties that can benefit the most from this solution. Three case reports drawn from the experience of the authors’ Orthopedic Clinic are illustraded to highlight the benefits of applying this technology. Drawing on the extensive experience gained within the authors’ Operating Unit, three cases regarding different body segments have been selected to prove the importance of 3D technology in preoperative planning and during the surgery. A sternal transplant by allograft from a cryopreserved cadaver, the realization of a custom made implant of the glenoid component in a two-stage revision of a reverse shoulder arthroplasty, and a case of revision on a hip prosthesis with acetabular bone loss (Paprosky 3B) treated with custom system. In all cases the surgery was planned using 3D processing software and models of the affected bone segments, printed by 3D printer, and based on CT scans of the patients. The surgical implant was managed with dedicated instruments. The use of 3D technology can improve the results of orthopedic surgery in many ways: by optimizing the outcomes of the operation as it allows a preliminary study of the bone loss and an evalutation of feasibility of the surgery, it improves the precision of the positioning of the implant, especially in the context of severe deformity and bone loss, and it reduces the operating time; by improving surgeon training; by increasing patient involvement in decision making and informed consent. 3D technology, by offering targeted and customized solutions, is a valid tool to obtain the tailored care that every patient needs and deserves, also providing the surgeon with an important help in cases of great complexity

An overview about 3D printing technology in orthopaedic applications will be given based on examples. The process from early prototypes to certified implants coming from serial production will be demonstrated also considering relevant surrounding conditions. Today's focus is mostly on orthopaedic implants, but there is a high potential for new implant-related surgical instrument solutions taking into account up-coming clinical demands and user needs accessible by actual 3D printing technologies

Digital Ventilated Cages (DVC) offer an innovative technology to obtain accurate movement data from a single mouse over time [1]. Thus, they could be used to determine the occurrence of a tendon damage event as well as inform on tissue regeneration [2,3]. Therefore, using the mouse model of tendon experimental damage, in this study it has been tested whether the recovery of tissue microarchitecture and of extracellular matrix (ECM) correlates with the motion data collected through this technology. Mice models were used to induce acute injury in Achilles tendons (ATs), while healthy ones were used as control. During the healing process, the mice were housed in DVC cages (Tecniplast) to monitor animal welfare and to study biomechanics assessing movement activity, an indicator of the recovery of tendon tissue functionality. After 28 days, the AT were harvested and assessed for their histological and immunohistochemical properties to obtain a total histological score (TSH) that was then correlated to the movement data. DVC cages showed the capacity to distinguish activity patterns in groups from the two different conditions. The data collected showed that the mice with access to the mouse wheel had a higher activity as compared to the blocked wheel group, which suggests that the extra movement during tendon healing improved motion ability. The histological results showed a clear difference between different analyzed groups. The bilateral free wheel group showed the best histological recovery, offering the highest TSH score, thus confirming the results of the DVC cages and the correlation between movement activity and structural recovery. Data obtained showed a correlation between TSH and the DVC cages, displaying structural and movement differences between the tested groups. This successful correlation allows the usage of DVC type cages as a non-invasive method to predict tissue regeneration and recovery. Acknowledgements: This research is part of the P4FIT project ESR13, funded by the H2020-ITN-EJD MSCA grant agreement No.955685

Introduction. The use of technology, such as navigation and robotic systems, may improve the accuracy of component positioning in total hip arthroplasty (THA) but its impact on patient reported outcomes measures (PROMs) remains unclear. This study aims to identify the association between intraoperative use of technology and patient reported outcomes measures (PROMs) in patients who underwent primary total hip arthroplasty (THA). Methods. We retrospectively reviewed patients who underwent primary THA between 2016 and 2020 and answered a post-operative PROM questionnaire. Patients were separated into three groups depending on the technology utilized intraoperatively: navigation, robotics, or no technology (i.e. manual THA. The Forgotten Joint Score (FJS-12) and Hip Disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, Joint Replacement (HOOS, JR) were collected at various time points (FJS: 3m, 1y, and 2y; HOOS, JR: pre-operatively, 3m, and 1y). Demographic differences were assessed with chi-square and ANOVA. Mean scores between all groups were compared using univariate ANCOVA, controlling for observed demographic differences. Results. Of the 1,960 cases included, 896 navigation, 135 robotics, and 929 manual. There was a significant statistical difference in one-year HOOS, JR scores (85.23 vs. 85.95 vs. 86.76; p=0.014) and two-year FJS-12 scores (64.72 vs. 73.35 vs. 74.63; p=0.004) between the three groups. However, they did not exceed the mean clinically important difference (MCID) at any time period. Short and long-term PROMs significantly differed between navigation and manually performed cases (FJS 3m: p=0.047; FJS 2y: p=0.001; HOOS, JR 1y: p=0.004). Two-year FJS-12 scores statistically differed between navigation and robotics (p=0.038). There was no statistical difference in either FJS-12 or HOOS, JR scores between robotics and manual THA groups at all time points (FJS 3m:p=0.076, 1y:p=0.225, 2y:p=0.793; HOOS, JR preop:p=0.872, 3m:p=0.644, 1y:p=0.531). Conclusion. Statistical differences observed between all modalities are not likely to be clinically meaningful with regards to early patient reported outcomes. While intraoperative use of technology may improve the accuracy of implant placement, these modalities have not necessarily translated into improved early reported functional outcomes

The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated a pivot to online learning for many traditional, hands-on subjects such as anatomy. This, coupled with the increase in online education programmes, and the reduction of time students spend in anatomy dissection rooms, has highlighted a real need for innovative and accessible learning tools. This study describes the development of a novel 3-dimensional (3D), interactive anatomy teaching tool using structured light scanning (SLS) technology. This technique allows the 3D shape and texture of an object to be captured and displayed online, where it can be viewed and manipulated in real-time. Human bones of the upper limb, vertebrae and whole skulls were digitised using SLS using Einscan Pro2X/H scanners. The resulting meshes were then post-processed to add the captured textures and to remove any extraneous information. The final models were uploaded into Sketchfab where they were orientated, lit and annotated. To gather opinion on these models as effective teaching tools, surveys were completed by anatomy students (n=35) and anatomy educators (n=8). Data was collected using a Likert scale response, as well as free text answers to gather qualitative information. 3D scans of the scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, vertebrae and skull were successfully produced by SLS. Interactive models were produced via scan data in Sketchfab and successfully annotated to provide labelled 3D models for examination. 94% of survey respondents agreed that the interactive models were easy to use (n=35, 31% agree and 63% strongly agree) and 97% agreed that the 3D interactive models were more useful than 2D images for learning bony anatomy (n=35; 26% agree and 71% strongly agree). This initial study has demonstrated a suitable proof-of-concept for SLS technology as a useful technique for producing 3D interactive online tools for learning and teaching bony anatomy. Current studies are focussed on determining the SLS accuracy and the ability of SLS to capture soft tissue/joints. We believe that this tool will be a useful technique for generating online 3D interactive models to study orthopaedic anatomy

Introduction. There is debate regarding whether the use of computer-assisted technology, such as navigation and robotics, has any benefit on clinical or patient reported outcomes following total knee arthroplasty (TKA). This study aims to report on the association between intraoperative use of technology and outcomes in patients who underwent primary TKA. Methods. We retrospectively reviewed 7,096 patients who underwent primary TKA from 2016–2020. Patients were stratified depending on the technology utilized intraoperatively: navigation, robotics, or no technology. Patient demographics, clinical data, Forgotten Joint Score-12 (FJS), and Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score for Joint Replacement (KOOS, JR) were collected at various time points up to 1-year follow-up. Demographic differences were assessed with chi-square and ANOVA tests. Clinical data and mean FJS and KOOS, JR scores were compared using univariate ANCOVA, controlling for demographic differences. Results. During the study period, 287 (4%) navigation, 367 (5%) robotics, and 6,442 (91%) manual cases were performed. Surgical time significantly differed between the three groups (113.33 vs. 117.44 vs. 102.11 respectively; p<0.001). Discharge disposition significantly differed between the three groups (p<0.001), with a greater percentage of patients who underwent manual TKA discharged to a skilled nursing facility (12% vs. 8% vs. 15%; p<0.001) than those who had intraoperative technology utilized. FJS scores did not statistically differ at 3-months (p=0.067) and 1-year (p=0.221) postoperatively. There was a significant statistical difference in three-month KOOS, JR scores (59.48 vs. 60.10 vs. 63.64; p=0.001); however, one-year scores did not statistically differ between the three groups (p=0.320). Mean improvement in KOOS, JR scores preoperatively to one-year postoperatively was significantly largest for the navigation group and least for robotics (27.12 vs. 23.78 vs. 25.42; p<0.001). Conclusion. This study demonstrates shorter mean operative time in cases with no utilization of technology and clinically similar patient reported outcome scores associated with TKAs performed between all modalities. While the use of intraoperative technology may aid surgeons, it has not currently translated to better short-term patient outcomes

Universities have an obligation to ensure that Intellectual Property (IP) outputs are properly captured and exploited according to various National and European guidelines. There are two main ways which University technology development can take on the road to commercialisation: 1. Licensing the technology to an existing company: A license is permission to do something the granting party (the licensor) has the right to otherwise prohibit. In the context of IP licensing, it is a grant, by the owner of the property, to another (the licensee) of the right to use the IP in question for commercial purposes; 2. Starting a new company: An important university objective is to explore and pursue opportunities for the exploitation of its intellectual property rights. For universities and its inventors, spin out companies often provide an effective means to achieve this objective. A spin out is created when the University creates a new company out of one of its existing departments, institutions or by an inventor. The decision of which path to take is critical and various elements can effect this decision such as the inventors own objectives, the market niche for the technology, the stage of technical development, the potential reward for each option and the types of support structures available. This talk will summarise the main points to consider when deciding on the most appropriate way to commercialise technologies developed in Universities

Significance. Increasing health care costs are bankrupting the United States and other industrialized countries. To control and/or reduce costs in health care, hospitals, payers, and patients are turning to evidence-based meta-analyses and health economic analyses to identify medical treatments that provide value (value=outcome/cost). Objective: To determine if clinical outcome (patient reported outcomes) analyses or value/economic analyses are more likely to provide the evidence needed for adoption of new technologies in arthroplasty. Methods. A proprietary joint arthroplasty database of patient reported outcomes (PROs) was analyzed to determine the minimum clinically important differences (MCIDs) for PROs used for total knee replacement surgery. The PROs analyzed were: (1) European quality of life (EQ-5D); Oxford Knee Score (OKS); (3) Lower Extremity Activity Scale (LEAS); and (4) Likert Pain Scale (LPS). The MCID was calculated using a distribution method where the MCID equals one half the standard deviation of the score change, MCID = σΔ/2. For clinical meta-analyses, new technologies must demonstrate statistically significant better PROs and the difference must be greater than the MCID. For economic analyses, quality adjusted life years (QALYs) are used. For example, if a total knee replacement (TKR) improved a patient's health-related quality of life by 10% (0.10) and the assumed implant life is 15 years, the patient received 1.5 QALYs (0.10 × 15 years). If the total cost of care for the knee replacement surgery is $30,000, the cost per QALY is $20,000 ($30,000/1.5 QALYs). Results. The MCIDs for EQ-5D, OKS, LEAS, and LPS are 0.086%, 4.6 points, 1.6 points, and 1.3 points, respectively. The mean change (one-year post-operative EQ-5D minus pre-operative EQ-5D) for health-related quality of life is 15% (0.15). The average patient received 2.25 QALYs (0.15 × 15 years) from the surgery. The average cost per QALY is $13,333. However, if a new technology improves the mean health-related quality of life by 1% and the assumed implant life is 15 years, the patient receives 0.15 QALYs of improvement. With an average cost per QALY of $13,333, the new technology will be cost effective if the new technology cost is less than or equal to $2,000 (0.15 × $13,333) per patient. Conclusions. Achieving clinical superiority with new arthroplasty technology will be difficult because the minimum clinically important differences that need to be achieved are significant (EQ-5D 8.6%, OKS 4.6 points, LEAS 1.3 points, and LPS 1.3 points). However, small mean improvements in health-related quality of life (1%) can make the new technology cost effective. New technologies for arthroplasty surgery will increasingly need economic analyses to demonstrate cost effectiveness. Orthopaedic surgeons and manufacturers must collaborate to routinely collect health-related quality of life (EQ-5D) patient reported outcomes to provide a pathway for adoption of new innovative arthroplasty technologies

Objective. To analyze the short-term outcome after medial open-wedge high tibial osteotomy with a 3D-printing technology in early medial keen osteoarthritis and varus malalignment. Design and Method. 32 knees(28 cases) of mOWHTO (fixation with an angular-stable TomoFix implant(Synthes)) with a 3D-printing technology combined with arhtroscopy were prospectively surveyed with regard to functional outcome(Hospital for special knee score [HSS] score). Pre- and postoperative tibial bone varus angle (TBVA), mechanical medial proximal tibial angle (MPTA), and alignment were analyzed with regard to the result. Results. 32 knees were included (28 patients; mean age 46.5±9.3 years). The follow-up rate was 100% at 1.7±0.6 years (range, 1.2–3.2 years). Pre- and postoperative mechanical tibiofemoral axis were 6.8°±2°of varus and 1.2°± 3.4° of valgus, respectively. HSS score significantly improved from 46.0±18.3 preoperatively to 84±12 at one, 80±7 at two years (P<0.01). Conclusions. Medial open-wedge high tibial osteotomy with a 3D-printing technology combined with arthroscopy in medial keen osteoarthritis and varus malalignment is an accurate and good treatment option. High preoperative TBVA and appropriate corrected angle(0–3° of valgus)) was associated with better functional outcome at final follow-up

Production of porous titanium bone implants is a highly promising research and application area due to providing high osseointegration and achieving the desired mechanical properties. Production of controlled porosity in titanium implants is possible with laser powder bed fusion (L- PBF) technology. The main topics of this presentation includes the L-PBF process parameter optimization to manufacture thin walls of porous titanium structures with almost full density and good mechanical properties as well as good dimensional accuracy. Moreover, the cleaning and coating process of these structures to further increase osseointegration and then in-vitro biocompatibility will be covered

Introduction. Robotic-arm assisted knee arthroplasty (rKA) has been associated with improved clinical, radiographic, and patient-reported outcomes. There is a paucity of literature, however, addressing its cost effectiveness. In the context of an integrated health system with an insurance plan and single source comprehensive data warehouse for electronic health records and claims data, we present an evaluation of healthcare costs and utilization associated with manual knee arthroplasty (mKA) versus rKA. We also examine the influence of rKA technology on surgeons’ practice patterns. Methods. Practice patterns of KA were assessed 18 months before and after introduction of robotic technology in April 2018. For patients also insured through the system's health plan, inpatient costs (actual costs recorded by health system), 90-day postoperative costs (allowed amounts paid by insurance plan), and 90-day postoperative utilization (length of stay, home health care visits, rehabilitation visits) were compared between mKA and rKA patients, stratified by total (TKA) or unicompartmental (UKA) surgery. Linear regression modeling was used to compare outcomes between the two pairs of groups (mKA vs. rKA, for both UKA and TKA). Log-link function and gamma error distribution was used for costs. All analyses were done using SAS statistical software, with p<0.05 considered statistically significant. Results. Overall KA volume increased 21%, from 532 cases in the pre-rKA period to 644 post-rKA introduction, with UKA surgeries increasing from 38 to 97 (155%). Of these KAs, 218 patients were insured through our system's health plan (38 rUKAs, 9 mUKAs, 91 rTKAs, and 80 mTKAs), allowing precise insurance claims analysis for postoperative utilization and cost. Patients with rKA had significantly lower mean home health costs (-90% difference for UKA, −79% difference for TKA, p<0.02) and home rehab costs (-64% difference for UKA, −73% difference for TKA, p≤0.007) than mKA patients. No significant differences were observed in outpatient rehab (visits or costs), total rehab costs, or length of stay. Mean total postoperative costs were significantly lower for rUKA than mUKA (-47% difference, p=0.02) but similar for TKA (p>0.05). There were no significant differences in total inpatient costs between MAKO and non-MAKO patients. Conclusion. Robotic-arm assisted KA can allow for increased UKA volume and potential for substantial cost savings over the total episode of care by reducing postoperative utilization and costs

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease affecting millions worldwide. Early detection of OA and monitoring its progression is essential for effective treatment and for preventing irreversible damage. Although sensors have emerged as a promising tool for monitoring analytes in patients, their application for monitoring the state of pathology is currently restricted to specific fields (such as diabetes). In this study, we present the development of an optical sensor system for real-time monitoring of inflammation based on the measurement of nitric oxide (NO), a molecule highly produced in tissues during inflammation. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) were functionalized with a single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) wrapping designed using an artificial intelligence approach and tested using S-nitroso-N-acetyl penicillamine (SNAP) as a standard released-NO marker. An optical SWIR reader with LED excitation at 650 nm, 730 nm and detecting emission above 1000 nm was developed to read the fluorescence signal from the SWCNTs. Finally, the SWCNT was embedded in GelMa to prove the feasibility of monitoring the release of NO in bovine chondrocyte and osteochondral inflamed cultures (1–10 ng/ml IL1β) monitored over 48 hours. The stability of the inflammation model and NO release was indirectly validated using the Griess and DAF-FM methods. A microfabricated sensor tag was developed to explore the possibility of using ssDNA-SWCNT in an ex vivo anatomic set-up for surgical feasibility, the limit of detection, and the stability under dynamic flexion. The SWCNT sensor was sensitive to NO in both in silico and in vitro conditions during the inflammatory response from chondrocyte and osteochondral plug cultures. The fluorescence signal decreased in the inflamed group compared to control, indicating increased NO concentration. The micro-tag was suitable and stable in joints showing a readable signal at a depth of up to 6 mm under the skin. The ssDNA-SWCNT technology showed the possibility of monitoring inflammation continuously in an in vitro set-up and good stability inside the joint. However, further studies in vivo are needed to prove the possibility of monitoring disease progression and treatment efficacy in vivo. Acknowledgments: The project was co-financed by Innosuisse (grant nr. 56034.1 IP-LS)

Decreasing the bulk weight without losing the biomechanical properties of commercial pure titanium (Cp-Ti) medical implants is now possible by using Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) technology. Gyroid lattice structures that have precious mechanical and biological advantages because of similarity to trabecular bone. The aim of the study was to design and develop L-PBF process parameter optimization for manufacturing gyroid lattice Cp-Ti structures. The cleaning process was then optimized to remove the non-melted powder from the gyroid surface without mechanical loss. Gyroid cubic designs were created with various relative densities by nTopology. L-PBF process parameter optimization was progressed using with Cp-Ti (EOS TiCP Grade2) powder in the EOS M290 machine to achieve parts that have almost full dense and dimensional accuracy. The metallography method was made for density. Dimensional accuracy at gyroid wall thicknesses was investigated between designed and manufactured via stereomicroscope, also mechanical tests were applied with real time experiment and numerical analysis (ANSYS). Mass loss and strut thickness loss were investigated for chemical etching cleaning process. Gyroid parts had 99,5% density. High dimensional accuracy was achieved during L-PBF process parameters optimization. Final L-PBF parameters gave the highest 19% elongation and 427 MPa yield strength values at tensile test. Mechanical properties of gyroid were controlled with changing relative density. A minute chemical etching provided to remove non-melted powders. Compression test results of gyroids at numerical and real-time analysis gave unrelated while deformation behaviors were compatible with each other. Gyroid Cp-Ti osteosynthesis mini plates will be produced with final L-PBF process parameters. MTT cytotoxicity test will be characterized for cell viability. Acknowledgements This project is granted by TUBITAK (120N943). Feza Korkusuz MD is a member of the Turkish Academy of Sciences (TÜBA)

Purpose. South African arthroplasty surgeons commonly make use of new bearing surface technology. This new technology only has short term, industry funded clinical trials or simulator studies available to prove its performance and motivate its use. These products are being used despite the availability of conventional components with proven long term in vivo efficacy. In the light of the recent Du Puy ASR recall, which also showed initial good clinical results, we reviewed the available data on some of the new available bearing surface technology. Methods. We performed a literature search to identify the best available clinical data regarding duration of follow up and number of patients for a selection of new bearing surfaces and compared it to well known long term clinical follow up studies and joint registry data of conventional products. Results. New bearing surface technologies have no long term clinical supportive data. Short and medium term results are available, however these are limited and mainly industry funded. Simulator data constituts the bulk of research used as motivation for the introduction of new technologies. Conclusion. The currently available data on new bearing surface technology is not adequate to provide the arthroplasty surgeon with a confident opinion on long term safety and efficacy. Surgeons should be careful when recommending new products to their patients, who are usually well informed of new technology but often without the necessary insight. NO DISCLOSURES

Background. It is technically challenging to restore hip rotation center exactly in total hip arthroplasty (THA) for patients with end-stage osteoarthritis secondary to developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) due to the complicated acetabular morphology changes. In this study, we developed a new method to restore hip rotation center exactly and rapidly in THA with the assistance of three dimensional (3-D) printing technology. Methods. Seventeen patients (21 hips) with end-stage osteoarthritis secondary to DDH who underwent THA were included in this study. Simulated operations were performed on 3-D printed hip models for preoperative planning. The Harris fossa and acetabular notches were recognized and restored to locate acetabular center. The agreement on the size of acetabular cup and bone defect between simulated operations and actual operations were analyzed. Clinical and radiographic outcomes were recorded and evaluated. Results. The sizes of the acetabular cup of simulated operations on 3-D printing models showed a high rate of coincidence with the actual sizes in the operations(ICC value=0.930) There was no significant difference statistically between the sizes of bone defect in simulated operations and the actual sizes of bone defect in THA(t value=0.03 P value=0.97). The average Harris score of the patients was improved from (38.33±6.07) preoperatively to the last follow-up (88.61±3.44) postoperatively. The mean vertical and horizontal distances of hip rotation center on the pelvic radiographs were restored to (15.12 ± 1.25 mm and (32.49±2.83) mm respectively. No case presented dislocation or radiological signs of loosening until last follow-up. Conclusions. The application of 3-D printing technology facilitates orthopedists to recognize the morphology of Harris fossa and acetabular notches, locate the acetabular center and restore the hip rotation center rapidly and accurately

Background of Study. Identification of the exact make and model of an orthopaedic implant prior to a revision surgery can be challenging depending upon the surgeon's experience and available knowledge base about the available implants. The current identification procedure is manual and time consuming as the surgeon may have to do a comprehensive search within an online database of radiographs of an implant to make a visual match. There is further time lapse in contacting that particular implant manufacturer to confirm the make and model of the implant and then order the whole inventory for the revision surgery. This leads to delay in treatment thus requiring extra hospital bed occupancy. Materials and Methods. We have analysed image recognition techniques currently in use for image recognition to understand the underlying technologies based on an interface commonly known as Application Programming interface (API). These API's specifies how the software components of the proposed application interact with each other. The objective of this study is to leverage one or a combination of API's to design a fully functional application in the initial phase and that can help recognize the implant accurately from a large database of radiographs and then develop a specialized and advanced API/Technology in the implant identification application. Results. Our study takes into account the existent technologies such as Facebook, Pictoria, Imagga, Google images. We found that there is an API currently available that can be directly applied to build an implant recognition system. However, commonly known Facebook's image tagging algorithms to store unique information with each image is the starting point to help build an intelligent system that in combination with image processing and development of a custom implant recognition API. Conclusion. There is an urgent need to have a robust and accurate system for identification of orthopaedic implants. Revision surgeries may need to be carried out by hospitals without access to index surgery operating notes. Patients may approach the most convenient not necessarily the same surgeon for a revision surgery. The dependency upon surgeon's experience, hospitals facilities and archiving of records can be avoided with the use of a single application that allows multiple manufacturers to contribute to a database of catalogue of their products

Total ankle replacement (TAR) is contraindicated in patients with significant talar collapse due to AVN and in these patients total talus body prosthesis has been proposed to restore ankle joint. To date, five studies have reported implantation of a custom-made talar body in patients with severely damaged talus, showing the limit of short-term damage of tibial and calcaneal thalamic joint surfaces. Four of this kind of implants have been performed. The first two realized with “traditional” technology CAD-CAM has been performed in active patients affected by “missing talus” and now presents a survival follow-up of 15 and 17 years. For the third patient affected by massive talus AVN we designed a 3D printed porous titanium custom talar body prosthesis fixed on the calcaneum and coupled with a TAR, first acquiring high-resolution 3D CT images of the contralateral healthy talus that was “mirroring” obtaining the volume of fractured talus in order to provide the optimal fit. Then the 3D printed implant was manufactured. The fourth concern a TAR septic mobilization with high bone loss of the talus. The “two-stage” reconstruction conducted with the implant of total tibio-talo-calcaneal prosthesis “custom made” built with the same technology 3D, entirely in titanium and using the “trabecular metal” technology for the calcaneous interface. Weightbearing has progressively allowed after 6 weeks. No complications were observed. All the implants are still in place with an overall joint mobility ranging from 40° to 60°. This treatment requires high demanding technical skills and experience with TAR and foot and ankle trauma. The 15 years survival of 2 total talar prosthesis coupled to a TAR manufactured by a CAD-CAM procedure encourages consider this 3D printed custom implant as a new alternative solution for massive AVN and traumatic missing talus in active patients

INTRODUCTION. Measurement of range of motion is a critical item of any knee scoring system. Conventional measurements used in the clinical settings are not as precise as required. Smartphone technology using either inclinometer application or photographic technology may be more precise with virtually no additional cost when compared to more sophisticated techniques such as gait analysis or image analysis. No comparative analysis between these two techniques has been previously performed. The goal of the study was to compare these two technologies to the navigated measurement considered as the gold standard. MATERIAL. Ten patients were consecutively included. Inclusion criterion was implantation of a TKA with a navigation system. METHODS. Two free angle measurement applications were downloaded to the Smartphone: one using inclinometer technology, the other using camera technology. After navigation assisted TKA and just before wound closure, the operated knee was positioned at full extension, 30±2°, 60±2°, 90±2° and 120±2° according to the navigated measurement. At each step, the knee flexion angle was measured with both Smartphone applications: inclinometer application (figure 1) and camera application (figure 2). For each of the ten patients, 5 navigated, 5 inclinometer and 5 camera measurements were obtained for each patient, giving three sets of 50 repeat measurements. The sample size was calculated to get a significance level of 0.05 and a power of 0.8 to detect a 10° difference. The difference between the three sets of measurements was analyzed with an ANOVA test for repeat measurements, with post-hoc comparisons with a paired Wilcoxon test. The correlation between the three sets of measurements was analyzed with a Kendall test, with post-hoc comparisons with a Spearman test. All tests were performed at a 0.05 level of significance, and post-hoc comparisons were performed at a 0.01 level of significance. RESULTS. The mean paired difference between navigated and camera measurements was 0.7° (SD 1.5°), with one difference greater than 3°. The mean paired difference between navigated and inclinometer measurements was 7.5° (SD 5.3°), with 16 differences greater than 10°. The mean paired difference between inclinometer and camera measurements was −6.8° (SD5.2°), with 7 differences greater than 10°. The ANOVA test for repeat measurements showed a significant difference between the three sets of measurements (p<0.001). The results of post-hoc paired comparisons with the Wilcoxon test are reported in table 2. The Kendall test showed that the distribution of the three sets of measurements was no different. The post-hoc paired correlations with the Spearman test showed a good coherence between all pairs of measurements (R² between 0.02 and 0.12). No pre-operative criteria showed a significant influence on the differences observed. DISCUSSION. Measuring the knee flexion angle with the camera of a smartphone is effective in a routine clinical practice. Accuracy can be better than other conventional measurement techniques. All applications of a smartphone do not have the same precision and must be validated before clinical use. CONCLUSION. Smartphone technology enables a more accurate assessment of the knee range of motion after TKA than conventional measurement techniques. To view tables/figures, please contact authors directly

Local anatomical abnormalities vary in congenital hip disease patients. Authors often present early to mid-term total hip arthroplasty clinical outcomes using different techniques and implants randomly on patients with different types of the disease, making same conclusions difficult. We report long term outcomes (13 to 23 years) of the treatment of low and high dislocation cases (separately) with total hip arthroplasty using TM technology acetabular cups (Implex initially and then Zimmer) and short fluted conical (Zimmer) femoral stems. From 2000 to 2010, 418 congenital hip disease hip joints were treated in our department with total hip arthroplasty. According to Hartofilakidis et al's classification, 230 hips had dysplasia, 101 low dislocation, (group A) and 87 high dislocation (group B). Pre-operative and post-operative values, at regular intervals, of HHS, SF-12, WOMAC, OHS and HOOS were available for all patients. Patient, surgeon and implant related failures and complications were recorded for all patients. In all cases an attempt was made to restore hip center of rotation. In group A the average lengthening was 2.8 cm (range: 1 to 4.2) and in group B 5.7 cm (range: 4.2 to 11). In both groups, no hips were revised due to aseptic loosening of either the acetabular cup or the femoral stem. In group A, a cumulative success rate of 95.6% (95% confidence interval, 92.7% – 97.4%) and in group B a cumulative success rate of 94.8% (95% confidence interval, 92.6%–96.9%) was recorded, at 20 years, with revision for any reason as an end point. No s.s. differences were found between groups when mean values of HHS, SF-12, WOMAC and OKS were compared. Satisfactory long-term clinical outcomes can be achieved in treating different types of congenital hip disease when appropriate surgical techniques combined with “game changing” implants are used