Introduction: Long-term results of radial osteotomy for Kienbock’s disease seldom are seen in the literature. The purpose of this study was to evaluate its outcome. Material: Fifteen patients submitted to radial osteotomy were followed by a mean period of 9,5 years. Mean age at the time of surgery was 32,1 years. On the basis of the Lichtman classification, one patient had Stage II, eight had Stage IIIA and six had Stage IIIB disease. Methods: Patients were evaluated clinically for pain, grip and range of motion (ROM); radiologically, according to carpal height ratio, Stahl’s index (lunate colapse), and for sclerotic, cystic and degenerative carpal changes. These data were classified according to the Nakamura Scoring System for Kienbock (NSSK). Results: Ten patients are asymptomatic and five have mild pain. ROM improved significantly by 20,8°. When compared with the contralateral wrist, mean range of motion was 78% in flexion and 76% in extension and mean grip strength was 82,3%. Carpal height ratio and Stahl’s index improved, as shown by a mean NSSK of 24,3 (ten Excellent and five Good results). There was no progression to wrist arthritis. Discussion: Pain, ROM and grip strength improved significantly after surgery. Despite the mild radiologic changes, there seems to have been an improvement in inner structure of the ischemic lunate. Conclusions: These results show that Radial Osteotomy is an effective procedure in improving clinical and functional scores, and in preventing wrist arthritis

Introduction and purpose: Kienböck’s disease was described by R. Kienbock in 1910. From that date onwards, multiple surgical techniques for its treatment have been described. Amongst these techniques is the one we have used: a radial osteotomy with Nakamura effect; this is a radial osteotomy with a wedge-shaped base and minimum dorsal width with subsequent osteoclasia carried out distally to the distal radioulnar joint to prevent any alterations in joint congruence. The aim of this study is to assess the results of this technique and compare them with those described in the literature using other surgical techniques. Materials and methods: We selected patients with Kien-böck’s disease stage II and IIIA that underwent surgery using the technique described and we subsequently assessed clinical and radiological parameters both pre and postoperatively. Results: Of the 17 patients diagnosed with Kienböck’s disease in our department, only 11 were operated using the technique described above. In these patients it was possible to see that a greater number had their dominant arm affected, there was a greater percentage of ulnar plus variants, the radial inclination angle was higher and the main symptom was pain. At this time, having undergone surgery, the patients are stable both clinically and radiologically, with the exception of 1 case that required rescue surgery. Satisfactory union was seen in 100% of cases after osteotomy. Conclusions: During the initial stages, surgical treatment is preferable, and osteotomies are the techniques most frequently used. Radial osteotomy with Nakamura effect is a technique with excellent results, comparable to those seen with other techniques applied used during the initial stage

Aim: The posterior interosseous nerve (PIN) is often at risk during surgical approaches to the proximal radius. The forearm is pronated during the approach to retract the PIN further away from the dissection. We hypothesized that a fracture of the radius would decrease the protection provided by the pronation maneuver. Material and Methods: The position of the PIN in cadaveric elbows was measured using CT scans made after the PIN sheath was injected with radiopaque dye. Senventeen elbows were injected and CT scans were made in both full supination and pronation. The same elbows then had a radial osteotomy performed at the proximal-middle third junction and were re-scanned in supination and pronation. Finally the same elbows had the fascia around the osteotomy sutured and were scanned a third time. Measurements on the axial CT scans at the level of the radial head were taken of the angle formed by the olecranon, head, and PIN, as well as of the distance between the PIN and the lateral most aspect of the radial head. Results: In the control group with intact radii, pronation increased the distance between the lateral radial head and the PIN by 6.44 mm. With radial osteotomy, the mean increase was 3.88 mm. The excursion of the nerve along the long axis of the radius decreased from 29.6 degrees to 23.3 degrees. Conclusions: Radial osteotomy decreased the excursion of the PIN provided by pronation for the forearm by 40%. The Kocher approach requires additional care in light of a radial shaft fracture, but pronation is still beneficial

This study was designed to investigate distal radial osteotomy performed from a volar approach for dorsal deformity. In the past conventional dorsal approaches have led to extensor tendon synovitis and a volar approach was thus appealing. A prospective analysis of 8 consecutive patients with distal radial malunions with residual dorsal angulation was performed. In each case a volar approach was used and a locked distal radial plate was applied. Laic crest bone graft was used. In each case an acceptable correction was obtained. Union occurred in 6–8 weeks. Pain and grip strength were improved in all 8 cases. The author concludes that a volar approach and locked plate fixation is useful for the correction of dorsal deformity in distal radial malunions. Implant problems with this approach

Purpose: The retrospective evaluation of long-term results after reconstructive radial osteotomy for mal-united distal radius fractures. Material-Method: Twenty-eight patients (21 male and 7 female, average aged 46 years) with 23 dorsal and 5 palmar angulated malunited distal radius fractures were operatively treated during 1994–2002 in our department. The main indications were pain and functional impairment. Dorsal or palmar approach was used in proportion to the site of angulation. The preoperative average radial inclination, radial length and volar or dorsal tilt were 13.5 degrees, 6.3 mm and 23.5 degrees respectively. An open wedge radial osteotomy followed by interposition of trapezoidal iliac crest bone graft and fixation with plate ands crews was performed in all patients four months at least after the initial surgery. An ulnar leveling procedure was considered necessary in 2 patients. Results: All patients were available in the last follow up evaluation (mean 3.7 years). The functional result according to Mayo wrist score was rated as very good in 15 patients, good in 7 and poor in 6. The average improvement in radial inclination was 14 degrees, in radial length 6.5 mm and in volar or dorsal tilt 21 degrees. The complication rate was 22.7%, including 2 material failures, 1 extensor pollicis longus rupture, 1 nonunion and 3 recurrences of the deformity. Conclusion: Surgical reconstruction for malunion is technically demanding and may not completely restore the anatomy. Patient satisfaction, however, in terms of increased function, decreased pain and decreased deformity is sufficient high to warrant reconstructive treatment

This case series aim to report our experience with the use of fragment specific fixation plating system and cancellous bone autograft in the elective treatment of distal radius malunions. Fourteen patients who underwent distal radial corrective osteotomy by one surgeon were followed up retrospectively. All patients had elected for this procedure for the treatment of malunions of previous distal radial fracture. The follow up assessments include each patient’s subjective functional outcomes, the objective strength and range of motion testing, and the radiographic parameters. These subjective functional outcome data collected as measured by the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand questionnaire (DASH) were compared with each patient’s pre-operative status. The motion, strength and radiographic appearances were assessed in relevance to the contralateral arm

The June 2012 Wrist & Hand Roundup. 360. looks at; radial osteotomy and advanced Kienböck's disease; fixing the Bennett fracture; PEEK plates and four-corner arthrodesis,;carpal tunnel release and haemodialysis; degloved digits and the reverse radial forearm flap; occupational hand injuries; trapeziometacarpal osteoarthritis; fixing the fractured metacarpal neck and pyrocarbon implants for the destroyed PIPJ

Wrist malalignment, in cases of malunited fractures of the distal radius, is not always a consequence of adaptation of the wrist to new conditions, but an expression of non-diagnosed ligamentous injuries. The aim of our study is to examine if the wrist malalignment is correctable with radius osteotomy. Twenty nine patients (17 female, 12 male) of mean age 51 years, with symptomatic malunited fracture of the distal radius with dorsal angulation, of duration 3 months -47 years, were examined. Twenty seven patients underwent corrective radius osteotomy (open dorsally in 26 cases and closed palmarly in 1 case). Fixation material (plate and screws) was placed on the dorsal side in 23 cases and on the volar side in 4 cases. In all patients measurements on the lateral X-ray view, concerning the reversal of the normal palmar tilt of the radius, the radiolunate and lunocapitate angles, were performed before and after surgery. Based on those measurements patients were divided in two groups:. a) In group A (23 patients) the malalignment concerned the midcarpal joint, and. b) In group B (6 patients) the malalignment concerned the radiocarpal joint. The radiographic element of evaluation was the radiolunate angle. Radiolunate angle greater than 25° indicated malalignment at the radiocarpal level while radiolunate angle less than 25° indicated malalignment at the mid-carpal level. In 5 patients post-operative measurements were not performed because in addition to the radial osteotomy they were subjected to operative correction of wrist malalignment. Results estimated immediately postoperative and at the final follow-up, 6 months later. In patients with midcarpal malalignment, correction was possible, under the condition of a sufficient radius osteotomy and a non fixed midcarpal deformity. In patients with radiocarpal malalignment the deformity persisted despite the correction of the radial osteotomy. We conclude that correction of wrist malalignment is not always achieved with corrective osteotomy of the radius and that preoperative radiological control may be indicative of the possibility of correcting the deformity

Purpose: Congenital proximal radioulnar synostosis is a rare anomaly of failure of segmentation of the radius and ulna resulting in a fixed rotational position of the forearm from neutral to maximum pronation. Several surgical options have been proposed for the treatment of this condition. We have treated six forearms in five children with pronation deformity using derotational osteotomies of the radius and ulna with postoperative wire stabilisation of the ulna. The surgical technique and results of treatment with this method are presented. Methods: With this technique, osteotomies were performed at the midshaft of the ulna and the distal diaph-yseal-metaphyseal junction of the radius. The insertion of intramedullary Ilizarov wires facilitated manual derotation of the radius and ulna to a functional position of 100 supination of the forearm. Postoperatively, the forearm was immobilised in a cast for an average of 6.3 weeks and the wire was removed when there was evidence of union. 3 boys and 2 girls with a mean age of 4.9 years underwent surgery with this method and were followed-up for an average of 29 months (range 12 to 43 months). Results: Forearm position improved from an average pronation deformity of 68.3 degrees to the pre-planned position of 100 degrees supination in all cases. Bone union was achieved in all six forearms by 6.3 weeks. At their most recent follow-up, there was no loss of correction evident in any of the patients. There was one complication, namely haematoma formation at the radial osteotomy site mimicking compartment syndrome and requiring exploration, although no soft tissue compromise was evident. Conclusion: The principal advantages of this technique include the ease of the surgical approach for the distal radial osteotomy, the longterm maintenance of rotational correction and the need for single wire stabilisation of the ulna only, which in theory reduces the potential risk of implant-related complications. We conclude that this modified forearm derotational osteotomy with wire stabilisation of the ulna alone is a safe and effective method for treating pronation deformity in children with congenital proximal radioulnar synostosis, although vigilance for early soft tissue complications is necessary

Background. Chronic acquired radial head dislocations pose a complex problem in terms of surgical decision making, especially if surgery has already previously failed. There are several underlying causes that should be investigated, including previous trauma resulting in a missed Monteggia fracture. Aim. To review the clinical and radiological outcomes for children up to 18 years of age, with a radial head dislocation treated with circular frame surgery. Method. A retrospective study was designed to identify patients from our departmental database who had undergone circular frame surgery to reduce the radial head during the past 6 years. Results. 20 patients were identified with a mean age of 11 years (3 – 17). Fourteen patients had a diagnosis of missed Monteggia fracture, three patients had Hereditary Multiple Exostoses, one had Nail Patella syndrome, one had Osteogenesis Imperfecta and one had rickets. The average delay between trauma and frame surgery was three years (0 – 7). All patients achieved union of their ulnar or radial osteotomy. The average frame duration was 167 days (61 – 325) and complications included delayed union and residual radial head subluxation. Thirteen patients achieved at least 40 degrees of supination, and 10 patients achieved at least 40 degrees of pronation. Eighteen patients achieved an arc of movement from full extension to at least 110 degrees of flexion. Eleven patients reported their pain level at final follow-up, of which 9 had no pain at all. Conclusion and Discussion. Circular frame surgery was a reliable and consistent method of reducing chronic radial head dislocations and improving function. Radiological appearances of mild residual subluxation of the radial head were clinically well tolerated and generally required no further treatment

Purpose of Study. We report the outcome of five cases of chronic paediatric Monteggia lesion treated with a modified Bell-Tawse procedure. Methods. Five patients with a chronic Monteggia lesion were treated over an eight-year period (2004–2012) at our institution. All underwent a modified Bell-Tawse procedure. The patient medical records were retrospectively analysed. We report the outcome in five patients. Results. Four girls and one boy were treated for a chronic Monteggia lesion in the period studied. The mean age at time of surgery was 8 years old (range 4–14 years). The mechanism of injury was post-traumatic in four of the five cases, while in one case the mechanism was uncertain. All children underwent modified Bell-Tawse procedure. All children ultimately required ulnar osteotomy, while two also required radial osteotomy. At a mean follow-up of 22 months (range 16–38 months), four children had experienced complications. Symptomatic metalwork was removed in one case, two children re-dislocated the affected joint, and one child required revision Bell-Tawse procedure. No nerve palsies were noted on follow-up. Conclusion. Paediatric elbow trauma necessitates early, senior management. We report a series of five patients who underwent modified Bell-Tawse procedure for chronic Monteggia lesion. Four of the five children experienced complications. All required shortening osteotomies. The chronic Monteggia lesion is an unusual but troublesome presentation in the paediatric population. Further research in the area is necessary

Introduction: Common misconceptions about distal radius fractures result in undertreatment, particularly in active population.Loss of reduction can cause a symptomatic malunion. The aim of the study is to present the clinical consequences of a dorsally malunited distal radius fractures and the results of a corrective osteotomy for the treatment of this problem. Material: 18 patients with distal radius fractures healed in a dorsal angulation and a mean age of 39 years, treated with a corrective osteotomy. 13 patients had been treated by closed means, and 5 had undergone a earlier surgical procedures without success. 11 patients had a DISI instability of the wrist. 12 patients underwent a radius corrective osteotomy alone, 4 had a cpmined radial osteotomy amd ulnar shortening osteotomy, and 2 underwent only a Sauve-Kapandji procedure. Results: The average follow up was 26 months. All the osteotomies healed. 15 of the deformities were corrected. 7 patients with DISI deformity were regained normal wrists whereas the rest 4 remained with DISI instability. One patient with normal wrist led to DISI instability postop. Conclusion: Distal radius corrective osteotomy is a technically demanding operation, and by no means can guarantee a postop normal anatomy. Furthermore and despite the functional improvement it is unknown the remote consequences wth a ersidual DISI deformity

Aim: To study the carpal geometry in patients with symptomatic scaphoid non-union without arthritis or with early arthritic changes. Method: The preoperative x-rays of 58 patients were retrospectively reviewed and x-rays of 35 of those fulfilling strict criteria for true projections were digitized and measured using CAD methodology. Patients’ mean age was 31,3 years and mean time from fracture 50,4 months. The measured variables concerned the carpal height, possible displacement of the carpal bones and carpal instability. The Herbert and Fisher classification was used and two subgroups concerning the absence (14) or presence (21) of early arthritic changes were created. Results: 62,5% of the patients (including patients without radiologicaly obvious arthritis) were presented with increased radial height and radial inclination, 28% with an affected carpal height, 17% with ulnar translocation of the wrist and up to 48% (varying according to the method of measurement) with a DISI pattern of instability. No statistically significant differences could be established between the morphological groups or between the two subgroups concerning early arthritis. Conclusions: Carpal geometry in scaphoid non-union although altered does not seem to change significantly with the appearance of early arthritis and thus treating non-union with early arthritis with osteosynthesis and bone grafting seems justified. In view of our findings it seems appropriate to supplement this procedure with distal radial osteotomy or with temporary lunate stabilization in selected patients

Purpose: We report our experience with vascularised bone grafts harvested from the anterior aspect of the radius for the treatment of Kienböck disease. We reviewed our patients at minimum three years, average 67 months. Material and methods: We treated 22 patients with Kienböck disease, eight women and fourteen men, mean age 31.4 years (18–63). Pain was present in all cases and was disabling in nineteen. After systematic computed tomography and magnetic resonance imagine (MRI), the Büchler classification was stage II=8, stage IIA=10 and stage IIIB=4. The transverse anterior artery of the carpus arises from the radial artery and supplies blood to the medial part of the radial epiphysis. The pediculated bone graft fed by this artery can be harvested via the same anterior approach as used to position it in the semilunate for revascularisation. Radial shortening was performed in all cases. The patients were immobilised until the radius healed. Results: Mean follow-up was 67 months (36–104). Pain resolved completely in all twenty patients. Two patients nevertheless reported moderate pain occasionally. Mean active motion was greater than 71°. Mean time to resumption of former activities was 3.5 months. Postoperative MRI, performed at mean 8 months, demonstrated complete revascularisation of the semilunate in six cases, stable lesions in five, and one failure requiring secondary palliation. There were four cases of late healing of the radial osteotomy and one reflex dystrophy. There was a direct correlation between Kienböck disease stage and final outcome. Conclusion: Use of a vascularised graft harvested from the anterior aspect of the radius for revascularisation of the semilunate associated with radial shortening has provided encouraging results. Long-term follow-up is needed to verify these results

There is theoretical concern that volar plating has a disadvantage in cantilever bending when axially loaded dorsal to the neutral axis. This has implications for postoperative rehabilitation protocols and overall outcomes related to maintenance of reduction. Most recent biomechanical studies have compared volar locking plates to traditional dorsal non-locked plates. The purpose of this study was to compare the biomechanical stability of volar and dorsal locking plate fixation in a model of dorsally unstable distal radius fractures. Fourteen synthetic composite radii (Pacific Research Laboratories, Vashon, WA) were used for this study. A dorsally unstable, extra-articular distal radius fracture was simulated by creating a dorsal wedge-shaped defect in the distal metaphysis. Half of the specimens were plated dorsally (n=7) while the other half were plated volarly (n=7) with 2.4mm distal radius locking T-plates (Synthes, Canada). Each specimen was loaded axially in five different positions: central (along the neutral axis of the radius) as well as dorsal, volar, radial and ulnar to the neutral axis using a MTS Sintech 1/G materials testing machine (MTS Systems, Eden Prairie, MN). The plated radii were loaded to 100 N in each position simulating physiological loading during normal range of motion. The main outcome measure was construct stiffness of the plate-bone system (slope of load-displacement curve) for all five loading positions. Construct stiffness with dorsal locking plates was seven times greater than volar locking plates when dorsally loaded (p < 0.001), 60% greater when centrally loaded (p = 0.055) and 35% greater when volarly loaded (p = 0.029). There was no significant difference in stiffness with any other loading configurations. The stability of dorsal locking plate fixation is superior to volar locking plate fixation in the setting of large dorsal defects in the distal radius. This is applicable to both fractures with dorsal comminution and dorsal opening-wedge distal radial osteotomies. Further clinical investigation is needed to compare functional outcomes and complication rates between modern dorsal and volar locking plate techniques

The symptomatic non-union of the scaphoid, if left untreated, will eventually lead to established arthritis and by that time important alterations in carpal geometry will have occurred. The aim of this paper is to study the carpal geometry in patients with symptomatic scaphoid non-union without arthritis or with early arthritic changes. The pre-operative x-rays of 58 patients were retrospectively reviewed and x-rays of 35 of those fulfilling strict criteria for true projections were included (32 posteroanterior and 31 lateral views). Patients’ mean age was 31.3 years and mean time from fracture 50.4 months. The x-rays were digitized and measured using CAD methodology. The measured variables concerned the carpal height, possible displacement of the carpal bones and carpal instability. The non-unions were classified according to the Herbert and Fisher classification and were further categorized in two subgroups concerning the absence (14) or presence (21) of early arthritic changes in the radio-carpal or in one of the mid-carpal articulations (patients with established or generalized arthritis were excluded). In total (and varying according to the method of measurement) up to 28% of the patients were presented with an affected carpal height, up to 17% with ulnar translocation of the wrist and up to 48% with a DISI pattern of instability. 62.5% of the patients (including patients without radiologicaly obvious arthritis) had increased radial height and radial inclination. After statistical analysis (ANOVA and regression analysis) no significant differences have been found between the morphological groups or between the two subgroups concerning early arthritis. A tendency of the lunate to translocate both in the coronal and the sagital plain simultaneously was found and the measurement methods were correlated. In conclusion the carpal geometry in scaphoid non-union although altered does not seem to change significantly with the appearance of early arthritis and from this point of view treating non-union with early arthritis with bone grafting and osteosynthesis or even with additional radial osteotomy seems justified

Five patients with isolated Madelung’s deformity were reviewed with an average follow-up of 34 years after surgery. All the patients were female and their average age at surgery was 12.7 years, whereas average age at follow-up was 53 years. The deformity was bilateral in 4 patients and unilateral in 1. At diagnosis deformity, pain and limitations of the range of motion were present in all the wrists except 2, which were painless but presented marked functional impairment. In all the patients the typical radial deviation of the hand, was observed, with dorsal prominence of the distal end of the ulna. The x-rays showed, in anteroposterior view, the V-shaped arrangement of the first carpal row, with the lunate at the apex of the V and the marked obliquity of the articular surface of the radius toward the ulnar side. In the lateral view, the articular surface of the radius was markedly angulated anteriorly, the ulna was subluxated posteriorly and carpal bones were translated anteriorly. In no patient did we observe growth disturbance of the other bones or deformities typical of osteochondrodysplasias. In some cases the deformity progressed rapidly, whereas in the others the progression was slow. Surgical correction was sought by both the family and the patients mainly for functional reasons, although cosmetic improvement was also expected. The operation consisted of closing-wedge osteotomy of the distal radial metaphysis and either shortening osteotomy or resection of the distal ulna. At the operation all the patients had passed the adolescence growth spurt, although in 5 out of the 9 wrists growth plates were still open. At follow- up, all the patients were satisfied with the results of the operations and the range of motion of the wrists was improved. Some residual radiographic abnormalities were present in 4 wrists, but all patients were mostly pleased with the absence of pain and improvement of wrist cosmesis. No radiographic osteoarthritis was present in any of the operated wrists, although 4 of the 5 patients were over 55 years of age. Conclusions: An association of distal radial wedge-closing osteotomy and either distal ulnar hand resection or shortening distal ulnar osteotomy to correct Madelung’s deformity gave very good results in line with other reports. The limited number of our cases may be compensated by the very lengthy long-term follow-up of our series that showed how the results of these corrective operations do not deteriorate in time; moreover no radiographic osteoarthritis was present even almost 50 years after the operation

The February 2013 Wrist & Hand Roundup³⁶⁰ looks at: to splint or not to splint; salvage of the unsalvageable; a close shave for malunions; a classic approach to malunion; diabetic carpal tunnel; capsulodesis; a wrist from a fibula; thumb-based osteoarthritis - a further opinion from the Editor-in-Chief.

The June 2014 Wrist & Hand Roundup360 looks at: aart throwing not quite as we thought; two-gear, four-bar linkage in the wrist?; assessing outcomes in distal radial fractures; gold standard Swanson’s?; multistrand repairs of unclear benefit in flexor tendon release; for goodness’ sake, leave the thumb alone in scaphoid fractures; horizons in carpal tunnel surgery; treading the Essex-Lopresti tightrope; wrist replacement in trauma? and radial shortening reliable in the long term for Kienbock’s disease

The June 2013 Wrist & Hand Roundup³⁶⁰ looks at: whether size is a limitation; cancellous bone grafting in scaphoid nonunion; the Kienböck’s dichotomy; late displacement of the distal radius; flexor slide for finger contracture; aesthetic syndactyly; flexor tendon repair; and fixation of trapeziometacarpal cups.