The aim of this study is to clarify the implication of ciliary pathway on the onset of the spinal curvature that occurs in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS) patients through functional studies of two genes: POC5 and TTLL11. Since the genetic implication for AIS is accepted, many association and candidate gene analysis revealed the implication of ciliary genes. The characterisation of these two proteins was assessed by qPCR, WB and immunofluorescence in vitro using control cells and cells derived from AIS patients. The impact of genetic modification of these genes on the functionality of the proteins in vitro and in vivo was analysed in zebrafish model created by CRISPR/Cas9 using microCT and histologic analysis. Our study revealed that mutant cells, for both gene, were less ciliated and the primary cilia was significantly shorter compared to control cells. We also observed a default in cilia glutamylation by immunofluorescence and Western Blot. Moreover, we observed in both zebrafish model, a 3D spine curvature similar to the spinal deformation in AIS. Interestingly, our preliminary results of immunohistology showed a retinal defect, especially at the cone cell layer level. This study strongly supports the implication of the ciliary pathway in the onset of AIS and this is the first time that a mechanism is described for AIS. Indeed, we show that shorter cilia could be less sensitive to environmental factors due to lower glutamylation and result in altered signalling pathway. Identifying the biological mechanism involved is crucial for elucidating AIS pathogenesis

Aim. The aim of this study is to identify the incidence of the presence of an Inverted Radial Reflex (IRR) in asymptomatic subjects with Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis and determine its significance. Methods. Our study group consists of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis patients who presented consecutively in our institution from June to September 2010. They were either seen in outpatient clinics or as elective admissions prior to operative correction of their spinal deformity. The presence of an idiopathic scoliosis deformity and the absence of any abnormal neurological symptoms were our inclusion criteria. They were examined by two clinicians for the presence of IRR using a tendon hammer. As part of their management all such patients routinely undergo an MRI scan in our Trust to investigate for the presence of intraspinal pathology. When the IRR was present we looked at their MRI scans to identify any relevant abnormalities. Results: We identified 100 subjects. There were 72 females and 28 males with an average age of 15 years. The IRR was present in 12 cases and in 6 of them the sign was present bilaterally. There were no further associated signs or symptoms. All cases had recently undergone MRI of their whole spine and their investigations did not demonstrate any abnormalities in the lower cervical spine. Conclusion. We have found an incidence of 12% for the presence of IRR in our study group. In all cases there were no abnormal cord signal changes in MRI scans and we can therefore conclude that in asymptomatic Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis patients the presence of IRR is of no clinical significance

There is a need for non-radiographic, objective outcome measures for children with Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS). Standing balance and stability is altered in children with AIS. The Margin of Stability (MoS) has been used to compare gait stability in clinical populations. Our objective was to compare the MoS in anterior-posterior (MoS. AP. ) and mediolateral (MoS. ML. ) directions in girls with AIS to Controls. Girls with AIS and healthy girls walked at three speeds on an instrumented treadmill wearing retroreflective markers, surrounded by motion capture cameras. The MoS. AP/ML. was calculated at left and right heel strike. Data was processed in Visual 3D. A two-way ANOVA was used to compare MoS. AP/ML. between group, speed and the interaction between group and speed. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to compare the MoS to Cobb angle. Statistical significance was accepted when p > 0.05. A priori power analysis suggested 12 participants per group. Three Cases and four Controls were recruited. Girls with AIS all had right-sided main thoracic curves (Lenke type 1a, 61.3° ± 10.0°). MoS. AP. was significantly bigger for Cases compared to Controls on the left (p=0.038) and right foot (p=0.041). There was no significant difference between Cases and Controls for MoS. ML. , but there was a visual trend for a smaller MoS. ML. in Cases. There was no significant difference for speed or the interaction between group and speed for MoS. AP. or MoS. ML. In Cases, MoS. AP. increased with increasing Cobb angle on the left (r. 2. =0.687, p=0.054) and right (r. 2. =0.634, p=0.067) and MoS. ML. decreased with increasing Cobb angle on the left (r. 2. =-0.912, p=0.002). Further subjects are being recruited. Girls with Lenke type 1a AIS are more stable in the AP direction and less stable in the ML direction than Controls during treadmill walking. AP stability increases and ML stability decreases with increasing Cobb angle. This research suggests that the MoS could be used as an outcome measure for children with AIS. Continued work is required to increase the power of this study. Further work could consider these changes during walking overground, measuring an MoS or MoS-like measure using a wearable device, and in different curve types

There is a significant positive association between hours of brace wear and rate of success in the treatment of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS). The abandon rate reported in the literature averages 18%. In a recent randomized trial conducted at our center; the abandon rate was 4%. We aim to document the abandon rate towards brace treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on AIS progression. We reviewed a database of AIS patients recruited between March and September 2020. Inclusion criteria were patients with AIS under brace treatment according to SRS criteria. The patients were divided in 2 cohorts: those with a self-reported good adherence to treatment and those who voluntarily abandoned treatment during follow-up. Patients with irregular adherence were excluded. Data analysis included age, gender, Risser stage, type of brace, Cobb angles at first visit and last follow-up (mean 11 months) and % of progression. Unpaired student tests were used for comparison. 154 patients met inclusion criteria. 20 patients were excluded due to irregular adherence. 89 patients (age: 12.1 y.o. ±1.4) reported good adherence to treatment, while 45 patients (age: 12.6 y.o. ±1.5) abandoned treatment, an abandon rate of 29%. The cohort of compliant patients started treatment with a mean main thoracic (MT) curve of 26° and finished with 27°. The mean difference between measurements was +0.65°±7.5; mean progression rate was −4.6%. However, patients who abandoned treatment started with a mean MT curve of 28° and finished with 33°, with a mean increase of +5°±8 and a mean progression rate of −11%. The differences between the 2 cohorts were statistically significant (p=0.002). Five (5) patients from the abandon group were offered for surgery because of curve progression. The abandon rate of brace treatment in AIS significantly increased during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic. Patients who voluntarily discontinued treatment had significant increases in curve progression and surgical indication rates

Aims

Scoliosis is a lateral curvature of the spine with associated rotation, often causing distress due to appearance. For some curves, there is good evidence to support the use of a spinal brace, worn for 20 to 24 hours a day to minimize the curve, making it as straight as possible during growth, preventing progression. Compliance can be poor due to appearance and comfort. A night-time brace, worn for eight to 12 hours, can achieve higher levels of curve correction while patients are supine, and could be preferable for patients, but evidence of efficacy is limited. This is the protocol for a randomized controlled trial of ‘full-time bracing’ versus ‘night-time bracing’ in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS).

Introduction. Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS) is a three-dimensional deformity of the spine with unclear etiology. Due to the asymmetry of lateral curves, there are differences in the muscle activation between the convex and concave sides. This study utilized a comprehensive thoracic spine and ribcage musculoskeletal model to improve the biomechanical understanding of the development of AIS deformity and approach an explanation of the condition. Methods. In this study, we implemented a motion capture model using a generic rigid-body thoracic spine and ribcage model, which is kinematically determinate and controlled by spine posture obtained, for instance, from radiographs. This model is publicly accessible via a GitHub repository. We simulated gait and standing models of two AIS (averaging 15 years old, both with left lumbar curve and right thoracic curve averaging 25 degrees) and one control subject. The marker set included extra markers on the sternum and the thoracic and lumbar spine. The study was approved by the regional Research Ethics Committee (Journal number: H17034237). Results. We investigated the difference between the muscle activation on the right and left sides including erector spinae (ES), psoas major (PS), and multifidus (MF). Results of the AIS simulations indicated that, on average throughout the gait cycle, the right ES, left PS and left MF had 46%, 44%, and 23% higher activities compared to the other side, respectively. In standing, the ratios were 28%, 40%, and 19%, respectively. However, for the control subject, the differences were under 7%, except ES throughout the gait, which was 17%. Conclusion. The musculoskeletal model revealed distinct differences in force patterns of the right and left sides of the spine, indicating an instability phenomenon, where larger curves lead to higher muscle activations for stabilization. Acknowledgement. The project is funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 program through Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant No. [764644]

To compare preoperative and postoperative Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) scores in operated Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS) patients with and without concomitant isthmic spondylolisthesis. A retrospective study of a prospective cohort of 464 individuals undergoing AIS surgery between 2008 and 2018 was performed. All patients undergoing surgery for AIS with a minimum 2-year follow-up were included. We excluded patients with prior or concomitant surgery for spondylolisthesis. HRQoL scores were measured using the SRS-22 questionnaire. Comparisons were performed between AIS patients with vs. without concomitant spondylolisthesis treated non-surgically. AIS surgery was performed for 36 patients (15.2 ±2.5 y.o) with concomitant isthmic spondylolisthesis, and 428 patients (15.5 ±2.4 y.o) without concomitant spondylolisthesis. The two groups were similar in terms of age, sex, preoperative and postoperative Cobb angles. Preoperative and postoperative HRQoL scores were similar between the two groups. HRQoL improved significantly for all domains in both groups, except for pain in patients with spondylolisthesis. There was no need for surgical treatment of the spondylolisthesis and no slip progression during the follow-up duration after AIS surgery. Patients undergoing surgical treatment of AIS with non-surgical management of a concomitant isthmic spondylolisthesis can expect improvement in HRQoL scores, similar to that observed in patients without concomitant spondylolisthesis

Aim:. To Determine Whether Maximal Rib Prominence Measured On Lateral Radiographs Can Be Used As A Surrogate To Rib Rotation Determined By Surface Tomography (Quantecscanning) In Assessment Of Spinal Rotation. Method:. Patients With Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Underwent Plain Lateral Radiographs And Quantec Scans. Maximal Rib Prominence On The Lateral Radiograph Was Defined Pre- And Post-Operatively By Distance From Most Posterior Aspect Of The Rib To The Facet Joint And Instrumented Rod, Respectively. Rib Rotation Was Measured By Surface Tomography Quantec Scan Using The Suzuki Method. This Was Then Repeated At A Later Time And By An Additional Investigator To Assess Intra- Observer And Inter-Observer Variability. The Correlation Between Maximal Rib Prominence And The Suzuki Ratio Was Determined. Results:. 20 Patients, Median Age 15 Years, Were Evaluated. The Correlation Coefficient Between Radiograph Determined Maximal Rib Prominence And Quantec Derived Suzuki Ratio Was 0.68, R2=0.46 (See Figure). Discussion:. There Was A Weak Positive Correlation Between Radiograph Determined Maximal Rib Prominence And Quantec Derived Suzuki Ratio. Further Investigation In A Larger Cohort Is Warranted. Conflict Of Interest Statement: No conflict of interest

Background: The relation between Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS) and exercising is rather ambiguous. The latter has often been considered both as a therapeutic means as well as a causative factor of the former. Aim of this cross-sectional case-control study was the assessment of the incidence of AIS among athletes and non-athletes in order to determine whether athletic activities play a potential role (positive or not) in the development of AIS. Methods: A group of 2387 adolescents (1177 boys and 1210 girls) was evaluated. Their mean age was 13.4 years (range:12–15 years). All patients completed a detailed questionnaire concerning personal, somatometric and secondary sex characteristics, type, duration and character of daily performed physical activities and existing cases of AIS among their relatives. The patients were classified into 2 groups according to their answers; ‘athletes’ and ‘non-athletes’. The 2 groups were statistically comparable as far as age, height, weight, onset of menstruation and prevalent extremity were concerned. All children underwent physical examination by 3 orthopaedic surgeons that were unaware of their level of athletic activities. Children considered, by all examiners, to be suspicious of suffering from scoliosis underwent further radiographic evaluation. Results: One hundred and seventy seven children (66 boys and 111 girls) were considered as suspicious; in 99 cases (athletes: 48, non-athletes:51) AIS was radiographically confirmed. No statistically significant difference was found between athletes and non-athletes adolescents (p=0.927), athletes and non-athletes boys (p=0.888) and athletes and non-athletes girls (p=0.804), as far as the prevalence of AIS was concerned. There was also no statistically significant difference between male athletes and non-athletes (p=0.899) and female athletes and non-athletes (p=0.311) as far as the mean value of the Cobb angle of the main scoliotic curve was concerned. Conclusions: This study’s results show that systematic exercising is not positively or negatively associated with a higher or lower incidence of AIS. Furthermore, actively participating in sports activities doesn’t seem to correlate with the degree of the main scoliotic curve either

Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS) patients were subjected to four weeks of Physiotherapy Scoliosis Specific Exercise (PSSE). 124 (Exclusion = 3) Patients were enrolled and assigned to either complete their treatment in one 4-week bout (4WC) (63 patients, M. age. = 14.52), or to complete their treatment in two separate fortnightly bouts (2X2WC) (63 patients, M. age. = 14.26). Clinical exam, surface topography and Scoliometer readings were compared. The SRS-30 questionnaire before and after treatment was conducted at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months. Group 1 (4WC) showed significant improvements from baseline (Pre-3.73 – Post 3.9; p=0.026) after the course of treatment, and showed significant improvements at 12 months follow up in Mental Health (p=0.006), Aggregate score (p= 0.005) and Satisfaction score (p=0.011). Satisfaction score remained statistically significant at 18 months follow up (p=0.016). Group 2 (2X2WC) did not record a significant improvement from baseline (p=0.058); however, showed significant improvements in self-image (p=0.013). There was no statically significant difference in SRS scores with respect to follow up time. We conclude that Physiotherapy Scoliosis Specific Exercise (PSSE) is a successful non-invasive therapy for AIS. The modified Schroth technique (ScolioGold) shows significant improvement in SRS30 scores with the 4-week intensive course that are sustained at a 2 year follow up

The aim of this study is to compare the adulthood quality of life of subjects with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis who have had surgery to subjects without. Inclusion criteria were being operated or having not operated but having a scoliosis with a Cobb angle ≥ 35° at the last visit. Self-administered questionnaires (five) were sent to all eligible patients. A total of two hundred and four had surgery. The mean Rolland score for subjects was significantly higher for the group who had surgery. The only variable affecting physical component of the SF-36 was the alcohol consumption. The EuroQol score was predicted by the marital status, people being married having a better score. In conclusion, there is not significant difference in the quality of life in adulthood between the subjects with AIS whether they had surgery or not. Subjects who had surgery tend to be less in pain than people not operated on. The aim of this study is to compare adulthood quality of life of patients with AIS who have had surgery to subjects without. Overall, there is not significant difference in the quality of life in adulthood between the subjects with AIS whether they had surgery or not. Subjects who had surgery tend to be less in pain than people not operated on. This preliminary study will help the health professionals involved with the management of patients with AIS make clinical decisions and better understand the long-term quality of life in idiopathic scoliosis. Among the two hundred and ninety-nine AIS responding, two hundred and four had surgery and ninety-five none and their mean Cobb angle was respectively fifty-eight and forty-four degrees. All patients had a follow up more than twenty years. There was no significant difference as for sex, life status, education, working areas, alcoholism, smoking habits, chronic illness and reproductive health between the two groups. Same proportion of subjects in both groups had no back pain (≅30%); but more non-operated subjects had physiotherapy and/or chiropractic treatments (p< 0.001). The mean Rolland score for subjects was significantly higher for the group who had surgery (p = 0.02). Using multiple regression analysis, the only variable affecting physical component of the quality of life measured with the SF-36 was the alcohol consumption whereas the psychological of the SF-36 was predicted by alcohol consumption as well and the gender. The quality of life measured by the EuroQol was predicted mainly by the marital status, people being married having a better score. The study was designed as a comparative retrospective cohort study. Subjects referred for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis between 1960 and 1979 to Sainte-Justine Hospital were entered into the cohort. Inclusion criteria were being operated or having not operated but having a scoliosis with a Cobb angle ≥ 35° at the last visit. A self-administered questionnaire was sent to all eligible patients. The questionnaires that were used were all reliable and valid. More specifically the instruments used were the Oswestry, Roland, SF-36, Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale, Scoliosis Research Society and the EuroQol-5D

Background: To assess the cosmetic advantage of costotomy at the angle of the ribs on the convexity of a curve in the management of Adolescent Idiopathic scoliosis. Whilst modem segmental correction produces gratifying improvement in Cobb-angle and, to some extent rotation, rib asymmetry often remains as a concern for patients. Performing costotomy at the angle of the rib at the same time as corrective surgery can improve the cosmetic appearance significantly. It avoids any further scars or surgery, and is associated with minimal complications, the main one being pneumothorax and the requirement of a chest drain. Methods: Retrospective review of 50 patients. This has been a standard practice and this presentation reports on 50 patients treated in Preston with a variety of corrective devices; we have assessed results radiologically, with cosmetic acceptability by the patient and surface topographical analysis. Results: Significant improvement occurs at the time of costotomy as the ribs drop from their arched position after the coronal deformity has been improved. Conclusion: The addition of costotomy at the time of primary surgery for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis leads to minimal complications. Significant improvement occurs at the time of costotomy as the ribs drop from their arched position after the coronal deformity has been improved. This is maintained in the post-operative period by moulding of the brace

Five surgeons independently rated clinical photographs of forty patients with AIS. Ratings of shoulder blades, shoulder symmetry, and waist symmetry were related to “overall appearance”, and were also correlated with rib prominence and Cobb angle. Because the components of surgeons’ ratings of appearance differed, this may lead to inconsistent recommendations regarding surgery. To identify patient characteristics associated with surgeons’ ratings of patient physical deformity in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS). Five surgeons independently rated clinical photographs of forty patients with AIS. Surgeons separately rated the appearance of patients’ shoulder blades, shoulder symmetry, waist symmetry and also rated their “overall appearance” [in five categories from zero (best) to five (worst)]. The following clinical and radiographic data was also collected: rib prominence, vertebral rotation, shoulder height, spinal imbalance, Cobb angle, age, sex, and body mass index. Surgeons’ mean rating for “overall appearance” was moderately correlated with rib prominence (r = 0.48), vertebral rotation (r = 0.44) and Cobb angle (r = 0.53). Surgeons’ rating of patients’ “overall appearance” was affected by each of: shoulder blades (p = 0.001), shoulder symmetry (p = 0.01) and waist symmetry (p = 0.001). However, each surgeon weighted components of patients’ appearance differently to arrive at their overall rating of appearance (p< 0.006). Because patients’ physical appearance is an important element of surgical decision making, differences among surgeons could be contributing to inconsistent recommendations. Surgeons’ ratings of physical appearance are based on surgeons’ ratings of patients’ shoulder blades, waist symmetry and shoulder symmetry but surgeons weight those elements differently. Surgeon decision making is complicated. It is based on radiographs and subjective assessment. Patients’ appearance undoubtedly influences surgeon recommendation for surgery. We need to clarify surgeons’ ratings and improve the criteria for surgeon decision making. Funding: This trial was funded by (in alphabetical order) The Canadian Institutes of Health Research, DePuyAcroMed-Johnson & Johnson Medical Products, and Synthes, Canada

In order to overcome high intra-observer and inter-observer reliability, there is a new classification system for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS). The type C (King II) of this system describes pronounced lumbar curves in which the center sacral vertical line (CSVL) lies outside the lumbar apical vertebra on the concavity of the curve. It has been proposed that selective anterior thoracic fusion (ATF) is not possible in these cases because of insufficient spontaneous correction of the lumbar curve or postoperative lumbar progression. This retrospective study analyses the results of a group of patients who received selective ATF for type C curves. The purpose of the study was to analyze the ability of the new classification system to predict the outcome of anterior thoracic fusion in the combined AIS type Lenke C, and to define predictive parameters revealed in the study. From 1989 to 1994, 407 patients underwent anterior fusion for scoliotic deformities of different etiologies. There were 174 patients with anterior thoracic fusion. Twenty-one patients (< 19 years old) had combined AIS with a Risser sign < 5 with the criteria of a Lenke type C curve. Fourteen patients had a minimum follow-up of two years. The parameter analysis included coronal and sagittal corrections. Horizontalisation of lumbar and thoracic endvertbrae and correction of both curves were measured on pre-op bending and Cotrel traction films. Fourteen female patients with a mean age of 15.4 years were followed for an average time period of 3.3 years. Mean correction of the lumbar curve and the thoracic curve was 46.0% (±18.5) and 54.7% (±16.4) respectively. Patients with preoperative horizontalisation on Cotrel traction films of the lumbar endvertebra of less than 6° had an average correction of the lumbar curve of 60.1% (±8.1) and an average loss of correction of 3.6% (±14.6); those with more than 5° had 27.2% (±9.7) and 19.4%(±11.5) respectively. Horizontalisation of the thoracic endvertebra of less than 10° on preoperative Cotrel traction films had an average correction of the lumbar curve of 62.7% (±8.7) and −2.8% (±10.4) loss of correction; those with more than 9° had 44.6%(±13) and 12.8%(±13.6) respectively. Preoperative correction of more than 50% of the thoracic curve on Cotrel traction films had an average correction of the lumbar curve of 53.1% (±18.3); loss of lumbar correction was −1.9% (±8.9); less than 50% had 38.9% (±15.7) and 22 % (±10.7) respectively. Patients with combined AIS and pronounced lumbar curves (type C) can be treated with selective anterior thoracic fusion. Horizontalisation of the thoracic and lumbar endvertebrae and correction of the thoracic curve on preoperative Cotrel traction films have an important predictive value for the unfused lumbar curve and are superior to bending films in this context

Background: Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis is a 3-dimensional deformity of the spine affecting peri-pubertal adolescents (10-17-y) mostly. Although generalised osteopenia is well documented in AIS, the patho-physiology of AIS related osteopenia is uncertain. Aim: We studied the association between pubertal-growth, BMD, bone-turnover, calcium intake (CA) and physical-activity (PA) in AIS and compared to those of healthy girls. Methods: 894 girls (594 AIS & 300 healthy controls) aged 11–16-y entered the study. Anthropometric parameters, areal-BMD of the proximal-femur and volumetric-BMD of the distal-tibia were determined by Dual-x-ray-Absorptiometry and peripheral QCT respectively. Bone-turnover-markers: bone-alkaline-phosphatase (bALP) and deoxypyridonine (Dpd) were assayed. CA and weight-bearing PA were assessed by FFQ method. Results: Weight of AIS at < 12-y and 13-y was significantly lower than controls (P< 0.05). From 13-y, corrected right and arm-span of AIS were significantly longer than the controls (P< 0.02). aBMD and vBMD were 6.7% and 8.4% respectively lower than the controls across the ages (P< 0.05). The disparity in BMD compared with controls increased with age. CA was not different between the AIS and controls (361 mg/d, IQR:230–532mg/d vs. 319 mg/d, IQR:220–494mg/d; P=0.063). Weight-bearing PA of AIS was significantly lower than those of controls (P< 0.02). CA of AIS and controls reached < 40% of the Chinese calcium DRI (1000 mg/d). Both CA and weight-bearing PA were correlated with BMD in AIS (P< 0.04 & P=0.002 respectively). Both CA and PA were independent predictors on the variations of aBMDs (P< 0.03) and vBMDs (P< 0.04) in AIS after controlling for confounders in multivariate analysis. Regarding bone turn-over rate, bALP in AIS was 38.6% higher than the controls from 13-y onwards (P< 0.005) while Dpd of AIS was 30.4% lower than controls at age 15-y (P=0.003). Furthermore, bALP in AIS was negatively correlated with age-adjusted BMD (r=−0.34, P< 0.001) while the correlation was weaker in the controls (P=0.14, P< 0.002). Conclusion: The correlation of calcium intake and physical activity with BMD occurred predominantly in AIS only and that these two factors were also independent determinants on BMD of AIS implying that calcium intake and physical activity were significant modulators on BMD in AIS. Significantly faster physical-growth, higher bone formation rate were associated with lower BMD. Osteopenia in AIS could be interplayed by abnormally faster pubertal-growth and bone-turnover. In fact, Calcium intake of AIS was too low to meet the calcium demand for bone-mineralization. A controlled calcium supplementation and programmed physical activity intervention trial is merited to confirm the effect of Calcium intake and physical activity on bone acquisition in AIS at peripubertal period

Background: context: In Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS), the correction of thoracic hypokyphosis with hooks instrumentation and also with pedicle screws system is moderate. Purpose: To compare radiographic results between two instrumentations with thoracic screws using two different. Methods: of reduction: cantilever reduction (CR group– MOSS-MIAMI system) versus simultaneous translation on two rods (ST group – PASSMED system). Study design: Retrospective comparative analysis of two consecutive cohorts of patients treated by the same surgeon at a single hospital. Patient sample: Forty-two adolescent idiopathic thoracic scoliosis (Lenke type 1, 2 and 3) underwent a posterior spinal fusion and instrumentation: 20 patients in CR group and 22 patients in the ST group. The minimum follow-up was two years (Mean follow-up: 71 months and 47 months). Outcomes measures: Thoracic sagittal kyphosis between T4 and T12 and Cobb angle measurements of major and minor curves evaluated preoperatively, postoperatively and the final visit, by an independent observer. Methods: In CR group, we have used polyaxial pedicle screws and one or two monoaxial thoracic hooks. In ST group, we have used polyaxial pedicle screws and poly-axial claws which provide same stability than screws. Three groups of preoperative kyphosis were generated: 11 patients with severe hypokyphosis (T4–T12 < 10°) (5 in CR group and 6 in ST group); 11 patients with mild hypokyphosis (between 10 and 20°) (respectively 4° vs 7°) and 20 with normokyphosis (> 20°) (respectively 11 vs 9). Results: At the final follow-up, for patients with a severe preoperative hypokyphosis, the mean gain was 14 degrees in the CR group (8° preop to 22° postop) and 25° in the ST group (6° preop to 31 postop) (p< 0.05). For patients xith mild hypokyphosis, te mean gains were respectively 7 degrees (16° preop to 23° postop) and 18° (16° preop to 34° postop) (p< 0.05). After surgery, 3 patients of CR group had hypokyphosis alors que all patients had normal kyphosis (> 20°) in the ST group. In the coronal plane, the mean correction of scoliosis are similar in the two groups (75% vs 69% p=NS). Discussion and Conclusion: In posterior instrumentation for AIS, simultaneous reduction on two rods provides a better correction of the thoracic kyphosis than the cantilever reduction in patient with preoperative hypokyphosis. This surgical technique seems to restore thoracic normal kyphosis

Recently, there is ongoing evidence regarding rapid recovery after orthopaedic surgery, with advantages for the patient relative to post operative pain, complications and functional recovery. The aim of this study is to present our experience in rapid recovery for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in the last 2 years.

Retrospective study of 36 patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, (age range 11 to 18 years) treated with spinal thoraco-lumbar posterior fusion with rapid post-operative recovery, compared with a similar group, treated with traditional protocol.

We found a statistically significant difference in terms of length-of-stay, patient-controlled-analgesia and use of oppioid and post operative blood transfusions. There was no difference in post operative infection rate.

Our experience shows better functional recovery, satisfactory controlled analgesia and reduction in costs of hospitalization with the use of ERAS protocols.

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a complex three-dimensional deformity of the spine characterized by a Cobb angle of at least 10 degrees. The goal of surgery is to not only prevent progression but restore sagittal and coronal balance, protecting cardiopulmonary function and improving cosmesis.

We reviewed the impact of deformity correction surgery in terms of radiology and patient reported outcome(PROMs).

The senior authors prospectively maintained database from 2003 –2022 was retrospectively analysed in terms of pre- and post-operative patient reported outcome measures (SRS 22) as well as radiological parameters.

44 patients with AIS were identified with pre and post op PROMS. The average age at surgery was 15yrs with 84% female. 38% had a Lenke 1 curve and 3 patients had Lenke 6 curves. 73% had posterior surgery.

There was a total improvement in SRS 22 scores by 7.8%. Patients reported significant satisfaction with treatment 4.8/5 and improvement in self-image with a change of 0.4 (p<0.001). However, no difference in function, pain and mental health were recorded.

Overall, proximal thoracic (PT) curves improved from 24 degrees to 11 degrees (p<0.001), Main thoracic (MT) curve 55 degrees to 19 degrees and Thoracolumbar/Lumbar curves (TL/L) 45 degreesto 11 degrees. Pre-operative flexibility and post-operative correction were 0.40 and 0.41 respectively for PT curve. MT was 0.32 and 0.67. That for TL/L was 0.57 and 0.71 respectively.

Surgery yields significant main curve correction correlating with high patient reported satisfaction rate. Although total SRS 22 score yielded 7.8% improvement, sub-analysis of self-image showed the most significant improvement.

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is a three-dimensional deformity of the spine, affecting 1–3% of the population.

Most cases are treated conservatively. Curves exceeding 45° in the thoracic spine and 40° in the lumbar spine may require correction and fusion surgery, to limit the progression of the curve and prevent restrictive pulmonary insufficiency (curves above 70°). When fusion is required, it may be performed either by posterior or anterior approaches. Posterior is useful for thoracic (Lenke I) curves, notably to correct the thoracic hypokyphosis frequently observed in AIS. Anterior approaches by thoraco-lombotomies allow an effective correction of thoraco-lumbar and lumbar curves (Lenke V and VI), with fewer levels fused than with posterior approaches. However, the approach requires diaphragm splitting and one may be concerned about the long-term pulmonary consequences. The literature provides conflicting insight regarding the consequences of the approach in anterior scoliosis correction, the interpretation of the results being difficult knowing that the correction of the scoliosis itself may improve pulmonary function.

This is a retrospective observational study done at a Tertiary Institution. The HRQOL scores have been collected as a prospective cohort. Clinical and radiographic data was collected from patients charts and analysed by two senior surgeons

A cohort of 64 patients were operated in the given time period. 50 patients met the inclusion criteria. No major complications were reported. The Union rate was 100% and no post operative complications were noted. Pre and post SRS scores improved in all patients.

The Anterior approach for Lenke V AIS gives great surgical exposure and allows for excellent correction of Cobb angle with minimal risk to the patient.

The etiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is largely unknown, but clinical observations revealed the role of hereditary and rapid growth in the development of this condition. More recently, several genes were suspected to cause or contribute to AIS. Our group identified gene variants of POC5 centriolar protein in a French and French-Canadian families with multiple members affected with AIS. We sought to expand on this study and to investigate for the role of POC5 gene and mutated protein. In this work, the potential pathogenic effect of mutated POC5 was investigated in vitro (human osteoblats cell culture) and in vivo in a zebrafish animal model.

To investigate the role of POC5 in AIS, we investigated subcellular localization of POC5 with respect to cilia in cells overexpressing wt or POC5 variants (C1286T, A429V) and in human osteoblasts from scoliotic patients carrying these POC5 variants and normal control cells (in vitro study). We also created a loss-of-function model in zebrafish (in vivo study). The role of POC5 was investigated by: 1) mass spectroscopy analysis and co-immunoprecipitation to identify differences in binding partners between the wild-type (wt POC5 and mut POC5 protein; 2) immunolocalization of POC5 wt and mut proteins at the cellular level; 3) histology and immunohistochemistry performed on tissues from wt (control) and scoliotic (poc5 mut) zebrafish.

Our work identified several interacting partners with POC5, and documented functional connections with respect to cilia and centrosome dysfunction. A number of ciliary proteins were identified to be interacting with wt POC5 but not mut POC5. At the cellular level, localization and co-localisation of wt POC5 and mut POC5 protein with alpha acetylated tubulin (cilia marker), confirmed the consequence of the mutation on subcellular location with respect to cilium structure, length and staining intensity of cilia. In vivo, several defects in the retina were identified in mut poc5 zebrafish compared wt zebrafish. Finally, using different markers for retinal layers and acetylated tubulin, the defects were localized in ganglion cell layer and cones of the retina.

Our findings confirm the involvement of POC5 in scoliosis. A role of POC5 with respect to the primary cilia was attributed. These findings open new avenues for the understanding the primary causes of AIS at the molecular and physiological levels.