Purpose: We report a series of 58 patients with metastatic bone disease treated with resection and endoprosthetic reconstruction over a 5 year period at our institution.

Introduction: The recent advances in adjuvant and neo-adjuvant therapy in cancer treatment has resulted in improved prognosis of patients with bone metastases. Most patients who have an actual or impending pathological fracture should have operative stabilisation or reconstruction. According to BOA guidelines patients should undergo a single procedure which allows early full weight bearing and lasts the expected lifespan of the patient. The use of modern modular endoprostheses allows these criteria to be met.

Methods and Results: We retrospectively identified all patients diagnosed with metastatic disease to bone between 1999 to 2003. 171 patients were diagnosed with bone metastases. Metastatic breast and renal cancer accounted for 47% of the lesions. 58 patients with bone metastasis to the appendicular skeleton had an endo-prosthetic reconstruction. There were 28 males and 30 females. 11 patients had lesions in the upper extremity and 47 patients had lesions in the lower extremity. Mean age at presentation was 62 years (24 to 88 years). 19 patients are still alive, 34 patients had died and 5 were lost to follow-up. Patients died of disease at a mean of 22 months (2 to 51 months) from surgery. Mean follow-up was 55 months (24 to 78 months). There were 5 wound infections, 1 aseptic loosening, 3 dislocations, 1 subluxation and 1 prosthesis rotated requiring open repositioning. Patients were followed up and evaluated using the Musculoskeletal Society Tumour Score (MSTS) and the Toronto Extremity Salvage Score. The mean MSTS score was 73% (57 to 90%) and TESS was 71% (84 to 95%).

Conclusions: We conclude that endoprosthetic replacement for the treatment of bone metastases in selected cases achieves the aims of restoring function, allowing early weight bearing and alleviating pain. The complication rate is low.

Introduction: Since 1975, 6 types of extendable endo-prostheses have been developed at Biomedical Engineering, UCL, and Stanmore Implants Worldwide in conjunction with the surgeons at this centre.

Aims: To establish whether developments in design have had the desired effect of improving both implant survivorship and functional outcome.

Methods: This was a retrospective study using case notes, hospital databases and a radiological review, combined with contemporary functional outcome assessments (MSTS, TESS, SF36).

Results: 161 consecutive prostheses in 138 paediatric patients, between the years of 1983 – 2005, were implanted for primary bone tumours. Mean age was 10.3 (3 – 18), 81 were males and 57 females. There were 136 primary procedures and 25 revisions.

6 prostheses that used ball bearings to achieve length (designed in 1981) were implanted, 3 (50 %) were revised due to mechanical failure.

19 prostheses that utilised external C-washes (1998) to achieve length were implanted, 6 (32 %) were revised, half of these for mechanical failure.

Of the 98 minimally invasive prostheses (1992) that utilized an Allan key and screw-jack mechanism to lengthen, 14 (14 %) were revised, half of these for infection.

17 non-invasive extendable endoprostheses (2001) that are lengthened by electromagnetic coupling have been implanted so far. There has only been 1 (6 %) revision. This was due to full extension being reached.

Conclusions: Design improvements in growing endoprostheses since 1983 have led to improved survivorship. Initially this led to a reduction in mechanical failure and latterly to a reduction in infection, as indications for revision.

Key Words: Bone tumour, children, endoprosthesis, survivorship.

Purpose: We report a series of patients with malignant tumours of the pelvis that had a tissue expander inserted in the pelvis to facilitate radical radiotherapy, and report functional outcomes following treatment.

Introduction: Surgery for malignant tumours affecting the pelvis is challenging. Some tumours are suitable for internal hemipelvectomy and reconstruction, some require hindquarter amputation and some are inoperable. Overall prognosis is poor with high morbidity and mortality rates. There may be a place for alternative treatment with the insertion of pelvic spacers to facilitate radical radiotherapy. This is indicated in patients who have an inoperable tumour, who decline amputation, or who had an internal hemipelvectomy with close margins and high risk of local recurrence.

Methods & Results: We performed a retrospective review of all patients who presented with a malignant tumour of the pelvis and who underwent an insertion of a pelvic spacer followed by local high dose radiotherapy. Available patients were followed up and evaluated using the Musculoskeletal Society Tumour Score (MSTS) and the Toronto Extremity Salvage Score (TESS). There were ten patients; 5 had Ewing’s sarcoma, 3 had osteosarcoma, 1 had spindle cell sarcoma and 1 had alveolar soft part sarcoma. 4 patients had metastases on presentation. The average age was 30 years (14 to 56 years), and average follow-up was 15 months (12 to 24 months). 4 patients died and 6 are still alive. There were no surgical complications. The average length of hospital stay was 6 days (2 to 10 days). Patients averaged an MSTS score of 63% and a TESS of 67%.

Conclusion: Radical radiotherapy after spacer insertion offers an alternative to morbid surgery and is associated with good functional outcomes.

Aim: The aim of this study was to correlate the histology of cartilage repair site with long term clinical function.

Materials and methods: We have analyzed the clinical results of a cohort of patients who had collagen-covered autologous chondrocyte implantations performed since 1998. Our hypothesis was that the hyaline cartilage repair does influence the clinical outcome.

The modified Cincinnati scores (MCRS) of eighty-six patients were evaluated prospectively at one year and at the latest follow-up following ACI-C (mean follow-up= 4.7 years. Range= 4 to 7 years). All these patients underwent biopsies of their cartilage repair site performed at variable periods between six months and five years following ACI-C (mean=22.2 months). The neo-cartilage was graded as hyaline (n=32), mixed fibrohyaline (n=19), fibrocartilagenous (n=35) and fibrous (n=0).

Results: The clinical results showed that at one year, the percentage of patients with excellent and good results was 84.4, 89.5 and 74.3 respectively for those with hyaline, mixed fibro-hyaline and fibro-cartilagenous histology respectively. Their mean MCRS were 70.8, 72.4 and 66.2 respectively. This difference was not statistically significant (p=0.34).

However, their clinical scores at the latest follow-up demonstrated a significantly superior result for those with hyaline repair tissue when compared to those with mixed fibro-hyaline and fibro-cartilagenous repair tissue (p=0.05). The percentage of patients with excellent and good results for those with hyaline, mixed fibro-hyaline and fibro-cartilagenous repair was 75, 42 and 68.6 respectively. Their mean MCRS were 70.6, 56.8 and 63.9 respectively.

Conclusion: This study demonstrates that any form of cartilage repair would give good clinical outcome at one year. At four years and beyond, it appears that patients with hyaline repair tissue tend to show a more favourable clinical outcome whereas those who demonstrated mixed fibrohyaline and fibrocartilagenous repair would show less favourable clinical results.

Background: Metal-on-metal bearing hip replacements release between three and nine times more cobalt and chromium ions than a metal on polyethylene bearing hip replacement. We do not fully understand the cause for the variability of ion levels after metal on metal hip replacement. The factors that determine an individual’s levels of metal ions include: firstly, patient factors (renal failure, patient weight, high activity); secondly, manufacture factors (head size (and fluid film lubrication), carbide density, surface finish) and lastly study factors (bilateral implants, time from operation). Biomechanical studies suggest that component position, in particular acetabular inclination, is important for wear rate but there is no published correlation from clinical studies.

Aim: To investigate the relationship between acetabular inclination angle and metal ion levels of patients with Birmingham Hip resurfacings.

Methods: Using standardised radiographs, we measured the inclination angle (using UTHSCSA image tool) of the acetabular components in thirty-one patients (mean age 54 years) who underwent unilateral Birmingham hip resurfacing (mean time post operation of 22 months). We also measured peripheral whole blood chromium and cobalt ion concentrations using inductively coupled mass spectrometry. All components were well fixed.

Results: There was a positive correlation between the inclination angle (range 28 degrees – 55 degrees) of the acetabular component and whole blood concentration of Cobalt (range 2.3 – 7 mcg/L), Chromium (range 0.56 – 4.3 mcg/L) and total metal ion levels (range 3.1 – 10.3 mcg/L). This finding was statistically significant, with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.46 (95% CI 0.13-0.70) and a p-value of 0.00398.

Conclusion: Acetabular inclination angle is likely to be a factor in determining an individual’s metal ion levels in patients with metal on metal resurfacing. We also iden-tified a threshold level of 50 degrees inclination, after which the metal ion levels rise dramatically. We describe the possible biomechanical mechanisms to explain these results. We recommend surgeons implant the metal socket at an inclination angle of less than 50 degrees.

Background: Extra-compartmental limb soft tissue sarcomas are notoriously difficult to treat. These tumours can exhibit macro or microscopic spread beyond the confines of normal anatomical barriers and require radical resection, often necessitating excision of bone as well as soft tissue. This will inevitably affect the patient’s functional outcome. The primary operations for these aggressive sarcomas include wide local excision of soft tissue and adjacent involved bone, radical resection with endoprosthetic reconstruction and amputation.

Methods: 85 patients who underwent such an operation between 1995 to 2000 were reviewed and categorised according to whether they received wide local excision, endoprosthesis reconstruction or amputation. Patient demographics, sarcoma details, recurrence and survival rates were identified and compared between the three groups. Functional outcomes in the 45 patients still alive were assessed using TESS and MSTS scores.

Results: Mean age was 61 years (range 8 to 92). There were 51 males and 34 females. Anatomical distribution was as follows: arm 26, leg 47, pelvis 8 and other 4. The commonest histology subtypes were MFH, leiomyosarcoma and undifferentiated soft tissue sarcoma. 17 had wide local excision of bone and soft tissue, 32 underwent endoprosthesis reconstruction and 36 underwent primary amputation. Recurrence rates were highest in the endoprosthesis group at 19%. Five year survival was worst in the amputation group at 49%. Functional outcomes were highest in the wide local excision group, and similar in the other two surgical groups.

Conclusions: Unsurprisingly survival is poorest in the primary amputee group because of the highly aggressive nature of these sarcomas, despite having the most radical treatment. The similar functional outcomes shown between endoprosthesis reconstruction and primary amputation may be influential when considering cases in which this decision is unclear and function is the main issue at stake.

Purpose: We report the clinical and functional outcome of limb salvage surgery and endoprosthetic reconstruction of the distal tibia and ankle joint in 5 patients.

Introduction: The distal tibia is an uncommon site for primary malignant bone tumours and the treatment of choice for most patients is a below knee amputation. Patients who decline an amputation may be offered an endoprosthetic replacement. This is a technically challenging operation and may be associated with high morbidity.

Methods and Results: Over 25 years at our centre, 5 patients underwent distal tibial replacements for bone or soft tissue sarcomas. Two had osteosarcoma, one had a recurrence of Ewing’s sarcoma, one had malignant fibrous histiocytoma, and one had an adamantinoma. The mean age was 37 years (13 to 69 years). There were no tumour recurrences. Four patients developed complications with wound infection. Two of these resulted in below knee amputations. Average follow-up was 31 months (19 to 55 months) with 1 patient lost to follow-up. Patients were evaluated using the Toronto Extremity Salvage Score (TESS) and the Musculoskeletal Tumour Society (MSTS) score. The mean MSTS score was 88% and the mean TESS was 88.5%. Two patients who later had a below knee amputation and who were using a prosthesis averaged an MSTS score of 86.3% and a TESS of 89.3%.

Conclusion: For those patients who are unwilling to undergo an amputation for malignant tumours of the distal tibia, endoprosthetic reconstruction is an alternative, but at the cost of increased risk of significant complications, functional deterioration and morbidity. There was little difference between functional scores for patients who proceeded to have a below knee amputation compared to patients who still had their endoprosthesis

Introduction: Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) is a technique described for treating symptomatic osteochondral defects in the knee. It is contra-indicated, however, in a joint rendered unstable by a ruptured anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). We present our early experience of combined ACL and ACI repair.

Methods: Patients underwent arthroscopic examination and cartilage harvesting of the knee. Chondrocytes were then cultured in plasma and a second operation was undertaken approximately four weeks later to repair the ruptured ACL with hamstring graft and to implant the chondrocytes via formal arthrotomy. Patients then underwent a graduated rehabilitation program and were reviewed at 6 and 12 months. Functional measurements were made using the Bentley functional scale and the modified Cincinnati rating system, with pain measured on a visual analogue scale. All patients also underwent formal clinical examination at each review.

Results: 4 out of the 5 patients reported an improvement in pain as measured on visual analogue scale, with 1 patient reporting no difference. 4 patients had stable knees as determined by negative anterior draw, negative Lachman’s test and negative pivot shift test; one patient showed improvement, but remained pivot shift positive. Improvements in Bentley scores were noted in 3 patients. Cincinnati scores were markedly improved in 3 patients and slightly improved in the remaining 2 patients. The only operative complications were a traction neuropraxia to the saphenous nerve of one patient requiring no treatment and a manipulation under anaesthesia for poor mobilisation in another patient, which was successful in improving range of movement. A further patient required arthroscopic trimming of the cartilage graft which had overgrown; this was also successful.

Conclusion: Symptomatic cartilage defects and ACL deficiency may co-exist in many patients and represent a treatment challenge. Our early results suggest that a combined ACL and ACI repair is a viable option in this group of patients and should reduce the anaesthetic and operative risks of a two-stage repair. More patients and longer follow up will be required to fully assess this technique.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to use the thromboelastogram to determine whether autologous blood transfusion following primary total knee replacement surgery results in an alteration to systemic coagulation.

Methods: 44 patients were randomised to receive either Hartmann’s solution alone postoperatively (control group), or Hartmann’s solution and autologous blood at six hours (ABT group). Thromboelastogram measurements of systemic blood clotting were performed pre-operatively, and post operatively at 6h just prior to the commencement of the ABT, 6h 30mins, and 8h.

Results: At 8h post operation (2h post ABT), the ABT group when compared with the control group showed an earlier onset of coagulation (3.83 minutes versus 4.49 minutes, p=0.003) and the formation of a stronger clot as assessed by the TEG maximum amplitude (maximum clot strength 83.9mm versus 75.9mm, p< 0.001).

Conclusion: The transfusion of drained autologous blood following total knee replacement may lead to an exaggerated hypercoagulable postoperative state. Further investigation of this potentially serious consequence of autologous blood transfusion is required.

Background: Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) was introduced over 15 years ago as a treatment for full-thickness chondral defects in the knee. Current understanding of ACI graft morphology and maturation in humans is limited. The aims of this study were determine the incidence of hyaline-like repair following ACI, and to clarify the relationship between repair morphology and clinical outcome.

Methods: A retrospective review of 194 ACI graft biopsies from 180 patients, and their clinical outcome was conducted. 154 Biopsies were performed 1 year after implantation and 40 biopsies were performed at 2 years. Three techniques of ACI implantation were used; Collagen covered ACI (ACI-C), periosteum covered ACI (ACI-P) and Matrix-Induced ACI (MACI).

Results: At 1 year, hyaline repair tissue was found in 48 (53%) ACI-C grafts, 7 (44%) ACI-P grafts, and 12 (36%) MACI grafts. The frequency of hyaline tissue found in biopsies performed at 2 years (84%) was significantly higher than those performed at 1 year (48.6%), p=0.0001, suggesting that grafts continue to remodel after the first year post implantation.

Clinical outcomes during the first two postoperative years did not vary according to repair morphology type, though hyaline repair was associated with better clinical outcomes beyond 2 years; At 1 year, good to excellent clinical scores were observed in 29 (78.4%) patients with hyaline-like repair, 23 (76.7%) patients with fibrohyaline repair, and 54 (74.0%) patients with fibrocartilage repair. By years 3 and 4 post-implantation, clinical scores further improved in patients with hyaline-like repair yet declined in those with fibrocartilage and fibrohyaline. The difference was significant at 3 years though not at 4 due to the small number of cases.

Conclusions: Achieving hyaline-like repair is critical to the longevity of cartilage repair. The finding of hyaline-like cartilage or fibrohyaline cartilage in 31 of 37 biopsies (84%) performed after 2 years is therefore encouraging and supports further use of the ACI technique.

We prospectively randomised 104 consecutive patients undergoing primary cemented total knee arthroplasty to receive either a standard suction drain© (Redivac) or autologous transfusion drain® (Bellovac). There were fifty two patients in each group. Randomisation was performed using a software program (Minim) which set to stratify patients based on their age, sex and body mass index (BMI). All procedures were performed under pneumatic tourniquet.

Drains were released in recovery room 20 minutes after surgery and were removed 24 hours following surgery. Blood collected in the standard suction drain was discarded but blood collected in the autologous transfusion drains was transfused unwashed to the patient within six hours of collection.

13 patients (25%) in the study group had two or more units of homologous blood transfused in addition to the blood collected postoperatively and re-transfused (Average= 438mls). 12 patients (23%) in the control group had two or more units of homologous blood transfused. No sepsis, transfusion reactions, or coagulopathies were associated with the autologous blood re-transfused in the study group.

The use of autologous transfusion system (Bellovac) proved to be safe but failed to reduce the need for postoperative homologous blood transfusion following uncomplicated total knee arthroplasty.

Background: Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation (ACI) is widely used as a treatment for symptomatic chondral and osteochondral defects of the knee. Variations of the original periosteum cover technique include the use of porcine-derived type I/III collagen as a cover (ACI-C), and the use of a collagen bilayer seeded with chondrocytes (MACI).

Aim: To determine whether differences in clinical, arthroscopic and histological outcomes at 1 year exist between ACI-C and MACI techniques.

Methods: We have performed a prospective randomised comparison of ACI-C versus MACI for the treatment of symptomatic chondral defects of the knee on 91 patients of whom 44 received ACI-C and 47 received MACI grafts.

Results: Both treatments resulted in improvements of clinical scores after 1 year. Mean modified Cincinnati knee scores increased by 17.5 in the ACI-C group and 19.6 in the MACI group (p> 0.05). Arthroscopic assessments performed after 1 year demonstrated good to excellent ICRS graft repair scores in 79% of ACI-C grafts and 67% of MACI grafts. Hyaline-like or hyaline-like cartilage with fibrocartilage was found in the biopsies of 43% of ACI-C grafts and 36% of MACI grafts after 1 year. The rate of graft hypertrophy was 9% in the ACI-C group and 6% in the MACI group. The frequency of re-operation was 9% in each group.

Conclusions: We conclude that clinical, arthroscopic and histological outcomes are comparable for both ACI-C and MACI techniques. While the MACI technique is technically attractive, further long-term studies are required before widespread adoption of this new technique.

Introduction and Aims: ACI (autologous chondrocyte implantation) using a periosteum cover was developed by Peterson et al. Recently, the technique has been developed using a Type I/Type III collagen membrane (Chondro-Gide). A second technique MACI (matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation) has evolved using a membrane with chondrocytes seeded onto its surface. Aim is to review the one and two-year results of the first 159 patients at a single regional centre.

Method: The two-stage procedure was performed with a standardised, progressive rehabilitation program. Patients were assessed clinically at three, six, nine, 12 and 24 months (pain score, Modified Cincinnati, Bentley), and arthroscopically at 12 and 24 months.

Results: 159 patients have been assessed at one year and 101 patients at two years. Of those patients reviewed at one year, 110 patients had the ACI repair with Chondro-Gide, 31 patients had the ACI repair with periosteum and 18 patients had the MACI repair. Sixty-nine percent had good or excellent results at one year and 60% at two years.

These figures represent the early results of this study performed at this unit.

Conclusion: We propose that the ACI technique is valuable for selected patients with Chondral and osteochondral defects of the knee even with large and multiple defects in the articular cartilage.

Introduction and Aims: Uni-compartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) is appropriate for one in three osteoarthritic knees requiring replacement. An accelerated protocol enables patients undergoing UKA to be discharged within 24 hours of surgery. Before such an approach is universally accepted it must be safe, effective and economically viable. A study was performed to compare the new accelerated protocol with current standard care in a state healthcare system.

Method: A single blind RCT design was used. Patients eligible for UKA were screened for NSAID tolerance, social circumstances and geographical location before allocation to either an accelerated recovery group (Group A) or a standard non-accelerated group (Group S). The accelerated protocol included dedicated pain management and discharge support. Primary outcome was the Oxford Knee Assessment at six months post-operation, compared using independent t tests. Pain, range of movement and incidence of complications were also recorded by assessors blind to group allocation. Cost effectiveness was calculated in quality life adjusted years (QLAY) using the Euroqual instrument. The study power was sufficient to avoid type 2 errors. The study was supported by a NHS Regional R& D grant.

Results: Forty-one patients (21 group A, 20 group S) were included. Groups had comparable age and patient profiles. Average discharge time was 37 hours (1.5 days) for group A and 114 hours (4.3 days) for group S. Pain on hospital discharge was similar for both groups. No significant difference was found between groups for pain or range of movement at any time, although patients in group S regained pre-operative flexion faster than group A. One major complication occurred in each group; one infection (group S) and one manipulation for poor movement (group A). The cost per QLAY for the new protocol was 59% of the standard care.

Conclusion: The new protocol allows for safe accelerated discharge from hospital after UKA. The approach is cost-effective and should help to increase the throughput of patients who require knee replacement.

Aims: The objective of this study was to clinically assess the outcome of CADCAM femoral components in the revision hip replacement. Methods: Between 1991 and 2000, 125 revision total hip replacements using CAD-CAM femoral components were performed. Clinical assessment was performed using the Harris Hip score, by direct patient consultation, and telephone or postal questionnaire. Survivorship was defined as the requirement for revision. Results: The patients were reviewed at a mean of 5.2 yrs (1 to 10)

The mean Harris hip score increased from 44 points (range, 27 to 71 points) preoperatively to 71 points (range, 21 to 98 points) at the time of the most recent follow-up. 9 patients required subsequent revision; 4 for aseptic loosening, 1 for septic loosening and 4 for fracture of the femoral component. Conclusions: CAD-CAM technology provides a viable alternative to the challenge of revision hip surgery, with results comparable to other cementless techniques.