Introduction. The pathogenesis of rotator cuff disease (RCD) is complex and
not fully understood. This systematic review set out to summarise
the histological and molecular changes that occur throughout the
spectrum of RCD. Methods. We conducted a systematic review of the scientific literature
with specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results. A total of 101 studies met the inclusion criteria: 92 studies
used human subjects exclusively, seven used animal overuse models,
and the remaining two studies involved both humans and an animal
overuse model. A total of 58 studies analysed supraspinatus tendon
exclusively, 16 analysed subacromial bursal tissue exclusively,
while the other studies analysed other tissue or varying combinations
of tissue types including joint fluid and muscle. The molecular biomarkers
that were altered in RCD included matrix substances,
Rotator cuff muscle atrophy and fatty infiltration affect the clinical outcomes of rotator cuff tear patients. However, there is no effective treatment for fatty infiltration at this time. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) helps to activate beige adipose tissue. The goal of this study was to test the role of HIIT in improving muscle quality in a rotator cuff tear model via the β3 adrenergic receptor (β3AR). Three-month-old C57BL/6 J mice underwent a unilateral rotator cuff injury procedure. Mice were forced to run on a treadmill with the HIIT programme during the first to sixth weeks or seventh to 12th weeks after tendon tear surgery. To study the role of β3AR, SR59230A, a selective β3AR antagonist, was administered to mice ten minutes before each exercise through intraperitoneal injection. Supraspinatus muscle, interscapular brown fat, and inguinal subcutaneous white fat were harvested at the end of the 12th week after tendon tear and analyzed biomechanically, histologically, and biochemically.Aims
Methods
Rotator cuff (RC) injuries are characterized by tendon rupture, muscle atrophy, retraction, and fatty infiltration, which increase injury severity and jeopardize adequate tendon repair. Epigenetic drugs, such as histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis), possess the capacity to redefine the molecular signature of cells, and they may have the potential to inhibit the transformation of the fibro-adipogenic progenitors (FAPs) within the skeletal muscle into adipocyte-like cells, concurrently enhancing the myogenic potential of the satellite cells. HDACis were added to FAPs and satellite cell cultures isolated from mice. The HDACi vorinostat was additionally administered into a RC injury animal model. Histological analysis was carried out on the isolated supra- and infraspinatus muscles to assess vorinostat anti-muscle degeneration potential.Aims
Methods
Objectives. Local corticosteroid infiltration is a common practice of treatment
for lateral epicondylitis. In recent studies no statistically significant
or clinically relevant results in favour of corticosteroid injections
were found. The injection of autologous blood has been reported
to be effective for both intermediate and long-term outcomes. It
is hypothesised that blood contains
Rotator cuff (RC) tears are common musculoskeletal injuries which often require surgical intervention. Noninvasive pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) devices have been approved for treatment of long-bone fracture nonunions and as an adjunct to lumbar and cervical spine fusion surgery. This study aimed to assess the effect of continuous PEMF on postoperative RC healing in a rat RC repair model. A total of 30 Wistar rats underwent acute bilateral supraspinatus tear and repair. A miniaturized electromagnetic device (MED) was implanted at the right shoulder and generated focused PEMF therapy. The animals’ left shoulders served as controls. Biomechanical, histological, and bone properties were assessed at three and six weeks.Aims
Methods
Between 2005 and 2012, 50 patients (23 female, 27 male) with
nonunion of the humeral shaft were included in this retrospective
study. The mean age was 51.3 years (14 to 88). The patients had
a mean of 1.5 prior operations ( All patients were assessed according to a specific risk score
in order to devise an optimal and individual therapy plan consistent
with the Diamond Concept. In 32 cases (64%), a change in the osteosynthesis
to an angular stable locking compression plate was performed. According
to the individual risk an additional bone graft and/or bone morphogenetic
protein-7 (BMP-7) were applied. A successful consolidation of the nonunion was observed in 37
cases (80.4%) with a median healing time of six months (IQR 6).
Younger patients showed significantly better consolidation. Four
patients were lost to follow-up. Revision was necessary in a total
of eight (16%) cases. In the initial treatment, intramedullary nailing
was most common. Methods
Results
Frozen shoulder is commonly encountered in general
orthopaedic practice. It may arise spontaneously without an obvious
predisposing cause, or be associated with a variety of local or
systemic disorders. Diagnosis is based upon the recognition of the
characteristic features of the pain, and selective limitation of
passive external rotation. The macroscopic and histological features
of the capsular contracture are well-defined, but the underlying
pathological processes remain poorly understood. It may cause protracted
disability, and imposes a considerable burden on health service
resources. Most patients are still managed by physiotherapy in primary
care, and only the more refractory cases are referred for specialist
intervention. Targeted therapy is not possible and treatment remains predominantly
symptomatic. However, over the last ten years, more active interventions
that may shorten the clinical course, such as capsular distension
arthrography and arthroscopic capsular release, have become more popular. This review describes the clinical and pathological features
of frozen shoulder. We also outline the current treatment options,
review the published results and present our own treatment algorithm.
We describe the use of a vascularised periosteal patch onlay graft based on the 1,2 intercompartmental supraretinacular artery in the management of 11 patients (ten men, one woman) with chronic nonunion involving the proximal third of the scaphoid. The mean age of the patients was 31 years (21 to 45) with the dominant hand affected in eight. Six of the patients were smokers and three had undergone previous surgery to the scaphoid. All of the proximal fragments were avascular. The presence of union was assessed using longitudinal axis CT. Only three patients progressed to union of the scaphoid and four required a salvage operation for a symptomatic nonunion. The remaining four patients with a persistent nonunion are asymptomatic with low pain scores, good grip strength and a functional range of wrist movement. Although this technique has potential technical advantages over vascularised pedicled bone grafting, the rate of union has been disappointing and we do not recommend it as a method of treatment.
Ununited fractures of the scaphoid with extensive bone resorption are usually treated by bone grafting and internal fixation, using either an open or a minimally invasive technique. We studied the feasibility of percutaneous fixation without bone grafting in a consecutive series of 27 patients with established nonunion of an undisplaced fracture of the scaphoid and extensive local resorption of bone. They were treated by a single surgeon with rigid fixation alone, using a headless cannulated screw inserted through a volar percutaneous technique. Clinical examination, standard radiographs and CT confirmed that the fracture had united in all patients at a mean of 11.6 weeks (8 to 16), and that their functional scores had improved. We concluded that extensive resorption at the fracture site is not an absolute indication for bone grafting, and that percutaneous fixation alone will eventually produce healing of ununited undisplaced fractures of the scaphoid regardless of the size of the gap.
