Several studies have reported the rate of post-operative mortality after the surgical treatment of a fracture of the hip, but few data are available regarding the delayed morbidity. In this prospective study, we identified 568 patients who underwent surgery for a fracture of the hip and who were followed for one year. Multivariate analysis was carried out to identify possible predictors of mortality and morbidity. The 30-day, four-month and one-year rates of mortality were 4.3%, 11.4%, and 18.8%, respectively. General complications and pre-operative comorbidities represented the basic predictors of mortality at any time interval (p < 0.01). In-hospital, four-month and one-year general complications occurred in 29.4%, 18.6% and 6.7% of patients, respectively. After adjusting for confounding variables, comorbidities and poor cognitive status determined the likelihood of early and delayed general complications, respectively (p < 0.001). Operative delay was the main predictor of the length of hospital stay (p < 0.001) and was directly related to in-hospital (p = 0.017) and four-month complications (p = 0.008).

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:383–90

The October 2014 Knee Roundup³⁶⁰ looks at: microfracture equivalent to OATS; examination better than MRI in predicting hamstrings re-injury; a second view on return to play with hamstrings injuries; dislocation risks in the Oxford Unicompartmental Knee; what about the tibia?; getting on top of lateral facet pain post TKR; readmission in TKR; patient-specific instrumentation; treating infrapatellar saphenous neuralgia; and arthroscopy in the middle-aged.

Little is known about the incidence of rotator cuff pathology or its demographic associations in the general population. We undertook a large epidemiological study of rotator cuff pathology in the United Kingdom using The Health Improvement Network (THIN) database. The incidence of rotator cuff pathology was 87 per 100 000 person-years. It was more common in women than in men (90 cases per 100 000 person-years in women and 83 per 100 000 person-years in men; p < 0.001). The highest incidence of 198 per 100 000 person-years was found in those aged between 55 and 59 years. The regional distribution of incidence demonstrated an even spread across 13 UK health authorities except Wales, where the incidence was significantly higher (122 per 100 000 person-years; p < 0.001). The lowest socioeconomic group had the highest incidence (98 per 100 000 person-years). The incidence has risen fourfold since 1987 and as of 2006 shows no signs of plateauing.

This study represents the largest general population study of rotator cuff pathology reported to date. The results obtained provide an enhanced appreciation of the epidemiology of rotator cuff pathology and may help to direct future upper limb orthopaedic services.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:350–3.

We have evaluated the extent to which diabetes affects the revision rate following total hip replacement (THR). Through the Danish Hip Arthroplasty Registry we identified all patients undergoing a primary THR (n = 57 575) between 1 January 1996 and 31 December 2005, of whom 3278 had diabetes. The presence of diabetes among these patients was identified through the Danish National Registry of Patients and the Danish National Drug Prescription Database. We estimated the relative risk for revision and the 95% confidence intervals for patients with diabetes compared to those without, adjusting for the confounding factors. Diabetes is associated with an increased risk of revision due to deep infection (relative risk = 1.45 (95% confidence interval 1.00 to 2.09), particularly in those with type 2 diabetes (relative risk = 1.49 (95% confidence interval 1.02 to 2.18)), those with diabetes for less than five years prior to THR (relative risk = 1.69 (95% confidence interval 1.24 to 2.32)), those with complications due to diabetes (relative risk = 2.11 (95% confidence interval 1.41 to 3.17)), and those with cardiovascular comorbidities prior to surgery (relative risk = 2.35 (95% confidence interval 1.39 to 3.98)).

Patients and surgeons should be aware of the relatively elevated risk of revision due to deep infection following THR in diabetes particularly in those with insufficient control of their glucose level.

Total hip replacement causes a short-term increase in the risk of mortality. It is important to quantify this and to identify modifiable risk factors so that the risk of post-operative mortality can be minimised. We performed a systematic review and critical evaluation of the current literature on the topic. We identified 32 studies published over the last 10 years which provide either 30-day or 90-day mortality data. We estimate the pooled incidence of mortality during the first 30 and 90 days following hip replacement to be 0.30% (95% CI 0.22 to 0.38) and 0.65% (95% CI 0.50 to 0.81), respectively. We found strong evidence of a temporal trend towards reducing mortality rates despite increasingly co-morbid patients. The risk factors for early mortality most commonly identified are increasing age, male gender and co-morbid conditions, particularly cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular complications appear to have overtaken fatal pulmonary emboli as the leading cause of death after hip replacement.

Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2014;3:175–82

This study describes the epidemiology and outcome of 637 proximal humeral fractures in 629 elderly (≥ 65 years old) patients. Most were either minimally displaced (n = 278, 44%) or two-part fractures (n = 250, 39%) that predominantly occurred in women (n = 525, 82%) after a simple fall (n = 604, 95%), who lived independently in their own home (n = 560, 88%), and one in ten sustained a concomitant fracture (n = 76, 11.9%). The rate of mortality at one year was 10%, with the only independent predictor of survival being whether the patient lived in their own home (p = 0.025). Many factors associated with the patient’s social independence significantly influenced the age and gender adjusted Constant score one year after the fracture. More than a quarter of the patients had a poor functional outcome, with those patients not living in their own home (p = 0.04), participating in recreational activities (p = 0.01), able to perform their own shopping (p < 0.001), or able to dress themselves (p = 0.02) being at a significantly increased risk of a poor outcome, which was independent of the severity of the fracture (p = 0.001).

A poor functional outcome after a proximal humeral fracture is not independently influenced by age in the elderly, and factors associated with social independence are more predictive of outcome.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:970–7.

The December 2013 Oncology Roundup³⁶⁰ looks at: Peri-articular resection fraught with complications; Navigated margins; Skeletal tumours and thromboembolism; Conditional survival in Ewing’s sarcoma; Reverse shoulders and tumour; For how long should we follow up sarcoma patients?; and already metastasised?

Deficiency of the abductor mechanism is a well-recognised cause of pain and limping after total hip replacement (THR). This can be found incidentally at the time of surgery, or it may arise as a result of damage to the superior gluteal nerve intra-operatively, or after surgery owing to mechanical failure of the abductor muscle repair or its detachment from the greater trochanter. The incidence of abductor failure has been reported as high as 20% in some studies. The management of this condition remains a dilemma for the treating surgeon. We review the current state of knowledge concerning post-THR abductor deficiency, including the aetiology, diagnosis and management, and the outcomes of surgery for this condition.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:343–7.

We assessed the effect of mental disability on the outcome of total knee replacement (TKR) and investigated whether mental health improves post-operatively. Outcome data were prospectively recorded over a three-year period for 962 patients undergoing primary TKR for osteoarthritis. Pre-operative and one year Short-Form (SF)-12 scores and Oxford knee scores (OKS) were obtained. The mental component of the SF-12 was stratified into four groups according to level of mental disability (none ≥ 50, mild 40 to 49, moderate 30 to 39, severe < 30). Patients with any degree of mental disability had a significantly greater subjective physical disability according to the SF-12 (p = 0.06) and OKS (p < 0.001). The improvement in the disease-specific score (OKS) was not affected by a patient’s mental health (p = 0.33). In contrast, patients with mental disability had less of an improvement in their global physical health (SF-12) (p < 0.001). However, patients with any degree of mental disability had a significant improvement in their mental health post-operatively (p < 0.001).

Despite a similar improvement in their disease-specific scores and improvement in their mental health, patients with mental disability were significantly more likely to be dissatisfied with their TKR at one year (p = 0.001). Patients with poor mental health do benefit from improvements in their mental health and knee function after TKR, but also have a higher rate of dissatisfaction.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:360–6.

As part of the national initiative to reduce waiting times for joint replacement surgery in Wales, the Cardiff and Vale NHS Trust referred 224 patients to the NHS Treatment Centre in Weston-Super-Mare for total knee replacement (TKR). A total of 258 Kinemax TKRs were performed between November 2004 and August 2006. Of these, a total of 199 patients (232 TKRs, 90%) have been followed up for five years. This cohort was compared with 258 consecutive TKRs in 250 patients, performed at Cardiff and Vale Orthopaedic Centre (CAVOC) over a similar time period. The five year cumulative survival rate was 80.6% (95% confidence interval (CI) 74.0 to 86.0) in the Weston-Super-Mare cohort and 95.0% (95% CI 90.2 to 98.2) in the CAVOC cohort with revision for any reason as the endpoint. The relative risk for revision at Weston-Super-Mare compared with CAVOC was 3.88 (p < 0.001). For implants surviving five years, the mean Oxford knee scores (OKS) and mean EuroQol (EQ-5D) scores were similar (OKS: Weston-Super-Mare 29 (2 to 47) vs CAVOC 29.8 (3 to 48), p = 0.61; EQ-5D: Weston-Super-Mare 0.53 (-0.38 to 1.00) vs CAVOC 0.55 (-0.32 to 1.00), p = 0.79). Patients with revised TKRs had significantly lower Oxford knee and EQ-5D scores (p < 0.001).

The results show a higher revision rate for patients operated at Weston-Super-Mare Treatment Centre, with a reduction in functional outcome and quality of life after revision. This further confirms that patients moved from one area to another for joint replacement surgery fare poorly.

We analysed the incidence of slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) in South Australia, investigating possible associations between an increased incidence of SCFE, the local indigenous population and the Australian obesity epidemic during the last 20 years. Data including race, age and gender were collected to obtain a profile of the South Australian SCFE patient, and were then compared with epidemiological data for South Australian adolescents. We concluded that the incidence of both obesity and SCFE is increasing. We also noted that the median weight of SCFE patients has increased and the mean age at diagnosis has decreased. Despite weight profiles comparable with those of the general population, we noted that an indigenous child was three times more likely to develop SCFE than a non-indigenous child. As far as we know there is no published literature on the predisposition of Aboriginal Australians to SCFE.

We compared the complications and outcome of tibial lengthening using the Ilizarov method with and without the use of a supplementary intramedullary nail. In a retrospective case-matched series assembled from 176 patients with tibial lengthening, we matched 52 patients (26 pairs, group A with nail and group B without) according to the following criteria in order of importance: 1) difference in amount of lengthening (± 2 cm); 2) percentage difference in lengthening (± 5%); 3) difference in patient’s age (± seven years); 4) aetiology of the shortening, and 5) level of difficulty in obtaining the correction. The outcome was evaluated using the external fixator index, the healing index and an outcome score according to the criteria of Paley. It was found that some complications were specific to group A or B respectively, but others were common to both groups.

The outcome was generally better in lengthenings with a nail, although there was a higher incidence of rectifiable equinus deformity in these patients.

Non-accidental injury (NAI) in children includes orthopaedic trauma throughout the skeleton. Fractures with soft-tissue injuries constitute the majority of manifestations of physical abuse in children. Fracture and injury patterns vary with age and development, and NAI is intrinsically related to the mobility of the child. No fracture in isolation is pathognomonic of NAI, but specific abuse-related injuries include multiple fractures, particularly at various stages of healing, metaphyseal corner and bucket-handle fractures and fractures of ribs. Isolated or multiple rib fractures, irrespective of location, have the highest specificity for NAI. Other fractures with a high specificity for abuse include those of the scapula, lateral end of the clavicle, vertebrae and complex skull fractures.

Injuries caused by NAI constitute a relatively small proportion of childhood fractures. They may be associated with significant physical and psychological morbidity, with wide- ranging effects from deviations in normal developmental progression to death.

Orthopaedic surgeons must systematically assess, recognise and act on the indicators for NAI in conjunction with the paediatric multidisciplinary team.

We compared patient-reported outcomes of the Kinemax fixed- and mobile-bearing total knee replacement in a multi-centre randomised controlled trial. Patients were randomised to the fixed- or the mobile-bearing prosthesis via a sealed envelope method after the bone cuts had been made in the operating theatre. Randomisation was stratified by centre and diagnosis. Patients were assessed pre-operatively and at eight to 12 weeks, one year and two years post-operatively. Validated questionnaires were used which included the Western Ontario MacMasters University, Short-Form 12, Mental Health Index-5, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score for Knee-Related Quality of Life and Function in Sport and Recreation scales and a validated scale of satisfaction post-operatively. In total, 242 patients (250 knees) with a mean age of 68 years (40 to 80) were recruited from four NHS orthopaedic centres. Of these, 132 patients (54.5%) were women.

No statistically significant differences could be identified in any of the patient-reported outcome scores between patients who received the fixed-bearing or the mobile-bearing knee up to two-years post-operatively.

This prospective study evaluates the role of new laboratory markers in the diagnosis of deep implant infection in 78 patients (41 men and 37 women) with a revision total knee or hip replacement.

The mean age at the time of operation was 64.0 years (19 to 90). Intra-operative cultures showed that 21 patients had a septic and 57 an aseptic total joint replacement. The white blood cell count, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and levels of C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, procalcitonin and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α were measured in blood samples before operation. The diagnostic cut-off values were determined by Received Operating Characteristic curve analysis.

C-reactive protein (> 3.2 md/dl) and interleukin-6 (> 12 pg/ml) have the highest sensitivity (0.95). Interleukin-6 is less specific than C-reactive protein (0.87 vs 0.96). Combining C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 identifies all patients with deep infection of the implant. Procalcitonin (> 0.3 ng/ml) and TNF-α (> 40 ng/ml) are very specific (0.98 vs 0.94) but have a low sensitivity (0.33 vs 0.43).

The combination of C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 measurement provide excellent screening tests for infection of a deep implant. A highly specific marker such as procalcitonin and pre-operative aspiration of the joint might be useful in identifying patients with true positive C-reactive protein and/or interleukin-6 levels.

This paper reviews the current literature concerning the main clinical factors which can impair the healing of fractures and makes recommendations on avoiding or minimising these in order to optimise the outcome for patients. The clinical implications are described.