The cytotoxicity induced by cobalt ions (Co2+) and cobalt nanoparticles (Co-NPs) which released following the insertion of a total hip prosthesis, has been reported. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms. In this study, we investigate the toxic effect of Co2+ and Co-NPs on liver cells, and explain further the potential mechanisms. Co-NPs were characterised for size, shape, elemental analysis, and hydrodynamic diameter, and were assessed by Transmission Electron Microscope, Scanning Electron Microscope, Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy and Dynamic Light Scattering. BRL-3A cells were used in this study. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT and lactate dehydrogenase release assay. In order to clarify the potential mechanisms, reactive oxygen species, Bax/Bcl-2 mRNA expression, IL-8 mRNA expression and DNA damage were assessed on BRL-3A cells after Co2+ or Co-NPs treatment.Objectives
Methods
The aims of this study were to evaluate the clinical and radiological
outcomes of instrumented posterolateral fusion (PLF) performed in
patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A total of 40 patients with RA and 134 patients without RA underwent
instrumented PLF for spinal stenosis between January 2003 and December
2011. The two groups were matched for age, gender, bone mineral
density, the history of smoking and diabetes, and number of fusion
segments. The clinical outcomes measures included the visual analogue scale
(VAS) and the Korean Oswestry Disability Index (KODI), scored before
surgery, one year and two years after surgery. Radiological outcomes
were evaluated for problems of fixation, nonunion, and adjacent
segment disease (ASD). The mean follow-up was 36.4 months in the RA
group and 39.1 months in the non-RA group.Aims
Methods
Abnormal wear of cobalt-containing metal-on-metal
joints is associated with inflammatory pseudotumours. Cobalt ions
activate human toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), which normally responds
to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in sepsis. Activation of TLR4
by LPS increases the expression of chemokines IL-8 and CXCL10, which
recruit leukocytes and activated T-cells, respectively. This study
was designed to determine whether cobalt induces a similar inflammatory
response to LPS by promoting the expression of IL-8 and CXCL10.
A human monocytic cell line, derived from acute monocytic leukaemia,
was treated with cobalt ions and expression of IL-8 and CXCL10 measured at
mRNA and protein levels. Cobalt-treated macrophages showed a 60-fold
increase in IL-8 mRNA, and an eightfold increase in production of
the mature chemokine (both p <
0.001); expression of the CXCL10
gene and protein was also significantly increased by cobalt (both
p <
0.001). Experiments were also performed in the presence of
CLI-095, a TLR4-specific antagonist which abrogated the cobalt-mediated
increase in IL-8 and CXCL10 expression. These findings suggest that cobalt ions induce inflammation similar
to that observed during sepsis by the simultaneous activation of
two TLR4-mediated signalling pathways. These pathways result in
increased production of IL-8 and CXCL10, and may be implicated in
pseudotumour formation following metal-on-metal replacement. Cite this article:
This systematic review aimed to assess the A systematic search was performed in Pubmed, followed by a two-step selection process. We included Objectives
Methods
Excessive mechanical stress on synovial joints causes osteoarthritis
(OA) and results in the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a
key molecule in arthritis, by synovial fibroblasts. However, the
relationship between arthritis-related molecules and mechanical
stress is still unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine
the synovial fibroblast response to cyclic mechanical stress using
an Human synovial fibroblasts were cultured on collagen scaffolds
to produce three-dimensional constructs. A cyclic compressive loading
of 40 kPa at 0.5 Hz was applied to the constructs, with or without
the administration of a cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) selective inhibitor
or dexamethasone, and then the concentrations of PGE2, interleukin-1β (IL-1β),
tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-6, IL-8 and COX-2 were measured.Objective
Method
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the
expression of acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) in the capsule and synovial
fluid of patients with frozen shoulder. Capsular tissue and synovial
fluid were obtained from 18 patients with idiopathic frozen shoulder
(FS group) and 18 patients with instability of the shoulder (control
group). The expressions of ASIC1, ASIC2, and ASIC3 in the capsule
were determined using the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain
reaction, immunoblot analysis, and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The
concentrations in synovial fluid were evaluated using an enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay. The mRNA expression of ASIC1, ASIC2 and ASIC3 in the capsule
were significantly increased in the FS group compared with the control
group. The protein levels of these three ASICs were also increased.
The increased expressions were confirmed by IHC. Of the ASICs, ASIC3
showed the greatest increase in both mRNA and levels of expression
compared with the control group. The levels of ASIC1 and ASIC3 in
synovial fluid were significantly increased in the FS group. This study suggests that ASICs may play a role as mediators of
inflammatory pain and be involved in the pathogenesis of frozen
shoulder. Cite this article:
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) on mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) proliferation MSCs from rabbits were cultured in a control medium and medium with G-CSF (low-dose: 4 μg, high-dose: 40 μg). At one, three, and five days after culturing, cells were counted. Differential potential of cultured cells were examined by stimulating them with a osteogenic, adipogenic and chondrogenic medium. A total of 30 rabbits were divided into three groups. The low-dose group (n = 10) received 10 μg/kg of G-CSF daily, the high-dose group (n = 10) received 50 μg/kg daily by subcutaneous injection for three days prior to creating cartilage defects. The control group (n = 10) was administered saline for three days. At 48 hours after the first injection, a 5.2 mm diameter cylindrical osteochondral defect was created in the femoral trochlea. At four and 12 weeks post-operatively, repaired tissue was evaluated macroscopically and microscopically.Objectives
Methods
The present study describes a novel technique for revitalising allogenic intrasynovial tendons by combining cell-based therapy and mechanical stimulation in an Specifically, canine flexor digitorum profundus tendons were used for this study and were divided into the following groups: (1) untreated, unprocessed normal tendon; (2) decellularised tendon; (3) bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC)-seeded tendon; and (4) BMSC-seeded and cyclically stretched tendon. Lateral slits were introduced on the tendon to facilitate cell seeding. Tendons from all four study groups were distracted by a servohydraulic testing machine. Tensile force and displacement data were continuously recorded at a sample rate of 20 Hz until 200 Newton of force was reached. Before testing, the cross-sectional dimensions of each tendon were measured with a digital caliper. Young’s modulus was calculated from the slope of the linear region of the stress-strain curve. The BMSCs were labeled for histological and cell viability evaluation on the decellularized tendon scaffold under a confocal microscope. Gene expression levels of selected extracellular matrix tendon growth factor genes were measured. Results were reported as mean ± SD and data was analyzed with one-way ANOVAs followed by Tukey’s post hoc multiple-comparison test.Objectives
Methods
The purpose of our study is to summarise the current scientific
findings regarding the impact of obesity on total hip arthroplasty
(THA); specifically the influence of obesity on the timing of THA,
incidence of complications, and effect on clinical and functional
outcomes. We performed a systematic review that was compliant with the
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
guidelines to identify prospective studies from the PubMed/Medline,
Embase, and Cochrane Library databases that evaluated primary THA
in obese (body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2) patients.Aims
Materials and Methods
Sustained intra-articular delivery of pharmacological agents is an attractive modality but requires use of a safe carrier that would not induce cartilage damage or fibrosis. Collagen scaffolds are widely available and could be used intra-articularly, but no investigation has looked at the safety of collagen scaffolds within synovial joints. The aim of this study was to determine the safety of collagen scaffold implantation in a validated A total of 96 rabbits were randomly and equally assigned to four different groups: arthrotomy alone; arthrotomy and collagen scaffold placement; contracture surgery; and contracture surgery and collagen scaffold placement. Animals were killed in equal numbers at 72 hours, two weeks, eight weeks, and 24 weeks. Joint contracture was measured, and cartilage and synovial samples underwent histological analysis.Objectives
Materials and Methods
We investigated the effects on fracture healing of two up-regulators of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in a rat model of an open femoral osteotomy: tadalafil, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, and the recently reported nutraceutical, COMB-4 (consisting of L-citrulline, Paullinia cupana, ginger and muira puama), given orally for either 14 or 42 days. Unilateral femoral osteotomies were created in 58 male rats and fixed with an intramedullary compression nail. Rats were treated daily either with vehicle, tadalafil or COMB-4. Biomechanical testing of the healed fracture was performed on day 42. The volume, mineral content and bone density of the callus were measured by quantitative CT on days 14 and 42. Expression of iNOS was measured by immunohistochemistry.Objectives
Materials and Methods
Triamcinolone acetonide (TA) is widely used for the treatment of rotator cuff injury because of its anti-inflammatory properties. However, TA can also produce deleterious effects such as tendon degeneration or rupture. These harmful effects could be prevented by the addition of platelet-rich plasma (PRP), however, the anti-inflammatory and anti-degenerative effects of the combined use of TA and PRP have not yet been made clear. The objective of this study was to determine how the combination of TA and PRP might influence the inflammation and degeneration of the rotator cuff by examining rotator cuff-derived cells induced by interleukin (IL)-1ß. Rotator cuff-derived cells were seeded under inflammatory stimulation conditions (with serum-free medium with 1 ng/ml IL-1ß for three hours), and then cultured in different media: serum-free (control group), serum-free + TA (0.1mg/ml) (TA group), serum-free + 10% PRP (PRP group), and serum-free + TA (0.1mg/ml) + 10% PRP (TA+PRP group). Cell morphology, cell viability, and expression of inflammatory and degenerative mediators were assessed.Objectives
Methods
Rotator cuff tears are among the most common and debilitating
upper extremity injuries. Chronic cuff tears result in atrophy and
an infiltration of fat into the muscle, a condition commonly referred
to as ‘fatty degeneration’. While stem cell therapies hold promise
for the treatment of cuff tears, a suitable immunodeficient animal
model that could be used to study human or other xenograft-based
therapies for the treatment of rotator cuff injuries had not previously
been identified. A full-thickness, massive supraspinatus and infraspinatus tear
was induced in adult T-cell deficient rats. We hypothesised that,
compared with controls, 28 days after inducing a tear we would observe
a decrease in muscle force production, an accumulation of type IIB
fibres, and an upregulation in the expression of genes involved
with muscle atrophy, fibrosis and inflammation.Objectives
Methods
Peri-prosthetic osteolysis and subsequent aseptic
loosening is the most common reason for revising total hip replacements.
Wear particles originating from the prosthetic components interact
with multiple cell types in the peri-prosthetic region resulting
in an inflammatory process that ultimately leads to peri-prosthetic
bone loss. These cells include macrophages, osteoclasts, osteoblasts
and fibroblasts. The majority of research in peri-prosthetic osteolysis
has concentrated on the role played by osteoclasts and macrophages.
The purpose of this review is to assess the role of the osteoblast
in peri-prosthetic osteolysis. In peri-prosthetic osteolysis, wear particles may affect osteoblasts
and contribute to the osteolytic process by two mechanisms. First,
particles and metallic ions have been shown to inhibit the osteoblast
in terms of its ability to secrete mineralised bone matrix, by reducing
calcium deposition, alkaline phosphatase activity and its ability
to proliferate. Secondly, particles and metallic ions have been
shown to stimulate osteoblasts to produce pro inflammatory mediators Cite this article:
Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterised by articular cartilage degradation. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified in the development of OA. The purpose of our study was to explore the functional role and underlying mechanism of miR-138-5p in interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β)-induced extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation of OA cartilage. Human articular cartilage was obtained from patients with and without OA, and chondrocytes were isolated and stimulated by IL-1β. The expression levels of miR-138-5p in cartilage and chondrocytes were both determined. After transfection with miR-138-5p mimics, allele-specific oligonucleotide (ASO)-miR-138-5p, or their negative controls, the messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of aggrecan (ACAN), collagen type II and alpha 1 (COL2A1), the protein levels of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), and both the mRNA and protein levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13 were evaluated. Luciferase reporter assay, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and Western blot were performed to explore whether Forkhead Box C1 (FOCX1) was a target of miR-138-5p. Further, we co-transfected OA chondrocytes with miR-138-5p mimics and pcDNA3.1 (+)-FOXC1 and then stimulated with IL-1β to determine whether miR-138-5p-mediated IL-1β-induced cartilage matrix degradation resulted from targeting FOXC1.Objectives
Materials and Methods
Compartment syndrome results from increased intra-compartmental
pressure (ICP) causing local tissue ischaemia and cell death, but
the systemic effects are not well described. We hypothesised that
compartment syndrome would have a profound effect not only on the affected
limb, but also on remote organs. Using a rat model of compartment syndrome, its systemic effects
on the viability of hepatocytes and on inflammation and circulation
were directly visualised using intravital video microscopy.Aims
Methods
Tissue responses to debris formed by abrasion of polymethylmethacrylate
(PMMA) spacers at two-stage revision arthroplasty for prosthetic
joint infection are not well described. We hypothesised that PMMA
debris induces immunomodulation in periprosthetic tissues. Samples of tissue were taken during 35 two-stage revision arthroplasties
(nine total hip and 26 total knee arthroplasties) in patients whose
mean age was 67 years (44 to 85). Fourier transform infrared microscopy
was used to confirm the presence of PMMA particles. Histomorphometry
was performed using Sudan Red and Haematoxylin-Eosin staining.
CD-68, CD-20, CD-11(c), CD-3 and IL-17 antibodies were used to immunophenotype
the inflammatory cells. All slides were scored semi-quantitatively
using the modified Willert scoring system.Aims
Patients and Methods
