Aims. This study aimed to identify the tibial component and femoral component coronal angles (TCCAs and FCCAs), which concomitantly are associated with the best outcomes and survivorship in a cohort of fixed-bearing, cemented, medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasties (UKAs). We also investigated the potential two-way interactions between the TCCA and FCCA. Methods. Prospectively collected registry data involving 264 UKAs from a single institution were analyzed. The TCCAs and FCCAs were measured on postoperative radiographs and absolute angles were analyzed. Clinical assessment at six months, two years, and ten years was undertaken using the Knee Society Knee score (KSKS) and Knee Society Function score (KSFS), the Oxford Knee Score (OKS), the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey questionnaire (SF-36), and range of motion (ROM). Fulfilment of expectations and satisfaction was also recorded. Implant survivorship was reviewed at a mean follow-up of 14 years (12 to 16). Multivariate regression models included covariates, TCCA, FCCA, and two-way interactions between them. Partial residual graphs were generated to identify angles associated with the best outcomes. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to compare implant survivorship between groups. Results. Significant two-way interaction effects between TCCA and FCCA were identified. Adjusted for each other and their interaction, a TCCA of between 2° and 4° and a FCCA of between 0° and 2° were found to be associated with the greatest improvements in knee scores and the probability of fulfilling expectations and satisfaction at ten years. Patients in the optimal group whose TCCA and FCCA were between 2° and 4°, and 0° and 2°, respectively, had a significant survival benefit at 15 years compared with the non-optimal group (optimal: survival = 100% vs non-optimal: survival = 92%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 88% to 96%). Conclusion. Significant two-way interactions between the TCCA and FCCA demonstrate the importance of evaluating the alignment of the components concomitantly in future studies. By doing so, we found that patients who concomitantly had both a TCCA of between 2° and 4° and a FCCA of between 0° and 2° had the best patient-reported outcome measures at ten years and better survivorship at 15 years. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(2):338–346

In posterior stabilised total knee replacement (TKR) a larger femoral component is sometimes selected to manage the increased flexion gap caused by resection of the posterior cruciate ligament. However, concerns remain regarding the adverse effect of the increased anteroposterior dimensions of the femoral component on the patellofemoral (PF) joint. Meanwhile, the gender-specific femoral component has a narrower and thinner anterior flange and is expected to reduce the PF contact force. PF contact forces were measured at 90°, 120°, 130° and 140° of flexion using the NexGen Legacy Posterior Stabilized (LPS)-Flex Fixed Bearing Knee system using Standard, Upsized and Gender femoral components during TKR. Increasing the size of the femoral component significantly increased mean PF forces at 120°, 130° and 140° of flexion (p = 0.005, p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). No difference was found in contact force between the Gender and the Standard components. Among the patients who had overhang of the Standard component, mean contact forces with the Gender component were slightly lower than those of the Standard component, but no statistical difference was found at 90°, 120°, 130° or 140° of flexion (p = 0.689, 0.615, 0.253 and 0.248, respectively). Upsized femoral components would increase PF forces in deep knee flexion. Gender-specific implants would not reduce PF forces

Radiostereometric analysis (RSA) can detect early micromovement in unstable implant designs which are likely subsequently to have a high failure rate. In 2010, the Articular Surface Replacement (ASR) was withdrawn because of a high failure rate. In 19 ASR femoral components, the mean micromovement over the first two years after implantation was 0.107 mm (. sd. 0.513) laterally, 0.055 mm (. sd. 0.204) distally and 0.150 mm (. sd. 0.413) anteriorly. The mean backward tilt around the x-axis was -0.08° (. sd. 1.088), mean internal rotation was 0.165° (. sd. 0.924) and mean varus tilt 0.238° (. sd. 0.420). The baseline to two-year varus tilt was statistically significant from zero movement, but there was no significant movement from one year onwards. We conclude that the ASR femoral component achieves initial stability and that early migration is not the mode of failure for this resurfacing arthroplasty

Aims. Femoral component anteversion is an important factor in the success of total hip arthroplasty (THA). This retrospective study aimed to investigate the accuracy of femoral component anteversion with the Mako THA system and software using the Exeter cemented femoral component, compared to the Accolade II cementless femoral component. Methods. We reviewed the data of 30 hips from 24 patients who underwent THA using the posterior approach with Exeter femoral components, and 30 hips from 24 patients with Accolade II components. Both groups did not differ significantly in age, sex, BMI, bone quality, or disease. Two weeks postoperatively, CT images were obtained to measure acetabular and femoral component anteversion. Results. The mean difference in femoral component anteversion between intraoperative and postoperative CT measurements (system accuracy of component anteversion) was 0.8° (SD 1.8°) in the Exeter group and 2.1° (SD 2.3°) in the Accolade II group, respectively (p = 0.020). The mean difference in anteversion between the plan and the postoperative CT measurements (clinical accuracy of femoral component anteversion) was 1.2° (SD 3.6°) in the Exeter group, and 4.2° (SD 3.9°) in the Accolade II group (p = 0.003). No significant differences were found in acetabular component inclination and anteversion; however, the clinical accuracy of combined anteversion was significantly better in the Exeter group (0.6° (SD 3.9°)) than the Accolade II group (3.6° (SD 4.1°)). Conclusion. The Mako THA system and software helps surgeons control the femoral component anteversion to achieve the target angle of insertion. The Exeter femoral component, inserted using Mako THA system, showed greater precision for femoral component and combined component anteversion than the Accolade II component. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2024;106-B(3 Supple A):104–109

Aims. The aim of this study was to report the long-term follow-up of cemented short Exeter femoral components when used in primary total hip arthroplasty (THA). Methods. We included all primary 394 THAs with a cemented short Exeter femoral component (≤ 125 mm) used in our tertiary referral centre between October 1993 and December 2021. A total of 83 patients (21%) were male. The median age of the patients at the time of surgery was 42 years (interquartile range (IQR) 30 to 55). The main indication for THA was a childhood hip disease (202; 51%). The median follow-up was 6.7 years (IQR 3.1 to 11.0). Kaplan-Meier survival analyses were performed to determine the rates of survival with femoral revision for any indication, for septic loosening, for fracture of the femoral component and for aseptic loosening as endpoints. The indications for revision were evaluated. Fractures of the femoral component were described in detail. Results. The 20-year rate of survival was 85.4% (95% confidence interval (CI) 73.9 to 92.0) with revision for any indication, 96.2% (95% CI 90.5 to 98.5) with revision for septic loosening and 92.7% (95% CI 78.5 to 97.6) with revision for fracture of the femoral component. No femoral components were revised for aseptic loosening. There were 21 revisions of the femoral component; most (seven) as part of a two-stage management of infection. Fracture of the femoral component occurred in four THAs (1.0%) at 6.6, 11.6, 16.5, and 18.2 years of follow-up, respectively. Three of these were transverse fractures and occurred at the level of the lesser trochanter. In one THA, there was a fracture of the neck of the component. Conclusion. THAs using cemented short Exeter femoral components showed acceptable rates of survival of the femoral component at long-term follow-up, in this young cohort of patients. Although fracture is a rare complication of these components, surgeons should be aware of their incidence and possible risk factors. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2024;106-B(3 Supple A):137–142

Aims. Cement-in-cement revision of the femoral component represents a widely practised technique for a variety of indications in revision total hip arthroplasty. In this study, we compare the clinical and radiological outcomes of two polished tapered femoral components. Methods. From our prospectively collated database, we identified all patients undergoing cement-in-cement revision from January 2005 to January 2013 who had a minimum of two years' follow-up. All cases were performed by the senior author using either an Exeter short revision stem or the C-Stem AMT high offset No. 1 prosthesis. Patients were followed-up annually with clinical and radiological assessment. Results. A total of 97 patients matched the inclusion criteria (50 Exeter and 47 C-Stem AMT components). There were no significant differences between the patient demographic data in either group. Mean follow-up was 9.7 years. A significant improvement in Oxford Hip Score (OHS), Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), and 12-item Short-Form Survey (SF-12) scores was observed in both cohorts. Leg lengths were significantly shorter in the Exeter group, with a mean of -4 mm in this cohort compared with 0 mm in the C-Stem AMT group. One patient in the Exeter group had early evidence of radiological loosening. In total, 16 patients (15%) underwent further revision of the femoral component (seven in the C-Stem AMT group and nine in the Exeter group). No femoral components were revised for aseptic loosening. There were two cases of femoral component fracture in the Exeter group. Conclusion. Our series shows promising mid-term outcomes for the cement-in-cement revision technique using either the Exeter or C-Stem AMT components. These results demonstrate that cement-in-cement revision using a double or triple taper-slip design is a safe and reliable technique when used for the correct indications. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(7):1215–1221

Aims. The primary aim of this trial was to compare the subsidence of two similar hydroxyapatite-coated titanium femoral components from different manufacturers. Secondary aims were to compare rotational migration (anteversion/retroversion and varus/valgus tilt) and patient-reported outcome measures between both femoral components. Methods. Patients were randomized to receive one of the two femoral components (Avenir or Corail) during their primary total hip arthroplasty between August 2018 and September 2020. Radiostereometric analysis examinations at six, 12, and 24 months were used to assess the migration of each implanted femoral component compared to a baseline assessment. Patient-reported outcome measures were also recorded for these same timepoints. Overall, 50 patients were enrolled (62% male (n = 31), with a mean age of 65.7 years (SD 7.3), and mean BMI of 30.2 kg/m. 2. (SD 5.2)). Results. The two-year subsidence was similar for Avenir (-0.018 mm (95% confidence interval (CI) -0.053 to 0.018) and Corail (0.000 mm (95% CI -0.027 to 0.026; p = 0.428). Both anteversion/retroversion (Avenir 0.139° (95% CI -0.204 to 0.481°); Corail -0.196° (95% CI -0.445 to 0.053°; p = 0.110) and varus/valgus tilt (Avenir -0.024° (95% CI -0.077 to 0.028); Corail -0.049° (95% CI -0.098 to 0.000°; p = 0.473) were not statistically significantly different. After two years, patients reported similar improvements in EuroQol five-dimension five-level health questionnaire (Avenir 0.22 (SD 0.2); Corail 0.22 (SD 0.18); p = 0.965) and other outcomes scores. Patient satisfaction on a five-point Likert scale was also similar between both groups after two years (Avenir 1.38 (SD 0.88); Corail 1.33 (SD 0.57); p = 0.846). Conclusion. The performance of both femoral components was similar in terms of stability and patient outcomes. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2023;105-B(10):1045–1051

Aims. We present the results, in terms of survival, clinical outcome, and radiological appearance at 20 years, in a cohort of 225 cemented Exeter Universal femoral components (Stryker, Newbury, UK) implanted in 207 patients, at a district general hospital. Methods. All patients in this study had a total hip arthroplasty (THA) using an Exeter Universal femoral component with a cemented (n = 215) or cementless (n = 10) acetabular component. Clinical and radiological data were collected prospectively at one year, five years, and every five years thereafter. Patients lost to radiological and clinical follow-up (five) were cross-referenced with National Joint Registry (NJR) data and general practitioner (GP) records to assess whether they had undergone revision for any reason. Results. During this period of study 144 patients (157 hips) died (69.78%). Two patients were lost to follow-up, leaving 61 patients (66 hips) available for review (29.33%). Of the 225 hips, three underwent revision for femoral failure with osteolysis. One underwent femoral component revision for treatment of a periprosthetic fracture. Eight underwent revision of the acetabular component only for loosening. Two hips had both components revised, when components were found to be loose at time of revision for acetabular loosening, though no radiological femoral osteolysis. Two patients underwent revision for infection. Using femoral loosening as an endpoint, the survival of the Exeter Universal femoral component was 98.7% (n = 220, 95% confidence interval (CI) 96.1% to 100%) at 20 to 22 years. Survival with an endpoint of revision for any reason was 92.6% (n = 209, 95% CI 89.4 to 95.55), with a ‘worst-case scenario’ (considering two patients lost to follow-up to have failed), the overall survival rate was 91.7% (n = 207, 95% CI 87.8 to 95.9) at 20 to 22 years. Conclusion. Our results confirm excellent long-term results for the cemented Exeter Universal femoral componentimplanted outside of the originating centre. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2020;102-B(10):1319–1323

Aims. Periprosthetic femoral fracture (PPF) is a major complication following total hip arthroplasty (THA). Uncemented femoral components are widely preferred in primary THA, but are associated with higher PPF risk than cemented components. Collared components have reduced PPF rates following uncemented primary THA compared to collarless components, while maintaining similar prosthetic designs. The purpose of this study was to analyze PPF rate between collarless and collared component designs in a consecutive cohort of posterior approach THAs performed by two high-volume surgeons. Methods. This retrospective series included 1,888 uncemented primary THAs using the posterior approach performed by two surgeons (PKS, JMV) from January 2016 to December 2022. Both surgeons switched from collarless to collared components in mid-2020, which was the only change in surgical practice. Data related to component design, PPF rate, and requirement for revision surgery were collected. A total of 1,123 patients (59.5%) received a collarless femoral component and 765 (40.5%) received a collared component. PPFs were identified using medical records and radiological imaging. Fracture rates between collared and collarless components were analyzed. Power analysis confirmed 80% power of the sample to detect a significant difference in PPF rates, and a Fisher’s exact test was performed to determine an association between collared and collarless component use on PPF rates. Results. Overall, 17 PPFs occurred (0.9%). There were 16 fractures out of 1,123 collarless femoral components (1.42%) and one fracture out of 765 collared components (0.13%; p = 0.002). The majority of fractures (n = 14; 82.4%) occurred within 90 days of primary THA. There were ten reoperations for PPF with collarless components (0.89%) and one reoperation with a collared component (0.13%; p = 0.034). Conclusion. Collared femoral components were associated with significant decreases in PPF rate and reoperation rate for PPF compared to collarless components in uncemented primary THA. Future studies should investigate whether new-generation collared components reduce PPF rates with longer-term follow-up. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2024;106-B(3 Supple A):115–120

Aims. Revision total hip arthroplasty in patients with Vancouver type B3 fractures with Paprosky type IIIA, IIIB, and IV femoral defects are difficult to treat. One option for Paprovsky type IIIB and IV defects involves modular cementless, tapered, revision femoral components in conjunction with distal interlocking screws. The aim of this study was to analyze the rate of reoperations and complications and union of the fracture, subsidence of the stem, mortality, and the clinical outcomes in these patients. Methods. A total of 46 femoral components in patients with Vancouver B3 fractures (23 with Paprosky type IIIA, 19 with type IIIB, and four with type IV defects) in 46 patients were revised with a transfemoral approach using a modular, tapered, cementless revision Revitan curved femoral component with distal cone-in-cone fixation and prospectively followed for a mean of 48.8 months (SD 23.9; 24 to 112). The mean age of the patients was 80.4 years (66 to 100). Additional distal interlocking was also used in 23 fractures in which distal cone-in-cone fixation in the isthmus was < 3 cm. Results. One patient (2.2%) died during the first postoperative year. After six months, 43 patients (93.5%) had osseous, and three had fibrous consolidation of the fracture and the bony flap, 42 (91.3%) had bony ingrowth and four had stable fibrous fixation of the stem. No patient had radiolucency around the interlocking screws and no screw broke. One patient had non-progressive subsidence and two had a dislocation. The mean Harris Hip Score increased from of 57.8 points (SD 7.9) three months postoperatively to 76.1 points (SD 10.7) 24 months postoperatively. Conclusion. The 2° tapered, fluted revision femoral component with distal cone-in-cone-fixation, combined with additional distal interlocking in patients with bony deficiency at the isthmus, led to reproducibly good results in patients with a Vancouver B3 fracture and Paprosky type IIIA, IIIB, and IV defects with regard to union of the fracture, subsidence or loosening of the stem, and clinical outcomes. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2024;106-B(4):344–351

Aims. The aim of this study was to compare open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) with revision surgery for the surgical management of Unified Classification System (UCS) type B periprosthetic femoral fractures around cemented polished taper-slip femoral components following primary total hip arthroplasty (THA). Methods. Data were collected for patients admitted to five UK centres. The primary outcome measure was the two-year reoperation rate. Secondary outcomes were time to surgery, transfusion requirements, critical care requirements, length of stay, two-year local complication rates, six-month systemic complication rates, and mortality rates. Comparisons were made by the form of treatment (ORIF vs revision) and UCS type (B1 vs B2/B3). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed with two-year reoperation for any reason as the endpoint. Results. A total of 317 periprosthetic fractures (in 317 patients) with a median follow-up of 3.6 years (interquartile range (IQR) 2.0 to 5.4) were included. The fractures were type B1 in 133 (42.0%), B2 in 170 (53.6%), and B3 in 14 patients (4.4%). ORIF was performed in 167 (52.7%) and revision in 150 patients (47.3%). The two-year reoperation rate (15.3% vs 7.2%; p = 0.021), time to surgery (4.0 days (IQR 2.0 to 7.0) vs 2.0 days (IQR 1.0 to 4.0); p < 0.001), transfusion requirements (55 patients (36.7%) vs 42 patients (25.1%); p = 0.026), critical care requirements (36 patients (24.0%) vs seven patients (4.2%); p < 0.001) and two-year local complication rates (26.7% vs 9.0%; p < 0.001) were significantly higher in the revision group. The two-year rate of survival was significantly higher for ORIF (91.9% (standard error (SE) 0.023%) vs 83.9% (SE 0.031%); p = 0.032) compared with revision. For B1 fractures, the two-year reoperation rate was significantly higher for revision compared with ORIF (29.4% vs 6.0%; p = 0.002) but this was similar for B2 and B3 fractures (9.8% vs 13.5%; p = 0.341). The most common indication for reoperation after revision was dislocation (12 patients; 8.0%). Conclusion. Revision surgery has higher reoperation rates, longer surgical waiting times, higher transfusion requirements, and higher critical care requirements than ORIF in the management of periprosthetic fractures around polished taper-slip femoral components after THA. ORIF is a safe option providing anatomical reconstruction is achievable. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2023;105-B(2):124–134

Aims. The aims of this study were to evaluate wear on the surface of cobalt-chromium (CoCr) femoral components used in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and compare the wear of these components with that of ceramic femoral components. Methods. Optical profilometry was used to evaluate surface roughness and to examine the features created by the wear process in a knee wear simulator. We developed a method of measuring surface changes on five CoCr femoral components and quantifying the loss of material from the articular surface during the wear process. We also examined the articular surface of three ceramic femoral components from a previous test for evidence of surface damage, and compared it with that of CoCr components. Results. We found that the surface roughness of CoCr components rapidly increased during the first 1,000 wear cycles, then reached a steady state, but material loss from the surface continued at a rate of 1,778,000 μm. 3. per million cycles as carbides were removed from its matrix. These carbides formed third-body wear particles, leading to the formation of new scratches even as older scratches were worn away. In contrast, no scratching, loss of material, or other surface damage, when evaluated with one nanometer resolution, was found on the surface of the ceramic components after a 15 M wear cycle test. Conclusion. This study showed wear and loss of CoCr material from scratching and microabrasive wear in TKA. The material loss from the surface continued in a linear relationship with increasing cycles. We also found the absence of scratching and roughening of ceramic femoral components in simulated wear, suggesting an advantage in wear rate and avoiding metal sensitivity. This may have implications in the management of persistent pain after TKA. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(6 Supple A):94–101

Aims. The aim of this study was to compare the migration of the femoral component, five years postoperatively, between patients with a highly cross-linked polyethylene (HXLPE) insert and those with a conventional polyethylene (PE) insert in an uncemented Triathlon fixed insert cruciate-retaining total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Secondary aims included clinical outcomes and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). We have previously reported the migration and outcome of the tibial components in these patients. Methods. A double-blinded randomized controlled trial was conducted including 96 TKAs. The migration of the femoral component was measured with radiostereometry (RSA) at three and six months and one, two, and five years postoperatively. PROMs were collected preoperatively and at all periods of follow-up. Results. There was no clinically relevant difference in terms of migration of the femoral component or PROMs between the HXLPE and PE groups. The mean difference in migration (maximum total point motion), five years postopeatively, was 0.04 mm (95% CI -0.06 to 0.16) in favour of the PE group. Conclusion. There was no clinically relevant difference in migration of the femoral component, for up to five years between the two groups. These findings will help to establish a benchmark for future studies on migration of femoral components in TKA. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2024;106-B(8):826–833

Aims. We evaluated a large database with mechanical failure of a single uncemented modular femoral component, used in revision hip arthroplasty, as the end point and compared them to a control group treated with the same implant. Patient- and implant-specific risk factors for implant failure were analyzed. . Methods. All cases of a fractured uncemented modular revision femoral component from one manufacturer until April 2017 were identified and the total number of implants sold until April 2017 was used to calculate the fracture rate. The manufacturer provided data on patient demographics, time to failure, and implant details for all notified fractured devices. Patient- and implant-specific risk factors were evaluated using a logistic regression model with multiple imputations and compared to data from a previously published reference group, where no fractures had been observed. The results of a retrieval analysis of the fractured implants, performed by the manufacturer, were available for evaluation. Results. There were 113 recorded cases with fracture at the modular junction, resulting in a calculated fracture rate of 0.30% (113/37,600). The fracture rate of the implant without signs of improper use was 0.11% (41/37,600). In 79% (89/113) of cases with a failed implant, either a lateralized (high offset) neck segment, an extralong head, or the combination of both were used. Logistic regression analysis revealed male sex, high body mass index (BMI), straight component design, and small neck segments were significant risk factors for failure. Investigation of the implants (76/113) showed at least one sign of improper use in 72 cases. Conclusion. Implant failure at the modular junction is associated with patient- and implant-specific risk factors as well as technical errors during implantation. Whenever possible, the use of short and lateralized neck segments should be avoided with this revision system. Implantation instructions and contraindications need to be adhered to and respected. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2020;102-B(5):573–579

Aims. Periprosthetic fractures (PPFs) around cemented taper-slip femoral prostheses often result in a femoral component that is loose at the prosthesis-cement interface, but where the cement-bone interface remains well-fixed and bone stock is good. We aim to understand how best to classify and manage these fractures by using a modification of the Vancouver classification. Methods. We reviewed 87 PPFs. Each was a first episode of fracture around a cemented femoral component, where surgical management consisted of revision surgery. Data regarding initial injury, intraoperative findings, and management were prospectively collected. Patient records and serial radiographs were reviewed to determine fracture classification, whether the bone cement was well fixed (B2W) or loose (B2L), and time to fracture union following treatment. Results. In total, 47 B2W fractures (54.0%) and one B3 fracture (1.1%) had cement that remained well-fixed at the cement-bone interface. These cases were treated with cement-in-cement (CinC) revision arthroplasty. Overall, 43 fractures with follow-up united, and two patients sustained further fractures secondary to nonunion and required further revision surgery. A total of 19 B2L fractures (21.8%) and 19 B3 fractures (21.8%) had cement that was loose at the cement-bone interface. These cases were managed by revision arthroplasty with either cemented or uncemented femoral components, or proximal femoral arthroplasty. One case could not be classified. Conclusion. We endorse a modification of the original Vancouver system to include a subclassification of B2 fractures around cemented femoral prostheses to include B2W (where cement is well-fixed to bone) and B2L (where the cement is loose). Fractures around taper-slip design stems are more likely to fracture in a B2W pattern compared to fractures around composite beam design stems which are more likely to fracture in a B2L pattern. B2W fractures can reliably be managed with CinC revision. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(1):71–78

Aims. This study aimed to evaluate the association between the sagittal alignment of the femoral component in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and new Knee Society Score (2011KSS), under the hypothesis that outliers such as the excessive extended or flexed femoral component were related to worse clinical outcomes. Methods. A group of 156 knees (134 F:22 M) in 133 patients with a mean age 75.8 years (SD 6.4) who underwent TKA with the cruciate-substituting Bi-Surface Knee prosthesis were retrospectively enrolled. On lateral radiographs, γ angle (the angle between the distal femoral axis and the line perpendicular to the distal rear surface of the femoral component) was measured, and the patients were divided into four groups according to the γ angle. The 2011KSSs among groups were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test. A secondary regression analysis was used to investigate the association between the 2011KSS and γ angle. Results. According to the mean and SD of γ angle (γ, 4.0 SD 3.0°), four groups (Extended or minor flexed group, −0.5° ≤ γ < 2.5° (n = 54)), Mild flexed group (2.5° ≤ γ < 5.5° (n = 63)), Moderate flexed group (5.5° ≤ γ < 8.5° (n = 26)), and Excessive flexed group (8.5° ≤ γ (n = 13)) were defined. The Excessive flexed group showed worse 2011KSSs in all subdomains (Symptoms, Satisfaction, Expectations, and Functional activities) than the Mild flexed group. Secondary regression showed a convex upward function, and the scores were highest at γ = 3.0°, 4.0°, and 3.0° in Satisfaction, Expectations, and Functional activities, respectively. Conclusion. The groups with a sagittal alignment of the femoral component > 8.5° showed inferior clinical outcomes in 2011KSSs. Secondary regression analyses showed that mild flexion of the femoral component was associated with the highest score. When implanting the Bi-Surface Knee prosthesis surgeons should pay careful attention to avoiding flexing the femoral component extensively during TKA. Our findings may be applicable to other implant designs. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2020;102-B(6 Supple A):36–42

Aims. We aimed to compare the implant survival, complications, readmissions, and mortality of Vancouver B2 periprosthetic femoral fractures (PFFs) treated with internal fixation with that of B1 PFFs treated with internal fixation and B2 fractures treated with revision arthroplasty. Methods. We retrospectively reviewed the data of 112 PFFs, of which 47 (42%) B1 and 27 (24%) B2 PFFs were treated with internal fixation, whereas 38 (34%) B2 fractures underwent revision arthroplasty. Decision to perform internal fixation for B2 PFFs was based on specific radiological (polished femoral components, intact bone-cement interface) and clinical criteria (low-demand patient). Median follow-up was 36.4 months (24 to 60). Implant survival and mortality over time were estimated with the Kaplan-Meier method. Adverse events (measured with a modified Dindo-Clavien classification) and 90-day readmissions were additionally compared between groups. Results. In all, nine (8.01%) surgical failures were detected. All failures occurred within the first 24 months following surgery. The 24-month implant survival was 95.4% (95% confidence interval (CI) 89.13 to 100) for B1 fractures treated with internal fixation, 90% (95% CI 76.86 to 100) for B2 PFFs treated with osteosynthesis-only, and 85.8% (95% CI 74.24 to 97.36) for B2 fractures treated with revision THA, without significant differences between groups (p = 0.296). Readmissions and major adverse events including mortality were overall high, but similar between groups (p > 0.05). The two-year patient survival rate was 87.1% (95% CI 77.49 to 95.76), 66.7% (95% CI 48.86 to 84.53), and 84.2% (95% CI 72.63 to 95.76), for the B1 group, B2 osteosynthesis group, and B2 revision group, respectively (p = 0.102). Conclusion. Implant survival in Vancouver B2 PFFs treated with internal fixation was similar to that of B1 fractures treated with the same method and to B2 PFFs treated with revision arthroplasty. Low-demand, elderly patients with B2 fractures around well-cemented polished femoral components with an intact bone-cement interface can be safely treated with internal fixation. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(7):1222–1230

We describe three cases of fracture of the titanium JRI-Furlong hydroxyapatite-ceramic (HAC)-coated femoral component. We have examined previous case reports of failure of this stem and conclude that fracture may occur in two places, namely at the neck-shoulder junction and at the conical-distal cylindrical junction. These breakages are the result of fatigue in a metallurgically-proven normal femoral component. All the cases of failure of the femoral component have occurred in patients with a body mass index of more than 25 in whom a small component, either size 9 or 10, had been used. In patients with a body mass index above normal size 9 components should be avoided and the femoral canal should be reamed sufficiently to accept a large femoral component to ensure that there is adequate metaphyseal fixation

Aims. We present the clinical and radiological results at a minimum follow-up of five years for patients who have undergone multiple cement-in-cement revisions of their femoral component at revision total hip arthroplasty (THA). Patients and Methods. We reviewed the outcome on a consecutive series of 24 patients (10 men, 14 women) (51 procedures) who underwent more than one cement-in-cement revision of the same femoral component. The mean age of the patients was 67.5 years (36 to 92) at final follow-up. Function was assessed using the original Harris hip score (HHS), Oxford Hip Score (OHS) and the Merle D’Aubigné Postel score (MDP). Results. The mean length of follow-up was 81.7 months (64 to 240). A total of 41 isolated acetabular revisions were performed in which stem removal facilitated access to the acetabulum, six revisions were conducted for loosening of both components and two were isolated stem revisions (each of these patients had undergone at least two revisions). There was significant improvement in the OHS (p = 0.041), HHS (p = 0.019) and MDP (p = 0.042) scores at final follow-up There were no stem revisions for aseptic loosening. Survival of the femoral component was 91.9% (95% confidence intervals (CI) 71.5 to 97.9) at five years and 91.7% (95% CI 70 to 97) at ten years (number at risk 13), with stem revision for all causes as the endpoint. Conclusion. Cement-in-cement revision is a viable technique for performing multiple revisions of the well cemented femoral component during revision total hip arthroplasty at a minimum of five years follow-up. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2017;99-B:199–203

Between 1986 and 1991 we implanted 331 consecutive Furlong hydroxyapatite-coated femoral components of a total hip replacement in 291 patients. A cemented acetabular prosthesis was used in 217 hips and a hydroxyapatite-coated component in 114. We describe the long-term clinical and radiological survival of the femoral component at a mean follow-up of 17.5 years (15 to 21). Only two patients (0.68%) were lost to follow-up. With revision of the femoral component for any reason as the endpoint, the survival at a mean of 17 years was 97.4% (95% confidence interval 94.1 to 99.5), and with revision for aseptic loosening as the endpoint it was 100%. The survival at a maximum of 21 years with revision of the femoral component for any reason as the endpoint was 97.4% (95% confidence interval 81.0 or 99.5). These results compare favourably with the best long-term results of cemented or uncemented femoral components used in total hip replacement

We describe 129 consecutive revision total hip replacements using a Charnley-Kerboull femoral component of standard length with impaction allografting. The mean follow-up was 8.2 years (2 to 16). Additionally, extramedullary reinforcement was performed using struts of cortical allograft in 49 hips and cerclage wires in 30. There was one intra-operative fracture of the femur but none later. Two femoral components subsided by 5 mm and 8 mm respectively, and were considered to be radiological failures. No further revision of a femoral component was required. The rate of survival of the femoral component at nine years, using radiological failure as the endpoint, was 98%. Our study showed that impaction grafting in association with a Charnley-Kerboull femoral component has a low rate of subsidence. Reconstruction of deficiencies of distal bone with struts of cortical allograft appeared to be an efficient way of preventing postoperative femoral fracture for up to 16 years

One of the most controversial issues in total knee replacement is whether or not to resurface the patella. In order to determine the effects of different designs of femoral component on the conformity of the patellofemoral joint, five different knee prostheses were investigated. These were Low Contact Stress, the Miller-Galante II, the NexGen, the Porous-Coated Anatomic, and the Total Condylar prostheses. Three-dimensional models of the prostheses and a native patella were developed and assessed by computer. The conformity of the curvature of the five different prosthetic femoral components to their corresponding patellar implants and to the native patella at different angles of flexion was assessed by measuring the angles of intersection of tangential lines. The Total Condylar prosthesis had the lowest conformity with the native patella (mean 8.58°; 0.14° to 29.9°) and with its own patellar component (mean 11.36°; 0.55° to 39.19°). In the other four prostheses, the conformity was better (mean 2.25°; 0.02° to 10.52°) when articulated with the corresponding patellar component. The Porous-Coated Anatomic femoral component showed better conformity (mean 6.51°; 0.07° to 9.89°) than the Miller-Galante II prosthesis (mean 11.20°; 5.80° to 16.72°) when tested with the native patella. Although the Nexgen prosthesis had less conformity with the native patella at a low angle of flexion, this improved at mid (mean 3.57°; 1.40° to 4.56°) or high angles of flexion (mean 4.54°; 0.91° to 9.39°), respectively. The Low Contact Stress femoral component had the best conformity with the native patella (mean 2.39°; 0.04° to 4.56°). There was no significant difference (p > 0.208) between the conformity when tested with the native patella or its own patellar component at any angle of flexion. The geometry of the anterior flange of a femoral component affects the conformity of the patellofemoral joint when articulating with the native patella. A more anatomical design of femoral component is preferable if the surgeon decides not to resurface the patella at the time of operation

We report the minimum five-year follow-up of 352 primary total hip replacements using the uncemented hydroxyapatite-coated ANCA-Fit femoral component with a modular neck and head. The series comprised 319 patients (212 men, 107 women) with a mean age at operation of 64.4 years (28 to 97). The principal diagnosis was osteoarthritis. A total of 18 patients (21 hips) died before their follow-up at five years, nine patients (11 hips) were lost to follow-up, and four (four hips) declined further follow-up. Patient-reported outcomes have been recorded for 288 patients (316 hips). Their mean Oxford Hip Score improved significantly from 41 points (16 to 57) pre-operatively to 20 points (12 to 44) at five-year follow-up. Radiological assessment showed good bony stability in 98% of implants. There were two cases of aseptic loosening of the femoral component. There were no clinical or radiological complications related to modularity. In our series we did not see the high rate of intra-operative fracture previously reported for this implant. This medium-term follow-up study demonstrates that the clinical outcome of the ANCA-Fit femoral component is, to date, comparable with that of other metaphyseal loading femoral components

We have carried out a radiostereometric study of 50 patients (54 knees) with osteoarthritis of the knee who were randomly allocated to receive a cemented or a hydroxyapatite-coated femoral component for total knee replacement. The patients were also stratified to receive one of three types of articulating surface (standard, rotating platform, Freeman-Samuelson (FS)1000) all based on the Freeman-Samuelson design. The tibial components were cemented in all cases. Radiostereometry was performed post-operatively and at 3, 12 and 24 months. The analysis was restricted to rotation of the femoral component over time. After two years, rotation of the femoral components in the transverse, longitudinal and sagittal planes did not differ between the cemented and the hydroxyapatite-coated implants (p = 0.2 to 0.9). In total knee replacements with a rotating platform, the femoral component tended to tilt more posteriorly than in the other two designs, regardless of the choice of fixation (cemented or hydroxyapatite-coated, p = 0.04). The standard version of the femoral component, whether cemented or hydroxyapatite-coated, rotated more into valgus than was observed with the rotating-platform and FS1000 designs (p = 0.005). The increased constraint provided by the FS1000 component did not appear to have any adverse effect on fixation of the femoral component

We present the 10- to 17-year results of 112 computer-assisted design computer-assisted manufacture femoral components. The total hip replacements were performed between 1992 and 1998 in 111 patients, comprising 53 men and 58 women. Their mean age was 46.2 years (24.6 to 62.2) with a mean follow-up of 13 years (10 to 17). The mean Harris Hip Score improved from 42.4 (7 to 99) to 90.3 (38 to 100), the mean Oxford Hip Score from 43.1 (12 to 59) to 18.2 (12 to 51) and the mean Western Ontario MacMasters University Osteoarthritis Index score from 57.0 (7 to 96) to 11.9 (0 to 85). There was one revision due to failure of the acetabular component but no failures of the femoral component. There were no revisions for aseptic loosening. The worst-case survival in this cohort of custom femoral components at 13.2 years follow-up was 98.2% (95% confidence interval 95 to 99). Overall survival of this series of total hip replacements was 97.3% (95% confidence interval 95 to 99). These results are comparable with the best medium- to long-term results for femoral components used in primary total hip replacement with any means of fixation

We report the clinical and radiological outcome of 86 revisions of cemented hip arthroplasties using JRI-Furlong hydroxyapatite-ceramic-coated acetabular and femoral components. The acetabular component was revised in 62 hips and the femoral component in all hips. The mean follow-up was 12.6 years and no patient was lost to follow-up. The mean age of the patients was 71.2 years. The mean Harris hip and Oxford scores were 82 (59 to 96) and 23.4 (14 to 40), respectively. The mean Charnley modification of the Merle d’Aubigné and Postel score was 5 (3 to 6) for pain, 4.9 (3 to 6) for movement and 4.4 (3 to 6) for mobility. Migration of the acetabular component was seen in two hips and the mean acetabular inclination was 42.6°. The mean linear polyethylene wear was 0.05 mm/year. The mean subsidence of the femoral component was 1.9 mm and stress shielding was seen in 23 (28%) with bony ingrowth in 76 (94%). Heterotopic ossification was seen in 12 hips (15%). There were three re-revisions, two for deep sepsis and one for recurrent dislocation and there were no re-revisions for aseptic loosening. The mean EuroQol EQ-5D description scores and health thermometer scores were 0.69 (0.51 to 0.89) and 79 (54 to 95), respectively. With an end-point of definite or probable loosening, the probability of survival at 12 years was 93.9% and 95.6% for the acetabular and femoral components, respectively. Overall survival at 12 years, with removal or further revision of either component for any reason as the end-point, was 92.3%. Our study supports the continued use of this arthroplasty and documents the durability of hydroxyapatite-ceramic-coated components

We used roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis to follow 33 C-stem femoral components for two years after primary total hip arthroplasty. All components migrated distally and posteriorly within the cement mantle. The mean distal migration was 1.35 mm (. sd. 0.62) at two years and the mean posterior migration was 1.35 mm (. sd. 0.69) at two years. All the femoral components rotated into retroversion with a mean rotation at two years of 1.9° (. sd. 1.1). For all other directions, the prosthesis was stable up to two years. Compared with other tapered prostheses, the distal migration of the C-stem is the same, but posterior rotation and posterior migration are greater

The purpose of this study was to measure the radiological parameters of femoral component alignment of the Oxford Phase 3 unicompartmental knee replacement (UKR), and evaluate their effect on clinical outcome. Multiple regression analysis was used to examine the relative contributions of the radiological assessment of femoral component alignment in 189 consecutive UKRs performed by a single surgeon. The American Knee Society scores were compared between groups, defined as being within or outside recommended tolerances of the position of the femoral component. For the flexion/extension position 21 UKRs (11.1%) lay outside the recommended limits, and for posterior overhang of the femoral component nine (4.8%) lay outside the range. The pre-operative hip/knee/ankle (HKA) angle, narrowest canal distance from the distal femoral entry point of the alignment jig and coronal entry-point position had significant effects on the flexion/extension position. Pre-operative HKA angle had a significant influence on posterior overhang of the femoral component. However, there was no significant difference in American Knee Society scores relative to the position of the femoral component

We present the medium-term results of hybrid total hip arthroplasties using pre-coated stems with a second-generation cementing technique. The 128 hips in 111 patients (18 men and 93 women) were followed up at a mean of 11 years after surgery. The mean age at the time of surgery was 61 years. Both components of one hip were removed at ten months after surgery for infection. None of the other 127 femoral components showed possible, probable, or definite loosening at the most recent follow-up. Five acetabular components were revised for aseptic loosening, recurrent dislocation, or displacement of the polyethylene liner from the metal shell. The mean Harris hip score at follow-up was 84 points. A pre-coated femoral component with a second-generation cementing technique provides good clinical function and survival in the medium term

Studies on the migration of an implant may be the only way of monitoring the early performance of metal-on-metal prostheses. The Ein Bild Roentgen Analyse - femoral component analysis (EBRA-FCA) method was adapted to measure migration of the femoral component in a metal-on-metal surface arthroplasty of the hip using standard antero-posterior radiographs. In order to determine the accuracy and precision of this method a prosthesis was implanted into cadaver bones. Eleven series of radiographs were used to perform a zero-migration study. After adjustment of the femoral component to simulate migration of 3 mm the radiographs were repeated. All were measured independently by three different observers. The accuracy of the method was found to be ± 1.6 mm for the x-direction and ± 2 mm for the y-direction (95% percentile). The method was validated using 28 hips with a minimum follow-up of 3.5 years after arthroplasty. Seventeen were sound, but 11 had failed because of loosening of the femoral component. The normal (control) group had a different pattern of migration compared with that of the loose group. At 29.2 months, the control group showed a mean migration of 1.62 mm and 1.05 mm compared with 4.39 mm and 4.05 mm in the failed group, for the centre of the head and the tip of the stem, respectively (p = 0.001). In the failed group, the mean time to migration greater than 2 mm was earlier than the onset of clinical symptoms or radiological evidence of failure, 19.1 versus 32.2 months (p = 0.001) and 24.8 months (p = 0.012), respectively. EBRA-FCA is a reliable and valid tool for measuring migration of the femoral component after surface arthroplasty and can be used to predict early failure of the implant. It may be of value in determining the long-term performance of surface arthroplasty

The outcome at ten years of 100 Freeman hip stems (Finsbury Orthopaedics, Leatherhead, United Kingdom) retaining the neck with a proximal hydroxyapatite coating in a series of 52 men (six bilateral) and 40 women (two bilateral), has been described previously. None required revision for aseptic loosening. We have extended the follow-up to 20 years with a minimum of 17 years. The mean age of the patients at total hip replacement was 58.9 years (19 to 84). Six patients were lost to follow-up, but were included up to their last clinical review. A total of 22 patients (22 hips) had died, all from causes unrelated to their surgery. There have been 43 re-operations for failure of the acetabular component. However, in 38 of these the stem was not revised since it remained stable and there was no associated osteolysis. Two of the revisions were for damage to the trunnion after fracture of a modular ceramic head, and in another two, removal of the femoral component was because of the preference of the surgeon. In all cases the femoral component was well fixed, but could be extracted at the time of acetabular revision. In one case both components were revised for deep infection. There has been one case of aseptic loosening of the stem which occurred at 14 years. This stem had migrated distally by 7.6 mm in ten years and 8.4 mm at the time of revision at which stage it was found to be rotationally loose. With hindsight this component had been undersized at implantation. The survivorship for the stem at 17 years with aseptic loosening as the endpoint was 98.6% (95% confidence interval 95.9 to 100) when 62 hips were at risk. All remaining stems had a satisfactory clinical and radiological outcome. The Freeman proximally hydroxyapatite-coated femoral component is therefore a dependable implant and its continued use can be recommended

We describe the survival at ten years of 100 femoral components of the Freeman hip prosthesis. It is proximally hydroxyapatite (HA)-coated and was fixed without cement. Radiological assessment identified radiolucent lines (RLLs) and lytic lesions and was used to measure migration. The criterion of failure was revision or impending revision for aseptic femoral loosening. No femoral components were revised or are awaiting revision for aseptic loosening, giving 100% survival at ten years (95% confidence interval, 95.7 to 100), although 59 were at risk at ten years. Two components were revised for fracture of a ceramic head with damage to the trunnion. Although well fixed in each, for survival analysis we evaluated the hip as if the patient had died. Twelve acetabular components were revised and at each operation the femoral component was found to be well fixed, was not disturbed and remained in the survival analysis. Three patients were lost to follow-up, and 12 died with well-functioning prostheses. Radiologically, all except one of the components appeared to be well fixed with no RLLs and no lytic lesions at the latest follow-up. The mean vertical migration was 0.4 mm at one year, 0.8 mm at two years and 1.4 mm at ten years. One component had migrated 7.6 mm at ten years (2.1 mm in year 1) and developed RLLs in Gruen zones I and II. The symptoms, however, were only minor and revision was not indicated. Our study has shown that proximal HA coating gives effective fixation for a femoral component

We prospectively evaluated the long-term outcome of 158 consecutive patients who underwent revision total hip replacement using uncemented computer-assisted design-computer-assisted manufacture femoral components. There were 97 men and 61 women. Their mean age was 63.1 years (34.6 to 85.9). The mean follow-up was 10.8 years (10 to 12). The mean Oxford, Harris and Western Ontario and McMaster hip scores improved from 41.1, 44.2 and 52.4 pre-operatively to 18.2, 89.3 and 12.3, respectively (p < 0.0001, for each). Six patients required further surgery. The overall survival of the femoral component was 97% (95% confidence interval 94.5 to 99.7). These results are comparable to those of previously published reports for revision total hip replacement using either cemented or uncemented components

The aim of our study was to investigate whether placing of the femoral component of a hip resurfacing in valgus protected against spontaneous fracture of the femoral neck. We performed a hip resurfacing in 20 pairs of embalmed femora. The femoral component was implanted at the natural neck-shaft angle in the left femur and with a 10° valgus angle on the right. The bone mineral density of each femur was measured and CT was performed. Each femur was evaluated in a materials testing machine using increasing cyclical loads. In specimens with good bone quality, the 10° valgus placement of the femoral component had a protective effect against fractures of the femoral neck. An adverse effect was detected in osteoporotic specimens. When resurfacing the hip a valgus position of the femoral component should be achieved in order to prevent fracture of the femoral neck. Patient selection remains absolutely imperative. In borderline cases, measurement of bone mineral density may be indicated

In 2004 we described the ten-year prospective results of 38 total hip replacements using the Furlong hydroxyapatite-ceramic-coated femoral component in 35 patients < 50 years old. We have now reviewed the surviving 35 arthroplasties in 33 patients at a mean of 16 years (10.3 to 19.9). The mean age of the surviving patients at the time of operation was 41.3 years (26.0 to 49.0). Of these, eight have undergone revision of their acetabular component for aseptic loosening. None of the femoral components has had revision for aseptic loosening giving a survival rate of 100% at 16 years (95% confidence interval 89% to 100%). The Furlong hydroxyapatite-ceramic-coated femoral component gives excellent long-term survival in young and active patients

Between June 1991 and January 1995, 42 hydroxyapatite-coated CAD-CAM femoral components were inserted in 25 patients with inflammatory polyarthropathy, 21 of whom had juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Their mean age was 21 years (11 to 35). All the patients were reviewed clinically and radiologically at one, three and five years. At the final review at a mean of 11.2 years (8 to 13) 37 hips in 23 patients were available for assessment. A total of four femoral components (9.5%) had failed, of which two were radiologically loose and two were revised. The four failed components were in patients aged 16 years or less at the time of surgery. Hydroxyapatite-coated customised femoral components give excellent medium- to long-term results in skeletally-mature young adults with inflammatory polyarthropathy. Patients aged less than 16 years at the time of surgery have a risk of 28.5% of failure of the femoral component at approximately ten years

A cadaver study using six pairs of lower limbs was conducted to investigate the accuracy of computer navigation and standard instrumentation for the placement of the Birmingham Hip Resurfacing femoral component. The aim was to place all the femoral components with a stem-shaft angle of 135°. The mean stem-shaft angle obtained in the standard instrumentation group was 127.7° (120° to 132°), compared with 133.3° (131° to 139°) in the computer navigation group (p = 0.03). The scatter obtained with computer-assisted navigation was approximately half that found using the conventional jig. Computer navigation was more accurate and more consistent in its placement of the femoral component than standard instrumentation. We suggest that image-free computer-assisted navigation may have an application in aligning the femoral component during hip resurfacing

We investigated 219 revisions of total hip replacement (THR) in 211 patients using a collarless double-taper cemented femoral component. The mean age of the patients was 72 years (30 to 90). The 137 long and 82 standard length stems were analysed separately. The mean follow-up was six years (2 to 18), and no patient was lost to follow-up. Survival of the long stems to re-revision for aseptic loosening at nine years was 98% (95% confidence interval (CI) 94 to 100), and for the standard stems was 93% (95% CI 85 to 100). At five years, one long stem was definitely loose radiologically and one standard stem was probably loose. Pre-operative femoral bone deficiency did not influence the results for the long stems, and corrective femoral osteotomy was avoided, as were significant subsidence, major stress shielding and persistent thigh pain. Because of these reliable results, cemented long collarless double-taper femoral components are recommended for routine revision THR in older patients

Aims. The morphometry of the distal femur was largely studied to improve bone-implant fit in total knee arthroplasty (TKA), but little is known about the asymmetry of the posterior condyles. This study aimed to investigate the dimensions of the posterior condyles and the influence of externally rotating the femoral component on potential prosthetic overhang or under-coverage. Patients and Methods. We analysed the shape of 110 arthritic knees at the time of primary TKA using pre-operative CT scans. The height and width of each condyle were measured at the posterior femoral cut in neutral position, and in 3º and 5º of external rotation, using both central and medial referencing systems. We compared the morphological characteristics with those of 14 TKA models. Results. In the neutral position, the dimensions of the condyles were nearly equal. Externally rotating the femoral cut by 3º and 5º with ‘central referencing’ induced width asymmetry >  3 mm in 23 (21%) and 33 (30%) knees respectively, while with ‘medial referencing’ it induced width asymmetry > 3 mm in 43 (39%) and 75 (68%) knees respectively. The asymmetries induced by rotations were not associated with gender, aetiology or varus-valgus alignment. Conclusion. External rotation may amplify the asymmetry between the medial and lateral condyles, and exacerbate prosthetic overhang, particularly in the superolateral zone. ‘Central referencing’ guides result in less potential prosthetic overhang than ‘medial referencing’ guides. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2017;99-B:894–903

We have examined the results obtained with 72 NexGen legacy posterior stabilised-flex fixed total knee replacements in 47 patients implanted by a single surgeon between March 2003 and September 2004. Aseptic loosening of the femoral component was found in 27 (38%) of the replacements at a mean follow-up of 32 months (30 to 48) and 15 knees (21%) required revision at a mean of 23 months (11 to 45). We compared the radiologically-loose and revised knees with those which had remained well-fixed to identify the factors which had contributed to this high rate of aseptic loosening. Post-operatively, the mean maximum flexion was 136° (110° to 140°) in the loosened group and 125° (95° to 140°) in the well-fixed group (independent t-test, p = 0.022). Squatting, kneeling, or sitting cross-legged could be achieved by 23 (85%) of the loosened knees, but only 22 (49%) of the well-fixed knees (chi-squared test, p = 0.001). The loosened femoral components were found to migrate into a more flexed position, but no migration was detected in the well-fixed group. These implants allowed a high degree of flexion, but showed a marked rate of early loosening of the femoral component, which was associated with weight-bearing in maximum flexion

Malrotation of the femoral component is a cause of patellofemoral maltracking after total knee arthroplasty. Its precise effect on the patellofemoral mechanics has not been well quantified. We have developed an in vitro method to measure the influence of patellar maltracking on contact. Maltracking was induced by progressively rotating the femoral component either internally or externally. The contact mechanics were analysed using Tekscan. The results showed that excessive malrotation of the femoral component, both internally and externally, had a significant influence on the mechanics of contact. The contact area decreased with progressive maltracking, with a concomitant increase in contact pressure. The amount of contact area that carries more than the yield stress of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene significantly increases with progressive maltracking. It is likely that the elevated pressures noted in malrotation could cause accelerated and excessive wear of the patellar button

Aims. We previously reported the long-term results of the cementless Duraloc-Profile total hip arthroplasty (THA) system in a 12- to 15-year follow-up study. In this paper, we provide an update on the clinical and radiological results of a previously reported cohort of patients at 23 to 26 years´ follow-up. Patients and Methods. Of the 99 original patients (111 hips), 73 patients (82 hips) with a mean age of 56.8 years (21 to 70) were available for clinical and radiological study at a minimum follow-up of 23 years. There were 40 female patients (44 hips) and 33 male patients (38 hips). Results. All acetabular and femoral components were well fixed and showed signs of bone ingrowth. Nine acetabular components were revised due to wear-osteolysis-related problems and four due to late dislocation. The probability of not having component revision at 25 years was 83.2% (95% confidence interval (CI) 74.5 to 91.8; number at risk 41). Acetabular osteolysis was observed in ten hips. The mean femoral head penetration was 1.52 mm (. sd. 0.8) at 15 years and 1.92 mm (. sd. 1.2) at 25 years. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis revealed that mean femoral penetration with a value of 0.11 mm/year or more was associated with the appearance of osteolysis. The 25-year Kaplan–Meier survival with different endpoints was 89.9% for acetabular osteolysis (95% CI 83.3 to 96.5), 92.1% for proximal femoral osteolysis (95% CI 86.1 to 98.2), and 75.5% for femoral osteopenia (95% CI 66.5 to 84.5). Conclusion. The Duraloc-Profile THA system showed excellent long-term bone fixation. Nevertheless, monitoring is recommended in order to detect wear and late dislocations in this population that was relatively young at the time of surgery. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2019;101-B:378–385

We report the clinical and radiographic outcomes of 208 consecutive femoral revision arthroplasties performed in 202 patients (119 women, 83 men) between March 1991 and December 2007 using the X-change Femoral Revision System, fresh-frozen morcellised allograft and a cemented polished Exeter stem. All patients were followed prospectively. The mean age of the patients at revision was 65 years (30 to 86). At final review in December 2013 a total of 130 patients with 135 reconstructions (64.9%) were alive and had a non re-revised femoral component after a mean follow-up of 10.6 years (4.7 to 20.9). One patient was lost to follow-up at six years, and their data were included up to this point. Re-operation for any reason was performed in 33 hips (15.9%), in 13 of which the femoral component was re-revised (6.3%). The mean pre-operative Harris hip score was 52 (19 to 95) (n = 73) and improved to 80 (22 to 100) (n = 161) by the last follow-up. Kaplan–Meier survival with femoral re-revision for any reason as the endpoint was 94.9% (95% confidence intervals (CI) 90.2 to 97.4) at ten years; with femoral re-revision for aseptic loosening as the endpoint it was 99.4% (95% CI 95.7 to 99.9); with femoral re-operation for any reason as the endpoint it was 84.5% (95% CI 78.3 to 89.1); and with subsidence ≥ 5 mm it was 87.3% (95% CI 80.5 to 91.8). Femoral revision with the use of impaction allograft bone grafting and a cemented polished stem results in a satisfying survival rate at a mean of ten years’ follow-up. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015; 97-B:771–9

Obtaining a balanced flexion gap with correct femoral component rotation is one of the prerequisites for a successful outcome after total knee replacement (TKR). Different techniques for achieving this have been described. In this study we prospectively compared gap-balancing versus measured resection in terms of reliability and accuracy for femoral component rotation in 96 primary TKRs performed in 96 patients using the Journey system. In 48 patients (18 men and 30 women) with a mean age of 65 years (45 to 85) a tensor device was used to determine rotation. In the second group of 48 patients (14 men and 34 women) with a mean age of 64 years (41 to 86), an ‘adapted’ measured resection technique was used, taking into account the native rotational geometry of the femur as measured on a pre-operative CT scan. Both groups systematically reproduced a similar external rotation of the femoral component relative to the surgical transepicondylar axis: 2.4° . (sd. 2.5) in the gap-balancing group and 1.7° (. sd. 2.1) in the measured resection group (p = 0.134). Both gap-balancing and adapted measured resection techniques proved equally reliable and accurate in determining femoral component rotation after TKR. There was a tendency towards more external rotation in the gap-balancing group, but this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.134). The number of outliers for our ‘adapted’ measured resection technique was much lower than reported in the literature

We carried out 60 revision procedures for failed porous coated anatomic total knee replacements in 54 patients, which were divided into two groups. The 14 knees in group I had a well-fixed femoral component at surgery which was retained, and in the 46 knees in group II both tibial and femoral components were loose and were revised using a variety of implants. Our review comprised clinical and radiological assessment. A total of 13 knees required a second revision. Six (42%) in group I failed very early (mean 2.1 years) when compared with seven (15%) in group II (mean 6.8 years). Failure was due to wear of the polyethylene insert by the abraded, retained femoral component (crude odds ratio 4.07; 95% CI 1.07 to 15.5). We recommend a complete change of primary bearing surfaces at the time of revision of an uncemented total knee replacement in order to prevent early wear of polyethylene

Peri- and sub-prosthetic fractures, or pathological fractures below an existing well-fixed femoral component, with or without an ipsilateral knee replacement, present a difficult surgical challenge. We describe a simple solution, in which a custom-made prosthesis with a cylindrical design is cemented proximally to the stem of an existing, well-fixed femoral component. This effectively treats the fracture without sacrificing the good hip. We describe five patients with a mean age of 73 years (60 to 81) and a mean follow-up of 47 months (6 to 108). The mean overlap of the prosthesis over the femoral component was 7.5 cm (5.5 to 10). There have been no mechanical failures, no new infections and no re-operations. We suggest that in highly selected cases, in which conventional fixation is not feasible, this technique offers a durable option and avoids the morbidity of a total femoral replacement

We describe a technique for the diagnosis of loosening of the femoral component of the Oxford Unicompartmental Knee Replacement using accurately aligned lateral radiographs in extension and flexion. If gaps are present between the component and cement on one radiograph and not on the other, the component is loose

We investigated the changes in surface roughness of retrieved femoral components in 18 men and four women at revision knee surgery. The mean age at revision was 68.4 years and the mean period of implantation was for 55.6 months. Eighteen implants were retrieved for aseptic loosening and four for infection. The surface changes in the articulating areas were inspected visually and the roughness (Ra) analysed with a profilometer. Parallel scratching and burnishing were the two main forms of damage. The mean Ra measurements in the articulating areas showed no statistically significant difference when compared with those in a control area on either side of the patellar groove at the apex of the femoral flange. This suggests that it is not essential to revise a well-fixed and correctly aligned femoral component where the polished surface has become burnished or bears fine parallel scratches, if the revision is conducted solely for failure of the tibial component

Peri-prosthetic bone loss caused by stress shielding may be associated with aseptic loosening of femoral components. In order to increase primary stability and to reduce stress shielding, a three-dimensional, cementless individual femoral (Evolution K) component was manufactured using pre-operative CT scans. Using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, peri-prosthetic bone density was measured in 43 patients, three months, six months, 3.6 and 4.6 years after surgery. At final follow-up there was a significant reduction in mean bone density in the proximal Gruen zones of −30.3% (zone 7) and −22.8% (zone 1). The density in the other zones declined by a mean of between −4% and −16%. We conclude that the manufacture of a three-dimensional, custom-made femoral component could not prevent a reduction in peri-prosthetic bone density

High-flexion total knee replacement (TKR) designs have been introduced to improve flexion after TKR. Although the early results of such designs were promising, recent literature has raised concerns about the incidence of early loosening of the femoral component. We compared the minimum force required to cause femoral component loosening for six high-flexion and six conventional TKR designs in a laboratory experiment. Each TKR design was implanted in a femoral bone model and placed in a loading frame in 135° of flexion. Loosening of the femoral component was induced by moving the tibial component at a constant rate of displacement while maintaining the same angle of flexion. A stereophotogrammetric system registered the relative movement between the femoral component and the underlying bone until loosening occurred. Compared with high-flexion designs, conventional TKR designs required a significantly higher force before loosening occurred (p < 0.001). High-flexion designs with closed box geometry required significantly higher loosening forces than high-flexion designs with open box geometry (p = 0.0478). The presence of pegs further contributed to the fixation strength of components. We conclude that high-flexion designs have a greater risk for femoral component loosening than conventional TKR designs. We believe this is attributable to the absence of femoral load sharing between the prosthetic component and the condylar bone during flexion

The use of plate-and-cable constructs to treat periprosthetic fractures around a well-fixed femoral component in total hip replacements has been reported to have high rates of failure. Our aim was to evaluate the results of a surgical treatment algorithm to use these lateral constructs reliably in Vancouver type-B1 and type-C fractures. The joint was dislocated and the stability of the femoral component was meticulously evaluated in 45 type-B1 fractures. This led to the identification of nine (20%) unstable components. The fracture was considered to be suitable for single plate-and-cable fixation by a direct reduction technique if the integrity of the medial cortex could be restored. Union was achieved in 29 of 30 fractures (97%) at a mean of 6.4 months (3 to 30) in 29 type-B1 and five type-C fractures. Three patients developed an infection and one construct failed. Using this algorithm plate-and-cable constructs can be used safely, but indirect reduction with minimal soft-tissue damage could lead to shorter times to union and lower rates of complications

We evaluated the outcome of 104 consecutive primary cemented Exeter femoral components in 78 patients (34 men, 44 women) under the age of 40 years who underwent total hip replacement between October 1993 and May 2004. The mean age at operation was 31 years (16 to 39). No hip was lost to follow-up, but three patients (four hips) died. None of the deaths were related to the surgery. At a mean follow-up of 6.2 years (2 to 13), three femoral components had been revised for septic loosening. Using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, the seven-year survival of the component with revision for any reason as the endpoint was 95.8% (95% confidence interval 86.67 to 98.7). The seven-year survival with aseptic femoral loosening as the endpoint was 100% (95% confidence interval 100). The cemented Exeter femoral component in patients under the age of 40 shows promising medium-term results. As it is available in a wide range of sizes and offsets, we could address all types of anatomical variation in this series without the need for custom-made components

A complete cement mantle is important for the longevity of a total hip replacement. In the minimally-invasive direct anterior approach used at the Innsbruck University hospital, the femoral component has to be inserted into the femoral canal by an angulated movement. In a cadaver study, the quality and the extent of the cement mantle surrounding 13 Exeter femoral components implanted straight through a standard anterolateral transgluteal approach were compared with those of 13 similar femoral components implanted in an angulated fashion through a direct anterior approach. A third-generation cementing technique was used. The inner and outer contours of the cement mantles was traced from CT scans and the thickness and cross-sectional area determined. In no case was the cement mantle incomplete. The total mean thickness of the cement mantle was 3.62 mm (95% confidence interval 3.59 to 3.65). The mean thickness in the group using the minimally-invasive approach was 0.16 mm less than that in the anterolateral group. The distribution of the thickness was similar in the two groups. The mean thickness was less on the anteromedial and anterolateral aspect than on the posterior aspect of the femur. There is no evidence that the angulated introduction of Exeter femoral components in the direct anterior approach in cadavers compromises the quality, extent or thickness of the cement mantle

We have investigated the accuracy of placement of the femoral component using imageless navigation in 100 consecutive Birmingham Hip Resurfacings. Pre-operative templating determined the native neck-shaft angle and planned stem-shaft angle of the implant. The latter were verified post-operatively using digital anteroposterior unilateral radiographs of the hip. The mean neck-shaft angle determined before operation was 132.7° (118° to 160°). The mean planned stem-shaft angle was a relative valgus alignment of 9.7° (. sd. 2.6). The stem-shaft angle after operation differed from that planned by a mean of 2.8° (. sd. 2.0) and in 86% of cases the final angle measured within ± 5° of that planned. We had no instances of notching of the neck or varus alignment of the implant in our series. A learning curve was observed in the time taken for navigation, but not for accurate placement of the implant. Navigation in hip resurfacing may afford the surgeon a reliable and accurate method of placement of the femoral component

Bone preservation and physiological distribution of forces on the proximal femur are key elements in introducing a successful uncemented total hip replacement. In order to achieve this, in the mid 1990s, we developed an ultra short proximal loading custom-made component with a lateral flare, a high femoral neck osteotomy and without a diaphyseal stem. We report the outcome of 129 custom-made hydroxyapatite-coated uncemented short femoral components inserted into 109 patients between June 1995 and May 2004. The mean age of the patients was 51 years (21 to 71) and the mean follow-up was eight years (4.9 to 14.1). Bone behaviour around the implant was studied on the post-operative radiographs. The mean Harris hip score improved from 44 (8 to 66) pre-operatively to 95 (76 to 100) at final follow-up. The Western Ontario MacMaster University Osteoarthritis index was 93 of 100 at final review. None of the patients reported thigh pain. A total of five hips were revised, three for polyethylene liner exchange and two for complete revision of the acetabular component. No femoral components were revised. The radiological changes in the proximal femur were generally good, as evidenced by spot welds both on the medial and lateral aspects of the femur. No component migrated. The presence of a lateral flare and use of a high osteotomy of the femoral neck provided good clinical and radiological results. The absence of a diaphyseal portion of the stem did not impair stability

We have reviewed 25 cases of focal femoral osteolysis in radiographically stable, cemented femoral implants. In three hips retrieved at post-mortem from two patients, we have been able to make a detailed biomechanical and histological analysis. The interval between arthroplasty and the appearance of focal osteolysis on clinical radiographs ranged from 40 to 168 months, and in over 70% of the cases this did not appear until after five or more years. Few had significant pain and there was no relation to age, sex or original diagnosis. The most common site for osteolysis were Gruen zones 2 and 3 on the anteroposterior radiograph and zones 5 and 6 on the lateral radiograph. In 15 cases (60%), the area of osteolysis corresponded to either a defect in the cement mantle or an area of very thin cement. The rate of progression of these lesions was variable, but to date only one has progressed to gross loosening of the femoral component. The back-scatter scanning electron microscopic examination of serial sections and biomechanical testing of the post-mortem specimens demonstrated focal cement fracture around implants that were otherwise rigidly fixed. In eight cases from which tissue was available, histology showed a histiocytic reaction with evidence of particulate polymethylmethacrylate. We consider that this local fragmentation was the stimulus for local osteolysis in an otherwise stable cemented femoral component

The accurate reconstruction of hip anatomy and biomechanics is thought to be important in achieveing good clinical outcomes following total hip arthroplasty (THA). To this end some newer hip designs have introduced further modularity into the design of the femoral component such that neck­shaft angle and anteversion, which can be adjusted intra-operatively. The clinical effect of this increased modularity is unknown. We have investigated the changes in these anatomical parameters following conventional THA with a prosthesis of predetermined neck–shaft angle and assessed the effect of changes in the hip anatomy on clinical outcomes. . In total, 44 patients (mean age 65.3 years (standard deviation (. sd. ) 7); 17 male/27 female; mean body mass index 26.9 (kg/m²) (. sd. 3.1)) underwent a pre- and post-operative three-dimensional CT scanning of the hip. The pre- and post-operative neck–shaft angle, offset, hip centre of rotation, femoral anteversion, and stem alignment were measured. Additionally, a functional assessment and pain score were evaluated before surgery and at one year post-operatively and related to the post-operative anatomical changes. The mean pre-operative neck–shaft angle was significantly increased by 2.8° from 128° (. sd.  6.2; 119° to 147°) to 131° (. sd. 2.1; 127° to 136°) (p = 0.009). The mean pre-operative anteversion was 24.9° (. sd. 8; 7.9 to 39.1) and reduced to 7.4° (. sd. 7.3; -11.6° to 25.9°) post-operatively (p < 0.001). The post-operative changes had no influence on function and pain. Using a standard uncemented femoral component, high pre- and post-operative variability of femoral anteversion and neck–shaft angles was found with a significant decrease of the post-operative anteversion and slight increase of the neck–shaft angles, but without any impact on clinical outcome. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:1615–22

We present a retrospective series of 170 cemented titanium straight-stem femoral components combined with two types of femoral head: cobalt-chromium (CoCr) alloy (114 heads) and alumina ceramic (50 heads). Of the study group, 55 patients (55 stems) had died and six (six stems) were lost to follow-up. At a mean of 13.1 years (3 to 15.3) 26 stems had been revised for aseptic loosening. The mean follow-up time for stable stems was 15.1 years (12.1 to 16.6). Survival of the stem at 15 years was 75.4% (95% confidence interval (CI) 67.3 to 83.5) with aseptic failure (including radiological failure) as the end-point, irrespective of the nature of the head and the quality of the cement mantle. Survival of the stem at 15 years was 79.1% (95% CI 69.8 to 88.4) and 67.1% (95% CI 51.3 to 82.9) with the CoCr alloy and ceramic heads, respectively. The quality of the cement mantle was graded as a function of stem coverage: stems with complete tip coverage (type 1) had an 84.9% (95% CI 77.6 to 92.2) survival at 15 years, compared with those with a poor tip coverage (type 2) which had a survival of only 22.4% (95% CI 2.4 to 42.4). The poor quality of the cement mantle and the implantation of an alumina head substantially lowered the survival of the stem. In our opinion, further use of the cemented titanium alloy straight-stem femoral components used in our series is undesirable

We reviewed 111 hemispherical Duraloc series-500 acetabular components with a minimum follow-up of 12 years. The mean clinical and radiological follow-up was 13.4 years (12 to 15). A Profile hydroxyapatite-coated anatomical femoral component was used in each case. Six patients had a late dislocation, for whom the polyethylene liner was exchanged. Each acetabular component was well fixed and all femoral components showed signs of bone ingrowth. The mean rate of femoral head penetration was 0.10 mm/year (0.021 to 0.481). The probability of not developing femoral cortical hypertrophy and proximal osteopenia by 12 years was 80.2% (95% confidence interval, 72.7 to 87.6) and 77.5% (95% confidence interval, 69.7 to 85.2), respectively. Despite these good clinical results, further follow-up is needed to determine whether these prostheses will loosen with time

We present the extended follow-up (≥ 20 years) of a series of fully hydroxyapatite-coated femoral components used in 72 primary total hip replacements (THRs). Earlier results of this cohort have been previously published. All procedures were performed between 1986 and 1991. The series involved 45 women and 15 men with 12 bilateral procedures. Their mean age at the time of surgery was 60 years (46 to 80) and the mean duration of follow-up was 22.5 years (20 to 25). At final follow-up, the mean Merle d’Aubigné and Postel hip scores were 5.5 (4.5 to 6), 3.8 (3.5 to 5) and 3.3 (3.0 to 5.0) for pain, mobility and function, respectively. Of the patients 92% were very satisfied at the time of final follow-up. There were seven revisions: six of the acetabular component for aseptic loosening and one of both the stem and the acetabular component for loosening due to deep infection. The survival of this prosthesis at 22.5 years with revision for any reason as the endpoint was 91.7% (95% confidence interval (CI) 84 to 99). Survival with aseptic loosening of the stem as the endpoint was 100% (95% CI 90 to 100). This prosthesis provides pain relief in the long term. Survival of this component is comparable to the best results for primary THR with any means of fixation. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:467–71

In this meta-analysis we included 32 English-language articles published between January 1975 and June 2004 on the diagnostic performance of plain radiography, subtraction arthrography, nuclear arthrography and bone scintigraphy in detecting aseptic loosening of the femoral component, using criteria based on the Cochrane systematic review of screening and diagnostic tests. The mean sensitivity and specificity were, respectively, 82% (95% confidence interval (CI) 76 to 87) and 81% (95% CI 73 to 87) for plain radiography and 85% (95% CI 75 to 91) and 83% (95% CI 75 to 89) for nuclear arthrography. Pooled sensitivity and specificity were, respectively, 86% (95% CI 74 to 93) and 85% (95% CI 77 to 91) for subtraction arthrography and 85% (95% CI 79 to 89) and 72% (95% CI 64 to 79) for bone scintigraphy. Although the diagnostic performance of the imaging techniques was not significantly different, plain radiography and bone scintigraphy are preferred for the assessment of a femoral component because of their efficacy and lower risk of patient morbidity

Aims

In recent years, the use of a collared cementless femoral prosthesis has risen in popularity. The design intention of collared components is to transfer some load to the resected femoral calcar and prevent implant subsidence within the cancellous bone of the metaphysis. Conversely, the load transfer for a cemented femoral prosthesis depends on the cement-component and cement-bone interface interaction. The aim of our study was to compare the three most commonly used collared cementless components and the three most commonly used tapered polished cemented components in patients aged ≥ 75 years who have undergone a primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) for osteoarthritis (OA).

Revision surgery of the hip was performed on 114 hips using an extensively porous-coated femoral component. Of these, 95 hips (94 patients) had a mean follow-up of 10.2 years (5 to 17). No cortical struts were used and the cortical index and the femoral cortical width were measured at different levels. There were two revisions for aseptic loosening. Survivorship at 12 years for all causes of failure was 96.9% (95% confidence interval 93.5 to 100) in the best-case scenario. Fibrous or unstable fixation was associated with major bone defects. The cortical index (p = 0.045) and the lateral cortical thickness (p = 0.008) decreased at the proximal level over time while the medial cortex increased (p = 0.001) at the proximal and distal levels. An increase in the proximal medial cortex was found in patients with an extended transtrochanteric osteotomy (p = 0.026) and in those with components shorter than 25 cm (p = 0.008). The use of the extensively porous-coated femoral component can provide a solution for difficult cases in revision surgery. Radiological bony ingrowth is common. Although without clinical relevance at the end of follow-up, the thickness of the medial femoral cortex often increased while that of the lateral cortex decreased. In cases in which a shorter component was used and in those undertaken using an extended trochanteric osteotomy, there was a greater increase in thickness of the femoral cortex over time

We have compared the survival of 67 revision arthroplasties of the knee undertaken for aseptic loosening with and without the retention of a secure, cemented femoral component. All the patients had undergone a single primary procedure at a mean of nine years previously. In group I (25 knees) the original femoral component was secure and was retained. There were no abrasions or osteolysis. The knees were stable, normally aligned, with minimal bone loss. In group II 42 knees did not fulfil these criteria and underwent revision of both components. The mean follow-up was four years. Re-revision for loosening was required in seven knees (28%) in group I and three (7%) in group II (p < 0.01). The remaining knees function well with Knee Society scores averaging 84/69 and no radiological evidence of osteolysis. When revising cemented implants, retention of a secure femoral component cannot be recommended even when conditions appear to be suitable

We studied the results of total hip arthroplasty (THA) using AML porous-coated femoral components at a mean follow-up of 11 years in a non-selected, consecutive series of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. We reviewed 64 patients with 82 primary THAs using these components. There were seven men (8 hips) and 57 women (74 hips) with a mean age of 55.1 years (24 to 80) at the time of surgery. Nine patients (11 hips) died before the two-year follow-up. Of the remaining 71 hips, only one stem was revised for aseptic loosening. Survivorship for the stems was 98.1% (95% confidence interval (CI) 94.5 to 100.0) at ten years, using a life-table analysis, with revision for any reason as an endpoint. Of the 70 unrevised stems, 66 (94%) had bony ingrowth, while four (6%) were radiologically loose at the most recent follow-up (mean 11.4 years). Our study shows the excellent long-term results which can be achieved with porous-coated femoral components in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

We performed a three-year radiostereometric analysis (RSA) study of the Elite Plus femoral component on 25 patients undergoing primary total hip replacement. Additional assessments and measurements from standard radiographs were also made. Subsidence of the stem occurred at the cement-stem interface. At 36 months the subsidence of the stem centroid was a mean of 0.30 mm (0.02 to 1.28), and was continuing at a slow rate. At the same time point, internal rotation and posterior migration of the femoral head had ceased. One stem migrated excessively and additional assessments suggested that this was probably due to high patient demand. The failure rate of 4% in our study is consistent with data from arthroplasty registers but contrasts with poor results from another RSA study, and from some clinical studies. We believe that the surgical technique, particularly the use of high-viscosity cement, may have been an important factor contributing to our results

Our aim in this pilot study was to evaluate the fixation of, the bone remodelling around, and the clinical outcome after surgery of a new, uncemented, fully hydroxyapatite-coated, collared and tapered femoral component, designed specifically for elderly patients with a fracture of the femoral neck. We enrolled 50 patients, of at least 70 years of age, with an acute displaced fracture of the femoral neck in this prospective single-series study. They received a total hip replacement using the new component and were followed up regularly for two years. Fixation was evaluated by radiostereometric analysis and bone remodelling by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Hip function and the health-related quality of life were assessed using the Harris hip score and the EuroQol-5D. Up to six weeks post-operatively there was a mean subsidence of 0.2 mm (−2.1 to +0.5) and a retroversion of a mean of 1.2° (−8.2° to +1.5°). No component migrated after three months. The patients had a continuous loss of peri-prosthetic bone which amounted to a mean of 16% (−49% to +10%) at two years. The mean Harris hip score was 82 (51 to 100) after two years. The two-year results from this pilot study indicate that this new, uncemented femoral component can be used for elderly patients with osteoporotic fractures of the femoral neck

Resurfacing arthroplasties of the hip are being undertaken with increasing frequency and the complications associated with this procedure are well documented. We have encountered a further problem with a fracture of the centralising peg of the femoral component in a prosthesis which had been in situ for three years

We have tested the axial and torsional stability of femoral components after revision arthroplasty in a cadaver model, using impacted morsellised cancellous graft and cement. Each one of six matched pairs of fresh frozen human femora had either a primary or a revision prosthesis cemented in place. For the ‘revision’ experiments, all cancellous bone was removed from the proximal femur which was then over-reamed to create a smooth-walled cortical shell. An MTS servohydraulic test frame was used to apply axial and torsional loads to each specimen through the prosthetic femoral heads with the femur submerged in isotonic saline solution at 37°C. The mean subsidence was 0.27 ± 0.17 mm for the primary and 0.52 ± 0.30 mm for the revision groups. The difference was statistically significant (p < 0.025), but the mean subsidence was < 1 mm in both groups. The mean maximum torque before failure was 42.9 ± 26.9 N-m for the primary and 34.8± 20.7 N-m for the revision groups. This difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.015). Based on our results we suggest that revision of the femoral component using morsellised cancellous graft followed by cementing with a collarless prosthesis with a polished tapered stem restores the integrity of the proximal femur and provides immediate stability of the implant

Aims. The widely used and well-proven Palacos R (a.k.a. Refobacin Palacos R) bone cement is no longer commercially available and was superseded by Refobacin bone cement R and Palacos R + G in 2005. However, the performance of these newly introduced bone cements have not been tested in a phased evidence-based manner, including roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis (RSA). Patients and Methods. In this blinded, randomised, clinical RSA study, the migration of the Stanmore femoral component was compared between Refobacin bone cement R and Palacos R + G in 62 consecutive total hip arthroplasties. The primary outcome measure was femoral component migration measured using RSA and secondary outcomes were Harris hip score (HHS), Hip disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (HOOS), EuroQol 5D (EQ-5D) and Short Form 36 (SF-36). Results. Femoral component migration was comparable between Refobacin bone cement R and Palacos R + G during the two-year follow-up period with an estimated mean difference of 0.06 mm of subsidence (p = 0.56) and 0.08° of retroversion (p = 0.82). Five hips (three Refobacin bone cement R and two Palacos R + G) showed non-stabilising, continuous migration; the femoral cement mantle in these hips, was mean 0.7 mm thicker (p = 0.02) and there were more radiolucencies at the bone-cement interface (p = 0.004) in comparison to hips showing stabilising migration. Post-operative HHS was comparable throughout the follow-up period (p = 0.62). HOOS, EQ5D, and SF-36 scores were also comparable (p-values >  0.05) at the two-year follow-up point. Conclusion. Refobacin bone cement R and Palacos R + G show comparable component migration and clinical outcome during the first two post-operative years. Hips showing continuous migration are at risk for early failure. However, this seems to be unrelated to cement type, but rather to cementing technique. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:1333–41

Torsional instability of femoral components has not received much attention, and is difficult to detect in conventional radiographs. To test this we designed a system to apply a load in an anteroposterior direction to the head of a femoral component, implanted into a cadaveric femur. Rotation within the bone was measured, using a purpose built transducer, with and without preservation of the neck, with and without cement, and with longitudinal ridges but no cement. The results show that torsional instability may be a problem in uncemented replacement. Preservation of the femoral neck and the use of a ridged prosthesis increases resistance to rotation. Rotational movements occurring in vivo during such activities as climbing stairs and rising from the seated position may contribute to mechanical loosening

Concerns have been reported to the United Kingdom National Patient Safety Agency, warning that cementing the femoral component during hip replacement surgery for fracture of the proximal femur may increase peri-operative mortality. . The National Hip Fracture Database collects demographic and outcome data about patients with a fracture of the proximal femur from over 100 participating hospitals in the United Kingdom. We conducted a mixed effects logistic regression analysis of this dataset to determine whether peri-operative mortality was increased in patients who had undergone either hemiarthroplasty or total hip replacement using a cemented femoral component. A total of 16 496 patients from 129 hospitals were included in the analysis, which showed a small but significant adjusted survival benefit associated with cementing (odds ratio 0.83, 95% confidence interval 0.72 to 0.96). Other statistically significant variables in predicting death at discharge, listed in order of magnitude of effect, were gender, American Society of Anesthesiologists grade, age, walking accompanied outdoors and arthroplasty. Interaction terms between cementing and these other variables were sequentially added to, but did not improve, the model. . This study has not shown an increase in peri-operative mortality as a result of cementing the femoral component in patients requiring hip replacement following fracture of the proximal femur

The first 325 Exeter Universal stems (309 patients) implanted at the originating centre were inserted between March 1988 and February 1990 by a group of surgeons with differing experience. In this report we describe the clinical and radiological results at a mean of 15.7 years (14.7 to 17.3) after operation with no loss to follow-up. There were 97 patients (108 hips) with replacements still in situ and 31 (31 hips) who had undergone a further procedure. With an endpoint of revision for aseptic loosening, the survivorship at 17 years was 100% and 90.4% for the femoral and acetabular component, respectively. The mean Merle D’Aubigné and Postel scores at review were 5.4 (. sd. 0.97) for pain and 4.5 (. sd. 1.72) for function. The mean Oxford score was 38.4 (. sd. 9.8) (0 to 48 worst-to-best scale) and the mean combined Harris pain and function score was 73.2 (. sd. 16.9). Radiological review showed excellent preservation of bone stock in the proximal femur and no failures of the femoral component

We carried out a histological study of a proximally hydroxyapatite (HA)-coated femoral component, retrieved after 9.5 years of good function. The HA coating had completely degraded. Bone was in direct contact with the titanium surface in all the areas which had been coated, with no interposing fibrous tissue. There were no signs of particles, third-body wear, adverse tissue reactions or osteolysis. Bone remodelling was evident by the presence of resorption lacunae; tetracycline labelling showed bone laid down six years after implantation. The loss of the HA-coating had no negative effect on the osseo-integration of the stem. We conclude that the HA coating contributes to the fixation of the implant and that its degradation does not adversely affect the long-term fixation

Roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis was used to measure the migration of 24 cemented femoral components implanted during revision for mechanical loosening. All hips were examined one week, four months and one year after surgery; 14 hips were also examined after two years. Twenty-one components subsided 0.2 to 5.5 mm during the observation period; in 17 of these, subsidence occurred within four months of surgery. In 16 hips the prosthetic head was displaced 0.7 to 11.2 mm posteriorly. The fixation of the femoral components was less secure than after primary arthroplasty, especially in cases of femoral canal enlargement, when a standard-sized rather than a thick-stemmed prosthesis had been used, and in cases of inadequate cement filling

This study explored the relationship between the initial stability of the femoral component and penetration of cement into the graft bed following impaction allografting. Impaction allografting was carried out in human cadaveric femurs. In one group the cement was pressurised conventionally but in the other it was not pressurised. Migration and micromotion of the implant were measured under simulated walking loads. The specimens were then cross-sectioned and penetration of the cement measured. Around the distal half of the implant we found approximately 70% and 40% of contact of the cement with the endosteum in the pressure and no-pressure groups, respectively. The distal migration/micromotion, and valgus/varus migration were significantly higher in the no-pressure group than in that subjected to pressure. These motion components correlated negatively with the mean area of cement and its contact with the endosteum. The presence of cement at the endosteum appears to play an important role in the initial stability of the implant following impaction allografting

Mechanical and biomechanical testing of a new bone cement suggests that improved load transfer to the proximal femur could be achieved with the combination of a cement having a lower modulus, a greater ductility and a lower creep resistance than polymethylmethacrylate and a suitably shaped femoral component

We studied 16 femora retrieved at post-mortem from symptomless patients who had a satisfactory cemented total hip arthroplasty from two weeks to 17 years earlier, with the aim of delineating the initial mechanisms involved in loosening. Only one specimen showed radiographic evidence of loosening; the other 15 were stable to mechanical testing at 17.0 Nm of torque. In all 16 specimens, the cement-bone interface was intact with little fibrous tissue formation. By contrast, separation at the cement-prosthesis interface and fractures in the cement mantle were frequent. The most common early feature was debonding of the cement from the metal, seen at the proximal and distal ends of the prosthesis. Specimens which had been in place for longer also showed circumferential fractures in the cement, near the cement-metal interface, and radial fractures extending from this interface into the cement and sometimes to the bony interface. The most extensive cement fractures appeared to have started at or near sharp corners in the metal, or where the cement mantle was thin or incomplete. Fractures were also related to voids in the cement. The time relationship in this series suggested that long-term failure of the fixation of cemented femoral components was primarily mechanical, starting with debonding at the interface between the cement and the prosthesis, and continuing as slowly developing fractures in the cement mantle

We describe a case of symptomatic focal femoral osteolysis around a screw hole distal to the hydroxyapatite-coated portion of a cannulated femoral component in a revision hip replacement. No locking screw had been inserted into this, the most proximal of the three distal holes for locking screws. The presence of polyethylene wear debris in the tissue excised from the lesion suggested that it had passed through the cannulated portion of the stem and out of the proximal unfilled distal locking hole, initiating an osteolytic reaction in an otherwise well-fixed stem. This case highlights an important design characteristic of such cannulated, uncemented femoral components. We recommend that the proximal aperture of these cannulated stems be occluded at implantation

Several methods of measuring the migration of the femoral component after total hip replacement have been described, but they use different reference lines, and have differing accuracies, some unproven. Statistical comparison of different studies is rarely possible. We report a study of the EBRA-FCA method (femoral component analysis using Einzel-Bild-Röntgen-Analyse) to determine its accuracy using three independent assessments, including a direct comparison with the results of roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis (RSA). The accuracy of EBRA-FCA was better than ±1.5 mm (95% percentile) with a Cronbach’s coefficient alpha for interobserver reliability of 0.84; a very good result. The method had a specificity of 100% and a sensitivity of 78% compared with RSA for the detection of migration of over 1 mm. This is accurate enough to assess the stability of a prosthesis within a relatively limited period. The best reference line for downward migration is between the greater trochanter and the shoulder of the stem, as confirmed by two experimental analyses and a computer-assisted design

Bone mineral density (BMD) around the femoral component has been reported to decrease after total knee replacement (TKR) because of stress shielding. Our aim was to determine whether a cemented mobile-bearing component reduced the post-operative loss of BMD. In our study 28 knees receiving a cemented fixed-bearing TKR were matched with 28 receiving a cemented mobile-bearing TKR. They underwent dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, pre-operatively and at three weeks and at three, six, 12, 18 and 24 months post-operatively. The patients were not taking medication to improve the BMD. The pre-operative differences in the BMD of the femoral neck, wrist, lumbar spine and knee in the two groups were not significant. The BMD of the femur decreased postoperatively in the fixed-bearing group, but not the mobile-bearing group. The difference in the post-operative change in the BMD in the two groups was statistically significant (p < 0.05) at 18 and 24 months. Our findings show that a cemented mobile-bearing TKR has a favourable effect on the BMD of the distal femur after TKR in the short term. Further study is required to determine the long-term effects

Four cases are described of localised endosteal bone lysis in the femur occurring in association with cemented femoral components that were not obviously 'loose' radiologically. In each, the area of lysis was shown at operation to be related directly to a region in which there was a local defect in the cement mantle surrounding the stem. Via the space between the stem and cement, such defects provide a route through which the contents of the joint cavity may reach the endosteal surface of the femur, subsequently leading to localised bone lysis, and later to frank loosening

We describe our experience with the implantation of 325 Exeter Universal hips. The fate of every implant was known. The procedures were undertaken by surgeons of widely differing experience. At follow-up at 12 years, survivorship with revision of the femoral component for aseptic loosening as the endpoint was 100% (95% CI 98 to 100). Survivorship with revision of the acetabular component for aseptic loosening as the endpoint was 96.86% (95% CI 93.1 to 98.9) and that with any reoperation as the endpoint 91.74% (95% CI 87.7 to 95.8). No adverse features have emerged as a consequence of the modular connection between the head and neck of the implant

Aims. To investigate the longevity of uncemented fixation of a femoral component in total hip arthroplasty (THA) in patients with Dorr type C proximal femoral morphology. Patients and Methods. A total of 350 consecutive uncemented THA in 320 patients were performed between 1983 and 1987, by a single surgeon using the Taperloc femoral component. The 63 patients (68 hips) with Dorr type C proximal femoral morphology were the focus of this review. The mean age of the patients was 69 years (24 to 88) and mean follow-up was 16.6 years (ten to 29). Survival analysis included eight patients (eight hips) who died without undergoing revision surgery prior to obtaining ten years follow-up. All 55 surviving patients (60 hips) were available for clinical assessment and radiographic review. As a comparator group, the survival and implant fixation in the remaining 282 THAs (257 patients) with Dorr type A and B morphology were evaluated. The mean age of these patients was 52 years (20 to 82). Results. In the Dorr C patient group the mean Harris hip score improved from 51 points (21 to 69 points) pre-operatively to 89 (74 to 100) at final follow-up. No femoral component was loose by radiological criteria and osteolysis was only identified around two stems (3.3%). There was one revision (1.6%) of a well-fixed femoral component for sepsis at 11 years. The survival of the Taperloc femoral component at 20 years with revision for any reason as the endpoint was 98% (95% confidence interval; 87 to 99). A total of ten (3.5%) of the Dorr A and B patient group of 282 THAs required revision surgery. Only one (0.4%) for aseptic loosening. A total of two hips (1%) were loose by radiographic criteria and osteolysis occurred around 12 hips (4%). Conclusion. This study demonstrates that excellent fixation can be achieved using the Taperloc stem in patients with Dorr type A and B, and Dorr type C bone. Take home message: The Taperloc stem demonstrated equivalent results in Dorr type A and B and Dorr type C bone. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:595–600

We implanted 57 uncemented cobalt-chrome porous-coated collarless femoral components into 51 patients (mean age 49 years). At review, five to eight years postoperatively, good or excellent results were recorded in 70% by the Mayo Clinic hip evaluation and in 84% by the Harris hip score. Revision for aseptic loosening of the femoral stem was necessary in only one hip. Thigh pain diminished with time and was present in only two hips at the time of review. Endosteal bone formation was seen at the junction of the smooth and the porous segments of the stem in 94% of hips and in 60% it continued after three years. In 90% of hips, proximal femoral atrophy did not progress after three years. Discontinuous radiolucent lines were seen around 30% of stems, most commonly in zones I, IV and VII. They were not progressive in 94% and their presence did not correlate with the clinical outcome

We report the preliminary findings of the use of roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis to evaluate the early migration of five femoral components after revision for mechanical loosening using impacted cancellous allograft and cement. All hips were examined at one week, four to six months and one year after surgery. All the components subsided by 0.4 to 4.9 mm during the first year. In four hips the prosthetic head was displaced 1.1 to 6.9 mm posteriorly. Fixation of the femoral components was less secure than after primary arthroplasty but the incidence and magnitude of early migration were similar to those after revision with cement alone

We investigated the effect of pre-heating a femoral component on the porosity and strength of bone cement, with or without vacuum mixing used for total hip replacement. Cement mantles were moulded in a manner simulating clinical practice for cemented hip replacement. During polymerisation, the temperature was monitored. Specimens of cement extracted from the mantles underwent bending or fatigue tests, and were examined for porosity. Pre-heating the stem alone significantly increased the mean temperature values measured within the mantle (+14.2°C) (p < 0.001) and reduced the mean curing time (−1.5 min) (p < 0.001). The addition of vacuum mixing modulated the mean rise in the temperature of polymerisation to 11°C and reduced the mean duration of the process by one minute and 50 seconds (p = 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively). In all cases, the maximum temperature values measured in the mould simulating the femur were < 50°C. The mixing technique and pre-heating the stem slightly increased the static mechanical strength of bone cement. However, the fatigue life of the cement was improved by both vacuum mixing and pre-heating the stem, but was most marked (+ 280°C) when these methods were combined. Pre-heating the stem appears to be an effective way of improving the quality of the cement mantle, which might enhance the long-term performance of bone cement, especially when combined with vacuum mixing

Aims

Oxidised zirconium was introduced as a material for femoral components in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) as an attempt to reduce polyethylene wear. However, the long-term survival of this component is not known.

We performed a retrospective analysis of the clinical and radiological outcomes of total hip replacement using an uncemented femoral component proximally coated with hydroxyapatite. Of 136 patients, 118 who had undergone 124 primary total hip replacements were available for study. Their mean age was 66.5 years (19 to 90) and the mean follow-up was 5.6 years (4.25 to 7.25). At the final follow-up the mean Harris hip score was 92 (47.7 to 100). Periprosthetic femoral fractures, which occurred in seven patients (5.6%), were treated by osteosynthesis in six and conservatively in one. We had to revise five femoral components, one because of aseptic loosening, one because of septic loosening and three because of periprosthetic fracture. At the final follow-up there were definite signs of aseptic loosening in two patients. Radiologically, proximal femoral bone loss in Gruen zones I and VI was evident in 96.8% of hips, while bone hypertrophy in zones III and V was seen in 64.7%. In 24 hips (20.2%) the mean subsidence of the stem was 3.7 mm which occurred within the first 12 postoperative weeks. This indicated poor initial stability, which might have been aggravated by early weight-bearing. The high rate of failure in our study suggests that proximal femoral bone loss affects the long-term survival of the replacement

Aims. Analysis of the morphology of the distal femur, and by extension of the femoral components in total knee arthroplasty (TKA), has largely been related to the aspect ratio, which represents the width of the femur. Little is known about variations in trapezoidicity (i.e. whether the femur is more rectangular or more trapezoidal). This study aimed to quantify additional morphological characteristics of the distal femur and identify anatomical features associated with higher risks of over- or under-sizing of components in TKA. Methods. We analysed the shape of 114 arthritic knees at the time of primary TKA using the pre-operative CT scans. The aspect ratio and trapezoidicity ratio were quantified, and the post-operative prosthetic overhang was calculated. We compared the morphological characteristics with those of 12 TKA models. Results. There was significant variation in both the aspect ratio and trapezoidicity ratio between individuals. Femoral trapezoidicity was mostly due to an inward curve of the medial cortex. Overhang was correlated with the aspect ratio (with a greater chance of overhang in narrow femurs), trapezoidicity ratio (with a greater chance in trapezoidal femurs), and the tibio-femoral angle (with a greater chance in valgus knees). . Discussion. This study shows that rectangular/trapezoidal variability of the distal femur cannot be ignored. Most of the femoral components which were tested appeared to be excessively rectangular when compared with the bony contours of the distal femur. These findings suggest that the design of TKA should be more concerned with matching the trapezoidal/rectangular shape of the native femur. Take home message: The distal femur is considerably more trapezoidal than most femoral components, and therefore, care must be taken to avoid anterior prosthetic overhang in TKA. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:49–57

Aims

The aim of this study was to report the initial results of the Exeter V40 stem, which became available in 2000.

To assess the effect of improved methods of femoral cementing on the loosening rates in young patients, we reviewed 50 'second-generation' cemented hip arthroplasties in 44 patients aged 50 years or less. The femoral stems were all collared and rectangular in cross-section with rounded corners. The cement was delivered by a gun into a medullary canal occluded distally with a cement plug. A clinical and radiographic review was undertaken at an average of 12 years (10 to 14.8) and no patient was lost to follow-up. No femoral component was revised for aseptic loosening, and only one stem was definitely loose by radiographic criteria. By contrast, 11 patients had undergone revision for symptomatic aseptic loosening of the acetabular component and 11 more had radiographic signs of acetabular loosening

There is increasing global awareness of adverse reactions to metal debris and elevated serum metal ion concentrations following the use of second generation metal-on-metal total hip arthroplasties. The high incidence of these complications can be largely attributed to corrosion at the head-neck interface. Severe corrosion of the taper is identified most commonly in association with larger diameter femoral heads. However, there is emerging evidence of varying levels of corrosion observed in retrieved components with smaller diameter femoral heads. This same mechanism of galvanic and mechanically-assisted crevice corrosion has been observed in metal-on-polyethylene and ceramic components, suggesting an inherent biomechanical problem with current designs of the head-neck interface.

We provide a review of the fundamental questions and answers clinicians and researchers must understand regarding corrosion of the taper, and its relevance to current orthopaedic practice.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:579–84.

After cemented total hip arthroplasty (THA) there may be failure at either the cement-stem or the cement-bone interface. This results from the occurrence of abnormally high shear and compressive stresses within the cement and excessive relative micromovement.

We therefore evaluated micromovement and stress at the cement-bone and cement-stem interfaces for a titanium and a chromium-cobalt stem. The behaviour of both implants was similar and no substantial differences were found in the size and distribution of micromovement on either interface with respect to the stiffness of the stem.

Micromovement was minimal with a cement mantle 3 to 4 mm thick but then increased with greater thickness of the cement. Abnormally high micromovement occurred when the cement was thinner than 2 mm and the stem was made of titanium.

The relative decrease in surface roughness augmented slipping but decreased debonding at the cement-bone interface. Shear stress at this site did not vary significantly for the different coefficients of cement-bone friction while compressive and hoop stresses within the cement increased slightly.

We studied prospectively the long-term results of the Charnley Elite-Plus femoral stem in 184 consecutive young patients (194 hips). There were 130 men and 54 women with a mean age of 49.1 years (21 to 60). The predominant diagnosis was osteonecrosis of the femoral head (63.6%, 117 patients). Clinical and radiological evaluation was undertaken at each follow-up. The mean follow-up was 11.2 years (10 to 12).

The mean pre-operative Harris hip score was 43.4 (12 to 49) which improved to 91 (59 to 100) at the final follow-up. The survival of the femoral stem at 12 years was 99% with revision as the end-point. The mean annual linear wear of the polyethylene liner was 0.17 mm (0.13 to 0.22). The prevalence of acetabular osteolysis was 10.8% (21 hips) and osteolysis of the calcar femorale 12.9% (25 hips).

A third-generation cementing technique, accurate alignment of the stem and the use of a 22 mm zirconia head were important factors in the prevention of aseptic loosening of the Elite Plus femoral stem in these high-risk young patients.

We retrieved 159 femoral heads at revision surgery to determine changes in surface configuration. Macroscopic wear of the head was observed in three bipolar hip prostheses as a result of three-body wear. There was a considerable change in surface roughness in the internal articulation of bipolar hip prostheses. Roughness in alumina heads was almost the same as that in new cobalt-chromium heads. The annual linear wear rate of polyethylene cups with alumina heads was less than that of cups with cobalt-chromium alloy heads. Polyethylene wear was increased in the prostheses which had increased roughness of the head.