Traditional procedures for orthopedic total joint replacements have relied upon bone cement to achieve long-term implant fixation. This remains the gold standard in number of procedures including TKR and PKR. In many cases however, implants fixed with cement have proven susceptible to aseptic loosening and 3rd body wear concerns. These issues have led to a shift away from cement fixation and towards devices that rely on the natural osteoconductive properties of bone and the ability of porous-coated implants to initiate on-growth and in-growth at the bone interface, leading to more reliable fixation. To facilitate long-term fixation through osseointegration, several mechanical means have been utilized as supplemental mechanism to aid in stabilizing the prostheses. These methods have included integrated keels and bone screws. The intent of these components is to limit implant movement and provide a stable environment for bone ingrowth to occur. Both methods have demonstrated limitations on safety and performance including bone fracture due keel induced stresses, loosening due to inconsistent pressfit of the keel, screw-thread stripping in cancellous bone, head-stripping, screw fracture, screw loosening, and screw pullout. An alternative method of fixation utilizing blade-based anchoring has been developed to overcome these limitations. The bladed-based fixation concept consists of a titanium alloy anchor with a “T-shaped” cross-section and sharped-leading end that can be impacted directly into bone. The profile is configured to have a bladed region on the horizontal crossbar of the “T” for engagement into bone and a solid rail at the other end to mates with a conforming slot on the primary body of the prosthesis. A biased chisel tip is added to the surface of the leading blade edge to draw the bone between the anchor's horizontal surface and surface of the implant, thus generating a compressive force at the bone-to-prothesis interface. The anchoring mechanism has been successfully been integrated into the tibial tray component of a partial knee replacement; an implant component that has a clinical history of revision due to loosening. A detailed investigation into the pulloff strength, wear debris generation, compressive-force properties, and susceptibility to tibial bone fracture was carried out on the anchor technology when integrated in a standard tibial tray of a partial knee replacement. When tested in rigid polyurethane bone foam (Sawbones, Grade 15) the pulloff strength of the construct increased by 360% when utilizing the anchor. The tibial tray and anchor construct were cycled under compressive loading and demonstrated no evidence of interface corrosion or wear debris generation after 1 million cycles. In addition, the anchor mechanism was shown to generate 340N of compressive force at the tibial tray-to-bone interface when evaluated with pressure sensitive film (Fuji Prescale, Medium Grade). Finally, the ultimate compressive load to induce tibial fracture was shown to increase by 17% for the anchored tray as compared to a traditional keeled tray when tested in an anatomic tibial sawbones model; and by 19% when evaluated in human cadaveric tibias. For any figures or tables, please contact authors directly.
Patellofemoral arthroplasty (PFA) has experienced significant improvements in implant survivorship with second-generation designs. This has renewed interest in PFA as an alternative to total knee arthroplasty (TKA) for younger, active patients with isolated patellofemoral osteoarthritis (PF OA). The decision to select PFA over TKA balances the clinical benefits of sparing healthy knee compartments and ligaments against the risk of downstream conversion arthroplasty. We analyzed the cost-effectiveness of PFA versus TKA for the surgical management of isolated PF OA. We used a Markov transition-state model (Figure 1) to compare cost-effectiveness between PFA and TKA. Cohorts were aged 60 (base case) and 50 years. Lifetime costs (2015 USD), quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gains and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) were calculated from a healthcare payer perspective. Annual revision rates were derived from the United Kingdom National Joint Registry and validated against the highest quality literature available. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analysis was performed for all parameters against a $50,000/QALY willingness-to-pay. Results for the 50 year-old cohort were similar to those of the base case simulation.Purpose
Methods
There is a growing interest in surgical variables that are controlled by the orthopaedic surgeon, including lower leg alignment and soft tissue balancing. Since more tight control over these factors is associated with improved outcomes of total knee arthroplasty (TKA), several computer navigation systems have been developed. Many meta-analyses showed that mechanical axis accuracy and component positioning are improved using computer navigation and one may therefore expect better outcomes with computer navigation but studies showing this are lacking. Therefore, a systematic review with meta-analysis was performed on studies comparing functional outcomes of computer-navigated and conventional TKA. Goals of this study were to (I) assess outcomes of computer-navigated versus conventional TKA and (II) to stratify these results by the surgical variables the systems aim to control. A systematic search in PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library was performed for comparative studies reporting functional outcomes of computer-navigated versus conventional TKA. Knee Society Scores (KSS) Total were most often reported and studies reporting this outcome score were included. Outcomes of computer-navigated and conventional TKA were compared (I) in all studies and (II) stratified by navigation systems that only controlled for lower leg alignment or systems that controlled for lower leg alignment and soft tissue balancing. Level of evidence was determined using the adjusted Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine tool and methodological quality was assessed using Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) tool. Outcomes were reported in mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence intervals [Lower Bound 95%, Upper Bound 95%].INTRODUCTION
METHODS
Successful clinical outcomes following unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) depend on component positioning, soft tissue balance and lower limb alignment, all of which can be difficult to achieve using manual instrumentation. A new robotic-guided technology has been shown to improve postoperative implant positioning and lower limb alignment in UKA but so far no studies have reported clinical results of robotic-assisted medial UKA. Goal of this study therefore was to assess outcomes of robotic-assisted medial UKA in a large cohort of patients at short-term follow-up. This multicenter study with IRB approval examines the survivorship and satisfaction of this robotic-assisted procedure coupled with an anatomically designed UKA implant at a minimum of two-year follow-up. A total of 1007 patients (1135 knees) underwent robotic-assisted surgery for a medial UKA from six surgeons at separate institutions in the United States. All patients received a fixed-bearing metal backed onlay implant as the tibial component between March 2009 and December 2011 (Figure 1). Each patient was contacted at minimum two-year follow-up and asked a series of five questions to determine implant survivorship and patient satisfaction. Survivorship analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier method and worst-case scenario analysis was performed whereby all patients were considered as revision when they declined study participation. Revision rates were compared in younger and older patients (age cut-off 60 years) and in patients with different body mass index (body mass index cut-off 35 kg/m2). Two-sided chi-square tests were used to compare these groups.INTRODUCTION
METHODS
Medial and lateral unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) are both reliable treatment options for isolated osteoarthritis. Postoperative lower leg alignment is known to play an important role on short-term functional outcomes, which is an important argument for the use of robotic-assisted surgery. Since several anatomical and kinematic differences exist between both compartments, it seems inaccurate to aim for similar postoperative lower leg alignment in medial and lateral UKA. Purpose of this study was (I) to compare outcomes between both procedures and (II) to assess the role of preoperative and postoperative alignment on short-term outcomes in both procedures. Patients who underwent robotic-assisted medial or lateral UKA were included if they completed functional outcomes questionnaires preoperatively and postoperatively (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis score) and completed an artificial joint awareness questionnaire (Forgotten Joint Score) postoperatively (not used preoperatively). A total of 143 medial UKA and 36 lateral UKA patients were included and mean follow-up was 2.4-years (range: 2.0 – 5.0 year). Postoperative alignment was measured using hip-knee-ankle radiographs with a standardized method. Alignment was categorized in medial and lateral UKA as undercorrection (3° to 7° varus or valgus, respectively), neutral (−1° to 3° varus or valgus, respectively), or overcorrection (3° to 7° valgus or varus, respectively). Outcomes were compared using independent t-tests and Pearson correlation analysis was performed to assess a correlation between alignment and outcomes.INTRODUCTION
METHODS
Cementless unicondylar knee implants are intended to offer surgeons the potential of a faster and less invasive surgery experience in comparison to cemented procedures. However, initial 8 week fixation with micromotion less than 150µm is crucial to their survivorship1 to avoid loosening2. Test methods by Davignon et al3 for micromotion were used to assess fixation of the MAKO UKR Tritanium (MAKO) (Stryker, NJ) and the Oxford Cementless UKR (Biomet, IN). Data was analyzed to determine the activities of daily living (ADL) that generate the highest forces and displacements4, 5. Stair ascent with 3.2BW compressive posterior tibial load was identified to be an ADL which may cause the most micromotion5. Based on previous studies6, 10,000 cycles was set as the run-time. The AP and IE profiles were scaled back to 60% for the Oxford samples to prevent the congruent insert from dislocating. A four-axis test machine (MTS, MN) was used. The largest size UKRs were prepared per manufacturer's surgical technique. Baseplates were inserted into Sawbones (Pacific Research, WA) blocks1. Femoral components were cemented to arbors. The medial compartment was tested, and the lateral implants were attached to balance the loads. Five tests were conducted for each implant with a new Sawbones and insert for each test per the test method3. The ARAMIS System (GOM, Germany) was used to measure relative motion between the baseplate and the Sawbones at three anteromedial locations (Fig. 1). Peak-Peak (P-P) micromotion was calculated in the compressive and A/P directions. FEA studies replicating the most extreme static loading positions for MAKO micromotion were conducted to compare with the physical test results using ANSYS14.5 (ANSYS, PA).Introduction
Methods
Medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) restores mechanical alignment and reduces lateral subluxation of the tibia. However, medial compartment translation remains abnormal compared to the native knee in mid-flexion Intra-operative adjustment of implant thickness can modulate ligament tension and may improve knee kinematics. However, the relationship between insert thickness, ligament loads, and knee kinematics is not well understood. Therefore, we used a computational model to assess the sensitivity of knee kinematics, and cruciate and collateral ligament forces to tibial component thickness with fixed bearing medial UKA. A computational model of the knee with subject-specific bone geometries, articular cartilage, and menisci was developed using multibody dynamics software (Fig 1a). The ligaments were represented with multiple non-linear, tension-only force elements, and incorporated mean structural properties. The 3D geometries of the femoral and tibial components of the Stryker Triathlon fixed-bearing UKA were captured using a laser scanner. An arthroplasty surgeon aligned the femoral and tibial components to the articular surfaces within the model (Fig 1b). The intact and UKA models were passively flexed from 0 to 90° under a 10 N compressive load. The tibial polyethylene insert was modeled by the orthopaedic surgeon to create a “balanced” knee. The modeled polyethylene insert thickness was then increased by 2 mm and decreased 2mm (in increments of 1mm) to simulate over- and under-stuffing, respectively. Outcomes were anterior-posterior (AP) translation of the femur on the tibia in the medial compartment, and forces seen by the ACL and MCL during mid-flexion (from 30 to 60° flexion). The mean differences between the intact knee model and all other experimental conditions for each outcome were calculated across mid-flexion.Introduction
Methods
High BMI has been classically regarded as a contraindication for unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) as it can potentially lead to poor clinical outcomes and a higher risk of failure. In recent years, UKA has increased in popularity and, as a result, patient selection criteria are beginning to broaden. However, UKA performed manually continues to be technically challenging and surgical technique errors may result in suboptimal implant positioning. UKA performed with robotic assistance has been shown to improve component positioning, overall limb alignment, and ligament balancing, resulting in overall improved clinical outcomes. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of high BMI in patients receiving UKA with robotic assistance. 1007 patients (1135 knees) were identified in an initial and consecutive multi-surgeon multi-center series receiving robotically assisted medial UKA, with a fixed bearing metal backed onlay tibial component. As part of an IRB approved study, every patient in the series was contacted at a minimum two year (±2 months) follow up and asked a series of questions to determine implant survivorship and satisfaction. 160 patients were lost to follow up, 35 patients declined to participate, and 15 patients were deceased. 797 patients (909 knees) at a minimum two year follow up enrolled in the study for an enrollment rate of 80%. 45% of the patients were female. The average age at time of surgery was 69.0 ± 9.5 (range: 39–93). BMI data was available for 887 knees; the average BMI at time of surgery was 29.4 ± 4.9. Patients were stratified in to five categories based on their BMI: normal (< 25; 16%), overweight (25–30; 46%), obese class I (30–35; 25%), obese class II (35–40; 11%) and obese class III (>40; 2%).Introduction
Methods
Historically, the outcomes of knee replacement were evaluated based on implant longevity, major complications and range of motion. Over the last recent years however, there has been an intensively growth of interest in the patient's perception of functional outcome. However, the currently used patient related outcome (PRO) scores are limited by ceiling effects which limit the possibility to distinguish between good and excellent results post knee arthroplasty. The Forgotten Joint Score (FJS) is a new PRO score which is not influenced by ceiling effects, therefore making it the ideal instrument to compare functional outcome between various types of implants. It is based on the thought that the ultimate goal in joint arthroplasty is the ability of a patient to forget their artificial joint in everyday life. The aim of this study is to compare the FJS between patients who undergo TKA and patients who undergo medial UKA at least 12 months post-operatively. We hypothesized that the UKA which is less extensive surgical procedure will present better FJS than TKA, even 12 month postoperative. All patients who underwent medial UKA or TKA were contacted 12 months post-operatively. They were asked to complete the FJS, the Western Ontario and McMasters Universities Osteoarthritis index (WOMAC) and the EuroQol-5D (EQ-5D). A priori power analysis was conducted using two-sample t-test. 64 patients in each group were needed to reach 80% power for detecting a 12 point (SD 24) significant difference on the FJS scale with a two-sided significant level of 0.05. A p-value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant.Introduction
Methods
Chronic uneven distribution of forces over the articular cartilage, which are present in OA, has been shown to be a risk factor for the development of OA. Certain regions of the articular cartilage will be exposed to increased chronic peak loads, whereas other regions encounter a corresponding relative reduction of transmitted forces. This has a well known influence on cartilage viability and is a precursor of degenerative progression. Congruence of joints has an important impact on force distribution across articular surfaces. Therefore, tibiofemoral incongruence could lead to alterations of load distribution and ultimately to progressive degenerative changes. In clinical practice the routine method for evaluation of progressive OA is analysis of joint space width (JSW) using weight bearing radiographs. Recent studies have suggested that JSW has a strong positive correlation with cartilage compression, volume and meniscal extrusion Lateral unicondylar knee arthroplasty (UKA) has gained increasing popularity over the last decade in the treatment of isolated unicompartmental osteoarthritis (OA). However, progressive degenerative alterations of the medial compartment following lateral unicompartmental knee arthroplasty remains a leading cause of revision surgery. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the medial compartment congruence (MCC) and joint space width (JSW) alterations following lateral UKA. The MCC of 53 knees following lateral UKA was evaluated on pre- and postoperative radiographs and compared to 41 healthy knees, using an Interative Closest Point (ICP) algorithm. The ICP algorithm calculated the Congruence Index (CI) by performing a rigid transformation that best aligns the digitized tibial and femoral surfaces (figure 1A). Inner, middle and outer JSW was measured by subdividing the medial compartment into four quarters on weight bearing tunnel view radiographs pre- and postoperatively (figure 1B).Introduction
Methods
There are several advantages of unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) in the treatment of isolated compartment osteoarthritis (OA) compared to the conventional total knee arthroplasty. Although various series report similar survivorship results, the national registries tend to show higher revision rates among the UKA. Persisting, unexplainable pain is a leading cause for UKA revision surgery. Therefore it is essential to investigate the various patient specific characteristics which might influence outcome following UKA in order to minimize revision rates and optimize clinical outcomes. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the influence of the various individual patient factors, including pre-operative radiographic parameters, on the outcome following UKA. 168 consecutive patients who underwent robot assisted UKA (MAKO Tactile Guidance System, MAKO Surgical Corporation, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA) were included. The investigated pre- and/or postoperative parameters included gender, BMI, age, type of tibial implant (inlay versus onlay), laterality, state of OA (i.e. Kellgren and Lawrence grade) of the operated and non-operated compartment and mechanical axis alignment. Pre-operatively and at a minimum of 1 year (average 1.97 years, range 1 – 4.2 years) following surgery, patients were asked to complete the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) questionnaire. It is subdivided in three separate scales (i.e. pain, stiffness and function). A score of 0 represents the best possible outcome and a score of 100 the worst. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.Introduction
Methods
Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) is a well established method for treatment of single compartment arthritis. However, a subset of patients still present with continued pain after their procedure in the setting of a normal radiographic examination. We propose the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a useful modality in determining the etiology of symptoms in symptomatic unicompartmental knee arthroplasties. An IRB-approved retrospective analysis of 300 consecutive unicompartmental knee arthroplasties between 2008–2010 found 28 cases symptomatic for continued pain. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed with a 1.5 T Surface Coil unit after clinical and radiographic assessment. MRI evaluation included assessment for osteoarthritis, synovitis, osteolysis, and loosening. Validated questionnaires including PAQ, WOMAC and UCLA Activity Score were used for clinical assessmentIntroduction:
Materials & Methods:
Successful clinical outcomes following unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) depend on component positioning, soft tissue balance and overall limb alignment which can be difficult to achieve using manual instrumentation. Recently, robotically guided technology has been used to improve post-operative implant positioning, and limb alignment in UKA with the expectation that this will result in greater implant longevity. This multi-center study examines the survivorship of this robotically guided procedure coupled with a novel, anatomically designed UKA implant at two years follow up. This study examines the two year survivorship and patient satisfaction of an anatomically designed UKA implant using a new robotically guided technology that has been shown to improve implant positioning and alignment.INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVES
Limb alignment after unicondylar knee arthroplasty (UKA) has a significant impact on surgical outcomes. The literature lacks studies that evaluate the limb alignment after lateral UKA or compare alignment outcomes between medial and lateral UKA. In this study, we retrospectively compare a single surgeon's alignment outcomes between medial and lateral UKA using a robotic-guided protocol. All surgeries were performed by a single surgeon using the same planning software and robotic guidance for execution of the surgical plan. The senior surgeon's prospective database was reviewed to identify patients who had 1) undergone medial or lateral UKA for unicompartmental osteoarthritis; and 2) had adequate pre- and post-operative full-length standing radiographs. There were 229 medial UKAs and 37 lateral UKAs in this study. Mechanical limb alignment was measured in standing long limb radiographs both pre- and post-operatively. Intra-operatively, limb alignment was measured using the computer assisted navigation system. The primary outcome was over-correction of the mechanical alignment (i.e, past neutral). Our secondary outcome was the difference between the radiographic post-operative alignment and the intra-operative “virtual” alignment as measured by the computer navigation system. This allowed an assessment of the accuracy of our navigation system for predicting post-operative limb alignment after UKA.Introduction
Methods
The number of medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasties (UKA) performed over the last decade has increased by 30%, as studies have demonstrated improved knee kinematics, range of motion, and decreased perioperative morbidity versus total knee arthroplasty. However, concerns remain regarding the future risk of revision due to lateral compartment degeneration. In patients with a varus mechanical alignment and tibiofemoral subluxation secondary to medial compartment osteoarthritis, the femoral and tibial articular surfaces of the lateral compartment subsequently become incongruous, potentially increasing the focal contact stresses seen with loading. The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether the tibiofemoral congruence of the lateral compartment of the knee is improved following a medial UKA. This study is a retrospective review of 192 consecutive medial UKAs included in an IRB-approved, single-surgeon database. All UKAs were performed using a robot-assisted surgical technique. Preoperative and postoperative standing, anteroposterior hip-to-ankle radiographs controlling for lower extremity rotation were performed from which the congruence of the lateral compartment was measured. The preoperative and postoperative degree of articular congruence (congruence index, CI) was calculated using an iterative closest point (ICP)-based software code (Matlab, MathWorks Inc., Natick, MA), specially developed to evaluate congruence of knee compartments. Following digitization of the articular surfaces of the femur and tibia, the code performs a rigid transformation that best aligns the articular surfaces and evaluates the current degree of articular congruence. A congruence index (CI) is then calculated, with a value of 1 indicating complete congruence, and a value of 0 indicating a 100% dislocation of the articular surfaces. A student's t-test was used to compare the preoperative and postoperative values of lateral compartment congruence.Introduction:
Methods:
Two fixed bearing options exist for tibial resurfacing when performing unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA). Inlay components are polyethylene-only implants inserted into a carved pocket on the tibial surface, relying upon the subchondral bone to support the implant. Onlay components have a metal base plate and are placed on top of a flat tibial cut, supported by a rim of cortical bone. To our knowledge, there is no published report that compares the clinical outcomes of these two implants using a robotically controlled surgical technique. We performed a retrospective review of a single surgeon's experience with Inlay versus Onlay components, using a robotic-guided protocol. All surgeries were performed using the same planning software and robotic guidance for execution of the surgical plan (Mako Surgical, Fort Lauderdale, FL). The senior surgeon's prospective database was reviewed to identify patients with 1) medial-sided UKA and 2) at least two years of clinical follow up. Eighty-six patients met these inclusion/exclusion criteria: 41 Inlays and 45 Onlays. Five patients underwent a secondary or revision procedure during the follow up period and were considered separately. Our primary outcome was the WOMAC score, subcategorized by the Pain, Stiffness, and Function sub-scores. The secondary outcome was need for secondary surgery. Continuous variables were analyzed using the two-tailed Student's t-test; categorical variables were analyzed using Fisher's exact test.Introduction:
Methods:
Lower limb alignment after unicondylar knee arthroplasty (UKA) has a significant impact on surgical outcomes. The literature lacks studies that evaluate the limb alignment after lateral UKA or compare it to alignment outcomes after medial UKA, making our understanding of this issue based on medial UKA studies. Unfortunately, since the geometry, mechanics, and ligamentous physiology are different between these two compartments, drawing conclusions for lateral UKAs based on medial UKA results may be imprecise and misleading. The purpose of this study was to compare the risk for limb alignment overcorrection and the ability to predict postoperative limb alignment between medial and lateral UKA. We evaluated the results of mechanical limb alignment in 241 patients with unicompartmental knee osteoarthritis who underwent medial or lateral UKA; there were 229 medial UKAs and 37 lateral UKAs. Mechanical limb alignment was measured in standing long limb radiographs pre and post-operatively, intra-operatively it was measured using a computer assisted navigation system. Between the two cohorts, we compared the percentage of overcorrection and the difference between post-operative alignment and alignment measured by the navigation system. The percentage of overcorrection was significantly higher in the lateral UKA group (11%), when compared to the medial UKA group (4%), (p= 0.0001). In the medial UKA group, the mean difference between the intraoperative “virtual” alignment provided by the navigation system, and the post-operative, radiographically measured mechanical axis, was 1.33°(±1.2°). This was significantly lower than the mean 1.86° (±1.33°) difference in the lateral UKA group (p=0.019). Our data demonstrated an increased risk of mechanical limb alignment overcorrection and greater difficulty in predicting postoperative alignment using computer navigation, when performing lateral UKAs compared to medial UKAs.
Lower limb alignment after unicondylar knee arthroplasty (UKA) has a significant impact on surgical outcomes. The literature lacks studies that evaluate the limb alignment after lateral UKA or compare it to alignment outcomes after medial UKA, making our understanding of this issue based on medial UKA studies. Unfortunately, since the geometry, mechanics, and ligamentous physiology are different between these two compartments, drawing conclusions for lateral UKAs based on medial UKA results may be imprecise and misleading. The purpose of this study was to compare the risk for limb alignment overcorrection and the ability to predict postoperative limb alignment between medial and lateral UKA. We evaluated the results of mechanical limb alignment in 241 patients with unicompartmental knee osteoarthritis who underwent medial or lateral UKA; there were 229 medial UKAs and 37 lateral UKAs. Mechanical limb alignment was measured in standing long limb radiographs pre and post-operatively, intra-operatively it was measured using a computer assisted navigation system. Between the two cohorts, we compared the percentage of overcorrection and the difference between post-operative alignment and alignment measured by the navigation system. The percentage of overcorrection was significantly higher in the lateral UKA group (11%), when compared to the medial UKA group (4%), (p= 0.0001). In the medial UKA group, the mean difference between the intraoperative “virtual” alignment provided by the navigation system, and the post-operative, radiographically measured mechanical axis, was 1.33°(±1.2°). This was significantly lower than the mean 1.86° (±1.33°) difference in the lateral UKA group (p=0.019). Our data demonstrated an increased risk of mechanical limb alignment overcorrection and greater difficulty in predicting postoperative alignment using computer navigation, when performing lateral UKAs compared to medial UKAs.
The aim of this study was to quantitatively analyze the amount coronal plane laxity in mid-flexion that occurs in a well-balanced knee with an elevated joint line of 4 mm. In the setting an elevated joint line, we hypothesized that we would observe an increased varus and/or valgus laxity throughout mid flexion. After obtaining IRB approval, nine fresh-frozen cadaver legs from hip-to-toe underwent TKA with a posterior stabilized implant (APEX PS, OMNIlife Science, Inc.) using a computer navigation system equipped with a robotic cutting-guide, in this controlled laboratory cadaveric study. After the initial tibial and femoral resections were performed, the flexion and extension gaps were balanced using navigation, and a 4 mm recut was made in the distal femur. The remaining femoral cuts were made, the femoral component was downsized by resecting an additional 4 mm of bone off the posterior condyles, and the polyethylene was increased by 4 mm to create a situation of a well-balanced knee with an elevated joint line. Real implants were used in the study to eliminate any inherent error or laxity in the trials. The navigation system was used to measure overall coronal plane laxity by measuring the mechanical alignment angle at maximum extension, 30, 45, 60 and 90 degrees of flexion, when applying a standardized varus/valgus load of 9.8 [Nm] across the knee using a 4 kg spring-load located at 25 cm distal to the knee joint line (Figure 1). Coronal plane laxity was defined as the absolute difference (in degrees) between the mean mechanical alignment angle obtained from applying a standardized varus and valgus stress at 0, 30, 45, 60 and 90 degrees. Each measurement was performed three separate times. Two tailed student t-tests were performed to analyze whether there was difference in the mean mechanical alignment angle at 0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, and 90° between the well balanced scenario and following a 4 mm joint line elevation with an otherwise well balanced knee.Introduction
Methods
The aim of this study was to quantitatively analyze the amount coronal plane laxity in mid-flexion that occurs with a loose extension gap in TKA. In the setting of a loose extension gap, we hypothesized that although full extension is achieved, a loose extension gap will ultimately lead to increased varus and/or valgus laxity throughout mid flexion. After obtaining IRB approval, six fresh-frozen cadaver legs from hip-to-toe underwent TKA with a posterior stabilized implant (APEX PS OMNIlife Science, Inc.) using a computer navigation system equipped with a robotic cutting-guide, in this controlled laboratory cadaveric study. After the initial tibial and femoral resections were performed, and the flexion and extension gaps were balanced using navigation, a 4 mm distal recut was made in the distal femur to create a loose extension gap (using the same thickness of polyethylene as the well-balanced case). Real implants were used in the study to eliminate error in any laxity inherent to the trials. The navigation system was used to measure overall coronal plane laxity by measuring the mechanical alignment angle at maximum extension, 30, 45, 60 and 90 degrees of flexion, when applying a standardized varus/valgus load of 9.8 [Nm] across the knee using a 4 kg spring-load located at 25 cm distal to the knee joint line. (Figure 1). Coronal plane laxity was defined as the absolute difference (in degrees) between the mean mechanical alignment angle obtained from applying a standardized varus and valgus stress at 0, 30, 45, 60 and 90 degrees. Each measurement was performed three separate times. Two tailed student t-tests were performed to analyze whether there was difference in the mean mechanical alignment angle at 0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, and 90° between the well balanced scenario and following a 4 mm recut in the distal femur creating a loose extension gap.Introduction
Methods
