Introduction. This study evaluates the need for limb reconstruction surgery in Syria and gives examples of how this service has been delivered by UK surgeons. The conflict in Syria has resulted in over 500,000 deaths and 1.2 million injured. There is not yet a centre for limb reconstruction surgery in the country. Injuries from gunshots and shrapnel were not common prior to the civil war resulting in a paucity of experience. Methods. The senior author spent two weeks in Syria to perform limb reconstruction surgery, to help to train local surgeons and assess the capacity of the facilities available to cope with the limb reconstruction workload. Results. 93 outpatients were assessed over the course of ten days, and 72 of these required definitive surgical intervention. 33 of these patients were candidates for intervention with circular frames. As well as outpatient assessment, surgical procedures were carried out on 22 patients. 11 procedures involved the application of circular frames; 4 involved the application of monolateral fixators and there were 2 other frame related procedures. Discussion. The lack of definitive capacity exists because of shortfalls in equipment, training, and surgical time. The outpatient assessments of patients given temporary or no treatment, who require definitive surgical intervention allows a projection of the need for 3900 surgical procedures over the course of a year, for the patients within the catchment area of this hospital alone. This is an overwhelming number that cannot be achieved without external help. Conclusion. The limb reconstruction workload in Syria is enormous, and rising every day. There are opportunities for members of the BLRS to contribute to mitigating this human suffering by providing this service

Limb reconstruction requires high levels of patient compliance and impacts heavily on social circumstances. The epidemiology and socioeconomic description of trauma patients has been well documented, however no study has assessed the epidemiology of limb reconstruction patients. The aim of this project is to describe patients attending Limb Reconstruction Services (LRS) in order to highlight and address the social implications of their care. All LRS cases under a single surgeon in a district general hospital were included from 2010 – 2016. Demographics, ASA grade, smoking status, mental health status and employment status were collated. Postcode was converted into an Index of Multiple Deprivation score using GeoConvert® software. Patient socioeconomic status was then ranked into national deprivation score quintiles (quintile 1 is most affluent, quintile 5 is most deprived). Deprivation scores were adjusted by census data and analysed with Student's T-test. The distance from the patient's residence to the hospital was generated through AA route planner®. Patient attendance at clinic and elective or emergency admissions was also assessed. Patient outcomes were not part of this research. There were 53 patients, of which 66% (n=35) were male, with a mean age of 45 years (range 21–89 years). Most patients were smokers (55%, n=29), 83% (n=42) were ASA 1 or 2 (there were no ASA 4 patients). The majority of indications were for acute trauma (49%), chronic complications of trauma (32%), congenital deformity (15%) and salvage fusion (4%). Mental health issues affected 23% (n=12) of cases and 57% of working-aged patients were unemployed. Mental health patients had a higher rate of trauma as an indication than the rest of the cohort (93% vs. 76%). Deprivation quintiles identified that LRS patients were more deprived (63% in quintiles 4 and 5 vs. 12% of 1 and 2), but this failed to reach statistical significance (p=0.9359). The mean distance from residence to hospital was 12 miles (range 0.35–105 miles, median 7 miles). The patients derived from a large region made up of 12 local authorities. There was a mean of 17 individual LRS clinic attendances per patient (range: 3–42). Cumulative distance travelled for each patient during LRS treatment was a mean of 495 miles (range 28 – 2008 miles). The total distance travelled for all 53 patients was over 26,000 miles. The results largely mirror the findings of trauma demographic and socioeconomic epidemiology, due to the majority of LRS indications being post-traumatic in this series. The high rates of unemployment and mental health problems may be a risk factor for requiring LRS management, or may be a product of the treatment. Clinicians may want to consider a social care strategy alongside their surgical strategy and fully utilise their broader MDT to address the social inequalities in these patients. This strategy should include a mental health assessment, smoking cessation therapy, sign-posted support for employment circumstances and a plan for travel to the hospital. The utilisation and cost of ambulance services was not possible with this methodology. Further work should prospectively assess the changes in housing circumstances, community healthcare needs and whether there was a return to employment and independent ambulation at the end of treatment

Purpose. To review the natural history of posteromedial bowing of the tibia and the outcome of limb reconstruction in this condition. Patients and Methods. 38 patients with posteromedial bowing of the tibia presenting between 2000–2016 were identified. Mean follow up from presentation was 78 months. Seventeen patients underwent lengthening and deformity correction surgery, whilst 3 further patients are awaiting lengthening and deformity correction procedures. Results. The greatest correction of deformity occurred in the first year of life, but after the age of 4 years, remodelling was limited. The absolute leg length discrepancy (LLD) increased throughout growth with a mean 14.3% discrepancy in tibial length. In the lengthening group, mean length gained per episode was 45mm (35–60). Mean duration in frame was 192 days, with a healing index of 42.4 days/cm. Significantly higher rates of recurrence in LLD were seen in those undergoing lengthening under the age of 10 years (p=0.046). Four contralateral epiphysiodeses were also performed. Conclusions. Posteromedial bowing of the tibia improves spontaneously during the first years of life, but in 20/38 (53%) patients, limb reconstruction was indicated for significant residual deformity and/or worsening length discrepancy. For larger discrepancies and persistent deformity, limb reconstruction with a hexapod external fixator is an effective technique and should be considered as part of the treatment options. Level of evidence. Level 4 (Case series)

Care of complex and open fractures may provide better results if undertaken in larger units, typically Major Trauma Centres (MTCs) or Orthoplastic units. Some ‘complex injuries’ may still be admitted to units lacking specialist services potentially delaying definitive treatment. The aim of this study was to analyse the referral pattern for acute inpatient transfer in an adult limb reconstruction unit for one calendar year. Prospectively collected data from an electronic database for 2016 was reviewed. All records were evaluated for, diagnosis, time from injury to referral, nature of initial treatment, time to transfer, details of definitive surgery, and time to repatriation. There were 91 formal electronic referrals, 84 of which considered appropriate for inpatient transfer. 74 were for fresh complex fractures, including 22 pilon fractures and 23 bicondylar tibial fractures. Median delay to request transfers for acute trauma was 3 days (0d-19d), delay from referral to transfer was 8.5 days (1d-31d) and delay from date of injury to definitive surgery was 13 days (1d-52d). 9 patients with Grade 3 open fractures and had primary debridement at the referring institution with a median delay to definitive orthoplastic surgery of 9 days (5d-20d). Only 17 of 61 per-articular fractures had spanning external fixation at the referring institution. Delay to repatriation was 8 days (0d–72d). This study demonstrates organisational failures in acute orthopaedic care: open fractures not being primarily treated in orthoplastic centres or MTCs, delays in transfers due to bed-blocks, and significant delays in repatriation. It also demonstrates scope for improvement in clinical practice, and in particular, the need to reinforce the advantages of spanning external fixation of periarticular fractures. Our data serves to highlight continuing problems in delivery of acute fracture care, despite widely publicised recent national guidelines

Aims

Pin-site infection remains a significant problem for patients treated by external fixation. A randomized trial was undertaken to compare the weekly use of alcoholic chlorhexidine (CHX) for pin-site care with an emollient skin preparation in patients with a tibial fracture treated with a circular frame.

Aims. Ankle fractures are common injuries and the third most common fragility fracture. In all, 40% of ankle fractures in the frail are open and represent a complex clinical scenario, with morbidity and mortality rates similar to hip fracture patients. They have a higher risk of complications, such as wound infections, malunion, hospital-acquired infections, pressure sores, veno-thromboembolic events, and significant sarcopaenia from prolonged bed rest. Methods. A modified Delphi method was used and a group of experts with a vested interest in best practice were invited from the British Foot and Ankle Society (BOFAS), British Orthopaedic Association (BOA), Orthopaedic Trauma Society (OTS), British Association of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgeons (BAPRAS), British Geriatric Society (BGS), and the British Limb Reconstruction Society (BLRS). Results. In the first stage, there were 36 respondents to the survey, with over 70% stating their unit treats more than 20 such cases per year. There was a 50:50 split regarding if the timing of surgery should be within 36 hours, as per the hip fracture guidelines, or 72 hours, as per the open fracture guidelines. Overall, 75% would attempt primary wound closure and 25% would utilize a local flap. There was no orthopaedic agreement on fixation, and 75% would permit weightbearing immediately. In the second stage, performed at the BLRS meeting, experts discussed the survey results and agreed upon a consensus for the management of open elderly ankle fractures. Conclusion. A mutually agreed consensus from the expert panel was reached to enable the best practice for the management of patients with frailty with an open ankle fracture: 1) all units managing lower limb fragility fractures should do so through a cohorted multidisciplinary pathway. This pathway should follow the standards laid down in the "care of the older or frail orthopaedic trauma patient" British Orthopaedic Association Standards for Trauma and Orthopaedics (BOAST) guideline. These patients have low bone density, and we should recommend full falls and bone health assessment; 2) all open lower limb fragility fractures should be treated in a single stage within 24 hours of injury if possible; 3) all patients with fragility fractures of the lower limb should be considered for mobilisation on the day following surgery; 4) all patients with lower limb open fragility fractures should be considered for tissue sparing, with judicious debridement as a default; 5) all patients with open lower limb fragility fractures should be managed by a consultant plastic surgeon with primary closure wherever possible; and 6) the method of fixation must allow for immediate unrestricted weightbearing. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2024;5(3):236–242

Background. Patients requiring lower limb reconstruction have often undergone significant trauma. In some patients this is a consequence of self-harm, others develop depression as a result of the accidental trauma that caused their injury. Little is known of the extent of the problem and how it changes over the course of their treatment. Design and Methods. Patients undergoing limb reconstruction in a major trauma centre were asked to complete an online questionnaire on the day of surgery. This included a Zung self-rating depression score, LEFS and EQ5D. They were asked to complete these again at subsequent post-operative time points. Results. Provisional results showed that all 3 outcome measures fluctuated over 6 months. Most patients triggered for at least mild depression on the Zung Self Rating Depression score at one or more time points. Not all patients had completed the questionnaire at all time points. Of those who did complete multiple time points, there was variation in the change in LEFS. Conclusion. Patients undergoing lower limb reconstruction are vulnerable to depression. There may be a correlation between mood and lower limb function. Gaining better understanding of these problems and how they change over time could help direct services to improve support for these patients

There is an ongoing revolution in the use of data within orthopaedics and medicine in general, with an imperative for surgeons to be involved from the bottom up and better define the data collection culture. The use of registries plays a major role in the development of “big data” in orthopaedics. There are multiple examples that are already set up and running, both those inspired and set up by clinicians or those where the main stakeholders may lay people, with some input from clinicians. The British Limb Reconstruction society is no exception, with registries for lengthening nails and pilon fractures due to roll out imminently. The BLRS has tasked this years BOA clinical leadership fellow to investigate the current state of registries among the specialist orthopaedic societies. In particular, comparison of the already well established registries and national audits with the development of registry projects in the smaller societies. The issues of funding, consent, infrastructure and governance each infer particular challenges when translating the methods of the larger registries to the needs and resources of a smaller group. We have aimed to consider these challenges in relation to the set-up of the BLRS registries in order to better understand the potential future pitfalls and opportunities

Aims

The aim of this study was to perform the first population-based description of the epidemiological and health economic burden of fracture-related infection (FRI).

BACKGROUND. Most closed tibial fractures in children can be treated conservatively. On the occasions that surgical intervention is required, there are various options available to stabilise the fracture. We would like to present our experience of using monolateral external fixators in the management of closed tibial fractures. Aim. We sought to assess the time to healing, limb alignment, and complications observed in a cohort of tibial fractures treated with external fixation. METHODS. Our limb reconstruction database was used to identify patients who underwent monolateral external fixation for a closed tibial fracture between January 2008 and December 2016. Radiographs of all patients were assessed to determine the original fracture pattern. Time to union was assessed as the time when the fixator was removed and the patient allowed to mobilise independently without any further support of the limb. The presence or absence of residual deformity was assessed on final follow-up radiographs. RESULTS. 22 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. 78% of patients had both tibial and fibular fracture. The mean age at injury was 12 years. The mean time taken for the fracture to heal was 18 weeks. The total duration of follow-up averaged 9 months. The mean Valgus deformity at the final follow up was 4 degrees and the mean Varus deformity was 4 degrees. The mean procurvatum was 4.2 degrees and the mean recurvatum was 6 degrees. 50% of patients had pin site infection. Two patients had tibio fibular synostosis. None of them had leg length discrepancy or refractures. There were no episodes of osteomyelitis. CONCLUSIONS. Five degree of coronal plane deformity and ten degree of sagittal deformity were considered as acceptable in children due to their potential for remodeling. All our patients had acceptable levels of residual deformity. In our opinion monolateral external fixation represents a safe and effective option

Background:. Lower limb reconstruction is performed in trauma centres where uplifted tariffs support the treatment of severely injured patients. Calculation of Healthcare Resource Groups (HRG4) codes is affected by the accuracy of clinical coding, determining the financial viability of this service in a district general hospital (DGH). Methods:. A prospective review of coding was performed for 17 sequential patients treated using ring fixation. Relevant clinical codes and HRG4 tariffs were obtained, allowing comparison with operation notes (including pertinent diagnostic information) and implant costs. Hexapod and paediatric cases were excluded. Results:. Mean implant costs were £3,300 and mean tariffs were £9,300. However, the tariffs for the care episodes which did not attract a code for ‘reconstruction’ were lower, averaging £4,300. Clinical outcomes were comparable to published literature. No uplift was received. Discussion:. Despite attempts to avoid mis-coding for the fledgling service and factoring ancillary costs of patient care, the ring fixation procedures which resulted in HRG4 codes other than those for limb reconstruction cost the trust more than it received. Conclusion:. Lower limb reconstruction is barely financially viable even when coding is carefully performed. It is financially easier for this Trust to transfer patients to a trauma centre

Background:. Developing a successful outpatient service for Ilizarov frame removal provides both patient and cost benefits. Misinformation and patient trepidation can be detrimental to recovery and influence choices. Education may play an important role in tailoring an efficacious service. Objective:. Review Belfast Regional Limb Reconstruction frame removal practice, introduce changes aimed at improving care and evaluate effects. Methods:. 1 year retrospective review of Ilizarov frame removal. Evaluation of service prior to and following provision of a new patient information leaflet, alongside a test wire removal technique. Subsequent service evaluation supplemented via patient reported feedback questionnaire. Results:. Retrospectively 85% Ilizarov frames removed in clinic, 54% required Entonox. Annual cost £19000. 46% patients unaware of process, gathering information from unprofessional sources. General anaesthetic and analgesic requirements related to psychosocial influences; no correlation between fracture configuration, elective reconstructive cases and operative techniques. Prospectively 96% patients found information leaflet educational and beneficial. 87% Ilizarov frames removed in clinic. 100% patients who had outpatient removal recommend this method. Entonox use reduced to 15% with average pain score 4.6/10 without analgesia. Patients felt happier. Projected annual cost savings £3000. 100% rated service excellent. Discussion:. Professional education and a standardised outpatient removal process for Ilizarov frames, delivered by a dedicated specialist team, reduces morbidity and positively impacts service provision

Although it is widely accepted that grade IIIB open tibial fractures require combined specialised orthopaedic and plastic surgery, the majority of patients in the UK initially present to local hospitals without access to specialised trauma facilities. The aim of this study was to compare the outcome of patients presenting directly to a specialist centre (primary group) with that of patients initially managed at local centres (tertiary group). We reviewed 73 consecutive grade IIIB open tibial shaft fractures with a mean follow-up of 14 months (8 to 48). There were 26 fractures in the primary and 47 in the tertiary group. The initial skeletal fixation required revision in 22 (47%) of the tertiary patients. Although there was no statistically-significant relationship between flap timing and flap failure, all the failures (6 of 63; 9.5%) occurred in the tertiary group. The overall mean time to union of 28 weeks was not influenced by the type of skeletal fixation. Deep infection occurred in 8.5% of patients, but there were no persistently infected fractures. The infection rate was not increased in those patients debrided more than six hours after injury. The limb salvage rate was 93%. The mean limb functional score was 74% of that of the normal limb. At review, 67% of patients had returned to employment, with a further 10% considering a return after rehabilitation. The times to union, infection rates and Enneking limb reconstruction scores were not statistically different between the primary and tertiary groups. The increased complications and revision surgery encountered in the tertiary group suggest that severe open tibial fractures should be referred directly to specialist centres for simultaneous combined management by orthopaedic and plastic surgeons

Background:. Delay in fracture healing is a complex clinical and economic issue for patients and health services. Established non-unions are debilitating and often difficult to treat. Bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) may play an important role in bone and cartilage formation, fracture healing and the repair of other musculoskeletal tissues. There is, however, a paucity of data on the use of BMPs in fracture healing and to date its role remains unclear. Objectives:. To describe the 9-year experience of the Limb Reconstruction Team, Belfast in using BMP 2 for fracture non-unions. Methods:. This is a 9-year retrospective review of 66 episodes of BMP 2 application in 63 patients for fracture non-unions by two surgeons across two sites. Rate of union was calculated as the primary outcome measure. Secondary outcome measures were: time to fracture union, complication rate and re-operation rate. Time to radiological and clinical union was assessed by serial outpatient follow-up. Results:. 63 patients had been treated for an average of 12.7 months (range 2–61) for a variety of fracture non-unions with an average 2.2 operations each (range 0–6) prior to their definitive BMP implantation. 46% were open fractures. A union rate of 89% was achieved in an average of 5 months following BMP application to 45 tibial fractures, 16 femoral fractures, 4 humeral fractures and 1 radial fracture. There was an overall complication rate of 12%: 6% further non-union, 4.5% osteomyelitis and 1.5% heterotopic ossification at the BMP site. Overall there was an 11% re-operation rate, with repeat grafting required in 3 patients. Following repeat BMP grafting in these patients an overall union rate of 95% was achieved. Discussion:. High bony union rates are achievable through the use of the osteo-inductive agent BMP 2 for fracture non-unions. It can provide a reliable intervention for delayed fracture healing in circular frame patients where established non-union is deemed likely

Aims

In this randomized study, we aimed to compare quality of regenerate in monolateral versus circular frame fixation in 30 patients with infected nonunion of tibia.

Aims

The management of a significant bony defect following excision of a diaphyseal atrophic femoral nonunion remains a challenge. We present the outcomes using a combined technique of acute femoral shortening, stabilized with a long retrograde intramedullary nail, accompanied by bifocal osteotomy compression and distraction osteogenesis with a temporary monolateral fixator.

Aims

The aim of this double-blind prospective randomised controlled trial was to assess whether low intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) accelerated or enhanced the rate of bone healing in adult patients undergoing distraction osteogenesis.

Objectives

A successful outcome following treatment of nonunion requires the correct identification of all of the underlying cause(s) and addressing them appropriately. The aim of this study was to assess the distribution and frequency of causative factors in a consecutive cohort of nonunion patients in order to optimise the management strategy for individual patients presenting with nonunion.

In this study we quantified and characterised the return of functional mobility following open tibial fracture using the Hamlyn Mobility Score. A total of 20 patients who had undergone reconstruction following this fracture were reviewed at three-month intervals for one year. An ear-worn movement sensor was used to assess their mobility and gait. The Hamlyn Mobility Score and its constituent kinematic features were calculated longitudinally, allowing analysis of mobility during recovery and between patients with varying grades of fracture. The mean score improved throughout the study period. Patients with more severe fractures recovered at a slower rate; those with a grade I Gustilo-Anderson fracture completing most of their recovery within three months, those with a grade II fracture within six months and those with a grade III fracture within nine months.

Analysis of gait showed that the quality of walking continued to improve up to 12 months post-operatively, whereas the capacity to walk, as measured by the six-minute walking test, plateaued after six months.

Late complications occurred in two patients, in whom the trajectory of recovery deviated by > 0.5 standard deviations below that of the remaining patients. This is the first objective, longitudinal assessment of functional recovery in patients with an open tibial fracture, providing some clarification of the differences in prognosis and recovery associated with different grades of fracture.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015; 97-B:1118–25.

Aims

This is a prospective randomised study which compares the radiological and functional outcomes of ring and rail fixators in patients with an infected gap (> 3 cm) nonunion of the tibia.