Aims. The aim of this study was to describe the demographic details of patients who sustain a femoral periprosthetic fracture (PPF), the epidemiology of PPFs, PPF characteristics, and the predictors of PPF types in the UK population. Methods. This is a multicentre retrospective cohort study including adult patients presenting to hospital with a new PPF between 1 January 2018 and 31 December 2018. Data collected included: patient characteristics, comorbidities, anticoagulant use, social circumstances, level of mobility, fracture characteristics, Unified Classification System (UCS) type, and details of the original implant. Descriptive analysis by fracture location was performed, and predictors of PPF type were assessed using mixed-effects logistic regression models. Results. In total, 720 femoral PPFs from 27 NHS sites were included. PPF patients were typically elderly (mean 79.9 years (SD 10.6)), female (n = 455; 63.2%), had at least one comorbidity (n = 670; 93.1%), and were reliant on walking aids or bed-/chair-bound prior to admission (n = 419; 61.7%). The study population included 539 (74.9%) hip PPFs, 151 (21.0%) knee PPFs, and 30 (4.2%) dividing type PPFs. For hip (n = 407; 75.5%) and knee (n = 88; 58.3%) arthroplasty UCS B type fractures were most common. Overall, 556 (86.2%) were treated in the presenting hospital and 89 (13.8%) required transfer for treatment. Female sex was the only significant predictor of fracture type (A/B1/C type versus B2/B3) for femoral hip PPFs (odds ratio 0.61 (95% confidence interval 0.41 to 0.91); p = 0.014). Sex, residence type, primary versus revision implant PPF, implant fixation, and time between arthroplasty and PPF were not found to predict fracture type for hip PPFs. Conclusion. This multicentre analysis describes patient and injury factors for patients presenting with femoral PPFs to centres across the UK. These patients are generally elderly and frail, comparable to those sustaining a hip fracture. These data can be useful in planning future services and clinical trials. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2022;104-B(8):987–996

Aims. The aim of this study was to describe the management and associated outcomes of patients sustaining a femoral hip periprosthetic fracture (PPF) in the UK population. Methods. This was a multicentre retrospective cohort study including adult patients who presented to 27 NHS hospitals with 539 new PPFs between 1 January 2018 and 31 December 2018. Data collected included: management strategy (operative and nonoperative), length of stay, discharge destination, and details of post-treatment outcomes (reoperation, readmission, and 30-day and 12-month mortality). Descriptive analysis by fracture type was performed, and predictors of PPF management and outcomes were assessed using mixed-effects logistic regression. Results. In all, 417 fractures (77%) were managed operatively and 122 (23%) conservatively. The median time to surgery was four days (interquartile range (IQR) 2 to 7). Of those undergoing surgery, 246 (59%) underwent revision and/or fixation and 169 (41%) fixation alone. The surgical strategy used differed by Unified Classification System for PPF type, with the highest rate of revision in B2/B3 fractures (both 77%, 176/228 and 24/31, respectively) and the highest rate of fixation alone in B1- (55/78; 71%) and C-type (49/65; 75%) fractures. Cemented stem fixation (odds ratio (OR) 2.66 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.42 to 4.99); p = 0.002) and B2/B3 fracture type (OR 7.56 (95% CI 4.14 to 13.78); p < 0.001) were predictors of operative management. The median length of stay was 15 days (IQR 9 to 23), 12-month reoperation rate was 5.6% (n = 30), and 30-day readmission rate was 8.4% (n = 45). The 30-day and 12-month mortality rates were 5.2% (n = 28) and 21.0% (n = 113). Nonoperative treatment, older age, male sex, admission from residential or nursing care, and sustaining the PPF around a revision prosthesis were significant predictors of an increased 12-month mortality. Conclusion. Femoral hip PPFs have mortality, reoperation, and readmission rates comparable with hip fracture patients. However, they have a longer wait for surgery, and surgical treatment is more complex. There is a need to create a national framework for data collection for this heterogeneous group of patients in order to understand the outcomes of different approaches to treatment. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2022;104-B(8):997–1008

Aims. The aim of this study was to assess the safety and clinical outcome of patients with a femoral shaft fracture and a previous complex post-traumatic femoral malunion who were treated with a clamshell osteotomy and fixation with an intramedullary nail (IMN). Methods. The study involved a retrospective analysis of 23 patients. All had a previous, operatively managed, femoral shaft fracture with malunion due to hardware failure. They were treated with a clamshell osteotomy between May 2015 and March 2020. The mean age was 42.6 years (26 to 62) and 15 (65.2%) were male. The mean follow-up was 2.3 years (1 to 5). Details from their medical records were analyzed. Clinical outcomes were assessed using the quality of correction of the deformity, functional recovery, the healing time of the fracture, and complications. Results. The mean length of time between the initial injury and surgery was 4.5 years (3 to 10). The mean operating time was 2.8 hours (2.05 to 4.4)), and the mean blood loss was 850 ml (650 to 1,020). Complications occurred in five patients (21.7%): two with wound necrosis, and three with deep vein thrombosis. The mean coronal deformity was significantly corrected from 17.78° (SD 4.62°) preoperatively to 1.35° (SD 1.72°) postoperatively (p < 0.001), and the mean sagittal deformity was significantly corrected from 20.65° (SD 5.88°) preoperatively to 1.61° (SD 1.95°; p < 0.001) postoperatively. The mean leg length discrepancy was significantly corrected from 3.57 cm (SD 1.27) preoperatively to 1.13 cm (SD 0.76) postoperatively (p < 0.001). All fractures healed at a mean of seven months (4 to 12) postoperatively. The mean Lower Extremity Functional Scale score improved significantly from 45.4 (SD 9.1) preoperatively to 66.2 (SD 5.5) postoperatively (p < 0.001). Partial cortical nonunion in the deformed segment occurred in eight patients (34.8%) and healed at a mean of 2.4 years (2 to 3) postoperatively. Conclusion. A clamshell osteotomy combined with IMN fixation in the treatment of patients with a femoral shaft fracture and a previous post-traumatic femoral malunion achieved excellent outcomes. Partial cortical nonunions in the deformed segment also healed satisfactorily. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2023;105-B(4):449–454

The Thompson hemiarthroplasty is a common treatment option for acute neck of femur fractures in the elderly population. Our department noted a significant number of patients returning with thigh pain, radiographic loosening and femoral osteolysis following cemented implantation of the titanium alloy version of the Thompson hemiarthroplasty. We are not aware of any previous reports documenting complications specific to the titanium Thompson implant and a retrospective cohort study was therefore initiated following clinical governance approval. 366 titanium alloy Thompson prostheses were implanted for hip fracture treatment between 2017 and 2020. As of February 2023, 6 of these have been revised at our hospital. 5 were revised for symptomatic femoral osteolysis and 1 presented with an acute periprosthetic fracture. All revised cases were determined to be aseptic. 32 living patients were excluded from recall on compassionate grounds due to permanent nursing home residence. 47 living patients were identified of which 33 attended for xray. 28 deceased and/or nursing home resident patients who had pelvis x-rays in the previous 12 months were also included in the analysis. Including the 6 index hips already revised, a total of 61 hip xrays were analysed, of which 19 hips (31.1%) showed radiographic evidence of femoral osteolysis or loosening. We conclude that there is a concerning incidence of femoral osteolysis and implant loosening associated with the titanium Thompson implant. We have discontinued use of the implant and reported our experience to the MHRA. We encourage other Scottish Health-Boards who use this implant to consider enhanced follow-up

Aims. Femoral periprosthetic fractures are rising in incidence. Their management is complex and carries a high associated mortality. Unlike native hip fractures, there are no guidelines advising on time to theatre in this group. We aim to determine whether delaying surgical intervention influences morbidity or mortality in femoral periprosthetic fractures. Methods. We identified all periprosthetic fractures around a hip or knee arthroplasty from our prospectively collated database between 2012 and 2021. Patients were categorized into early or delayed intervention based on time from admission to surgery (early = ≤ 36 hours, delayed > 36 hours). Patient demographics, existing implants, Unified Classification System fracture subtype, acute medical issues on admission, preoperative haemoglobin, blood transfusion requirement, and length of hospital stay were identified for all patients. Complication and mortality rates were compared between groups. Results. A total of 365 patients were identified: 140 in the early and 225 in the delayed intervention group. Mortality rate was 4.1% at 30 days and 19.2% at one year. There was some indication that those who had surgery within 36 hours had a higher mortality rate, but this did not reach statistical significance at 30 days (p = 0.078) or one year (p = 0.051). Univariate analysis demonstrated that age, preoperative haemoglobin, acute medical issue on admission, and the presence of postoperative complications influenced 30-day and one-year mortality. Using a multivariate model, age and preoperative haemoglobin were independently predictive factors for one-year mortality (odds ratio (OR) 1.071; p < 0.001 and OR 0.980; p = 0.020). There was no association between timing of surgery and postoperative complications. Postoperative complications were more likely with increasing age (OR 1.032; p = 0.001) and revision arthroplasty compared to internal fixation (OR 0.481; p = 0.001). Conclusion. While early intervention may be preferable to reduce prolonged immobilization, there is no evidence that delaying surgery beyond 36 hours increases mortality or complications in patients with a femoral periprosthetic fracture. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2024;5(6):452–456

Introduction. Atypical femoral fracture focused on relation of bisphosphonate use, frequently. However, the mechanism of atypical femoral fracture was not yet clarified. Atypical femoral fractures have been kept femoral shaft cortical thickness and BMD, practically. We hypothesized that atypical femoral fractures were associated with impaired bone quality and curvature of femoral shaft. Materials & Methods. We experienced four atypical femoral fractures. One was subtrochanteric and three were shaft fracture. Two cases received bisphosphonate therapy for 3–5 years. BMD, bone metabolic markers, and bone quality markers were evaluated. Histomorphometry and collagen cross-link analysis were performed. Curvature of femoral shaft and 3-D finite element analysis in one incomplete fracture case were assessed. Results. BMD values were either maintained or not severely decreased. Deterioration of bone quality were verified by the results of histomorphometry, collagen cross-link analysis, and bone quality maker. Especially, homocystine values, such as one of bone quality markers, were increased in all cases. All atypical femoral shaft fractures showed outward curvature of femoral bone. In one case of incomplete atypical femoral shaft fracture, stress was concentrated at the fracture region according 3-D finite element analysis. Conclusions. The results of this study suggest that atypical femoral fractures were estimated associated with deterioration of bone quality and curvature of femoral shaft

Introduction. Since the concept of severely suppressed bone turnover (SSBT) after long-term bisphosphonate (BPs) use, SSBT have been believed as the major cause of low-energy femoral fractures, which are called atypical femoral fractures. Here we present several cases of stress fractures with bowing femoral shaft deformity, which can be another cause of low-energy femoral fractures in the elderly. Materials and Methods. From 1998 to 2012, we treated thirteen cases of low-energy fractures of femoral shaft. All cases were females with an average age of 77.0 (67–88) years. Retrospectively, we assessed fracture type, X-ray of contralateral side, bowing deformity of femur, and duration of BPs use. Result. All cases were classified as simple fracture; AO/OTA type 32-A. In eleven cases, incomplete fracture of contralateral side was found by X-ray and confirmed by a bone scintigram. In twelve cases, obvious bowing deformity of the femoral shaft was noted. BPs were used only in seven cases, and the medication period was not so long. Just one case had taken Alendronate for ten years, and this case showed no bowing deformity. Discussion. Shane defined atypical femoral fracture, and indicated that the same fractures may develop even without BPs use. According to this definition, our advocating stress fractures by bowing deformity will also be included in atypical fractures. We think stress fractures by bowing deformity should be discriminated from atypical fractures by SSBT

Correct femoral tunnel position in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) is critical in obtaining good clinical outcomes. We aimed to delineate whether any difference exists between the anteromedial (AM) and trans-tibial (TT) portal femoral tunnel placement techniques on the primary outcome of ACLR graft rupture. Adult patients (>18year old) who underwent primary ACLR between January 2011 – January 2018 were identified and divided based on portal technique (AM v TT). The primary outcome measure was graft rupture. Univariate analysis was used to delineate association between independent variables and outcome. Binary logistic regression was utilised to delineate odds ratios of significant variables. 473 patients were analysed. Median age at surgery was 27 years old (range 18–70). A total of 152/473, (32.1%) patients were AM group compared to 321/473 (67.9%) TT. Twenty-five patients (25/473, 5.3%) sustained graft rupture. Median time to graft rupture was 12 months (IQR 9). A higher odds for graft rupture was associated with the AM group, which trended towards significance (OR 2.03; 95% CI 0.90 – 4.56, p=0.081). Older age at time of surgery was associated with a lower odds of rupture (OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.86 – 0.98, p=0.014). There is no statistically significant difference in ACLR graft rupture rates when comparing anteromedial and trans-tibial portal technique for femoral tunnel placement. There was a trend towards higher rupture rates in the anteromedial portal group

Prophylactic pinning of the contralateral hip in unilateral Slipped Upper Femoral Epiphysis (SUFE) persists as a source of debate with the majority of surgeons selecting this option in a proportion of patients whom they regard as at increased risk of a subsequent slip. Universal prophylactic pinning was introduced in our region in 2005 after an audit of ten years local practice identified 25% of unilateral cases presented with a subsequent slip. This study reports our experience between 2005 and 2020. In this prospective study, 44 patients presented with 55 affected hips compared with 60 patients with 67 affected hips in the original study. Two patients were excluded as their initial slip had not been treated in our unit. Of the 42 hips seven were bilateral, 34 of the 35 unilateral hips underwent prophylactic pinning. The one exception subsequently underwent prophylactic pinning due to developing pain. Consistent with our original series, at a minimum follow up of 13 months there have been no complications of infection, fracture, chondrolysis or avascular necrosis subsequent to prophylactic pinning. Over 25 years 70 patients have undergone prophylactic pinning without complication. On the premise that 25% of our unpinned hips presented with subsequent slips before instituting our policy we estimate that we have prevented 17 subsequent slips over 25 years including the consequences which can be significant. We continue to advocate universal prophylactic pinning as an effective and safe practice in the management of SUFE

Introduction. Patellofemoral complications remain a very common post-operative problem in association with total knee arthoplasty (TKA). As malrotation of the femoral component is often considered crucial for the outcome, we analyzed absolute rotational femoral alignment in relation to patellar tracking pre- and postoperatively and matched the results with the two year functional outcome. Methods. Femoral rotation and component rotation was assessed by axial radiography using condylar twist angle (CTA). The lateral patellar displacement, patellar tilt and Insall-Salvati index were measured on conventional radiographs. All assessments were done pre-operatively and at 2-year follow up. The series included 48 consecutive TKA (21 men, 27 women) performed at a single high-volume joint-replacement-center in 2008. All operations were performed using a tibia first-ligament balancing technique without patella resurfacing. The implant used was a condylar unconstrained ultracongruent rotating platform design. Outcome was assessed using the international knee society score (KSS) and the Kujala Score for anterior knee pain. Results. Preoperative CTA showed 6.4±2. 5° (X±SD) of internal femoral rotation (IR) (range, 1° of external rotation (ER) to 12° of IR) compared to postoperative CTA of 3.9°±2.98° (X±SD) of IR (range, 9.5° IR to 3.8°of ER) Preoperative patella lateral displacement showed a mean of 1.1mm (−2mm, 6mm), compared to postoperative patella lateral displacement with a mean of 1.7mm (−3mm, 6mm). Postoperative mean patella tilt was 6.65° (1.8°, 11.7°) postoperatively compared to 8.55° (4.3°,11.5°) preoperatively. No correlation was found between CTA post surgery and patella positioning (r=0.034, 95% CI). IR of the femoral component >3°did not show increased patella lateral displacement/tilt compared to 0° or ER. No correlation was found between the Kujala score and internal rotation of the component (r=0.082, p=0.05). At 2 year post OP KSS reached > 185 of max. 200 points in over 82% of patients. Conclusion. The influence of IR of the femoral component on patellofemoral kinematics remains controversial. As demonstrated, IR does not imperatively lead to patella maltracking and/or patellofemoral symptoms. Functional outcome in this series shows that relative rotation of the femoral component in accordance with natural variations as seen in the pre-operative assessment allows for good and excellent results

To investigate predictors of periprosthetic fracture level (around stem (Vancouver B) or distal to stem (Vancouver C/D) in cemented polished tapered femoral stems. Retrospective cohort study of 188 patients (mean age 79 (range 30–91); 99 (53%) male) with unilateral periprosthetic femoral fractures associated with CPT stems. Medical notes were reviewed and the following recorded: patient demographics, past medical history, drug history, date of prosthesis insertion, and date of injury. Radiographs analysis included Vancouver classification, cement restrictor type, cement mantle to implant tip distance, cortical thickness, femoral diameter and DORR classification. Univariate, multivariate and ROC curve analysis was performed. Fractures occurred at mean 7.5 years following primary procedure: 152 (83%) were B fractures; and 36 (19%) C/D. On univariate analysis female gender, lower BMI, osteoporosis, NSAID use, Bisphosphonate therapy, cortical thickness, distal cement mantle length and distal cement mantle length:femoral diameter ratio were significantly associated with C level fractures (p<0.05). Distal cement mantle lengths of >19.6mm (AUC 0.688, p<0.001) were associate with C level fractures. Multivariate analysis demonstrated female gender and distal cement mantle length:femoral diameter ratio to be independent predictors of C level periprosthetic fractures. Though female sex is the largest independent predictor of periprosthetic fractures distal to a CPT femoral stem, the relationship between cortical thickness and distal cement mantle length appears significant. As fractures distal to the stem are invariably managed by ORIF, whereas fractures around the stem frequently require revision arthroplasty, this has relevance at primary surgery in osteoporotic females to reduce the need for complex revisions

Prophylactic pinning of the contralateral hip in the treatment of slipped upper femoral epiphysis has been shown to be safer than continued observation of the contralateral hip. This treatment remains controversial due to the potential for harm caused to an apparently unaffected hip. There is evidence that pinning of an already slipped epiphysis causes growth disturbance of the proximal femur, however Hagglund showed that there is not necessarily growth arrest at the physis after pinning, as the slip occurs at the hypertrophic layer of the growth plate with no damage to the germative layer. This was confirmed by Guzzanti who confirmed that a single screw provided epiphyseal stability and preserved potential for growth. We conducted a pilot study to determine whether prophylactic pinning affects subsequent growth of the unaffected hip. In order to determine the effect of prophylactic pinning we compared radiographs skeletally mature patients who had either undergone the procedure (group 1), not undergone the procedure but had pinning of the affected side (group 2), and adults with no history of SUFE (group 3). We measured the articulo-trochanteric distance and calculated the ratio of the trochanteric-trochanteric distance to articulo-trochanteric distance. These measures have been used in previous studies and shown to be reliable indicators of disturbed proximal femoral growth. As this was a pilot study we recruited 8 to each group. The absolute sum of the ATDs were 219mm (average 27.3mm) Group 1, 213mm (average 26.6mm) Group2 and 258mm (average 32.5mm). The average trochanter-trochanter: ATD ratio in group 1 was 2.7 (1.9 - 3.8) compared to 2.7 (2.3 - 3.2) and 2.3 (1.9 - 2.7) in groups 2 and 3 respectively. Our results suggest no difference in subsequent growth between hips that are prophylactically pinned and those that are not. They also show that unpinned hips go on to grow abnormally when compared to normal hips suggesting perhaps sub-clinical SUFE. These results have prompted expansion of the study to include much a higher number of patients

Anterior knee pain (AKP) is the commonest complication of total knee arthroplasty (TKA). This study aims to assess whether sagittal femoral component position is an independent predictor of AKP after cruciate retaining single radius TKA without primary patellofemoral resurfacing. From a prospective cohort of 297 consecutive TKAs, 73 (25%) patients reported AKP and 89 (30%) reported no pain at 10 years. Patients were assessed pre-operatively and at 1, 5 and 10 years using the short form 12 and Oxford Knee Score (OKS). Variables assessed included demographic data, indication, reoperation, patella resurfacing, and radiographic criteria. Patients with AKP (mean age 67.0 (38–82), 48 (66%) female) had mean Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) Pain scores of 34.3 (range 5–100). VAS scores were 0 in patients with no pain (mean age 66.5 (41–82), 60 (67%) female). Femoral component flexion (FCF), anterior femoral offset ratio, and medial proximal tibial angle all differed significantly between patients with AKP and no pain (p<0.001), p=0.007, p=0.009, respectively). All PROMs were worse in the AKP group at 10 years (p<0.05). OKSs were worse from 1 year (p<0.05). Multivariate analysis confirmed FCF and Insall ratio <0.8 as independent predictors of AKP (R. 2. = 0.263). Extension of ≥0.5° predicted AKP with 87% sensitivity. AKP affects 25% of patients following single radius cruciate retaining TKA, resulting in inferior patient-reported outcome measures at 10 years. Sagittal plane positioning and alignment of the femoral component are important determinants of long-term AKP with femoral component extension being a major risk factor

This study compares outcomes of fixation of subtrochanteric femoral fractures using a single lag screw (Gamma3 nail, GN) with a dual lag screw device (InterTAN nail, IN). The primary outcome was mechanical failure, defined as lag screw cut-out, back-out, nail breakage or peri-implant fracture. Technical factors associated with mechanical failure were also identified.

All adult patients (>18yrs) with a subtrochanteric femoral fracture treated in a single centre were retrospectively identified using electronic records. Included patients underwent surgical fixation using either a long GN (2010–2017) or IN (2017–2022). Cox regression analysis was used to determine the risk of mechanical failure and technical predictors of failure.

The study included 587 patients, 336 in the GN group (median age 82yrs, 73% female) and 251 in the IN group (median age 82yrs, 71% female). The IN group exhibited a higher prevalence of osteoporosis (p=0.002) and CKD□3 (p=0.007). There were no other baseline differences between groups. The risk of any mechanical failure was increased two-fold in the GN group (HR 2.51, p=0.020). Mechanical failure comprising screw cut-out (p=0.040), back-out (p=0.040) and nail breakage (p=0.51) was only observed in the GN group. The risk of peri-implant fracture was similar between the groups (HR 1.10, p=0.84). Technical predictors of mechanical included varus >5° for cut-out (HR 15.61, p=0.016), TAD>25mm for back-out (HR 9.41, p=0.020) and shortening >1cm for peri-implant fracture (HR 6.50, p=<0.001).

Dual lag screw designs may reduce the risk of mechanical complications for patients with subtrochanteric femoral fractures.

Introduction. Muscle stiffness and joint contractures are common complications of limb lengthening. Authors have demonstrated less permanent soft tissue complications with intramedullary lengthening than external fixation. Our aim was to evaluate the joint response following intramedullary femoral lengthening and need for physiotherapy and alteration to rate/rhythm of lengthening. Method. A retrospective review of documentation for all femoral Precice nails in our centre inserted between 2012 and 2017. This involved 98 nails (68 antegrade, 30 retrograde) in 88 patients (59 males, 29 females) with a mean age of 32 years (range 12–69 yrs). We excluded cases where there was no documentation regarding Range of Movement (ROM). Bilateral lengthenings were recorded as separate cases. This left 50 antegrade, 16 retrograde cases with hip ROM data and 55 antegrade, 26 retrograde cases with Knee ROM data. Results. Hip. In the antegrade group 20 cases (39%) developed no stiffness throughout treatment. ROM decreased in 61% (n=30) of cases and the median length at which this occurred was 3cm. Where a retrograde nail was inserted 62.5% of cases (n=10) maintained normal range of motion. The median length at which ROM decreased was 3.25cm, this occurred in 6 cases (37.5%). . Knee. Where the antegrade nail was inserted, 22 cases (40%) did not develop stiffness. There was reduced ROM in 33 cases (60%), occurring at a median distance of 2cm. The median distance at which reduced ROM occurred with the retrograde nails was 1.5cm, this occurred in 23 cases (88.5%). 3 cases did not develop stiffness. All cases regained full ROM. Conclusion. Although there was no permanent loss, Joint Stiffness still occurs with intramedullary limb lengthening and there remains the need for regular physiotherapy. There are no data from other institutions for comparison. Rehabilitation guidelines and a proforma to accurately monitor patients ROM throughout treatment have been developed

Introduction. The management of a significant bone defect following excision of a diaphyseal atrophic femoral non-union remains a challenge. Traditional bone transport techniques require prolonged use of an external fixator with associated complications. We present our clinical outcomes using a combined technique of acute femoral shortening, stabilised with a deliberately long retrograde intramedullary nail, accompanied by bifocal osteotomy compression and distraction osteogenesis to restore segment length utilising a temporary monolateral fixator. Method. 9 patients underwent the ‘rail and nail’ technique for the management of femoral non-union. Distraction osteogenesis was commenced on the 6. th. post-operative day. Proximal locking of the nail and removal of the external fixator was performed approximately one month after length had been restored. Full weight bearing and joint rehabilitation was encouraged throughout. Consolidation was defined by the appearance of 3 from 4 cortices of regenerate on radiographs. Results. 7 males and 2 females of adult age underwent treatment between 2009 and 2016. The mean lengthening was 6.6cm (3–10cm). The external fixator was removed at a mean 123 days (57–220), with an external fixation index of 20 days/cm. The regenerate healing index was 28 days/cm. There were no deep infections. Significant complications were seen in 4 patients including knee stiffness, a foot drop, delayed union of the non-union osteotomy (requiring exchange nailing and bone grafting) and revision nailing due to a prominent proximal tip. Conclusion. The combined over-sized intramedullary nail and external fixator enables compression of the femoral osteotomy, alignment of the bone and controlled lengthening. Once the length has been restored, removal of the external fixator and proximal locking of the nail reduces the risk of complications associated with the fixator and stabilises the femur with the maximum working length of the nail. This small retrospective study demonstrates encouraging results for this complex clinical scenario

Background:. Leg length discrepancy related to absence of the femoral head with proximal migration of the femur presents a treatment dilemma. Late sequelae of neonatal hip sepsis and chronic hip dislocation due to developmental dysplasia are the most common causes. Traditional teaching dictates that the hip is stabilised prior to limb lengthening. Reconstructive options alter the shape of the proximal femur which complicates future surgery. Methods:. We retrospectively reviewed 3 cases of femoral lengthening with an ‘unstable’ hip without prior stabilization. The aetiology was neonatal hip sepsis in 2 cases and chronic hip dislocation due to developmental dysplasia in 1 case. Lengthening was performed with the use of a retrograde Precice lengthening nail. Results and Discussion:. The desired length (range 5.5 to 6cm) was achieved in all patients without migration of the proximal femur. In all cases patient satisfaction was high with the lengthening and the ability to abort shoe raises. There was an improvement in gait pattern in all patients. Conclusion:. Femoral lengthening is possible without prior stabilisation of the hip in so called ‘unstable’ hip situations. The proximal femoral anatomy is not further altered and future salvage procedures such as a total hip replacement are not compromised

The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for failure of exchange nailing for femoral diaphyseal fracture non-unions. The study cohort comprised 40 patients with femoral diaphyseal non-unions treated by exchange nailing. The main outcome measures were union, number of secondary fixation procedures required to achieve union and time to union. Univariate analysis and multiple regression were used to identify risk factors for failure to achieve union. The mean age of the patients at exchange nail surgery was 37 years. The median time to exchange nailing from primary fixation was 8.4 months. Multiple causes for non-union were found in 14 (35.0%) cases, with infection present in 12 (30.0%) patients. Further exchange procedures were required in nine (22.5%) cases, one patient (2.5%) required the use of another fixation modality, to achieve union. Union was ultimately achieved in 35 (94.5%) patients. The median time to union was 9.4 months after the exchange nail procedure. Univariate analysis confirmed that cigarette smoking and infection were predictive of failure (p<0.05). Multi-regression analysis found that Gustilo-Anderson grade, presence of dead bone or a gap and infection were predictive of exchange nail failure (p <0.05). Exchange nailing is an effective treatment for aseptic femoral diaphyseal fracture non-union. Patients with infection required more than one procedure. Smoking, infection and the presence of dead-bone or a gap at the fracture site were associated with an increased risk of further fixation surgery

Fracture classification of femoral trochanteric fracture is usually based on plain X-ray. However, complications such as delayed union, non-union, and cut out are seen in stable fracture on X-ray. In this study, fracture was classified by 3D-CT and relationship to X-ray classification was investigated. 48 femoral trochanteric fractures (15 males, 33 female, average age: 82.6) treated with PFNA-II were investigated. Fracture was classified to 2part, 3part(5 subgroups), and 4part with combination of 4 fragments in CT; Head (H), Greater trochanter (G), Lesser trochanter (L), and Shaft (S). 5 subgroups of 3 part fracture were (1) H+G (S: small fragment) + L-S, (2) H + G (B:big fragment) + L-S, (3) H + G-L + S, (4) H + G (W:whole) + S, and (5) H + L + G-S. Numbers of each group were as follows; 2 part: 11, 3 part (1) : 7, 3 part (2) : 12, 3 part (3) : 10, 3 part (4) : 2, 3 part (5) : 3, 4 part : 3. 3 part (3), (4), (5) and 4 part are considered as unstable, however, 6 cases in these groups were classified in A1–1 or A1–2 stable fracture in AO classification. 10 fractures in Evans and 5 fractures in Jensen classification classified as stable were unstable in CT evaluation. It is sometimes very difficult to classify the femoral trochanteric fracture by plain X-ray. Classification with 3D-CT is very useful to distinguish which fracture is stable or unstable

Introduction. Aim of this study was to review a single surgeon series and analyse the results of hip reconstruction and compare them to an historical cohort. Methods and results. Retrospective review from a prospective database was undertaken of 113 CFD children since 1999. 31 of these patients had hip reconstruction with combined soft tissue and bony procedures akin to the Superhip. This cohort was compared to the results of the previous series using deformity planning methods on radiographic imaging, quantification of acetabular and femoral geometry, focussing upon the effects and results of hip reconstruction and lengthening. Compared to the previous series, this cohort achieved greater objective increases in length and significantly fewer complications involving the hip joint during the process.11 hips out of 45 (24.4%) that were treated in the previous cohort subluxed during lengthening. Since 1999 there were no subluxations with improved hip geometry. Primary difference between the cohorts was the recent group's preparatory hip surgery before the commencement of any lengthening even for borderline dysplasias. This had not been the case for all children in the previous cohort. This indicates a steep learning curve in the last 3 decades concerning the importance of primary hip reconstruction as a preparatory stage of treatment before lengthening in CFD with almost normalised acetabulae. Conclusion. Management of CFD needs detailed and methodical planning of soft tissue and bony deformities and better understanding has evolved over time to provide improved results and outcomes. Level of evidence. Therapeutic III