Aims. Steroid injections are used for subacromial pain syndrome and can be administered via the anterolateral or posterior approach to the subacromial space. It is not currently known which approach is superior in terms of improving clinical symptoms and function. This is the protocol for a randomized controlled trial (RCT) to compare the clinical effectiveness of a steroid injection given via the anterolateral or the posterior approach to the subacromial space. Methods. The Subacromial Approach Injection Trial (SAInT) study is a single-centre, parallel, two-arm RCT. Participants will be allocated on a 1:1 basis to a subacromial steroid injection via either the anterolateral or the posterior approach to the subacromial space. Participants in both trial arms will then receive physiotherapy as standard of care for subacromial pain syndrome. The primary analysis will compare the change in Oxford Shoulder Score (OSS) at three months after injection. Secondary outcomes include the change in OSS at six and 12 months, as well as the Pain Numeric Rating Scale (0 = no pain, 10 = worst pain), Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire (DASH), and 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) (RAND) at three months, six months, and one year after injection. Assessment of pain experienced during the injection will also be determined. A minimum of 86 patients will be recruited to obtain an 80% power to detect a minimally important difference of six points on the OSS change between the groups at three months after injection. Conclusion. The results of this trial will demonstrate if there is a difference in shoulder pain and function after a subacromial space steroid injection between the anterolateral versus posterior approach in patients with subacromial pain syndrome. This will help to guide treatment for patients with subacromial pain syndrome. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2024;5(9):729–735

Aims. The aim of this study was to radiologically evaluate the quality of cement mantle and alignment achieved with a polished tapered cemented femoral stem inserted through the anterior approach and compared with the posterior approach. Methods. A comparative retrospective study of 115 consecutive hybrid total hip arthroplasties or cemented hemiarthroplasties in 110 patients, performed through anterior (n = 58) or posterior approach (n = 57) using a collarless polished taper-slip femoral stem, was conducted. Cement mantle quality and thickness were assessed in both planes. Radiological outcomes were compared between groups. Results. No significant differences were identified between groups in Barrack grade on the anteroposterior (AP) (p = 0.640) or lateral views (p = 0.306), or for alignment on the AP (p = 0.603) or lateral views (p = 0.254). An adequate cement mantle (Barrack A or B) was achieved in 77.6% (anterior group, n = 45) and in 86% (posterior group, n = 49), respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed factors associated with unsatisfactory cement mantle (Barrack C or D) included higher BMI, left side, and Dorr Type C morphology. A mean cement mantle thickness of ≥ 2 mm was achieved in all Gruen zones for both approaches. The mean cement mantle was thicker in zone 7 (p < 0.001) and thinner in zone 9 for the anterior approach (p = 0.032). Incidence of cement mantle defects between groups was similar (6.9% (n = 4) vs 8.8% (n = 5), respectively; p = 0.489). Conclusion. An adequate cement mantle and good alignment can be achieved using a collarless polished tapered femoral component inserted through the anterior approach. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(7 Supple B):46–52

The direct superior approach (DSA) is a modification of the posterior approach (PA) that preserves the iliotibial band and short external rotators except for the piriformis or conjoined tendon during total hip arthroplasty (THA). The objective of this study was to compare postoperative pain, early functional rehabilitation, functional outcomes, implant positioning, implant migration, and complications in patients undergoing the DSA versus PA for THA. This study included 80 patients with symptomatic hip arthritis undergoing primary THA. Patients were prospectively randomised to receive either the DSA or PA for THA, surgery was undertaken using identical implant designs in both groups, and all patients received a standardized postoperative rehabilitation programme. Predefined study outcomes were recorded by blinded observers at regular intervals for two-years after THA. Radiosteriometric analysis (RSA) was used to assess implant migration. There were no statistical differences between the DSA and PA in postoperative pain scores (p=0.312), opiate analgesia consumption (p=0.067), and time to hospital discharge (p=0.416). At two years follow-up, both groups had comparable Oxford hip scores (p=0.476); Harris hip scores (p=0.293); Hip disability and osteoarthritis outcome scores (p=0.543); University of California at Los Angeles scores (p=0.609); Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (p=0.833); and European Quality of Life questionnaire with 5 dimensions scores (p=0.418). Radiographic analysis revealed no difference between the two treatment groups for overall accuracy of acetabular cup positioning (p=0.687) and femoral stem alignment (p=0.564). RSA revealed no difference in femoral component migration (p=0.145) between the groups at two years follow-up. There were no differences between patients undergoing the DSA versus PA for THA with respect to postoperative pain scores, functional rehabilitation, patient-reported outcome measurements, accuracy of implant positioning, and implant migration at two years follow-up. Both treatment groups had excellent outcomes that remained comparable at all follow-up intervals

Introduction. Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) can be managed through a variety of different surgical approaches from closed reduction to simple tenotomies of the adductors and through to osteotomies of the femur and pelvis. The rate of redislocation following open reduction for the treatment of DDH may be affected by the number of intraoperative surgeons. Materials and methods. We performed a retrospective cohort analysis of 109 patients who underwent open reduction with or without bony osteotomies as a primary intervention between 2013 and 2023. We measured the number of redislocations and number of operating surgeons (either 1 or 2 operating surgeons) to assess for any correlation. 109 patients were identified and corresponded to 121 primary hip operations, the mean age at operation was 82.2 months (range 6 to 739 months). During the 10-year period 7 hip redislocations were identified. Results. Of the 7 redislocated hips, the rate of redislocation was found to be higher in patients who had undergone surgery via a single surgeon (5 redislocations) compared to the dual surgeon cohort (2 redislocations), though this did not reach statistical significance. Redislocation was more common in female patients and right laterality 7.2% and 8.7% respectively, though this again did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions. We conclude that a single surgeon approach, female gender and right laterality are potential risk factors for redislocation following open reduction. Further investigation utilising a larger sample size would be required to appropriately explore these potential risk factors further

Aims. The current evidence comparing the two most common approaches for reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (rTSA), the deltopectoral and anterosuperior approach, is limited. This study aims to compare the rate of loosening, instability, and implant survival between the two approaches for rTSA using data from the Dutch National Arthroplasty Registry with a minimum follow-up of five years. Methods. All patients in the registry who underwent a primary rTSA between January 2014 and December 2016 using an anterosuperior or deltopectoral approach were included, with a minimum follow-up of five years. Cox and logistic regression models were used to assess the association between the approach and the implant survival, instability, and glenoid loosening, independent of confounders. Results. In total, 3,902 rTSAs were included. A deltopectoral approach was used in 54% (2,099/3,902) and an anterosuperior approach in 46% (1,803/3,902). Overall, the mean age in the cohort was 75 years (50 to 96) and the most common indication for rTSA was cuff tear arthropathy (35%; n = 1,375), followed by osteoarthritis (29%; n = 1,126), acute fracture (13%; n = 517), post-traumatic sequelae (10%; n = 398), and an irreparable cuff rupture (5%; n = 199). The two high-volume centres performed the anterosuperior approach more often compared to the medium- and low-volume centres (p < 0.001). Of the 3,902 rTSAs, 187 were revised (5%), resulting in a five-year survival of 95.4% (95% confidence interval 94.7 to 96.0; 3,137 at risk). The most common reason for revision was a periprosthetic joint infection (35%; n = 65), followed by instability (25%; n = 46) and loosening (25%; n = 46). After correcting for relevant confounders, the revision rate for glenoid loosening, instability, and the overall implant survival did not differ significantly between the two approaches (p = 0.494, p = 0.826, and p = 0.101, respectively). Conclusion. The surgical approach used for rTSA did not influence the overall implant survival or the revision rate for instability or glenoid loosening. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2023;105-B(9):1000–1006

Introduction. Anatomic reduction of talar body fractures is critical in restoring congruency to the talocrural joint. Previous studies have indicated a maximum of 25% talar body exposure without malleolar osteotomy. The aim of this study was to investigate the percentage talar body exposure when using the lateral transligamentous approach. Methods. The lateral transligamentous approach to the talus was undertaken in 10 fresh frozen cadaveric specimens by surgeons inexperienced in the approach, following demonstration of the technique. An incision was made on the anterolateral aspect of the ankle augmented by the removal of the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) and the calcaneofibular ligament (CFL) from their fibular insertions. A bone lever was then placed behind the lateral aspect of the talus and levered forward with the foot in equinus and inversion. The talus was disarticulated and high resolution images were taken of the talar dome surface. The images were overlain with a reproducible nine-grid division. Accessibility to each zone within the grid with a perpendicular surgical blade was documented. ImageJ software was used to calculate the surface area exposed with each approach. Results. The mean percentage area of talar dome available through the transligamentous approach was 77.3 % (95% confidence interval 73.3, 81.3). In all specimens the complete lateral talar process was accessible, along with the lateral and dorsomedial aspect of the talar neck. This approach gives complete access to Zones 1,2, 3,5 & 6 with partial access to Zones 4,8 & 9. Conclusion. The lateral transligamentous approach to the talus provides significantly greater access to the talar dome as compared to standard approaches. The residual surface area that is inaccessible with this approach is predominantly within Zone 4 and Zone 7, the posteromedial corner

Aims. The most effective surgical approach for total hip arthroplasty (THA) remains controversial. The direct anterior approach may be associated with a reduced risk of dislocation, faster recovery, reduced pain and fewer surgical complications. This systematic review aims to evaluate the current evidence for the use of this approach in THA. Materials and Methods. Following the Cochrane collaboration, an extensive literature search of PubMed, Medline, Embase and OvidSP was conducted. Randomised controlled trials, comparative studies, and cohort studies were included. Outcomes included the length of the incision, blood loss, operating time, length of stay, complications, and gait analysis. Results. A total of 42 studies met the inclusion criteria. Most were of medium to low quality. There was no difference between the direct anterior, anterolateral or posterior approaches with regards to length of stay and gait analysis. Papers comparing the length of the incision found similar lengths compared with the lateral approach, and conflicting results when comparing the direct anterior and posterior approaches. . Most studies found the mean operating time to be significantly longer when the direct anterior approach was used, with a steep learning curve reported by many. Many authors used validated scores including the Harris hip score, and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index. These mean scores were better following the use of the direct anterior approach for the first six weeks post-operatively. Subsequently there was no difference between these scores and those for the posterior approach. Conclusion . There is little evidence for improved kinematics or better long-term outcomes following the use of the direct anterior approach for THA. There is a steep learning curve with similar rates of complications, length of stay and outcomes. . Well-designed, multi-centre, prospective randomised controlled trials are required to provide evidence as to whether the direct anterior approach is better than the lateral or posterior approaches when undertaking THA. Cite this article: Bone JointJ 2017;99-B:732–40

Aims. The aim of this randomized trial was to compare the functional outcome of two different surgical approaches to the hip in patients with a femoral neck fracture treated with a hemiarthroplasty. Patients and Methods. A total of 150 patients who were treated between February 2014 and July 2017 were included. Patients were allocated to undergo hemiarthroplasty using either an anterolateral or a direct lateral approach, and were followed for 12 months. The mean age of the patients was 81 years (69 to 90), and 109 were women (73%). Functional outcome measures, assessed by a physiotherapist blinded to allocation, and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) were collected postoperatively at three and 12 months. Results. A total of 11 patients in the direct lateral group had a positive Trendelenburg test at one year compared with one patient in the anterolateral group (11/55 (20%) vs 1/55 (1.8%), relative risk (RR) 11.1; p = 0.004). Patients with a positive Trendelenburg test reported significantly worse Hip Disability Osteoarthritis Outcome Scores (HOOS) compared with patients with a negative Trendelenburg test. Further outcome measures showed few statistically significant differences between the groups. Conclusion. The direct lateral approach in patients with a femoral neck fracture appears to be associated with more positive Trendelenburg tests than the anterolateral approach, indicating a poor clinical outcome. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2019;101-B:793–799

Aims. Safety concerns surrounding osseointegration are a significant barrier to replacing socket prosthesis as the standard of care following limb amputation. While implanted osseointegrated prostheses traditionally occur in two stages, a one-stage approach has emerged. Currently, there is no existing comparison of the outcomes of these different approaches. To address safety concerns, this study sought to determine whether a one-stage osseointegration procedure is associated with fewer adverse events than the two-staged approach. Methods. A comprehensive electronic search and quantitative data analysis from eligible studies were performed. Inclusion criteria were adults with a limb amputation managed with a one- or two-stage osseointegration procedure with follow-up reporting of complications. Results. A total of 19 studies were included: four one-stage, 14 two-stage, and one article with both one- and two-stage groups. Superficial infection was the most common complication (one-stage: 38% vs two-stage: 52%). There was a notable difference in the incidence of osteomyelitis (one-stage: nil vs two-stage: 10%) and implant failure (one-stage: 1% vs two-stage: 9%). Fracture incidence was equivocal (one-stage: 13% vs two-stage: 12%), and comparison of soft-tissue, stoma, and mechanical related complications was not possible. Conclusion. This review suggests that the one-stage approach is favourable compared to the two-stage, because the incidence of complications was slightly lower in the one-stage cohort, with a pertinent difference in the incidence of osteomyelitis and implant failure. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2023;4(7):539–550

This technique is a novel superior based muscle sparing approach. Acetabular reaming in all hip approaches requires femoral retraction. This technique is performed through a hole in the lateral femoral cortex without the need to retract the femur. A 5 mm hole is drilled in the lateral femur using a jig attached to the broach handle, similar to a femoral nail. Specialised instruments have been developed, including a broach with a hole going through it at the angle of the neck of the prosthesis, to allow the rotation of the reaming rod whilst protecting the femur. A special C-arm is used to push on the reaming basket. The angle of the acetabulum is directly related to the position of the broach inside the femoral canal and the position of the leg. A specialised instrument allows changing of offset and length without dislocating the hip during trialling. Some instrumentation has been used in surgery but ongoing cadaver work is being performed for proof of concept. The ability to ream through the femur has been proven during surgery. The potential risk to the bone has been assessed using finite analysis as minimal. The stress levels for any diameter maintained within a safety factor >4 compared to the ultimate tensile strength of cortical bone. The described technique allows for transfemoral acetabular reaming without retraction of the femur. It is minimally invasive and simple, requiring minimal assistance. We are incorporating use with a universal robot system as well as developing an electromagnetic navigation system. Assessment of the accuracy of these significantly cheaper systems is ongoing but promising. This approach is as minimally invasive as is possible, safe, requires minimal assistance and has a number of other potential advantages with addition of other new navigation and simple robotic attachments

Aims. The hip’s capsular ligaments passively restrain extreme range of movement (ROM) by wrapping around the native femoral head/neck. We determined the effect of hip resurfacing arthroplasty (HRA), dual-mobility total hip arthroplasty (DM-THA), conventional THA, and surgical approach on ligament function. Materials and Methods. Eight paired cadaveric hip joints were skeletonized but retained the hip capsule. Capsular ROM restraint during controlled internal rotation (IR) and external rotation (ER) was measured before and after HRA, DM-THA, and conventional THA, with a posterior (right hips) and anterior capsulotomy (left hips). Results. Hip resurfacing provided a near-native ROM with between 5° to 17° increase in IR/ER ROM compared with the native hip for the different positions tested, which was a 9% to 33% increase. DM-THA generated a 9° to 61° (18% to 121%) increase in ROM. Conventional THA generated a 52° to 100° (94% to 199%) increase in ROM. Thus, for conventional THA, the capsule function that exerts a limit on ROM is lost. It is restored to some extent by DM-THA, and almost fully restored by hip resurfacing. In positions of low flexion/extension, the posterior capsulotomy provided more normal function than the anterior, possibly because the capsule was shortened during posterior repair. However, in deep flexion positions, the anterior capsulotomy functioned better. Conclusion. Native head-size and capsular repair preserves capsular function after arthroplasty. The anterior and posterior approach differentially affect postoperative biomechanical function of the capsular ligaments. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2019;101-B:426–434

Primary hip arthroplasty performed through a mini incision ( less than 10 cm) should provide more comfortable postoperative period and faster rehabilitation. After a long period of learning curve ( more than one hundred cases) and development of specific instruments, a prospective comparison between the standard approach technique (38 cases) and mini incision technique (41 cases) was performed. In all cases, the ABG II stem was implanted. It was uncemented in 76% of cases. As it is not randomised, there is a slight difference between the two groups in age (p = 0,03) and body mass index (p = 0,01). The fonctional status was evaluated at the third and seventh post operative days and at the first and second post operative months. Pain relief (EVA score), total peri operative blood loss (OSTHEO study criteria) and radiologic implants positioning are mesured. In this study, there was no major complication. There was one case of phlebitis in both groups. During the evaluation, there was no significant difference in the functional result. The post operative EVA pain score was not different. The mean total peri operative blood loss was 1025 ml in the standard approach group and 1164 ml in the mini incision approach group (p = 0,405). The radiologic evaluation showed no difference in the cup positioning. In the mini incision group, there was few cases of varus positioning of the ABG II stem (21% cases) but it was not significant. Those results demonstrate the safety and the efficacy of the posterior mini incision approach. There is a need for a technical learning curve and a resonably incision sizing adapted for each patient. Under those conditions, we are able to achieve the same quality of implant positioning, which should provide the same long term result

As Total Hip Replacement (THR) rates increase healthcare providers have sought to reduce costs, while at the same time improving patient safety and satisfaction. Up to 50% of patients may be appropriate for Day Case THR, and in appropriately selected patients’ studies show no increase in complication rate while affording a significant cost saving and maintaining a high rate of patient satisfaction. Despite the potential benefits, levels of adoption of Day Case THR vary. A common cause for this is the perception that doing so would require the adoption of new surgical techniques, implants, or theatre equipment. We report on a Day-Case THR pathway in centres with an established and well-functioning Enhanced Recovery pathway, utilising the posterior approach and standard implants and positioning. We prospectively collected the data on consecutive THRs performed by a single surgeon between June 2018 and July 2021. A standardised anaesthetic regimen using short acting spinal was used. Surgical data included approach, implants, operative time, and estimated blood loss. Outcome data included time of discharge from hospital, post operative complications, readmissions, and unscheduled health service attendance. Data was gathered on 120 consecutive DCTHRs in 114 patients. 93% of patients were successfully discharged on the day of surgery. Four patients required re-admission: one infection treated with DAIR, one dislocation, one wound ooze admitted for a day of monitoring, one gastric ulcer. One patient had a short ED attendance for hypertension. Our incidence of infection, dislocation and wound problems were similar to those seen in inpatient THR. Out data show that the widely used posterior approach using standard positioning and implants can be used effectively in a Day Case THR pathway, with no increase in failure of same-day discharge or re-admission to hospital

There is controversy regarding the effect of different approaches on recovery after THR. Collecting detailed relevant data with satisfactory compliance is difficult. Our retrospective observational multi-center study aimed to find out if the data collected via a remote coaching app can be used to monitor the speed of recovery after THR using the anterolateral (ALA), posterior (PA) and the direct anterior approach (DAA). 771 patients undergoing THR from 13 centers using the moveUP platform were identified. 239 had ALA, 345 DAA and 42 PA. There was no significant difference between the groups in the sex of patients or in preoperative HOOS Scores. There was however a significantly lower age in the DAA (64,1y) compared to ALA (66,9y), and a significantly lower Oxford Hip Score in the DAA (23,9) compared to PA(27,7). Step count measured by an activity tracker, pain killer and NSAID use was monitored via the app. We recorded when patients started driving following surgery, stopped using crutches, and their HOOS and Oxford hip scores at 6 weeks. Overall compliance with data request was 80%. Patients achieved their preoperative activity level after 25.8, 17,7 and 23.3 days, started driving a car after 33.6, 30.3 and 31.7 days, stopped painkillers after 27.5, 20.2 and 22.5 days, NSAID after 30.3, 25.7, and 24.7 days for ALA, DAA and PA respectively. Painkillers were stopped and preoperative activity levels were achieved significantly earlier favoring DAA over ALA. Similarly, crutches were abandoned significantly earlier (39.9, 29.7 and 24.4 days for ALA, DAA and PA respectively) favoring DAA and PA over ALA. HOOS scores and Oxford Hip scores improved significantly in all 3 groups at 6 weeks, without any statistically significant difference between groups in either Oxford Hip or HOOS subscores. No final conclusion can be drawn as to the superiority of either approach in this study but the remote coaching platform allowed the collection of detailed data which can be used to advise patients individually, manage expectations, improve outcomes and identify areas for further research

Aims. The epiphyseal approach to a chondroblastoma of the intercondylar notch of a child’s distal femur does not provide adequate exposure, thereby necessitating the removal of a substantial amount of unaffected bone to expose the lesion. In this study, we compared the functional outcomes, local recurrence, and surgical complications of treating a chondroblastoma of the distal femoral epiphysis by either an intercondylar or an epiphyseal approach. Methods. A total of 30 children with a chondroblastoma of the distal femur who had been treated by intraregional curettage and bone grafting were retrospectively reviewed. An intercondylar approach was used in 16 patients (group A) and an epiphyseal approach in 14 (group B). Limb function was assessed using the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) scoring system and Sailhan’s functional criteria. Results. At final follow-up, the mean MSTS score was 29.1 (SD 0.9) in group A and 26.7 (SD 1.5) in group B (p = 0.006). According to Sailhan’s criteria, the knee function was good and fair in 14 (87.5%) and two (12.5%) patients of group A, and eight (57.1%) and six (42.9%) patients of group B, respectively (p = 0.062). The lesion had recurred in one patient (6.2%) in group A and four patients (28.6%) in group B. Limb shortening > 1 cm was recorded in one patient (6.2%) from group A and six patients (42.8%) from group B. Joint degeneration was noted in one patient from group A and three patients from group B. Conclusion. An intercondylar approach to a chondroblastoma of the middle two-quarters of the distal femoral epiphysis results in better outcomes than a medial or lateral epiphyseal approach: specifically, better limb function, a lower rate of recurrence, and a lower rate of physeal damage and joint degeneration. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2024;106-B(2):195–202

Aims. Obesity is associated with an increased risk of hip osteoarthritis, resulting in an increased number of total hip arthroplasties (THAs) performed annually. This study examines the peri- and postoperative outcomes of morbidly obese (MO) patients (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m. 2. ) compared to healthy weight (HW) patients (BMI 18.5 to < 25 kg/m. 2. ) who underwent a THA using the anterior-based muscle-sparing (ABMS) approach. Methods. This retrospective cohort study observes peri- and postoperative outcomes of MO and HW patients who underwent a primary, unilateral THA with the ABMS approach. Data from surgeries performed by three surgeons at a single institution was collected from January 2013 to August 2020 and analyzed using Microsoft Excel and Stata 17.0. Results. This study compares 341 MO to 1,140 HW patients. Anaesthesia, surgery duration, and length of hospital stay was significantly lower in HW patients compared to MO. There was no difference in incidence of pulmonary embolism, periprosthetic fracture, or dislocation between the two groups. The rate of infection in MO patients (1.47%) was significantly higher than HW patients (0.14%). Preoperative patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) show a significantly higher pain level in MO patients and a significantly lower score in functional abilities. Overall, six-week and one-year postoperative data show higher levels of pain, lower levels of functional improvement, and lower satisfaction scores in the MO group. Conclusion. The comorbidities of obesity are well studied; however, the implications of THA using the ABMS approach have not been studied. Our peri- and postoperative results demonstrate significant improvements in PROMs in MO patients undergoing THA. However, the incidence of deep infection was significantly higher in this group compared with HW patients. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2023;4(5):299–305

To propose a modified approach to measuring femoro-epiphyseal acetabular roof (FEAR) index while still abiding by its definition and biomechanical basis, and to compare the reliabilities of the two methods. To propose a classification for medial sourcil edges. We retrospectively reviewed a consecutive series of patients treated with periacetabular osteotomy and/or hip arthroscopy. A modified FEAR index was defined. Lateral center-edge angle, Sharp's angle, Tonnis angle on all hips, as well as FEAR index with original and modified approaches were measured. Intra- and inter-observer reliability were calculated as intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) for FEAR index with both approaches and other alignments. A classification was proposed to categorize medial sourcil edges. ICC for the two approaches across different sourcil groups were also calculated. After reviewing 411 patients, 49 were finally included. Thirty-two patients (40 hips) were identified as having borderline dysplasia defined by an LCEA of 18 to 25 degrees. Intra-observer ICC for the modified method were good to excellent for borderline hips; poor to excellent for DDH; moderate to excellent for normal hips. As for inter-observer reliability, modified approach outperformed original approach with moderate to good inter-observer reliability (DDH group, ICC=0.636; borderline dysplasia group, ICC=0.813; normal hip group, ICC=0.704). The medial sourcils were classified to 3 groups upon its morphology. Type II(39.0%) and III(43.9%) sourcils were the dominant patterns. The sourcil classification had substantial intra-observer agreement (observer 4, kappa=0.68; observer 1, kappa=0.799) and moderate inter-observer agreement (kappa=0.465). Modified approach to FEAR index possessed greater inter-observer reliability in all medial sourcil patterns. The modified FEAR index has better intra- and inter-observer reliability compared with the original approach. Type II and III sourcils accounts for the majority to which only the modified approach is applicable

Background. It is unclear whether the approach of hemiarthroplasty influence the outcomes in elderly patients with displaced femoral neck fractures. We conducted a randomized controlled trial to compare the direct lateral approach (DL approach) and posterolateral approach (PL approach) for hemiarthroplasty. Methods. This study included patients presenting to our hospital with displaced femoral neck fractures (Garden stage 3 or 4) from August 2010 to August 2011. 59 patients agreed the prospective study. They were randomized between the hemiarthroplasty using DL approach or PL approach. We evaluated and compared the operative time, perioperative blood loss, peri- and post-operative complications, and 5-year survival rates. Results. Thirty-two patients underwent the hemiarthroplasty using DL approach and 27 patients underwent hemiarthroplasty using PL approach. The mean operative time was 91 min in DL group and 77 min in PL group. A significant difference was observed for the mean operative times(p<0.005). The bleeding during surgery was 194 g in DL group and 180 g in PL group. The postoperative blood loss was 268 g in DL group and 264 g in PL group, no significant difference was observed postoperatively. Perioperative and postoperative complications were observed in 8 patients of DL group and 5 patients of the PL group. In DL group, perioperative complications included fracture in 1 patient, whereas postoperative complications included deep vein thrombosis in 7 patients. In PL group, postoperative complications included deep vein thrombosis in 3 patients, deep infection in 1 patient and subluxation of the outerhead in 1 patient. Two patients of DL group and 3patients of PL group suffered second hip fractures within the follow-up period, and 1 patient of PL group suffered periprosthetic fracture and treated conservatively. We identified 28 patients as dead in the follow-up period. The 5-year survival rate of DL group was 51.3% and that of PL group was 44.2%; there were not significantly different between the groups (log-rank test, p = 0.324). Conclusion. The mean operative time was significantly longer in DL groups, but peri- and post-operative complications and the surbival rate were not significantly different between the two groups. Surgical approach might not affect the outcomes of hemiarthroplasty in patients with femoral neck fractures

The majority of papers covering MIS total knee describe a surgical approach where the quads tendon is violated. This presentation describes a modified subvastus approach using MIS technique. The results are compared to the regular subvastus approach. Material and methods: 423 total knee replacements were performed through MIS subvastus approach from November 2002 to February 2004. All cases were performed by the same surgeon. The subvastus approach was modified to allow more quads excursion so the surgery can be performed without dislocating the patella. The data was processed at University of Dundee. The results were compared to the results of 361 cases of standard subvastus approach performed by the same surgeon. Kanasaki et al. (ISTA 2002) has shown that patients who had subvastus approach were able to regain the ability to do a straight leg raising faster than the standard parapateller incision. The results in this paper confirm the same showing that the ability of patients to rehabilitate is not related only to the size of the incision. Having relatively small incisions help in shorten hospital stay but did not make any difference in blood loss. The subvastus approach the only true quad sparing approach and it can be performed through 10 cm incision safely even in heavy patients with severe knee deformity

INTRODUCTION. The majority of papers covering MIS total knee describe a surgical approach where the quads tendon is violated. This presentation describes a modified subvastus approach using MIS technique. The results are compared to the regular subvastus approach. MATERIAL AND METHODS. 423 total knee replacements were performed through MIS subvastus approach from November 2002 to February 2004. All cases were performed by the same surgeon. The subvastus approach was modified to allow more quads excursion so the surgery can be performed without dislocating the patella. The data was processed at University of Dundee. The results were compared to the results of 361 cases of standard subvastus approach performed by the same surgeon. RESULTS. The average skin incision for the MIS group was 10.2 CM. as compared to 18.4 to the standard subvastus. There was no significant difference in the blood loss between the two groups. The progress with rehabilitation was the same in both groups as well. Hospital stay was also the same. DISCUSSION. Kanasaki et al. (ISTA 2002) has shown that patients who had subvastus approach were able to regain the ability to do a straight leg raising faster than the standard parapateller incision. The results in this paper confirm the same showing that the ability of patients to rehabilitate is not related only to the size of the incision. Having relatively small incisions help in shorten hospital stay but did not make any difference in blood loss. CONCLUSION. The subvastus approach is the only true quad sparing approach and it can be performed through 10 cm. incision safely even in heavy patients with severe knee deformity

Introduction. The reconstruction of segmental long bone defects remains one of the holy grails of orthopaedic surgery. The optimal treatment of which remains a topic of great debate. This study aimed to evaluate the outcomes following the management of critical-sized bone defects using a classification-based treatment algorithm. Materials & Methods. A retrospective review of all patients undergoing treatment for segmental diaphyseal defects of long bones at a tertiary-level limb reconstruction unit was performed. The management of the bone defect was standardised as per the classification by Ferreira and Tanwar (2020). Results. A total of 96 patients (mean age 39.8, SD 15.2) with a minimum six months follow-up were included. Most bone defects were the result of open fractures (75/96) with 67% associated with Gustilo-Anderson IIIB injuries. There was a statistical difference in the likelihood of union between treatment strategies with more than 90% of cases undergoing acute shortening and bone transport achieving union and only 72% of cases undergoing the induced membrane technique consolidating (p=0.049). Of those defects that consolidated, there was no difference in the time to bone union between strategies (p=0.308) with an overall median time to union 8.33 months (95% CI 7.4 — 9.2 months). The induced membrane technique was associated with a 40% risk of sepsis. Conclusions. This study reported the outcomes of a standardised approach to the management of critical-sized bone defects. Whilst overall results were supportive of this approach, the outcomes associated with the induced membrane technique require further refinement of its indications in the management of critical-sized bone defects

Background. Disability is an important multifaceted construct. Identifying sources of disability could help optimise patient care. The aim of this study was to test an approach that not only estimates severity of disability, but also identifies the source(s) of this disability. Methods. An online survey was used to collect data from a convenience sample, recruited via email and social media invitations. Two generic measures of disability, the 8-item Universal Disability Index (UDI8) and Groningen Activity Restriction Scale (GARS) were used to estimate the prevalence and severity of disability in this sample. Non-zero UDI8 item responses generated conditional sub-questions, in which participants could attribute their activity limitations to one or more sources (pain, fatigue, worry, mood, and other). This allowed for a decomposition of UDI8 scores into source components. Results. 403 participants enrolled; 334 completed all UDI8 and GARS items. Of these, 85.3% (285/334) reported at least one restricted activity via the UDI8, while 43.4% (145/334) reported some reduced independence via the GARS. Disability severity increased with age until approximately 40 years, after which it decreased gradually. Pain component scores were high in all individuals with higher and lower disability severity, whereas fatigue component scores were highest in individuals reporting higher disability severity. Worry, mood, and other component scores were not high at any level of disability severity. Conclusions. This approach should be used to identify the prevalence, severity and sources of disability in the general population and in specific patient groups. Conflicts of interest. No conflicts of interest. Sources of funding. No funding obtained

Introduction: The development of the ilioinguinal approach by the pioneering work of Letournel in 1965 has transformed the treatment of acetabular fractures. To date, this approach has been well established and few modifications have been described of the original approach. However, this approach is difficult, takes long time for exposure and closure of abdominal layers. The aim of this article is to report a modification of the approach which the authors have found particularly useful. Material and Method: Cadaveric dissection showed that it was easier to detach the inguinal ligament from the anterior superior iliac spine and reflect the anterior abdominal wall as one layer, than by the classical approach through layers of the anterior abdominal wall. Closure was also simpler, in the cadaver, with the entire anterior abdominal wall reattaching satisfactorily by a single transosseous suture. The rest of the approach, including division of iliopectineal fascia and developing the three windows remains the same as in the original approach. Results: To date, three acetabular fractures have been reduced and fixed using this modification. Besides substantially speeding up the exposure and closure, this approach allows superior distal visualization of the anterior column and wall, and the impression of rather less bleeding. No complications developed with the three cases treated through this modified approach, and specifically, there have been no hernias, nor has the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve of the thigh been damaged. Discussion: This small study demonstrates a modification to a classic approach that seems to be both safe and fast We hope that further experience will also show reduction in problems associated with wound healing. Further work in progress may also show that femoral venous flow is less impeded by this approach as retraction is not against the unyielding inguinal ligament

The increased demand for total hip arthroplasty (THA) is having a significant impact on healthcare resources, resulting in increased interest in outpatient care pathways to reduce resource consumption. This study compared costs between patients who underwent outpatient THA using a Direct Anterior (DA) approach compared to a Direct Lateral (DL) approach to understand the effect of surgical approach on resource use. We conducted a prospective randomized controlled trial for DA patients undergoing primary THA. We compared patients in the outpatient arm of the trial to a prospective cohort of outpatient DL approach THAs. We recorded all costs including: equipment, length of stay in hospital, and laboratory or other medical tests. Following discharge, participants also completed a self-reported cost diary recording resource utilization such as emergency department visits or subsequent hospitalizations, tests and procedures, consultations or follow-up, healthcare professional services, rehabilitation, use of pain medications, informal care, productivity losses and out of pocket expenditures. We report costs from both Canadian public health care payer (HCP) and a societal perspective. The HCP perspective includes any direct health costs covered by the publicly funded system. In addition to the health care system costs, the societal perspective also includes additional costs to the patient (e.g. physiotherapy, medication, or assistive devices), as well as any indirect costs such as time off paid employment for patients or caregivers. We included 127 patients in the DA group (66.6 years old) and 51 patients in the DL group (59.4 years old) (p<0.01). There were no statistically significant differences in costs between groups from both the healthcare payer (DA= 7910.19, DL= 7847.17, p=0.80) and societal perspectives (DA= 14657.21, DL= 14581.21, p=0.96). In patients undergoing a successful outpatient hip replacement, surgical approach does not have an effect on cost from in hospital or societal perspectives

Open limb fractures are typically due to a high energy trauma. Several recent studied have showed treatment's superiority when a multidisciplinary approach is applied. World Health Organization reports that isolate limb traumas have an incidence rate of 11.5/100.000, causing high costs in terms of hospitalization and patient disability. A lack of experience in soft tissue management in orthopaedics and traumatology seems to be the determining factor in the clinical worsening of complex cases. The therapeutic possibilities offered by microsurgery currently permit simultaneous reconstruction of multiple tissues including vessels and nerves, reducing the rate of amputations, recovery time and preventing postoperative complications. Several scoring systems to assess complex limb traumas exist, among them: NISSSA, MESS, AO and Gustilo Anderson. In 2010, a further scoring system was introduced to focus open fractures of all locations: OTA-OFC. Rather than using a single composite score, the OTA-OFC comprises five components grades (skin, arterial, muscle, bone loss and contamination), each rated from mild to severe. The International Consensus Meeting of 2018 on musculoskeletal infections in orthopaedic surgery identified the OTA-OFC score as an efficient catalogue system with interobserver agreement that is comparable or superior to the Gustilo-Anderson classification. OTA-OFC predicts outcomes such as the need for adjuvant treatments or the likelihood of early amputation. An orthoplastic approach reconstruction must pay adequate attention to bone and soft tissue infections management. Concerning bone management: there is little to no difference in terms of infection rates for Gustilo-Anderson types I–II treated by reamed intramedullary nail, circular external fixator, or unreamed intramedullary nail. In Gustilo-Anderson IIIA-B fractures, circular external fixation appears to provide the lowest infection rates when compared to all other fixation methods. Different technique can be used for the reconstruction of bone and soft tissue defects based on each clinical scenario. Open fracture management with fasciocutaneous or muscle flaps shows comparable outcomes in terms of bone healing, soft tissue coverage, acute infection and chronic osteomyelitis prevention. The type of flap should be tailored based on the type of the defect, bone or soft tissue, location, extension and depth of the defect, size of the osseous gap, fracture type, and orthopaedic implantation. Local flaps should be considered in low energy trauma, when skin and soft tissue is not traumatized. In high energy fractures with bone exposure, muscle flaps may offer a more reliable reconstruction with fewer flap failures and lower reoperation rates. On exposed fractures several studies report precise timing for a proper reconstruction. Hence, timing of soft tissue coverage is a critical for length of in-hospital stay and most of the early postoperative complications and outcomes. Early coverage has been associated with higher union rates and lower complications and infection rates compared to those reconstructed after 5-7 days. Furthermore, early reconstruction improves flap survival and reduces surgical complexity, as microsurgical free flap procedures become more challenging with a delay due to an increased pro-thrombotic environment, tissue edema and the increasingly friable vessels. Only those patients presenting to facilities with an actual dedicated orthoplastic trauma service are likely to receive definitive treatment of a severe open fracture with tissue loss within the established parameters of good practice. We conclude that the surgeon's experience appears to be the decisive element in the orthoplastic approach, although reconstructive algorithms may assist in decisional and planification of surgery

Renal Osteodystrophy is a type of metabolic bone disease characterized by bone mineralization deficiency due to electrolyte and endocrine abnormalities. Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are more likely to experience falls and fractures due to renal osteodystrophy and the high prevalence of risk factors for falls. Treatment involves medical management to resolve the etiology of the underlying renal condition, as well as management (and prevention) of pathological fractures. A 66-year-old female patient, with severe osteoporosis and chronic kidney disease undergoing haemodialysis, has presented with multiple fractures along the years. She was submitted to bilateral proximal femoral nailing as fracture treatment on the left and prophylactically due to pathological bone injury on the right, followed by revision of the left nail with a longer one after varus angulation and fracture distal to the nail extremity. Meanwhile, the patient suffered a pathological fracture of the radial and cubital diaphysis and was submitted to conservative treatment with cast, with consolidation of the fracture. Posteriorly, she re-fractured these bones after a fall and repeated the conservative treatment. Clinical management: There is a multidisciplinary approach to manage the chronic illness of the patient, including medical management to resolve the etiology and consequences of her chronic kidney disease, pain control, conservative or surgical fracture management and prevention of falls. The incidence of chronic renal disease is increasing and the patients with this condition live longer than previously and are more physically active. Thus, patients may experience trauma as a direct result of increased physical activity in a setting of weakened pathologic bone. Their quality of life is primarily limited by musculoskeletal problems, such as bone pain, muscle weakness, growth retardation, and skeletal deformity. A multidisciplinary approach is required to treat these patients, controlling their chronic diseases, managing fractures and preventing falls

Introduction. The anterior mini-invasive approach to performing total hip arthroplasty (THA) is associated with less soft tissue damage and a shorter postoperative recovery than other methods. In August 2008, our hospital abandoned the traditional lateral Hardinge approach in favor of this new method. The purpose of this study was to measure changes in short-term clinical and radiological results and complications after the changeover. Methods. We compared the first 100 patients operated after the changeover to the new method (MI group) to the last 100 patients operated using the traditional method (LH group). Clinical and radiological parameters and complications were recorded pre- and postoperatively and the collected data of the two groups were statistically analyzed and compared. Results. There were no statistically significant differences between either group with regard to patient demographics or procedural data, placement of the femur component, postoperative leg discrepancy, prosthesis dislocation, blood transfusion, or postoperative dislocation of the components. The MI group had a significantly shorter hospital stay (p<0.001) and significantly fewer infections (p = 0.007) of the operative site. The LH group had a significantly shorter operative time (p<0.001), less bleeding (p = 0.035), less nerve damage (p = 0.013), and radiologically better positioning of the acetabular component regarding anteversion (p<0.001). Furthermore, a few other recorded surgical complications were more frequent in the MI group, but the difference was not statistically significant. Interpretation. Our results show that the anterior approach correlates with faster postoperative recovery and less soft tissue damage with respect to the lateral approach. Since the changeover, we observed an increase in the overall complications, but in this study this increase was not found to be statistically significant. These complications were not only found in the initial patients operated with the mini-invasive approach, but were homogeneously spread over all 100 patients. Additionally, and perhaps most worrying was the clinically significant increase in intraoperative femur fractures in the MI group. The changeover to the anterior mini-invasive approach, which was the surgeons' initial experience with the MI technique, resulted in a drastic increase in the number of overall complications. A future randomized, prospective study including functional scores and a large body of patients will be imperative to show whether the two different approaches really are equivalent

Ideberg-Goss type VI/AO F2(4) glenoid fossa fractures are a rare and complex injury. Although some advocate non-operative management, grossly displaced glenoid fossa fractures in the young patient may warrant fixation. Current approaches still describe difficulty with access of the entirety of the glenoid, particularly the postero-superior quadrant. We present 2 cases of Ideberg-Goss type VI/AO F2(4) glenoid fossa fractures treated with fixation through a novel “Deltoid Takedown” approach, which allows safe access to the whole glenoid with satisfactory clinical results at 5 and 7 years respectively

Total elbow arthroplasty is usually performed through a posterior approach. The management of the triceps tendon insertion include; Triceps division (V-Y Triceps turn down), Detachment of the Triceps insertion either by triceps splitting (Gschwind approach) or triceps reflecting (Bryan-Morrey approach), or by leaving the Triceps insertion intact (Triceps On approach). The ideal approach needs to meet three broad criteria; firstly it should be quick and easy, secondly it should offer excellent exposure and thirdly it should have low morbidity to the Triceps tendon. An approach that is also versatile provides an additional advantage. The purpose of this study was to present and discuss the surgical technique of a “new” posterior approach to the elbow. To biomechanically evaluate and compare the strength of the Triceps tendon repair with the Bryan-Morrey approach (recently demonstrated in a cadaveric study to be the strongest of three methods of management of the Triceps tendon). The Bryan-Morrey and Oxford approach were each performed on fourteen pairs of cadaveric elbows with the two Triceps tendon repairs carried out. The contra-lateral elbow served as the control. The specimens were then mounted on a material testing system and a constant velocity elongation was applied. This new approach demonstrated a significant reduction in operative time as well as providing excellent exposure suitable for multiple indications. Final analysis of the data using % ultimate strength loss (%USL) compared to the control specimens as the ultimate end point showed this new approach is as strong as the Bryan-Morrey approach with %USL of −40% for both approaches

Background. The increasing desire to protect the periarticular structures led the need of a Tissue Sparing Surgery. The accesses most widely used are the direct-lateral approach and the postero-lateral one, both with patient in lateral decubitus. Aim: This accesses require however an incision of tendons and muscles even in their minimally invasive technique, so we looked for an approach that would wholly protect the periarticular structures and allow us not to revise our experience in patient positioning, preparation of the operating field and surgeon's position during surgery. Our intent was to leave the acquired knowledge unchanged and to preserve unaltered the anatomical landmarks that we had previously identified and consolidated for the correct positioning of the components. Methods. We have used this approach in more than 180 cases of primary hip arthroplasty. Clinical control includes: Oxford Hip Score, VAS and X-Ray. Results. OHS mean:44, range 37-48. On X-Ray no signs of components migration, radioucent lines or osteolysis. We didn't have dislocations or other complications. Discussion. The only approach that safeguard really the periarticular structures is the anterior one (Smith-Petersen), which actually is performed placing the patient in supine decubitus, with obvious difficulties in preparing the operating field and a complete change of the anatomical landmarks. We have combined the advantages of the anterior access with the ones linked to the lateral decubitus. The rewards of this new approach are: easiest preparation of the operating field, no special bed or supports are required, the inferior limb can be easly moved, it is a real tissue sparing approach, good acetabular exposition, surgeon placed traditionally on the posterior side of the patient during the acetabular time. Conclusion. We have encoded all the steps of this approach that we have called the Anterior Lateral Decubitus Intermuscolar (ALDI) approach

The Posterior and Lateral approaches are most commonly used for Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA) in the United Kingdom (UK). Fewer than 5% of UK surgeons routinely use the Direct Anterior Approach (DAA). DAA THA is increasing, particularly among surgeons who have learned the technique during overseas fellowships. Whether DAA offers long-term clinical benefit is unclear. We undertook a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected 10-year, multi-surgeon, multi-centre implant surveillance study data for matched cohorts of patients whose operations were undertaken by either the DAA or posterior approach. All operations were undertaken using uncemented femoral and acetabular components. The implants were different for the two surgical approaches. We report the pre-operative, and post operative six-month, two-year, five-year and 10-year Oxford Hip Score (OHS) and 10-year revision rates. 125 patients underwent DAA THA; these patients were matched against those undergoing the posterior approach through propensity score matching for age, gender and body mass index. The 10-year revision rate for DAA THA was 3.2% (4/125) and 2.4% (3/125) for posterior THA. The difference in revision rate was not statistically significant. Both DAA and Posterior THA pre-operative OHS were comparable at 19.85 and 19.12 respectively. At the six-month time point, there was an OHS improvement of 20.89 points for DAA and 18.82 points for Posterior THA and this was statistically significant (P-Value <0.001). At the two, five and 10-year time-points the OHS and OHS improvement from the pre-operative review were comparable. At the 10-year time point post-op the OHS for DAA THA was 42.63, 42.10 for posterior THA and the mean improvement from pre-op to 10-years post op was 22.78 and 22.98 respectively. There was no statistical difference when comparing the OHS or the OHS mean improvements at the two, five and 10-year point. Whilst there was greater improvement and statistical significance during the initial six month time period, as time went on there was no statistically significant difference between the outcome measures or revision rates for the two approaches

In this work, we propose a new quantitative way of evaluating acute compartment syndrome (ACS) by dynamic mechanical assessment of soft tissue changes. First, we have developed an animal model of ACS to replicate the physiological changes during the condition. Secondly, we have developed a mechanical assessment tool for quantitative pre-clinical assessment of ACS. Our hand-held indentation device provides an accurate method for investigations into the local dynamic mechanical properties of soft tissue and for in-situ non-invasive assessment and monitoring of ACS. Our compartment syndrome model was developed on the cranial tibial and the peroneus tertius muscles of a pig's leg (postmortem). The compartment syndrome pressure values were obtained by injecting blood from the bone through the muscle. To enable ACS assessment by a hand-held indentation device we combined three main components: a load cell, a linear actuator and a 3-axis accelerometer. Dynamic tests were performed at a frequency of 0.5 Hz and by applying an amplitude of 0.5 mm. Another method used to observe the differences in the mechanical properties inside the leg was a 3D Digital Image Correlation (3D-DIC). Videos were taken from two different positions of the pig's leg at different pressure values: 0 mmHg, 15 mmHg and 40 mmHg. Two strains along the x axis (Exx) and y axis (Eyy) were measured. Between the two pressure cases (15 mmHg and 40 mmHg) a clear deformation of the model is visible. In fact, the bigger the pressure, the more visible the increase in strain is. In our animal model, local muscle pressures reached values higher than 40 mmHg, which correlate with observed human physiology in ACS. In our presentation we will share our dynamic indentation results on this model to demonstrate the sensitivity of our measurement techniques. Compartment syndrome is recognised as needing improved clinical management tools. Our approach provides both a model that reflects physiological behaviour of ACS, and a method for in-situ non-invasive assessment and monitoring

Purpose: The interest in minimally invasive surgery (MIS) for total hip arthroplasty has not waned in anyway (THA). Different surgical approaches have been used to do MIS-THA. The purpose of this study was to compare the outcome of the THA using the minimally invasive postero-lateral approach (MIS-PL) and minimally invasive antero-lateral approach (MIS-AL). Patients and Methods: Fifty randomly assigned patients with MIS-PL and 32 patients with MIS-AL were included in the study. There were no significant differences in age, sex, diagnosis, JOA score or body mass index in each group. The operation time, length of incision, blood loss, implant position, muscle recovery and complication were observed. Results: Total blood loss and pain was significantly less in patients undergoing THA via MIS postero-lateral approach. In addition, the MIS-PL had improved recovery of muscle strength (hip flexion and abduction) which was statistically significant. Median cup inclination was 42.3 degrees (MIS-AL) and 41.7 degrees (MIS-PL). Median cup anteversion was 18.3 degrees (MIS-AL) and 15.9 degrees (MIS-PL), respectively. Roentgenographic evaluation of femoral component positioning showed no significant difference. Other postoperative data (length of hospital stay, operation time, complication) were comparable. Conclusion: The MIS antero-lateral approach have often been selected to decrease the risk of dislocation, but this approach needs to release the one third of the gluteus medius from the greater trochanter. MIS postero-lateral approach caused less pain and improve recovery time, postero-lateral approach is more suitable for minimally invasive total hip arthroplasty

Aims. To compare the functional outcome, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and satisfaction of patients who underwent primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) and a single debridement, antibiotics and implant retention (DAIR) procedure for deep infection, using either the transgluteal or the posterior surgical approach for both procedures. Methods. The study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (ID: NCT03161990) on 15 May 2017. Patients treated with a single DAIR procedure for deep infection through the same operative approach as their primary THA (either the transgluteal or the posterior approach) were identified in the Norwegian Arthroplasty Register and given a questionnaire. Median follow-up after DAIR by questionnaire was 5.5 years in the transgluteal group (n = 87) and 2.5 years in the posterior approach group (n = 102). Results. Patients in the posterior approach group were less likely to limp after the DAIR procedure (17% vs 36% limped all the time; p = 0.005), had a higher mean Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) function score (80 vs 71; p = 0.013), and were more likely to achieve a patient acceptable symptom state for the WOMAC function score (76% vs 55%; p = 0.002). In a multivariable analysis, the point estimate for the increase in WOMAC function score using the posterior approach was 10.2 (95% CI 3.1 to 17.2; p = 0.005), which is above the minimal clinically important improvement. The patients in the posterior approach group also reported better mean HRQoL scores and were more likely to be satisfied with their hip arthroplasty (77% vs 55%; p = 0.001). Conclusion. In patients treated with a single, successful DAIR procedure for deep infection of a primary THA, the use of the posterior approach in both primary surgery and DAIR was associated with less limping, better functional outcome, better HRQoL, and higher patient satisfaction compared with cases where both were performed using the transgluteal approach. The observed differences in functional outcome and patient satisfaction were clinically relevant. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2020;102-B(12):1662–1669

Aims. Dual-mobility acetabular components (DMCs) have improved total hip arthroplasty (THA) stability in femoral neck fractures (FNFs). In osteoarthritis, the direct anterior approach (DAA) has been promoted for improving early functional results compared with the posterolateral approach (PLA). The aim of this study was to compare these two approaches in FNF using DMC-THA. Methods. A prospective continuous cohort study was conducted on patients undergoing operation for FNF using DMC by DAA or PLA. Functional outcome was evaluated using the Harris Hip Score (HHS) and Parker score at three months and one year. Perioperative complications were recorded, and radiological component positioning evaluated. Results. There were 50 patients in the DAA group and 54 in the PLA group. The mean HHS was 85.5 (SD 8.8) for the DAA group and 81.8 (SD 11.9) for the PLA group (p = 0.064). In all, 35 patients in the DAA group and 40 in the PLA group returned to their pre-fracture Parker score (p = 0.641) in both groups. No statistically significant differences between groups were found at one year regarding these two scores (p = 0.062 and p = 0.723, respectively). The DAA was associated with more intraoperative complications (p = 0.013). There was one dislocation in each group, and four revisions for DAA and one for PLA, but this difference was not statistically significant. There were also no significant differences regarding blood loss, length of stay, or operating time. Conclusion. In DMC-THA for FNF, DAA did not achieve better functional results than PLA, either at three months or at one year. Moreover, DAA presented an increased risk of intra-operative complications. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2024;106-B(5 Supple B):133–138

Aims. Posterior column plating through the single anterior approach reduces the morbidity in acetabular fractures that require stabilization of both the columns. The aim of this study is to assess the effectiveness of posterior column plating through the anterior intrapelvic approach (AIP) in the management of acetabular fractures. Methods. We retrospectively reviewed the data from R G Kar Medical College, Kolkata, India, from June 2018 to April 2023. Overall, there were 34 acetabulum fractures involving both columns managed by medial buttress plating of posterior column. The posterior column of the acetabular fracture was fixed through the AIP approach with buttress plate on medial surface of posterior column. Mean follow-up was 25 months (13 to 58). Accuracy of reduction and effectiveness of this technique were measured by assessing the Merle d’Aubigné score and Matta’s radiological grading at one year and at latest follow-up. Results. Immediate postoperative radiological Matta’s reduction accuracy showed anatomical reduction (0 to 1 mm) in 23 cases (67.6%), satisfactory (2 to 3 mm) in nine (26.4%), and unsatisfactory (> 3 mm) in two (6%). Merle d’Aubigné score at the end of one year was calculated to be excellent in 18 cases (52.9%), good in 11 (32.3%), fair in three (8.8%), and poor in two (5.9%). Matta’s radiological grading at the end of one year was calculated to be excellent in 16 cases (47%), good in nine (26.4%), six in fair (17.6%), and three in poor (8.8%). Merle d’Aubigné score at latest follow-up deteriorated by one point in some cases, but the grading remained the same; Matta’s radiological grading at latest follow-up also remained unchanged. Conclusion. Stabilization of posterior column through AIP by medial surface plate along the sciatic notch gives good stability to posterior column, and at the same time can avoid morbidity of the additional lateral window. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2024;5(2):147–153

Aims. The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical, radiological, and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) in the first 100 consecutive patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA) via a direct superior approach (DSA) with a matched group of patients undergoing THA by the same surgeon, using a posterolateral approach (PLA). Methods. This was a retrospective single surgeon study comparing the first 100 consecutive DSA THA patients with a matched group of patients using a standard PLA. Case notes were examined for patient demographics, length of hospital stay, operating time, intra- and postoperative complications, pain score, satisfaction score, and Oxford Hip Score (OHS). Leg length discrepancy and component positioning were measured from postoperative plain radiographs. Results. The DSA patients had a shorter length of hospital stay (mean 2.09 days (SD 1.20) DSA vs 2.74 days (SD 1.17) PLA; p < 0.001) and shorter time to discharge from the inpatient physiotherapy teams (mean 1.44 days (SD 1.17) DSA vs 1.93 days (SD 0.96) PLA; p < 0.001). There were no differences in operating time (p = 0.505), pain levels up to postoperative day 1 (p = 0.106 to p =0.242), OHS (p = 0.594 to p = 0.815), satisfaction levels (p = 0.066 to p = 0.299), stem alignment (p = 0.240), acetabular component inclination (p < 0.001) and anteversion (p < 0.001), or leg length discrepancy (p = 0.134). Conclusion. While the DSA appears safe and was not associated with a significant difference in PROMs, radiological findings, or intraoperative or postoperative complications, a randomized controlled trial with functional outcomes in the postoperative phase is needed to evaluate this surgical approach formally. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(3):500–506

Orthopaedic surgeons vary in their surgical approaches to total knee arthroplasty. The aim of this investigation was to compare outcomes after two different surgical approaches. The study was a prospective single-centre longitudinal randomized controlled trial. A sub-vastus approach was compared with a medial para-patellar approach. Participating surgeons elected to randomize their patients to one of the two types of approach. Outcomes included the Knee Society (KS) Clinical Rating System, WOMAC Osteoarthritis Index, SF-36, and EuroQol (measured at 1, 6, 12 and 52 weeks post-operatively compared to baseline) complications, surgeon rated ease of exposure, and proportion of patients who had a lateral release. Two hundred and thirty one patients were randomized to the two approaches. One hundred and sixteen patients were randomized to the sub-vastus approach. At one week compared to baseline, range of motion, KS global, KS knee, and KS pain scores were significantly better in the sub-vastus group. At six weeks, the medial para-patellar group tended to have better outcomes, but not statistically significantly. At fifty-two weeks compared to baseline, the WOMAC global and pain scores, the SF36 physical function and role-physical scores, and the EuroQol utility and pain score were significantly better in the sub-vastus group. Surgeons reported the ease of exposure in the sub-vastus group was significantly worse on average. This trial is the largest of its kind to date, and the first, so far as we are aware, to compare clinical outcomes of different surgical approaches at one year post-operatively. The sub-vastus approach to total knee arthroplasty was more effective than a medial para-patellar approach at both one week and fifty-two weeks post-operatively in patients whose surgeons considered either approach would be suitable. However, surgeons reported worse ease of exposure in the sub-vastus group

Recent National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidance has advised against the continued use of the Thompson implant when performing hip hemiarthroplasty and recommended surgeons consider using the anterolateral surgical approach over a posterior approach. Our objective was to review outcomes from a consecutive series of Thompson hip hemiarthroplasty procedures performed in our unit and to identify any factors predicting the risk of complications. 807 Thompson hip hemiarthroplasty cases performed between April 2008 and November 2013 were reviewed. 721 (89.3%) were cemented and 86 (10.7%) uncemented. 575 (71.3%) were performed in female patients. The anterolateral approach was performed in 753 (93.3%) and the posterior approach with enhanced soft tissue repair in 54 (6.7%). Overall, there were 23 dislocations (2.9%). Dislocation following the posterior approach occurred in 13.0% (7 of 54) in comparison to 2.1% (16 of 753) with the anterolateral approach (odds ratio (OR) 8.5 (95% CI 2.8 to 26.3) p < 0.001). Surgeon grade and patient history of cognitive impairment did not have a significant impact on dislocation rate. Patients were discharged home in 459 cases (56.9%), to a care home or other hospital in 273 cases (33.8%). 51.8% (338 of 653) returned home within 30 days. 75 died during their admission (9.3%). 30-day mortality was 7.1% and 1-year mortality was 16.6%. Intraoperative fracture occurred in 15 cases (1.9%) of which 14 were cemented. Superficial or deep infection occurred in 33 cases (4.1%). We recommend against the continued use of the posterior approach in hip hemiarthroplasty, as enhanced soft tissue repair did not reduce dislocation rates to an acceptable level. Our findings, however, demonstrate satisfactory results for patients treated with the Thompson hip hemiarthroplasty performed through an anterolateral approach. We suggest that the continued use of the Thompson implant in a carefully selected patient cohort is justifiable

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of surgical approach on femoral stem version in THA. This was a retrospective database review of 830 THAs in 830 patients that had both preoperative and postoperative CT scans. All patients underwent staged bilateral THAs and received CT-based 3D planning on both sides. Stem version was measured in the second CT-scan and compared to the native neck axis measured in the first CT-scan, using the posterior condyles as the reference for both. Cases were performed by 104 surgeons using either a direct anterior (DAA, n=303) or posterior (PA, n=527) approach and one of four stem designs: quadrangular taper, calcar-guided short stem, flat taper and fit-and-fill. Sub-analyses investigated changes in version for low (≤5°), neutral (5–25°) and high (≥25°) native version subgroups and for the different implant types. Native version was not different between approaches (DAA = 12.6°, PA = 13.6°, p = 0.16). Overall, DAA stems were more anteverted relative to the native neck axis vs PA stems (5.9° vs 1.4°, p<0.001). This trend persisted in hips with high native version (3.2° vs -5.3°, p<0.01) and neutral native version (5.3° vs 1.3°, p<0.001), but did not reach significance in the low native version subgroup (8.9° vs 5.9°, p=0.13). Quadrangular taper, calcar-guided, and flat taper stem types had significantly more anteversion than native for DAA, while no differences were found for PA. Stems implanted with a direct anterior approach had more anteversion than those implanted with a posterior approach. The smaller surgical field, soft tissue tension and lack of a “tibial” vertical reference frame may contribute to this finding

Introduction: Minimal invasive surgery (MIS) seems to be part of future orthopaedic solutions. Currently, most approaches for the Bernese periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) are characterized by relatively extensive incisions, dissection and detachment of muscles. We have developed a new MIS approach for the Bernese PAO. The purposes were to reduce patient morbidity and to improve the cosmetic result following surgery without negatively influencing the achieved reorientation of the acetabular articular surface. In this study we present the surgical technique, results and compare them to the ilioinguinal (II) approach. Methods: The new MIS technique is a trans-sartorial approach using a three inch skin incision. Previously the II approach was used. From 1999–2006 a total of 215 patients with acetabular dysplasia were operated by the same surgeon in two successive time periods with the II (97) and the trans-sartorial (118) approaches. No supplemental surgery was performed. The two approaches are retrospectively compared regarding perioperative measures, transfusion requirements, complications and the achieved reorientation of the acetabular articular surface. Data are compared by Kruskal-Wallis Test and are presented as median and interquartile range. Results: The trans-sartorial approach significantly reduced days of admission (8 days (7–9) vs. 10 days (8–13), p< 0.0001), duration of surgery (70 min (60–75) vs. 100 min (82.5–120), p< 0.0001), perioperative blood loss (200ml (150–350) vs. 450ml (325–700), p< 0.0001) and the percentage of patients receiving blood transfusion (18.6 % vs. 3.4%). Of severe neurovascular, infectious and technical complications none occurred in the trans-sartorial group and 3 cases of arterial thrombosis were seen in the II group. The achieved reorientation measured by the CE-angle postoperatively had median values of 31° (25–36) in the II group and 33° (29–36) in the trans-sartorial group, p=0.016. The postoperative AI-angles were 10° (2–14) and 3° (0–7) in the II and trans-sartorial groups respectively, p< 0.0001. Discussion: Our shift to the trans-sartorial approach was rewarding as the duration of surgery, perioperative blood loss and transfusion requirements were reduced. The new MIS technique is safe and improves the cosmetic result without negative influence on the achieved reorientation of the acetabular articular surface

Introduction. Lower limb open fractures are severe injuries, with a joint orthoplastic approach for management recommended by BOAST. An initial audit highlighted a discrepancy in time to definitive wound coverage between the Queen Elizabeth University Hospital (QEUH), which at the time was not an orthoplastic centre, and the Glasgow Royal Infirmary (GRI) which was. Our aim was to perform a secondary audit to identify if the introduction of an orthoplastic service at the QEUH led to a reduction in time to definitive wound coverage. Materials and Methods. Forty-six patients with open lower limb fractures treated at the QEUH in 2019 following introduction of the orthoplastic service were identified. Management including time to antibiotics and wound coverage, and rates of complication were compared with previous audit data. Results. Days to washout was similar between the second cohort of QEUH patients and the first (p=0.522), as was days to definitive management without plastics input (p=0.143). When plastics input was required, there was a reduction in days to wound coverage in the second cohort of QEUH patients compared to the first (3 days vs 8.5 days; p=0.002), and a similar time if compared to the GRI cohort (p=0.778). Conclusions. Time to definitive wound coverage was reduced in those that required plastics input in the second cohort of QEUH patients, with a similar time to that of the original GRI cohort. The QEUH now displays improved concordance with the BOAST guidelines, with definite wound coverage on average occurring within 72 hours

Dislocation after total hip arthroplasty in individuals treated for acute hip fracture is up to 10 times more frequent than in elective patients. Whilst approach plays a role, the effect of head sizes in conventional THA and dual mobility cups (DMC) is less studied in fracture cases. The total dislocation rate at 1-year and 3-year revision rates were recorded in this observational study on 8,031 patients with acute hip fracture, treated with a THA 2005–2014. Swedish Arthroplasty Register data were linked with the National Patient Register. Cox multivariable regression models were fitted to calculate adjusted hazard ratios stratified by approach and head size. The cumulative risk of dislocation during year 1 was 2.7% (95% CI 2.2–3.2) with lateral approach and 8.3% (7.3–9.3) with posterior approach (KM estimates). In the posterior approach group DMC was associated with a lower risk of dislocation compared to cTHA=32mm (HR=0.21; 0.07–0.68), whilst a head size <32mm carried a higher risk (HR=1.47; 1.10–1.98). These differences were no longer visible when revision in general was used as outcome. Neither of the implant designs influenced the dislocation risk when direct lateral approach was used. Male gender and severe comorbidity increased the risk. DMC with lateral approach was associated with a reduced risk of revision in general (HR=0.36; 0.13–0.99). Head size did not influence the revision risk. When aiming to reduce the risk of any dislocation, lateral approach – regardless of cup/head design – is referable. If, for any reason, posterior approach is used, DMC is associated with the lowest risk of dislocation. This is not reflected in analysing revision in general as outcome. An interpretation could be that there are different thresholds for dislocation prompting revision

In osteoarthritis, chondrocytes acquire a hypertrophic phenotype that contributes to matrix degradation. Inflammation is proposed as trigger for the shift to a hypertrophic phenotype. Using in vitro culture of human chondrocytes and cartilage explants we could not find evidence for a role of inflammatory signalling activation. We found, however, that tissue repair macrophages may contribute to the onset of hypertrophy (doi: 10.1177/19476035211021907) Intra-articularly injected triamcinolone acetonide to inhibit inflammation in a murine model of collagenase-induced osteoarthritis, increased synovial macrophage numbers and osteophytosis, confirming the role of macrophages in chondrocyte hypertrophy occurring in osteophyte formation (doi: 10.1111/bph.15780). In search of targets to inhibit chondrocyte hypertrophy, we combined existing microarray data of different cartilage layers of murine growth plate and murine articular cartilage after induction of collagenase-induced osteoarthritis. We identified common differentially expressed genes and selected those known to be associated to inflammation. This revealed EPHA2, a tyrosine kinase receptor, as a new target. Using in silico, in vitro and in vivo models we demonstrated that inhibition of EPHA2 might be a promising treatment for osteoarthritis. Recently, single cell RNA-seq. has revealed detailed information about different populations of chondrocytes in articular cartilage during osteoarthritis. We re-analysed a published scRNA-seq data set of healthy and osteoarthritic cartilage to obtain the differentially expressed genes in the population of hypertrophic chondrocytes compared to the other chondrocytes, applied pathway analyses and then used drug databases to search for upstream inhibitors of these pathways. This drug repurposing approach led to the selection of 6 drugs that were screened and tested using several in vitro models with human chondrocytes and cartilage explants. In this lecture I will present this sequence of studies to highlight different approaches and models that can be used in the quest for a disease modifying drug for osteoarthritis

Low back pain affects 80% of the population with half of cases attributed to intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. However, the majority of treatments focus on pain management, with none targeting the underlying pathophysiological causes. PCRX-201 presents a novel gene therapy approach that addresses this issue. PCRX-201 codes for interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), the natural inhibitor of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1, which orchestrates the catabolic degeneration of the IVD. Our objective here is to determine the ability of PCRX-201 to infect human nucleus pulposus (NP) cells and tissue to increase the production of IL-1Ra and assess downstream effects on catabolic protein production. Degenerate human NP cells and tissue explants were infected with PCRX-201 at 0 or 3000 multiplicities of infection (MOI) and subsequently cultured for 5 days in monolayer (n=7), 21 days in alginate beads (n=6) and 14 days in tissue explants (n=5). Cell culture supernatant was collected throughout culture duration and downstream targets associated with pain and degeneration were assessed using ELISA. IL-1Ra production was increased in NP cells and tissue infected with PCRX-201. The production of downstream catabolic proteins such as IL-1β, IL-6, MMP3, ADAMTS4 and VEGF was decreased in both 3D-cultured NP cells and tissue explants. Here, we have demonstrated that a novel gene therapy, PCRX-201, is able to infect and increase the production of IL-1Ra in degenerate NP cells and tissue in vitro. The increase of IL-1Ra also resulted in a decrease in the production of a number of pro-inflammatory and catabolic proteins, suggesting PCRX-201 enables the inhibition of IL-1-driven IVD degeneration. At present, no treatments for IVD degeneration target the underlying pathology. The ability of FX201 to elicit anti-catabolic responses is promising and warrants further investigation in vitro and in vivo, to determine the efficacy of this exciting, novel gene therapy

Introduction: Avascular necrosis of the femoral head after resurfacing hip replacement is an important complication which may lead to fracture or failure. We compared the changes in femoral head oxygenation resulting from the anterolateral approach to those resulting from the posterior approach. Methods: In 22 patients undergoing hip resurfacing surgery, a calibrated gas-sensitive electrode was inserted supero-laterally in the femoral head via the femoral neck following division of the fascia lata. Inter-operative X-ray confirmed correct electrode placement. Baseline oxygen concentration levels were recorded immediately after electrode insertion. All results were expressed relative to this baseline, which was considered as 100% relative oxygen concentration. Oxygen levels were monitored continuously throughout the operation. 10 patients underwent surgery through the posterior approach, 12 patients through the antero-lateral approach. Results: During the operation patterns were similar for both groups, except following joint relocation and soft tissue reconstruction; oxygen concentration recovered significantly in the anterolateral group only. The posterior approach resulted in significantly lower (p< 0.01) oxygen concentration at the end of the procedure (22%, SD 31) than the antero-lateral approach (123%, SD 99). Discussion and Conclusion: The anterolateral approach disrupts the femoral head blood supply significantly less than the posterior approach in patients undergoing resurfacing. The incidence of complications related to avascular necrosis might be decreased by adopting blood supply conserving surgical approaches

Since 1989 we have treated most rotationally or vertically unstable pelvic fractures operatively. An anterior extra peritoneal approach has been used to achieve access to all parts of the anterior ring. This can be combined with the lateral approach on the iliac wing or with posterior approach for the SI and sacral lesions. The extra peritoneal midline approach is created through a 10–15 cm long midline incision beginning from the symphysis. The rectus muscles are not detached. Blunt preparation along the superior ramus gives more space laterally and reveals the obturator foramen. The corona mortis vessels are ligated. The iliac vessels, femoral nerve and the psoas muscle can be gentle elevated with a long hook. The eminential area, linea terminalis as well as the quadrilateral space are then visualised. All essential fragments can be reduced and fixed with plates and screws. Our study of 101 patients with an unstable pelvic ring (68 rotationally and vertically unstable injuries, 21 lateral compression injuries and 12 open book injuries) showed excellent or good reduction in 88, fair in 11 and poor in 2 cases. The overall functional results were excellent or good in 83, fair in 13 and poor in 5 patients. The correlation between anatomical reduction and good functional result was clear. Our experience and new data strongly support the use of ORIF in Type C pelvic ring injuries, in Type B- open book injuries, and in markedly displaced Type-B lateral compression injuries. Good reduction and a reliable stability can be achieved. Moreover, short postoperative morbidity and hospital stay as well as full weight bearing after 4 to 8 weeks resulted after adopting ORIF in pelvic fractures. External fixation is still used by us as a temporary bleeding control device before the final operative treatment when the bleeding is considered significant

In 12 patients, we measured the oxygen concentration in the femoral head-neck junction during hip resurfacing through the anterolateral approach. This was compared with previous measurements made for the posterior approach. For the anterolateral approach, the oxygen concentration was found to be highly dependent upon the position of the leg, which was adjusted during surgery to provide exposure to the acetabulum and femoral head. Gross external rotation of the hip gave a significant decrease in oxygenation of the femoral head. Straightening the limb led to recovery in oxygen concentration, indicating that the blood supply was maintained. The oxygen concentration at the end of the procedure was not significantly different from that at the start. The anterolateral approach appears to produce less disruption to the blood flow in the femoral head-neck junction than the posterior approach for patients undergoing hip resurfacing. This may be reflected subsequently in a lower incidence of fracture of the femoral neck and avascular necrosis

Anterior surgical approaches for total hip arthroplasty (THA) have increased popularity due to expected faster recovery and less pain. However, the direct anterior approach (Heuter approach which has been popularised by Matta) has been associated with a higher rate of early revisions than other approaches due to femoral component loosening and fractures. It is also noted to have a long learning curve and other unique complications like anterior femoral cutaneous and femoral nerve injuries. Most surgeons performing this approach will require the use of an expensive special operating table. An alternative to the direct anterior approach is the anterior-based muscle-sparing approach. It is also known as the modified Watson-Jones approach, anterolateral muscle-sparing approach, minimally invasive anterolateral approach and the Röttinger approach. With this technique, the hip joint is approached through the muscle interval between the tensor fascia lata and the gluteal muscles, as opposed to the direct anterior approach which is between the sartorius and rectus femoris and the tensor fascia lata. This approach places the femoral nerve at less risk for injury. I perform this technique in the lateral decubitus position, but it can also be performed in the supine position. An inexpensive home-made laminated L-shaped board is clamped on end of table allowing the ipsilateral leg to extend, adduct, and externally rotate during the femoral preparation. This approach for THA has been reported to produce excellent results. One study reports a complication rate of 0.6% femoral fracture rate and 0.4% revision rate for femoral stem loosening. In a prospective randomised trial looking at the learning curve with new approach, the anterior-based muscle-sparing anterior approach had lower complications than a direct anterior approach. The complications and mean operative time with this approach are reported to be no different than a direct lateral approach. Since this surgical approach is not through an internervous interval, a concern is that this may result in a permanent functional defect as result of injury to the superior gluteal nerve. At a median follow-up of 9.3 months, a MRI study showed 42% of patients with this approach had fat replacement of the tensor fascia lata, which is thought to be irreversible. The clinical significance remains unclear, and inconsequential in my experience. A comparison MRI study showed that there was more damage and atrophy to the gluteus medius muscle with a direct lateral approach at 3 and 12 months. My anecdotal experience is that there is faster recovery and less early pain with this approach. A study of the first 57 patients I performed showed significantly less pain and faster recovery in the first six weeks in patients performed with the anterior-based muscle-sparing approach when compared to a matched cohort of THA patients performed with a direct lateral approach. From 2004 to 2017, I have performed 1308 total hip replacements with the anterior-based muscle sparing approach. Alternatively, I will use the direct lateral approach for patients with stiff hips with significant flexion and/or external rotation contractures where I anticipate difficulty with femoral exposure, osteoporotic femurs due to increased risk of intraoperative trochanteric fractures, previously operated hips with scarring or retained hardware, and Crowe III-IV dysplastic hips when there may be a need for a femoral shortening or derotational osteotomy. Complications have been very infrequent. This approach is a viable alternative to the direct anterior approach for patients desiring a fast recovery. The anterior-based muscle-sparing approach is the approach that I currently use for all outpatient total hip surgeries

Abstract. The lateral ligaments of the ankle composed of the anterior talofibular (ATFL), calcaneofibular (CFL) and posterior talofibular ligaments (PTFL), are amongst the most commonly injured ligaments of the human body. Although treatment methods have been explored exhaustively, healing outcomes remain poor with high rates of re-injury, chronic ankle instability and pain persisting. The introduction and application of tissue engineering methods may target poor healing outcomes and eliminate long-term complications, improving the overall quality of life of affected individuals. For any surgical procedure or tissue-engineered replacement to be successful, a comprehensive understanding of the complete anatomy of the native structure is essential. Knowledge of the dimensions of ligament footprints is vitally important for surgeons as it guides the placement of bone tunnels during repair. It is also imperative in tissue-engineered design as the creation of a successful replacement relies on a thorough understanding of the native anatomy and microanatomical structure. Several studies explore techniques to describe ligament footprints around the body, with limited studies describing in-depth footprint dimensions of the ATFL, CFL and PTFL. Techniques currently used to measure ligament footprints are complex and require resources which may not be readily available, therefore a new methodology may prove beneficial. Objectives. This study explores the application of a novel technique to assess the footprint of ankle ligaments through a straightforward inking method. This method aims to enhance surgical technique and contribute to the development of a tissue-engineered analogue based on real anatomical morphometric data. Methods. Cadaveric dissection of the ATFL, CFL and PTFL was performed on 12 unpaired fresh frozen ankles adhering to regulations of the Human Tissue (Scotland) Act. The ankle complex with attaching ligaments was immersed in methylene blue. Dissection of the proximal and distal entheses of each ligament was carried out to reveal the unstained ligament footprint. Images of each ligament footprint were taken, and the area, length and width of each footprint were assessed digitally. Results. The collective area of the proximal entheses of the ATFL, CFL and PTFL measures 142.11 ± 12.41mm2. The mean areas of the superior (SB) and inferior band (IB) of the distal enthesis of the ATFL measured 41.72 ± 5.01mm2 and 26.66 ± 3.12mm2 respectively. The footprint of the distal enthesis of the CFL measured 146.07 ± 14.05mm2, while the footprint of the distal PTFL measured 126.26 ± 8.88mm2. The proximal footprint of the ATFL, CFL and PTFL measured 11.06 ± 0.69mm, 7.87 ± 0.43mm and 10.52 ± 0.63mm in length and 8.66 ± 0.50mm, 9.10 ± 0.92mm and 14.41 ± 1.30mm in width on average. The distal footprint of the ATFL (SB), ATFL (IB), CFL and PTFL measured 10.92 ± 0.81 mm, 8.46 ± 0.46mm, 13.98 ± 0.93mm and 11.25 ± 0.95mm in length and 7.76 ± 0.59mm, 7.51 ± 0.64mm, 18.98 ± 1.15mm and 24.80 ± 1.25mm in width on average. Conclusions. This methodology provides an effective approach in the identification of the footprint of the lateral ligaments of the ankle to enhance surgical precision and accuracy in tissue-engineered design. Declaration of Interest. (b) declare that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of the research reported:I declare that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of the research project