Aims. Distal third clavicle (DTC) fractures are increasing in incidence. Due to their instability and nonunion risk, they prove difficult to treat. Several different operative options for DTC fixation are reported but current evidence suggests variability in operative fixation. Given the lack of consensus, our objective was to determine the current epidemiological trends in DTC as well as their management within the UK. Methods. A multicentre retrospective cohort collaborative study was conducted. All patients over the age of 18 with an isolated DTC fracture in 2019 were included. Demographic variables were recorded: age; sex; side of injury; mechanism of injury; modified Neer classification grading; operative technique; fracture union; complications; and subsequent procedures. Baseline characteristics were described for demographic variables. Categorical variables were expressed as frequencies and percentages. Results. A total of 859 patients from 18 different NHS trusts (15 trauma units and three major trauma centres) were included. The mean age was 57 years (18 to 99). Overall, 56% of patients (n = 481) were male. The most common mechanisms of injury were simple fall (57%; n = 487) and high-energy fall (29%; n = 248); 87% (n = 748) were treated conservatively and 54% (n = 463) were Neer type I fractures. Overall, 32% of fractures (n = 275) were type II (22% type IIa (n = 192); 10% type IIb (n = 83)). With regards to operative management, 89% of patients (n = 748) who underwent an operation were under the age of 60. The main fixation methods were: hook plate (n = 47); locking plate (n = 34); tightrope (n = 5); and locking plate and tight rope (n = 7). Conclusion. Our study is the largest epidemiological review of DTC fractures in the UK. It is also the first to review the practice of DTC fixation. Most fractures are being treated nonoperatively. However, younger patients, suffering a higher-energy mechanism of injury, are more likely to undergo surgery. Hook plates are the predominantly used fixation method followed by locking plate. The literature is sparse on the best method of fixation for optimal outcomes for these patients. To answer this, a pragmatic RCT to determine optimal fixation method is required. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2022;3(12):953–959

Background. A number of studies have described the epidemiological characteristics of clavicle fractures, including two previous reports from our institution. The Robinson classification system was described in 1998, after the analysis of 1,000 clavicle fractures. Aims. We aim to provide a contemporary analysis and compare current clavicle fracture patterns of our adult population with historical reports. Methods. A retrospective analysis of a prospectively collected fracture database from an institution serving 598,000 was conducted over a 12 month period, beginning July 2007. Demographic data were recorded prospectively for each patient presenting with an acute clavicle fracture including age, gender, mode of injury, fracture classification, and the presence of associated skeletal injuries. Fractures were classified according to the Robinson Classification system. Results. A total of 312 clavicle fractures were identified, occurring with an incidence of 55.9/100,000/yr (CI 49.8–62.5) and following a bimodal male and unimodal older female distribution. Sporting activity and a simple fall from standing caused the majority of injuries. An association between age, mode of injury and fracture type was observed, with younger patients sustaining high energy injury associated with majority of the Type II midshaft fractures; whilst more than fifty-nine percent of Type III lateral one third fractures occur in elderly patients as a result of simple fall. Overall, Type II midshaft fractures remain the most common, but comparison of this series with historical data reveals that the epidemiology of clavicle fractures is changing. Conclusions. We have identified an increase in the average patient age and overall incidence of clavicle fractures in our adult population. The incidence, relative frequency, and average patient age of Type III lateral one-fifth fractures have increased. This epidemiological trend has implications for the future management of clavicle fractures in our region

Twenty fresh-frozen clavicles were fractured and randomized to one of four fixation techniques. Three plates were used: the LCP (locking compression plate), LCDCP (low contact dynamic compression plate) and Recon (pelvic reconstruction plate). One intramedullary device was used (the Rockwood Clavicle Pin). The constructs were tested for stiffness in bending and torque modes and ultimate strength in bending. The three plates were significantly stiffer then the Pin. Of the three plates, the Recon was significantly less stiff and weaker in ultimate strength then the LCP and LCDCP plates. This study was conducted to compare and evaluate different fixation techniques for clavicle fractures. Plate fixation with LCP (locking compression plate), LCDCP (low contact dynamic compression plate) and Recon (reconstruction plate) is stiffer then Pin fixation. The Recon plate was weaker and less stiff then the other two plates. Fractures of the clavicle are common and account for approximately 5–10% of all fractures and represent 35–45% of shoulder girdle fractures. Open reduction, internal fixation is becoming a standard for more clavicle fractures with the recognition of the limitations of non-operative management. There is a great disparity in biomechanical literature on clavicle fixation. The average bending stiffness compared to the intact clavicles for each construct was: Recon=104%, LCDCP=124%, LCP=122%, and Pin=69%. The average torque stiffness for each construct was: Recon=83%, LCDCP=91%, LCP=99%, and Pin=46%. The three plate constructs provided significantly more rigid fixation in both bending and torque testing then the clavicle pin (p< 0.05). Ultimate bending strength for each construct was: Recon=8.5 Nm, LCDCP=21.3 Nm, LCP=21.8 Nm, and Pin=15.8 Nm. The Recon plate was significantly weaker the three other constructs (p< 0.05). Twenty fresh frozen cadaver clavicles were randomized to one of the four fixation groups. An Instron materials testing machine was used to compare the fixation constructs. Each clavicle was tested for its bending and torque stiffness. Following construct stiffness testing, all samples were brought to their ultimate failure strength with a superior bending load. This study has shown that plate fixation of clavicle fractures yields stiffer constructs then pin fixation. However, plate fixation requires extensive dissection and stripping of the periclavicular soft tissue and may result in prominent hardware. In fracture situations with significant comminution, the LCP and LCDCP offer significantly greater fracture fixation then the reconstruction plate. Funding: No external funding was received from a commercial party. Implants were donated by Synthes Canada and Depuy Canada

Purpose. In a previously published multicenter randomized clinical trial it was shown that young patients (16–60 years-old) with displaced mid-shaft clavicle fractures had superior limb specific outcomes when they were treated with primary plate fixation versus non operative treatment at one year follow-up. This study examines the general health status of this cohort of patients at two-years post injury. Method. We evaluated the general health of a cohort of patients with displaced mid-shaft clavicle fractures comparing non-operative versus plate fixation at two-years after injury. At the conclusion of our study, eighty-nine patients (fifty-four from the operative group and thirty-five from the non-operative group) completed the two-year follow-up. Outcome analysis included the standard clinical follow-up and SF-36 scores. Results. SF-36 scores were significantly improved in the operative fixation group at all time-points: 6 weeks, 3, 6, 12, 24 months (P<0.01). At two-years after the injury, the patients in the operative group had better patient oriented outcome scores, especially in the physical performance component of the SF-36 scores (Physical component (PCS) 57.1 versus 51.0, P<0.05). Conclusion. Operative treatment more reliably restored pre-operative levels of general health status compared to non-operative treatment. Operative fixation of a displaced mid-shaft clavicle fracture in young active patients resulted in improved patient oriented general health status at two-year follow-up. The improvement is especially pronounced in the physical component of the SF-36 scores. These findings support primary plate fixation of displaced mid-shaft clavicle fractures in young active adults

Clavicle fractures represent 45% of all shoulder girdle injuries. Although clavicle fractures are usually readily recognisable and unite uneventfully with treatment, they can be associated with difficult early and late complications. Fractures of the middle third of the clavicle represent 80% of all clavicular fractures. Traditionally clavicle fractures are treated conservatively, with surgical treatment reported as being associated with an increased rate of complications. Indications for primary open fixation include significant displacement, fracture comminution and tenting of the skin, threatening its integrity which fail to respond to closed reduction. What constitutes significant displacement, is usually not defined; nor is consideration for open reduction of displaced fractures, which are not comminuted and do not threaten the integrity of the overlying skin. This paper reports on the technique indications and use of the “Rockwood Intramedullary Clavicle Pin” and the results achieved using this technique

Purpose: To document outcomes and patient satisfaction in relation to the incision used following clavicle fracture fixation. In literature, the incidence of incisional numbness following operative fixation of clavicle fractures is reported to be between 7–29%. Such wound related problems contribute significantly to the dissatisfaction of patients with operatively treated clavicle fractures. Wound related problems can be bothersome and disabling and this is poorly documented. Method: All primary clavicle fractures treated with plating at the Alfred Hospital between 01/06/2003 and 01/06/2006 were included in the study. Patients were asked to complete paper-based questionnaires assessing satisfaction, pain, scar satisfaction, presence of numbness and the degree of disability following clavicle fixation. Their clinical notes and X-rays were reviewed for evaluation. The study sample was then divided into two groups; horizontal incision versus vertical incision then the data was analysed. Results: The response rate was 65% (35/54). 74% of patients reported as having “good” or better outcome following their clavicle fracture fixation. There was no statistically significant difference in pain scores. However, there were statistically significant differences observed in the presence of numbness (vertical 21% versus horizontal 62%) and the disability from the numbness between the two incision types. Overall satisfaction between the two groups was also significantly different. Conclusion: This study confirms that scar-related problems significantly affect the satisfaction following plating of clavicle fractures and numbness appears to be one of the most significant factors. Vertical incisions appear to reduce the incidence of numbness and lead to better patient satisfaction. Our results suggest that vertical incision is an attractive alternative approach in clavicle fracture fixation

In Neer type II (Robinson type 3B) fractures of the distal clavicle the medial fragment is detached from the coracoclavicular ligaments and displaced upwards, whereas the lateral fragment, which is usually small, maintains its position. Several fixation techniques have been suggested to treat this fracture. The aim of this study was to assess the outcome of patients with type II distal clavicle fractures treated with coracoclavicular suture fixation using three loops of Ethibond. This prospective study included 14 patients with Neer type II fractures treated with open reduction and coracoclavicular fixation. Ethibond sutures were passed under the coracoid and around the clavicle (UCAC loop) without making any drill holes in the proximal or distal fragments. There were 11 men and three women with a mean age of 34.57 years (29 to 41). Patients were followed for a mean of 24.64 months (14 to 31) and evaluated radiologically and clinically using the Constant score. Fracture union was obtained in 13 patients at a mean of 18.23 weeks (13 to 23) and the mean Constant score was 96.07 (91 to 100). One patient developed an asymptomatic fibrous nonunion at one year. This study suggests that open reduction and internal fixation of unstable distal clavicle fractures using UCAC loops can provide rigid fixation and lead to bony union. This technique avoids using metal hardware, preserves the acromioclavicular joint and provides adequate stability with excellent results. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:983–7

Purpose. Plating remains the most widely employed method for the fixation of displaced diaphyseal clavicle fractures. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy and outcomes of diaphyseal clavicle fractures treated with intramedullary fixation using the Rockwood clavicle pin. Methods. We conducted a retrospective analysis of all diaphyseal clavicle fractures treated with intramedullary fixation using the Rockwood pin between February 2004 and March 2010. Sixty-eight procedures were carried out on 67 patients. Functional outcome was assessed using the Disability of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire and an overall patient satisfaction questionnaire. Results. There were 52 (77.6%) male and 15 (22.4%) female patients with an average age of 35.8 years. In 35 (51.5%) cases the injury was located on the dominant side. Fractures were classified according to the Edinburgh system with the commonest configuration being the Type 2B1 (47, 69.1%). The indications for fixation were; acute management of displaced fractures (56, 82.4%), delayed union (2, 2.9%), nonunion (8, 11.8%) and malunion (2, 2.9%). The average time to pin removal was 3.7 months and the average follow-up prior to discharge was 6.9 months. Sixty-six (97.1%) fractures united without consequence. Two (2.9%) cases of non-union were treated with repeat fixation using a contoured plate and bone graft. The most common problem encountered postoperatively was discomfort due to subcutaneous pin prominence posteriorly (12, 17.6%) which resolved following removal of the metalwork. The average DASH score was 6.04 (0–60) and 96.4% of patients rated their satisfaction with the procedure as good to excellent. Conclusion. Due to its minimally invasive technique, cosmetically favourable scar, preservation of periosteal tissue, avoidance of stress risers associated with screw removal and good clinical outcomes, the use of this device is the preferred method of treatment for displaced diaphyseal clavicle fractures in our hospital

Aims. The aim of this study was to compare biomechanical properties of pre-contoured plate fixation using different screw fixation modes in a mid-shaft clavicle fracture model. Methods. Fourth generation biomechanical clavicle sawbones with a mid-shaft osteotomy were plated in one of three modes: nonlocking bicortical, locking bicortical and locking unicortical mode. The specimens were then tested to failure in four-point bending and pull-off tests. Results. Failure due to fracture through the sawbone was more common in nonlocking bicortical mode while plate bending was more common in the locking bicortical group. The ultimate load at failure was significantly lower in the locking bicortical group compared to the nonlocking bicortical group, however there was no significant difference between the locking unicortical group and nonlocking bicortical group. In the pull-off tests 100% of nonlocking bicortical and locking bicortical plates failed by fracture of the sawbone. 100% of the locking unicortical plates failed by plate and screw pull-off from the sawbone. The load at failure was highest for the locking unicortical plate but this was not significantly different to the other groups. Conclusion. This study shows that specimens fixed with locking unicortical screw fixation withstood comparable or superior loads in four-point bending and pull-off test when compared to nonlocking bicortical and locking bicortical screw fixation. In addition both locking screws and unicortical screws appear to provide a protective effect against periprosthetic sawbone fracture. Locking unicortical screw fixation of pre-contoured plates may be a viable alternative in the fixation of mid-shaft clavicle fractures

Purpose. The evolution of locked anatomical clavicular plating in combination with evidence to suggest that fixation of clavicle fractures yields better outcome to conservative treatments has led to an increasing trend towards operative management. There is no evidence however to compare early fixation with delayed reconstruction for symptomatic non- or mal-union. We hypothesize that early intervention yields better functional results to delayed fixation. Methods. Between August 2006 and May 2010, 97 patients were managed with operative fixation for their clavicular fracture. Sixty eight with initial fixation and 29 delayed fixation for clavicular non- or mal-union. Patients were prospectively followed up to radiographic union, and outcomes were measured with the Oxford Shoulder Score, QuickDASH, EQ5D and a patient interview. Mean follow-up was to 30 months. All patients were managed with Acumed anatomical clavicular plates. Results. The radiographic and clinical outcomes were available for all patients. Scores were available for 62 (62/97). There were no statistically significant differences in age (p>0.05), sex (p>0.05), energy of injury (p>0.05), number of open fractures (p>0.05) between the two groups. The mean quickDASH was 8.9 early, 9.1 delayed (p< 0.05), Oxford Shoulder score was 15.7 early, 16.1 delayed (p< 0.05). In the early fixation group 5 patients had wound healing complications, and 8 went on subsequently to have removal of prominent metalwork. In the delayed fixation group 2 had wound healing complications and 4 had removal of prominent metalwork. There were no statistically significant differences in the EQ5D quality of life questionnaire. Conclusion. There are no statistically significant differences in shoulder performance, wound or operative complications between early and delayed fixation of clavicular fractures. Our series does not support early fixation of clavicular fractures, as results for delayed intervention in those who become symptomatic appear comparable

Despite the vast quantities of published artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms that target trauma and orthopaedic applications, very few progress to inform clinical practice. One key reason for this is the lack of a clear pathway from development to deployment. In order to assist with this process, we have developed the Clinical Practice Integration of Artificial Intelligence (CPI-AI) framework – a five-stage approach to the clinical practice adoption of AI in the setting of trauma and orthopaedics, based on the IDEAL principles (https://www.ideal-collaboration.net/). Adherence to the framework would provide a robust evidence-based mechanism for developing trust in AI applications, where the underlying algorithms are unlikely to be fully understood by clinical teams.

Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2024;13(9):507–512.

Background. This is a continued assessment of the effectiveness of a locked intramedullary device in the treatment of acute clavicle shaft fractures. Results of patients treated thus far were assessed, including patients reported on previously. Description of methods. Patients admitted with midshaft clavicle fractures were assessed to determine whether operative fixation of the fracture was required. Indications for surgery were midshaft clavicle fractures with 100% displacement; more than 1.5 cm of shortening, presence of a displaced butterfly segment, bilateral clavicle fractures, ipsilateral displaced glenoid neck fractures, skin and neurovascular compromise. Patients that matched the criteria for surgery were treated operatively with an intramedullary locked device by the author. Post-operatively, patients were kept in a shoulder immobilizer for a period of 6 weeks. Patients were invited to attend a scheduled follow-up visit where the data was collected that comprised the review. All patients were assessed by the surgeon, a radiologist, a physiotherapist and an occupational therapist. Scar size and quality, Dash score, Constant Shoulder score, complications and the radiological picture were assessed. Summary of results. 50 patients (52 clavicle fractures – 2 patients sustained bilateral fractures), 28 males and 22 females with a mean age of 30 attended the schedule data collection visit and were included in the study. 48 clavicles achieved complete union with the remaining 4 fractures progressing normally to union at 10 and 12 weeks post surgery. No additional complications than those reported on previously were encountered. Conclusion. Locked intramedullary fixation of clavicle shaft fractures that match the criteria for operative fixation continues to give good results. No non-unions were found and a high level of patient satisfaction was achieved. The operative technique continues to be refined leading to less fixation related complications. MULTIPLE DISCLOSURES

Fracture of the clavicle is common and comprise 4% of all adult fractures. The incidence appears to be increasing owing to several factors, including the occurrence of many more high velocity vehicular injuries and an increase in popularity of contact sports. The most common side site for occurrence of fracture in clavicle is the middle third and the medial fractures are rare. We did our retrospective study during 2003–2005. We review 13 patients with fracture of the clavicle. There were 10 males and 3 females and 11 were left side and 2 were right side. Patients ages ranged between 15–49 years (average 29.6). The majority of fractures were caused by motorbike and quads bike accidents. 10 were classified as Neer type 1 (midshaft) and 3 were Neer type 1 (distal third). All these patients were treated with an Acumed congruent anatomical plate. The patients were followed up for 6 months to 1 years. Post-operatively patients were treated for 3 weeks in a sling, and then had physiotherapy for the next 3 weeks. All fractures were united by 7 weeks. Our complications were 1 superficial wound infection, 1 delayed union at 9 weeks, and 1 non union at 12 weeks. All patients had a full range of movement of the shoulder by the end of the 6. th. week. In the past fractures of the clavicle were treated conservatively. Currently patients want to mobilise their limbs early, and get back to work. The clinical results of the congruent anatomical plate appear to be good in terms of fracture union and early return to function in young patients. The principal advantage of this method of treatment is an anatomical reduction of the fracture and early rehabilitation with return to normal function

This study investigated the anatomical relationship between the clavicle and its adjacent vascular structures, in order to define safe zones, in terms of distance and direction, for drilling of the clavicle during osteosynthesis using a plate and screws following a fracture. We used reconstructed three-dimensional CT arteriograms of the head, neck and shoulder region. The results have enabled us to divide the clavicle into three zones based on the proximity and relationship of the vascular structures adjacent to it. The results show that at the medial end of the clavicle the subclavian vessels are situated behind it, with the vein intimately related to it. In some scans the vein was opposed to the posterior cortex of the clavicle. At the middle one-third of the clavicle the artery and vein are a mean of 17.02 mm (5.4 to 26.8) and 12.45 mm (5 to 26.1) from the clavicle, respectively, and at a mean angle of 50° (12 to 80) and 70° (38 to 100), respectively, to the horizontal. At the lateral end of the clavicle the artery and vein are at mean distances of 63.4 mm (46.8 to 96.5) and 75.67 mm (50 to 109), respectively.

An appreciation of the information gathered from this study will help minimise the risk of inadvertent iatrogenic vascular injury during plating of the clavicle.

This prospective evaluation of early experience using this technique. Patients with fracture of the distal clavicle were surgically treated with clavicular hook plate fixation. They were reviewed clinically and radiographically by one observer.

12 patients, 7 male, 5 female, were treated in our unit. Mean age (34.7) range 25–60 years. 10 were the results of low velocity injury.

9 were treated within one week of injury. 3 were treated at 13, 14 and 16 weeks post injury. Mean hospital stay 2.7 range 2–5 days. All patients healed, 10 within 12 weeks. All resumed full activity by 24 weeks. 2 had superficial wound infection, treated successfully with oral antibiotics without implant removal. One had a seroma, which resolved spontaneously. One patient developed limitation of movement at 20 weeks ultrasound confirmed impingement. Plate was removed and patient regained full range of movement after six weeks. No implant fracture or loosening was observed.

Based on experience to date the clavicular hook plate is a safe and reliable method of fixation. Relatively simple implant with good results. Allows early mobilisation and has little complication.

Aims. The management of mid-shaft clavicle fractures (MSCFs) has evolved over the last three decades. Controversy exists over which specific fracture patterns to treat and when. This review aims to synthesize the literature in order to formulate an appropriate management algorithm for these injuries in both adolescents and adults. Methods. This is a systematic review of clinical studies comparing the outcomes of operative and nonoperative treatments for MSCFs in the past 15 years. The literature was searched using, PubMed, Google scholar, OVID Medline, and Embase. All databases were searched with identical search terms: mid-shaft clavicle fractures (± fixation) (± nonoperative). Results. Using the search criteria identified, 247 studies were deemed eligible. Following initial screening, 220 studies were excluded on the basis that they were duplicates and/or irrelevant to the research question being posed. A total of 27 full-text articles remained and were included in the final review. The majority of the meta-analyses draw the same conclusions, which are that operatively treated fractures have lower nonunion and malunion rates but that, in those fractures which unite (either operative or nonoperative), the functional outcomes are the same at six months. Conclusion. With regard to the adolescent population, the existing body of evidence is insufficient to support the use of routine operative management. Regarding adult fractures, the key to identifying patients who benefit from operative management lies in the identification of risk factors for nonunion. We present an algorithm that can be used to guide both the patient and the surgeon in a joint decision-making process, in order to optimize patient satisfaction and outcomes. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2022;3(11):850–858

Aims. Tobacco, in addition to being one of the greatest public health threats facing our world, is believed to have deleterious effects on bone metabolism and especially on bone healing. It has been described in the literature that patients who smoke are approximately twice as likely to develop a nonunion following a non-specific bone fracture. For clavicle fractures, this risk is unclear, as is the impact that such a complication might have on the initial management of these fractures. Methods. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed for conservatively treated displaced midshaft clavicle fractures. Embase, PubMed, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (via Cochrane Library) were searched from inception to 12 May 2022, with supplementary searches in Open Grey, ClinicalTrials.gov, ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, and Google Scholar. The searches were performed without limits for publication date or languages. Results. The meta-analysis included eight studies, 2,285 observations, and 304 events (nonunion). The random effects model predicted a pooled risk ratio (RR) of 3.68 (95% confidence interval 1.87 to 7.23), which can be considered significant (p = 0.003). It indicates that smoking more than triples the risk of nonunion when a fracture is treated conservatively. Conclusion. Smoking confers a RR of 3.68 for developing a nonunion in patients with a displaced middle third clavicle fracture treated conservatively. We know that most patients with pseudarthrosis will have pain and a poor functional outcome. Therefore, patients should be informed of the significantly higher risks of nonunion and offered smoking cessation efforts and counselling. Moreover, surgery should be considered for any patient who smokes with this type of fracture. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2023;105-B(7):801–807

Aims. The aims of this network meta-analysis (NMA) were to examine nonunion rates and functional outcomes following various operative and nonoperative treatments for displaced mid-shaft clavicle fractures. Methods. Initial search strategy incorporated MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library for relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Four treatment arms were created: nonoperative (NO); intramedullary nailing (IMN); reconstruction plating (RP); and compression/pre-contoured plating (CP). A Bayesian NMA was conducted to compare all treatment options for outcomes of nonunion, malunion, and function using the Disabilities of the Arm Shoulder and Hand (DASH) and Constant-Murley Shoulder Outcome scores. Results. In all, 19 RCTs consisting of 1,783 clavicle fractures were included in the NMA. All surgical options demonstrated a significantly lower odds ratio (OR) of nonunion in comparison to nonoperative management: CP versus NO (OR 0.08; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.04 to 0.17); IMN versus NO (OR 0.07; 95% CI 0.02 to 0.19); RP versus NO (OR 0.07; 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.24). Compression plating was the only treatment to demonstrate significantly lower DASH scores relative to NO at six weeks (mean difference -10.97; 95% CI -20.69 to 1.47). Conclusion. Surgical fixation demonstrated a lower risk of nonunion compared to nonoperative management. Compression plating resulted in significantly less disability early after surgery compared to nonoperative management. These results demonstrate possible early improved functional outcomes with compression plating compared to nonoperative treatment. Surgical fixation of mid-shaft clavicle fractures with compression plating may result in quicker return to activity by rendering patients less disabled early after surgery. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2021;2(8):646–654

Aim. The number of operatively treated clavicle fractures has increased over the past decades. Consequently, this has led to an increase in secondary procedures required to treat complications such as fracture-related infection (FRI). The primary objective of this study was to assess the clinical and functional outcome of patients treated for FRI of the clavicle. The secondary objectives were to evaluate the healthcare costs and propose a standardized protocol for the surgical management of this complication. Method. All patients with a clavicle fracture who underwent open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) between 1 January 2015 and 1 March 2022 were retrospectively evaluated. This study included patients with an FRI who were diagnosed and treated according to the recommendations of a multidisciplinary team at the University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium. Results. We evaluated 626 patients with 630 clavicle fractures who underwent ORIF. In total, 28 patients were diagnosed with an FRI. Of these, eight (29%) underwent definitive implant removal, five (18%) underwent debridement, antimicrobial treatment and implant retention, and fourteen patients (50%) had their implant exchanged in either a single-stage procedure, a two-stage procedure or after multiple revisions. One patient (3.6%) underwent resection of the clavicle. Twelve patients (43%) underwent autologous bone grafting (tricortical iliac crest bone graft (n=6), free vascularized fibular graft (n=5), cancellous bone graft (n=1)) to reconstruct the bone defect. The median follow-up was 32.3 (P. 25. -P. 75. : 23.9–51.1) months. Two patients (7.1%) experienced a recurrence of infection. The functional outcome was satisfactory, with 26 out of 28 patients (93%) having full range of motion. The median healthcare cost was € 11.506 (P. 25. -P. 75. : € 7.953–23.798) per patient. Conclusion. FRI is a serious complication that can occur after the surgical treatment of clavicle fractures. Overall, the outcome of patients treated for FRI of the clavicle is good, when management of this complication is performed by using a multidisciplinary team approach. The median healthcare costs of these patients are up to 3.5 times higher compared to non-infected operatively treated clavicle fractures. Expert opinion considers factors such as the size of the bone defect, the condition of the soft tissue, and patient demand to guide surgical decision making

Implant removal after clavicle plating is common. Low-profile dual mini-fragment plate constructs are considered safe for fixation of diaphyseal clavicle fractures. The aim of this study was to investigate: (1) the biomechanical competence of different dual plate designs from stiffness and cycles to failure, and (2) to compare them against 3.5mm single superoanterior plating. Twelve artificial clavicles were assigned to 2 groups and instrumented with titanium matrix mandible plates as follows: group 1 (G1) (2.5mm anterior+2.0mm superior) and group 2 (G2) (2.0mm anterior+2.0mm superior). An unstable clavicle shaft fracture (AO/OTA15.2C) was simulated. Specimens were cyclically tested to failure under craniocaudal cantilever bending, superimposed with torsion around the shaft axis and compared to previous published data of 6 locked superoanterior plates tested under the same conditions (G3). Displacement (mm) after 5000 cycles was highest in G3 (10.7±0.8) followed by G2 (8.5±1.0) and G1 (7.5±1.0), respectively. Both outcomes were significantly higher in G3 as compared to both G1 and G2 (p≤0.027). Cycles to failure were highest in G3 (19536±3586) followed by G1 (15834±3492) and G2 (11104±3177), being significantly higher in G3 compared to G2 (p=0.004). Failure was breakage of one or two plates at the level of the osteotomy in all specimens. One G1 specimen demonstrated failure of the anterior plate. Both plates in other G1 specimens. Majority of G2 had fractures in both plates. No screw pullout or additional clavicle fractures were observed among specimens. Low-profile 2.0/2.0 dual plates demonstrated similar initial stiffness compared to 3.5mm single plates, however, had significantly lower failure endurance. Low-profile 2.5/2.0 dual plates showed significant higher initial stiffness and similar resistance to failure compared to 3.5mm single locked plates and can be considered as a useful alternative for diaphyseal clavicle fracture fixation. These results complement the promising results of several clinical studies

Purpose: In a prospective randomized clinical trial, we have previously reported the “limb-specific” results comparing operative (plate fixation) versus non-operative (sling) treatment for completely displaced fractures of the shaft of the clavicle. We also sought to determine the effect that a fracture of the shaft of the clavicle had on general health status, as measured by the SF-36 General Health Status instrument. We then evaluated the effects of different treatment methods (operative versus non-operative), on general health scores.

Method: We performed a multi-center, randomized clinical trial of operative versus non-operative treatment of completely displaced clavicular shaft fractures in 111 patients. In addition to radiographic, surgeon-based, and limb-specific data we prospectively gathered SF-36 questionnaires at baseline, and at 6 weeks and 3, 6, 12, and 24 months post-injury.

Results: Results: Both groups had SF-36 scores equivalent to or slightly superior to population norms at baseline. A clavicular shaft fracture had a significant negative effect on SF-36 scores (especially the physical components) in both groups at 6 weeks (p< 0.01) and 3 months (p< 0.01). There was a statistically greater decrease in Physical Component Scores (PCS) in the non-operative group compared to the operative group (P< 0.05). At 6 months, scores had returned to pre-operative levels in the operative group, but remained significantly decreased in the non-operative group (p=0.04). This difference persisted at the one and two year points.

Conclusion: A displaced fracture of the clavicular shaft has a clinically significant negative effect on general health status scores. This effect can be mitigated by primary operative fixation, which restores scores to normal levels by six months post-injury. Patients treated non-operatively for a displaced fracture of the shaft of the clavicle demonstrated lower PCS scores at two years post-injury. This information is useful in counseling patients with regards to treatment options following displaced fractures of the clavicle shaft.

Purpose: In a prospective randomized clinical trial, we have previously reported the “limb-specific” results comparing operative (plate fixation) versus non-operative (sling) treatment for completely displaced fractures of the shaft of the clavicle. We also sought to determine the effect that a fracture of the shaft of the clavicle had on general health status, as measured by the SF-36 General Health Status instrument. We then evaluated the effects of different treatment methods (operative versus non-operative), on general health scores.

Materials: We performed a multi-center, randomized clinical trial of operative versus non-operative treatment of completely displaced clavicular shaft fractures in 111 patients. In addition to radiographic, surgeon-based, and limb-specific data we prospectively gathered SF-36 questionnaires at baseline, and at 6 weeks and 3, 6, 12, and 24 months post-injury.

Results: Both groups had SF-36 scores equivalent to or slightly superior to population norms at baseline. A clavicular shaft fracture had a significant negative effect on SF-36 scores (especially the physical components) in both groups at 6 weeks (p< 0.01) and 3 months (p> < 0.01). There was a statistically greater decrease in Physical Component Scores (PCS) in the non-operative group compared to the operative group (P> < 0.05). At 6 months, scores had returned to pre-operative levels in the operative group, but remained significantly decreased in the non-operative group (p=0.04). This difference persisted at the one and two year points.

Conclusions: A displaced fracture of the clavicular shaft has a clinically significant negative effect on general health status scores. This effect can be mitigated by primary operative fixation, which restores scores to normal levels by six months post-injury. Patients treated non-operatively for a displaced fracture of the shaft of the clavicle demonstrated lower PCS scores at two years post-injury.

The April 2023 Trauma Roundup. 360. looks at: Displaced femoral neck fractures in patients aged 55 to 70 years: internal fixation or total hip arthroplasty?; Tibial plateau fractures: continuous passive motion approves range of motion; Lisfranc fractures: to fuse or not to fuse, that is the question; Is hardware removal after clavicle fracture plate fixation beneficial?; Fixation to coverage in Grade IIIB open fractures – what’s the time window?; Nonoperative versus locking plate fixation in the proximal humerus; Retrograde knee nailing or lateral plate for distal femur fractures?

Abstract. Aim. The aim of this study was to present the results of treatment of displaced lateral clavicle fractures by an arthroscopically inserted tightrope device (‘Dogbone’, Arthrex). Methods. We performed a retrospective series of our patients treated with this technique between 2015 and 2019. Patients were identified using the ‘CRS Millennium’ software package and operation notes/clinic letters were analysed. We performed an Oxford Shoulder Score (OSS) on all the patients at final follow-up. Our electronic ‘PACS’ system was used to evaluate union in the post-operative radiographs. Results. We treated 26 patients with displaced lateral clavicle fractures between 2015 and 2019. There were 4 patients who were treated with a ‘dogbone’ and supplementary plate fixation and the remaining 22 were treated with a ‘dogbone’ alone. Radiological union was seen in 22 (84%) patients. The mean Oxford Shoulder Score (OSS) was 46. Apart from one patient who required removal of the superior endobutton and knot under local anaesthetic there was no other secondary surgery. There were no cases of infection, nerve injury or frozen shoulder. Conclusions. Arthroscopic ‘dogbone’ treatment of lateral clavicle fractures is a safe, cosmetically friendly technique with promising high rates of fracture union and return to normal function. We recommend its use over the more conventional treatment of a hook plate

The December 2023 Shoulder & Elbow Roundup. 360. looks at: Clavicle fractures: is the evidence changing practice?; Humeral shaft fractures, and another meta-analysis…let’s wait for the trials now!; Hemiarthroplasty or total elbow arthroplasty for distal humeral fractures…what does the registry say?; What to do with a first-time shoulder dislocation?; Deprivation indices and minimal clinically important difference for patient-reported outcomes after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair; Prospective randomized clinical trial of arthroscopic repair versus debridement for partial subscapularis tears; Long-term follow-up following closed reduction and early movement for simple dislocation of the elbow; Sternoclavicular joint reconstruction for traumatic acute and chronic anterior and posterior instability

Introduction. The Tour de France, commonly recognised and the hardest physical endurance event on the planet, is an iconic cycling competition with a history of ever impressive performances and increasingly notable injuries. This study aims to methodologically catalogue and analyse injuries sustained by professional riders over a span of six years and understand the operative workload created by this prestigious race. (2018–2023). Methods. Data was gathered from multiple publicly available sources, including pro-cycling stats, news articles, team press releases and independent medical reports. Each injury was categorized by year, rider, and injury type. Results. From 2018–2023, there was a significant diversity in both injured body part and mechanism of injury. Of the 124 recorded race ending incidents clavicle fractures accounted 19.4%, laceration/contusions 12.1%, patella fractures 10.5% and elbow fractures 7.3%. Other. notable other body areas undergoing surgical intervention were hand fractures 5.6%, pelvic fractures 2.4% and femoral fracture 1.6%. At a mean of 20.67 injuries per tour, this accounts for almost exactly one race ending injury per day where an athlete finishes the day on the operating table, rather than the team bus. Discussion. The Tour de France's rigorous challenges are mirrored in its injury statistics. Over six years, clavicle fractures were most prevalent, likely due to cyclists' instinct to brace during crashes. Lacerations, contusions, and patella fractures also featured prominently. Alarmingly, each race stage averaged an injury severe enough for surgical intervention. This data highlights the imperative need for enhanced protective measures, race regulations, and medical preparedness to protect these elite athletes

The April 2024 Shoulder & Elbow Roundup. 360. looks at: Acute rehabilitation following traumatic anterior shoulder dislocation (ARTISAN): pragmatic, multicentre, randomized controlled trial; Prevalence and predisposing factors of neuropathic pain in patients with rotator cuff tears; Are two plates better than one? The clavicle fracture reimagined; A single cell atlas of frozen shoulder capsule identifies features associated with inflammatory fibrosis resolution; Complication rates and deprivation go hand in hand with total shoulder arthroplasty; Longitudinal instability injuries of the forearm; A better than “best-fit circle” method for glenoid bone loss assessment; 3D supraspinatus muscle volume and intramuscular fatty infiltration after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair

The aim of this study was to define the long-term outcome following adolescent clavicle fracture. We retrospectively reviewed all adolescent fractures presenting to our region (13–17years) over a 10-year period. Patient reported outcomes were undertaken at a minimum of 4 years post-injury (QuickDASH and EQ-5D) in completely displaced midshaft fractures (Edinburgh 2B, >2cm displacement, n=50) and angulated midshaft fractures (Edinburgh 2A2, >30 degrees angulation, n=32). 677 clavicle fractures were analysed. The median age was 14.8 (IQR 14.0–15.7) and 89% were male. The majority were midshaft (n=606, 89.5%) with either angulation (39.8%) or simple fully displaced (39.1%). Only 3% of midshaft fractures underwent acute fixation (n=18/606), all of which were fully displaced. The incidence of refracture following non-operative management of midshaft fractures was 3.2% (n=19/588), all united with non-operative management. Fracture type, severity of angulation or displacement was not associated with risk of refracture. There was one case of non-union encountered following non-operative management of all displaced midshaft fractures (0.4%, n=1/245). At a mean of 7.6 years following injury, non-operative management of both displaced and angulated fractures had a median QuickDASH was 0.0 (IQR 0.0–2.3), EQ-5D was 1.0 (IQR 1.0–1.0). 97% of angulated fractures and 94% of displaced fractures were satisfied with their final shoulder function. We conclude that Non-operative management of adolescent midshaft clavicle fractures result in excellent functional outcomes with a low rate of complications at long-term follow up. The relative indications for surgical intervention for clavicle fractures in adults do not appear to be applicable to adolescents

Operative management of clavicle fractures is increasingly common. In the context of explaining the risks and benefits of surgery, understanding the impact of incisional numbness as it relates to the patient experience is key to shared decision making. This study aims to determine the prevalence, extent, and recovery of sensory changes associated with supraclavicular nerve injury after open reduction and plate internal fixation of middle or lateral clavicle shaft fractures. Eighty-six patients were identified retrospectively and completed a patient experience survey assessing sensory symptoms, perceived post-operative function, and satisfaction. Correlations between demographic factors and outcomes, as well as subgroup analyses were completed to identify factors impacting patient satisfaction. Ninety percent of patients experienced sensory changes post-operatively. Numbness was the most common symptom (64%) and complete resolution occurred in 32% of patients over an average of 19 months. Patients who experienced burning were less satisfied overall with the outcome of their surgery whereas those who were informed of the risk of sensory changes pre-operatively were more satisfied overall. Post-operative sensory disturbance is common. While most patients improve, some symptoms persist in the majority of patients without significant negative effects on satisfaction. Patients should always be advised of the risk of persistent sensory alterations around the surgical site to increase the likelihood of their satisfaction post-operatively

Recently, a new generation of superior clavicle plates was developed featuring the variable-angle locking technology for enhanced screw positioning and optimized plate-to-bone fit design. On the other hand, mini-fragment plates used in dual plating mode have demonstrated promising clinical results. However, these two bone-implant constructs have not been investigated biomechanically in a human cadaveric model. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to compare the biomechanical competence of single superior plating using the new generation plate versus dual plating with low-profile mini-fragment plates. Sixteen paired human cadaveric clavicles were assigned pairwise to two groups for instrumentation with either a 2.7 mm Variable Angle Locking Compression Plate placed superiorly (Group 1), or with one 2.5 mm anterior plate combined with one 2.0 mm superior matrix mandible plate (Group 2). An unstable clavicle shaft fracture AO/OTA15.2C was simulated by means of a 5 mm osteotomy gap. All specimens were cyclically tested to failure under craniocaudal cantilever bending, superimposed with bidirectional torsion around the shaft axis and monitored via motion tracking. Initial stiffness was significantly higher in Group 2 (9.28±4.40 N/mm) compared to Group 1 (3.68±1.08 N/mm), p=0.003. The amplitudes of interfragmentary motions in terms of craniocaudal and shear displacement, fracture gap opening and torsion were significantly bigger over the course of 12500 cycles in Group 1 compared to Group 2; p≤0.038. Cycles to 2 mm shear displacement were significantly lower in Group 1 (22792±4346) compared to Group 2 (27437±1877), p=0.047. From a biomechanical perspective, low-profile 2.5/2.0 dual plates demonstrated significantly higher initial stiffness, less interfragmentary movements, and higher resistance to failure compared to 2.7 single superior variable-angle locking plates and can therefore be considered as a useful alternative for diaphyseal clavicle fracture fixation especially in unstable fracture configurations

Aims. To evaluate if union of clavicle fractures can be predicted at six weeks post-injury by the presence of bridging callus on ultrasound. Methods. Adult patients managed nonoperatively with a displaced mid-shaft clavicle were recruited prospectively. Ultrasound evaluation of the fracture was undertaken to determine if sonographic bridging callus was present. Clinical risk factors at six weeks were used to stratify patients at high risk of nonunion with a combination of Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire (QuickDASH) ≥ 40, fracture movement on examination, or absence of callus on radiograph. Results. A total of 112 patients completed follow-up at six months with a nonunion incidence of 16.7% (n = 18/112). Sonographic bridging callus was detected in 62.5% (n = 70/112) of the cohort at six weeks post-injury. If present, union occurred in 98.6% of the fractures (n = 69/70). If absent, nonunion developed in 40.5% of cases (n = 17/42). The sensitivity to predict union with sonographic bridging callus at six weeks was 73.4% and the specificity was 94.4%. Regression analysis found that failure to detect sonographic bridging callus at six weeks was associated with older age, female sex, simple fracture pattern, smoking, and greater fracture displacement (Nagelkerke R. 2. = 0.48). Of the cohort, 30.4% (n = 34/112) had absent sonographic bridging callus in addition to one or more of the clinical risk factors at six weeks that predispose to nonunion. If one was present the nonunion rate was 35%, 60% with two, and 100% when combined with all three. Conclusion. Ultrasound combined with clinical risk factors can accurately predict fracture healing at six weeks following a displaced midshaft clavicle fracture. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2021;10(2):113–121

A number of studies have described the epidemiological characteristics of clavicle fractures, including two previous reports from our institution. The Robinson classification system was described in 1998, after the analysis of 1,000 clavicle fractures. We aim to provide a contemporary analysis and compare current clavicle fracture patterns of our adult population with historical reports. A retrospective analysis of a prospectively collected fracture database from an institution serving 598,000 was conducted. Demographic data were recorded prospectively for each patient with an acute clavicle fractures including age, gender, mode of injury, fracture classification, and the presence of associated skeletal injuries. Fractures were classified according to the Robinson system. A total of 312 clavicle fractures were identified, occurring with an incidence of 55.9/100,000/yr (CI 49.8–62.5) and following a bimodal male and unimodal older female distribution. Sporting activity and a simple fall from standing caused the majority of injuries. More than half of simple fall fractures affected the lateral clavicle. The incidence of clavicle fractures has risen over a twenty year period, and a greater proportion of older adults are now affected. Overall, type II midshaft fractures remain the most common, but comparison of this series with historical data reveals that the epidemiology of clavicle fractures is changing. We have identified an increase in the average patient age and overall incidence of clavicle fractures in our adult population. The incidence, relative frequency, and average patient age of type III lateral one-fifth fractures have increased. This epidemiological trend has implications for the future management of clavicle fractures in our region

Abstract. Objectives. Clavicle fractures are common, yet debate exists regarding which patients would benefit from conservative versus operative management. Traditionally shortening greater than 2cm has been accepted as an indicator for surgery. However, clavicle length varies between individuals. In a cadaveric study clavicle shortening greater than 15% was suggested to affect outcomes. There is no clinical correlation of this in the literature. In this study we investigate outcomes following middle third clavicle fractures and the effect of percentage shortening on union rates. Methods. We identified a consecutive series of adults with primary midshaft clavicle fractures presenting to our institution from April 2015-March 2017. Clinical records and radiographs were reviewed to elicit outcomes. Time to union was measured against factors including; percentage shortening, displacement, comminution and smoking. Statistical significance was calculated. Results. 127 patients were identified, of whom 90 were managed conservatively and 37 operatively. Fractures were displaced in 86 patients (68%). Mean age was 41.7 years (range 18–89). Mean time to union for displaced fractures was longer than for undisplaced at 13.4 and 8.9 weeks respectively (p=0.0948). Displaced fractures treated operatively had mean time to union of 12.8 weeks, three weeks shorter than those managed conservatively (p=0.0470). Mean time to union for fractures with >15% shortening was 16.0 weeks, nearly double the 8.7 weeks with <15% shortening (p= 0.0241). Smokers had 8 weeks longer time to union (p=0.0082). Nonunion rate was 10% in fractures managed conservatively and 0% in those treated operatively. Complications following operative management were plate removal (13.5%), frozen shoulder (8.1%) and infection (2.9%). Conclusions. Nonunion rate is higher in fractures managed conservatively. Shortening >15% leads to significantly longer union time and should therefore be used as an indicator for surgery. Displacement and smoking also lengthen time to union and should be considered in the operative decision process. Declaration of Interest. (b) declare that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of the research reported:I declare that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of the research project

Aim. Clavicular osteotomy was described as an adjunct to deltopectoral approach for improved exposure of the glenohumeral joint. This study aims to present contemporary outcomes and complications associated with the routine use of clavicular osteotomy by a single surgeon in a regional setting within New Zealand. Methods. A retrospective case series of patients who have undergone any shoulder arthroplasty for any indication between March 2017 to August 2022. This time period includes all patients who had clavicular osteotomy(OS) and patients over an equal time period prior to the routine use of osteotomy as a reference group (N-OS). Oxford Shoulder Score (OSS) and a Simple Shoulder Test (STT) were used to assess functional outcomes and were compared with the reported literature. Operative times and Complications were reviewed. Results. 66 patients were included in the study. 33 patients in the OS group and 33 in the N-OS group. No difference in age, sex, indications for operative intervention and the surgery provided was identified. No significant difference in operative time between groups (N-OS 121 minutes; OS 128 minutes). No clinically significant difference was identified in the OSS (N-OS; mean 38 vs OS 39) or the STT (N-OS 8.3 vs OS 9). The outcomes scores of both groups are in keeping with published literature. Two post operative clavicle fractures, one prominent surgical knot occurred in the OS that required further surgical intervention. Two cases of localized pain over the clavicle and one case of the prominent lateral clavicle were reported in the OS group. Two cases of localized pain over clavicle reported in the N-OS group. Conclusion. Use of clavicular osteotomy is not associated with inferior patient reported. The osteotomy introduces specific risks, however, the study provides evidence that these complications are infrequent and avoidable. Surgeons should feel confident in using this adjunct when exposure to the shoulder is difficult

Abstract. Introduction. In our quality improvement project we implemented a novel pathway, performing acute fixation in mid-third clavicle fractures with >15% shortening. Patients with <15% shortening reviewed at 6 weeks, non-union risk identified as per Edinburgh protocol and decision to operate made accordingly. Methods. Retrospective pre-pathway analysis of patients presenting 04/2017–04/2019. Prospective post-pathway analysis of patients presenting 10/2020–10/2021. Fracture shortening measured using Matsumura technique. QuickDASH and recovery questionnaires posted to >15% shortening patients and done post-pathway at 3 months. Results. Pre-pathway retrospective cohort included 141 patients; 69 <15%, 72 >15% shortening. Acute ORIF performed in 15(22%) <15% and 34(47%) >15%. In those conservatively managed, non-union occurred in 2 patients with <15% shortening, and 5 with >15% shortening. Union time was significantly longer in >15% treated non-operatively compared to those requiring ORIF and <15% (18.4 vs 13.4 vs 12.0 weeks; p<0.05). QuickDASH significantly worse in >15% managed conservatively than operatively (17.6 vs 2.8; p<0.05). >15% ORIF had significantly fewer number of weeks until undisturbed sleep than those treated non-operatively (2.3 vs 10.1; p<0.05). Post-pathway prospective cohort included 37 patients; 17 <15% (of which 1 underwent delayed ORIF), 20 >15% shortening (of which 15 underwent acute ORIF). No significant increase in proportion ORIF performed (43% vs 38%). No non-unions occurred. Conclusion. Acute fixation in >15% shortening was associated with better QuickDash scores and reduced union times than those treated non-operatively. Implementation of our pathway resulted in no nonunions compared to 5% pre-implementation and thus identifies patients benefitting from acute fixation

Neer Type-IIB lateral clavicle fractures are inherently unstable fractures with associated disruption of the coracoclavicular (CC) ligaments. A novel plating technique using a superior lateral locking plate with antero-posterior (AP) locking screws, resulting in orthogonal fixation in the lateral fragment has been designed to enhance stability. The purpose of this study was to biomechanically compare three different clavicle plating constructs. 24 fresh-frozen cadaveric shoulders were randomised into three groups (n=8 specimens). Group 1: lateral locking plate only (Medartis Aptus Superior Lateral Plate); Group 2: lateral locking plate with CC stabilisation (Nr. 2 FiberWire); and Group 3: lateral locking plate with two AP locking screws stabilising the lateral fragment. Data was analysed for gap formation after cyclic loading, construct stiffness and ultimate load to failure, defined by a marked decrease in the load displacement curve. After 500 cycles, there was no statistically significant difference between the three groups in gap-formation (p = 0.179). Ultimate load to failure was significantly higher in Group 3 compared to Group 1 (286N vs. 167N; p = 0.022), but not to Group 2 (286N vs. 246N; p = 0.604). There were no statistically significant differences in stiffness (Group 1: 504N/mm; Group 2: 564N/mm; Group 3: 512N/mm; p = 0.712). Peri-implant fracture was the primary mode of failure for all three groups, with Group 3 demonstrating the lowest rate of peri-implant fractures (Group 1: 6/8; Group 2: 7/8, Group 3: 4/8; p = 0.243). The lateral locking plate with orthogonal AP locking screw fixation in the lateral fragment demonstrated the greatest ultimate failure load, followed by the lateral locking plate with CC stabilization. The use of orthogonal screw fixation in the distal fragment may negate against the need for CC stabilization in these types of fractures, thus minimizing surgical dissection around the coracoid and potential complications

Background. Clavicle development occurs before the age of 9 in females and 12 in males. Children below the age of 10 with displaced midshaft clavicle fractures recover well with conservative management. However adolescents are more demanding of function and satisfaction following clavicle fractures and may benefit from operative management. Study aims: 1) Perform a systematic review of the current evidence supporting intramedullary fixation of adolescent clavicle fractures. 2) Review current management in a major trauma center (MTC) with a view to assess feasibility for a randomised controlled trial (RCT). Methods. The MEDLINE, EMBASE and AMED databases were searched in October 2014 to identify all English language studies evaluating intramedullary fixation in children aged 10–18 years using MeSH terms. Data was extracted using a standardised data collection sheet and studies were critically appraised by aid of the PRISMA checklist. All patients aged 9–15 attending an MTC receiving clavicle radiographs in 2014 were retrospectively reviewed for type of fracture, management and outcome. Results. Literature search identified 54 articles. After application of exclusion criteria 3 studies were selected for final review. 47 adolescent patients received intramedullary clavicle fixation from a prospective and two retrospective case series. 61 adolescents presented to our unit with a clavicle fracture in 2014, 2 were lost to follow-up, 54 were managed non-operatively, 3 received titanium-elastic nailing, 1 plate osteosynthesis and 1 bone suture. 0 and 19 patients reported a palpable lump, mean time to pain resolution was 4 and 6 weeks and time to full range of motion was 4 and 5 weeks following operative and conservative management respectively. All patients reached radiographic union. Conclusion. Current evidence supporting intramedullary fixation of clavicle fractures in adolescents is poor. There remains clinical equipoise on the best management of these patients, however they are predominantly treated conservatively. A future multi-center RCT may be feasible. Level of Evidence. 1

Aims. The aim of this study was to define the complications and long-term outcome following adolescent mid-shaft clavicular fracture. Methods. We retrospectively reviewed a consecutive series of 677 adolescent fractures in 671 patients presenting to our region (age 13 to 17 years) over a ten-year period (2009 to 2019). Long-term patient-reported outcomes (abbreviated version of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (QuickDASH) score and EuroQol five-dimension three-level (EQ-5D-3L) quality of life score) were undertaken at a mean of 6.4 years (1.2 to 11.3) following injury in severely displaced mid-shaft fractures (Edinburgh 2B) and angulated mid-shaft fractures (Edinburgh 2A2) at a minimum of one year post-injury. The median patient age was 14.8 years (interquartile range (IQR) 14.0 to 15.7) and 89% were male (n = 594/671). Results. The majority of fractures were mid-shaft (n = 606) with angulation (Edinburgh 2A2, n = 241/606, 39.8%) or displacement (Edinburgh 2B1/2, n = 263/606, 43.4%). Only 7% of the displaced mid-shaft fractures underwent acute fixation (n = 18/263). The incidence of refracture over ten years following nonoperative management of mid-shaft fractures was 3.2% (n = 19/588) and all united without surgery. Fracture type, severity of angulation, or displacement were not associated with refracture. One nonunion occurred following nonoperative management in a displaced mid-shaft fracture (0.4%, n = 1/245). Of the angulated fractures, 61 had angulation > 30°, of which 68.9% (n = 42/61) completed outcome scores with a median QuickDASH of 0.0 (IQR 0.0 to 0.6), EQ-5D-3L 1.0 (1.0 to 1.0), and 98% satisfaction with shoulder function. For the displaced fractures, 127 had displacement beyond one cortical width of bone for which completed outcome scores were provided in 72.4% (n = 92/127). Of these 15 had undergone acute fixation. Following nonoperative treatment, the median QuickDASH was 0.0 (IQR 0.0 to 2.3), EQ-5D-3L 1.0 (1.0 to 1.0), and satisfaction with shoulder function was 95%. There were no significant differences in the patients’ demography or functional outcomes between operative and nonoperative treatments. Conclusion. Nonoperative management of adolescent mid-shaft clavicle fractures results in excellent functional outcomes at long-term follow-up. Nonunion is exceptionally rare following nonoperative management and the relative indications for surgical intervention in adults do not appear to be applicable to adolescents. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(5):951–957

Background. This is an epidemiological study of patients with middle third clavicle fractures presenting to a tertiary hospital. The data is used to formulate a classification system for middle third clavicle fractures based on fracture configuration and displacement. Description of methods. Patients presenting primarily to a referral hospital with middle third clavicle fractures were identified using the PACS radiology system. The radiographs were reviewed to determine the fracture type, displacement, shortening and amount of comminution. The clinical notes of each patient were reviewed to determine the mechanism of injury, soft tissue status, neurovascular status and treatment rendered. A novel classification system was developed to describe the different fracture configurations seen in the group. The interobserver and intraobserver correlation of the classification system as well as the ability of the classification system to predict treatment were tested. Summary of results. Three hundred and three patients were included in the review, 223 males and 80 females. Middle third clavicle fractures were displaced in 69% of cases. Displaced fractures tend to have a significant amount of displacement and shortening in most cases with averages of 19.64mm (Std Dev. 6.901) and 19.15mm (Std Dev. 9.616) respectively. Acceptable interobserver and intraobserver correlation levels were shown for the proposed classification system. Conclusion. The epidemiology of middle third clavicle fractures found in the population studied differs substantially from first world populations. It underlines the high level of road traffic accidents and interpersonal violence seen in South Africa. Surgeons treating clavicle fractures are still divided on the indications for surgery with little correlation found between the fracture type and displacement on radiographs and the type of treatment rendered. The classification system provides guidelines to treating surgeons to the correct treatment modality. MULTIPLE DISCLOSURES

Assess the outcome of plating of lateral end clavicle fractures. Lateral end clavicle fractures can be treated both conservatively and surgically. Different surgical methods are available to stabilize lateral end clavicle fractures. We treated 15 lateral end clavicle fractures with plate fixations (4 AO ‘T’ plate and 11 ACUMED lateral clavicle plate) from September 2002 to December 2005. There were 12 males and 3 females and the mean age was 33.12 year (range 23–61). 3 were done for non-union and 13 for acute fractures. 2 non-unions were treated with AO ‘T’ plate and 1 with ACUMED lateral clavicle plate. 1 patient with non-union had bone grafting at the time of the procedure. Acute fractures were stabilized with in 3 weeks from the time of the injury. All fractures were Type 2 according to Neer classification of lateral end clavicle fractures. The cause of the injury was, simple fall (3), fall from pushbike (3), assault (3), sports/skate-board (3), and RTA (3). The senior author operated on all patients. The arm was immobilized in a sling for six weeks post operatively. The follow up ranged between 5 months to 36 months All but one fracture healed. 1 ‘T’ and 1 ACUMED plate was removed 7 months after the index procedure after fracture consolidation. There was no superficial or deep infection. Patients were assessed clinically with Constant and DASH scores; patient satisfaction with the procedure was also recorded and union assessed radiologically.. Lateral end clavicle fractures pose a challenge due to the small size of the distal fragment. In our experience plating of these fractures give satisfactory results. Oblique fracture patterns result in better fixation and union rates. The plate design and advantages of the ACUMED contoured distal clavicle plates are further discussed in the paper

Background. Level 1 studies for fracture management of upper extremity fractures remains rare. The influence of these studies on management trends has yet to be evaluated. The purpose of this study was to examine alterations in national trends managing mid-shaft clavicle and intra-articular distal humerus fractures (DHF) surrounding recent Level 1 publications. Methods. We retrospectively reviewed a comprehensive Medicare (2005–2012) and Humana (2007–2014) patient population database within the PearlDiver supercomputer (Warsaw, IN, USA) for DHF and mid-shaft clavicle fractures, respectively. Non-operative management and open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) were reviewed for mid-shaft clavicle fractures. ORIF and total elbow arthroplasty (TEA) were reviewed for DHF. Total use and annual utilization rates were investigated using age limits defined in the original Level 1 studies. Results. A total of 4,929 clavicle patients between 15 and 59 years, and 106,535 DHF patients greater than 65 years of age were coded. There was no significant change in annual volume of mid-shaft clavicle fractures and DHF coded (p=0.078 and p=0.614, respectively). Among clavicle patients there was a significant increase in ORIF utilization following the publication of the Level 1 study (p=0.002), and a strong, positive correlation was evident (p=0.007). No significant change in annual TEA (p=0.515) utilization for DHF was seen. Conclusion. A significant increase in the utilization of ORIF for clavicular fractures was observed following the publication of supporting Level 1 evidence. This was not observed following similar evidence in managing DHF, as no increase in utilization of TEA was observed

We are presenting a prospective study of 25 patients with clavicle fracture treated with Rockwood Intramedullary pin fixation. Operative management is required for open fractures, neurovascular injury or compromise, displaced fractures with impending skin compromise and displaced middle third fractures with 20mm or more shortening. Plate osteosynthesis or intramedullary fixation devices are used for operative management. Patients and Methods: 25 patients with clavicle fractures underwent fixation of clavicle fractures with threaded intramedullary Rockwood pin. The indications for internal fixation were persistent wide separation of fracture with interposition of soft tissue in 12, symptomatic non-union in 3, associated multiple injuries in 3,one of them had a floating shoulder, impending open fracture with tented skin in 4 and associated acromioclavicular joint injury in 3 and one of whom had bilateral fracture clavicle.. All patients underwent open reduction through an incision centred over the fracture site along the Langer line. Intramedullary pin was inserted in a retrograde manner. Autologous bone grafting from iliac crest was done in all patients with nonunion. Radiographic and functional assessment conducted using DASH scores. Results: There were 21 male and 4 female patients with a mean age of 34 yrs (range 17 to 64 yrs). Mean follow up was 12 months (range 5 months to 30 months). Radiographic union occurred in all patients within 4 months. In our study the commonest indication for Rockwood pin fixation was displaced middle third clavicle fracture followed by impending open fractures. Commonest complication was skin irritation at the distal end of the pin with formation of a tender bursa occurring in 9 patients, 3 of whom had skin breakdown. Fracture union occurred in all these patients with no further intervention and wounds healed completely after removal of the pin. One patient developed non-union and was later treated with ORIF with DCP and bone-graft. There were no deep infections, pin breakage or migration or re-fractures after pin removal. At the time of last follow up the average DASH score was 25 with a range of 18 to 52. Conclusion: Open reduction and intramedullary fixation of clavicle fractures with Rockwood pin is a safe and effective method of treatment when surgical fixation of displaced or non-union of middle third clavicle fracture is indicated. This technique has an advantage of minimal soft tissue dissection, compression at the fracture site, less risk of migration and ease of removal, along with early return to daily and sports activities

To investigate the incidence of complications arising from clavicle fractures in children and the need for multiple review in fracture clinic. Retrospective analysis of 200 children with isolated clavicle fractures. The number of clinic visits was documented along with the mechanism of injury and any complications attributable to the fracture. Plain radiographs allowed classification of the fractures both in terms of site and type of fracture. Prospective analysis of 60 children with isolated clavicle fractures. All patients were discharged with a patient information sheet after their first fracture clinic appointment and were reviewed a minimum of 6 months post injury to assess clinical outcome/complications and patient satisfaction. Retrospective review failed to provide any evidence of long term complications from isolated clavicle fractures. Two patients complained of a non-specific tingling in the arm which had settled within 2 weeks. No intervention other than rest in a broad arm sling was deemed necessary in any of the 200 children. Despite this, the average number of clinic appointments was 2.8. In the prospective study there were no complications arising from an isolated clavicle fracture. Two patients returned (one at 6 weeks and one at 12 weeks) with concerns about the cosmetic appearance of the fracture site - both patients were reassured and discharged. All patients were satisfied with the cosmetic appearance and function of their shoulder when reviewed at a mean of 7.3 months post injury (range 6–10 months). All patients and/or guardians were satisfied with the patient information sheet. Isolated clavicle fractures in children are rarely complicated by injuries such as skin necrosis or a neuro-vascular deficit. Despite this, children are commonly reviewed many times by juniors in a busy fracture clinic. We suggest that such review is unnecessary and that uncomplicated fractures may be safely discharged with a patient information sheet after the first clinic appointment

Fractures of the mid-shaft of the clavicle have been treated conservatively with excellent results regarding functional outcome. Indeed some studies have indicated that open reduction and internal fixation of mid-shaft clavicle fractures by plating have superior union rates. Recent studies have indicated that early plating of the mid-shaft clavicle fractures is a stable and reliable procedure well tolerated by the patient and results in a rapid rehabilitation and better functional outcome of the shoulder. This study aims to examine the results at retrospective cases of mid-shaft clavicle fractures that underwent acute open reduction and internal fixation. Case records and x-rays have been recorded for all the 60 patients. All patients have been informed for clinical and radiological examination. Up-to date 50% patients have attended. This gives us a mean follow-up of 9.5 years. Parameters assessed at clinical and radiological examination were Union/non-union rates, time to union, Shoulder function, time back to work and complications. The shoulder function was assesses by using the Constant-Murley score, which has been recommended by the European Orthopaedic Association. All of the 60m mid-shaft clavicle fractures have plated with one-third tubular plate within 48 hours of the injury. All of them were immobilized in a sling for 72 hours and were the commenced physiotherapy. Skin sutures were removed on the 10th postoperative day. The mean time to radiographic union was 10 weeks. No non-union occurred. Four cases has superficial infection. Six patients had skin numbness over the incision. Average Constant-Murley score was 97% as compared to the contralateral shoulder. In this study we analyzed our results with osteosynthesis of mid-shaft clavicle fractures using one-third tubular plate

Although most uncomplicated paediatric fractures do not require routine long-term follow-up with an orthopaedic surgeon, practitioners with limited experience dealing with paediatrics fractures will often defer to a strategy of unnecessary frequent clinical and radiographic follow-up. Development of an evidence-based clinical care pathway may help reduce unnecessary radiation exposure to this patient population and reduce costs to patient families and the healthcare system. A retrospective analysis including patients who presented to SickKids hospital between October 2009 and October 2014 for management of clavicle fractures was performed. Patients with previous clavicle fractures, perinatal injury, multiple fractures, non-accidental injury, underlying bone disease, sternoclavicular dislocations, fractures of the medial clavicular physis and fractures that were managed at external hospitals were excluded from the analysis. Variables including age, gender, previous injury, fracture laterality, mechanism of injury, polytrauma, surgical intervention and complications and number of clinic visits were recorded for all patients. Radiographs were analysed to determine the fracture location (medial, middle or lateral), type (simple or comminuted), displacement and shortening. 339 patients (226 males, 113 females) with an average age of 8.1 (range 0.1–17.8) were reviewed. Diagnoses of open fractures, skin tenting or neurovascular injury were rare, 0.6%, 4.1%, and 0%, respectively. 6 (1.8%) patients underwent surgical management. All decisions for surgery were made on the first consultation with the orthopaedic surgeon. For patients managed non-operatively, the mean number of clinic visits including initial consultation in the emergency department was 2.0 (±1.2). The mean number of radiology department appointments was 4.1 (± 1.0) where patients received a mean number of 4.2 (±2.9) radiographs. Complications in the non-operative group were minimal; 2 refractures in our series and no known cases of non-union. All patients achieved clinical and radiographic union and returned to sport after fracture healing. Our series suggests that the decision to treat operatively is made at the initial assessment. If no surgical indications were present at the initial assessment by the primary-care physician, then routine clinical or radiographic follow up is unnecessary. Development of a paediatric clavicle fracture pathway may reduce patient radiation exposure and reduce costs incurred by the healthcare system and patients' families without jeopardising patient outcomes

There is no clear consensus regarding the indications for surgical treatment of middle third clavicle fractures. An initial shortening of 2 cm or more of the clavicle was associated with poor clinical outcomes and higher rate of non-union. The number needed to treat (NNT) clavicle fractures in order to prevent non-union ranges in the recent literature from 4.5 to 9.2. A direct relationship between shortening of the clavicle and a poor clinical outcome has not yet been demonstrated. Prospective cohort study performed in a Level one trauma centre including 148 clavicle fractures treated conservatively. Eighty-five patients met the inclusion criteria (healed fracture in the middle third, no other upper limb lesions) and 63 were enrolled. A single assessment was realised at a minimum one year follow-up by an independent examiner and consisted in Constant and DASH scores, range of motion, strength in abduction (Isobex) and a specific radiographic evaluation using a calibrated AP radiographs of both clavicles. Two groups were constituted and analysed according to a radiologic shortening > 2 cm (patients and assessor blinded). Sub-analyses were performed to find any relevant clinical threshold. The rate of shortening > 2cm in this cohort is 16.1% (10 patients). No clinical differences between the two groups for Constant scores (shortened > 2 cm = 96.0 ± 6.0 vs 95.2 ± 6.6, p=0,73) and DASH scores (8.4 ± 11.9 vs 5.4 ± 8.1, p=0,32). A slight loss in flexion was observed with a shortening > 2cm (175 deg ± 8.5 vs 179.3 ± 3.4, p=0,007). No clinical threshold (in absolute or relative length) was associated with lower functional scores. No relationship between clinical results and patient characteristics. Interestingly, cosmesis was not an issue for patients. This study could not demonstrate any clinical impact of the shortening of the clavicle in patients treated conservatively for a fracture in the middle third. Functional scores are excellent and the slight difference in flexion is not clinically significant. We were not able to found patients unsatisfied with their treatment. The poor functional outcomes described in previous studies are mainly related to non-unions. Just after the trauma, protraction of the scapula and single AP views centered on the clavicle can overestimate the real shortening. An initial shortening of the clavicle > 2 cm is not a surgical indication for fractures in the middle third; patient selection for surgery should focus on risk factors for non-unions

Background: We compared five classification systems for clavicle fractures. The aim of the study was to evaluate the prognostic value of each system. Methods: Over a twelve month period we reviewed all new radiographs of the shoulder region and identified 227 clavicle fractures. Each radiograph was classified using five classification systems. We reviewed all subsequent x-rays and clinical records until patient discharge. We assessed each classification system’s prognostic value in predicting delayed/non-union. Results: Our data shows that 80% of clavicle fractures occur in the middle third, 18% lateral third and 2% medial third. The overall prevalence of delayed/ non-union was 7.7%, with 3.9% requiring operative management and 3.8% developing asymptomatic non-union. The prevalence of non-union in the lateral third was 15%, all were asymptomatic. Craig’s classification had the greatest prognostic value for lateral third fractures, Robinson’s classification had the greatest prognostic value for middle third fractures. Conclusions: Clavicle fractures are common injuries but non-union is an uncommon occurrence. Non-union is more common in the lateral third but we found these to be asymptomatic. Middle third fractures should be classified according to Robinson’s classification system and lateral third fractures according to Craig’s classification. We did not assess sufficient medial third fractures for the data to be significant

Background: Distal third fractures account for 10 to 15% of all clavicle fractures. Traditional management of displaced lateral third fractures has been with internal fixation. Several authors have reported higher rates of non-union and poor outcome in conservatively managed fractures. However, long term follow up of non-operated distal third fractures has shown comparable functional outcomes to those managed with internal fixation. The purpose of this retrospective study was to analyse the clinical and radiographic results of nonoperative treatment of displaced lateral clavicle fractures. Methods: Eighty six patients with displaced lateral end clavicle fractures were treated primarily with a sling for comfort. The fractures were classified as Neer type IIa in fifty patients, type IIb in twenty nine and type III in seven. Physiotherapy was begun after the sling was removed at an average of two weeks after the injury. Patients were evaluated with regard to shoulder function and general health using a modification of the Constant score and SF-36 respectively. All patients had a repeat radiographic exam at follow up. The average duration of follow up was six years (range two to ten years). Results: Fourteen patients developed symptoms severe enough to warrant surgery at between seven and twenty four months post-injury. Eleven had radiographically confirmed non-union and three had symptomatic osteoarthritis of the acromioclavicular joint. The remaining seventy two patients had not undergone any further surgery. Twenty one patients (29.2%) from the nonoperatively treated group had non-union of the clavicle fracture. The average adjusted Constant score in the non operated group was 94 (range 82 to 98). There was no significant difference in either Constant score or SF-36 between those with non-union and those fractures which had healed. There was also no significant difference in these scores between those treated nonoperatively and those treated by delayed surgery. Conclusions: Nonoperative treatment of most displaced lateral third clavicle fractures can achieve good functional results comparable to those reported after surgical treatment. Surgery should be reserved for those with primary complications or for the minority who have painful non-union or acromioclavicular joint problems in the early stages of treatment

Purpose. Open reduction and plate fixation of displaced mid-shaft clavicle fractures has gained significant popularity following a recent multi-center randomized control trial. The purpose of this study is to describe the incidence of reoperation following plate fixation of displaced mid-shaft clavicle fractures. The secondary objective is to determine if plate design influences the incidence of reoperation. Method. A retrospective search of our hospital database was performed to identify subjects treated with plate fixation for a displaced clavicle fracture between 2001 and 2009. Radiographs and medical records were used to identify demographic data, fracture classification, plate design, and reoperation events. Only mid-shaft (AO/OTA 15-B) fractures treated with either a Low-Contact Dynamic Compression (LCDC) plate or Pre-contoured Locking (PCL) plate were included. Results. 144 subjects were included in the study. The mean age was 36 years (95% CI 33 38 years) and the mean duration of follow-up was 60 weeks (95% CI 46 74 weeks). 60% of included fractures were wedge pattern (15-B2), followed by 35% simple (15-B1) fractures, and 5% complex (15-B3) fracture patterns. Pre-contoured locking plates were used in 92 cases (64%) and LCDC plates were used in the remaining 52 subjects (36%). 21 subjects (15%) underwent reoperation: 17% of subjects treated with LCDC plates and 13% of subjects treated with PCL plates (p=0.62). Indications for reoperation included painful hardware (86%), hardware failure (9%), and refracture (5%). There was no association between reoperation and age (p = 0.23), gender (p = 0.56), fracture type (p = 0.53), or plate design (p = 0.49). Conclusion. This study represents a large series of displaced clavicle fractures treated with open reduction and plate fixation. Reoperation following plate fixation is relatively common and is primarily due to painful hardware. No difference in reoperation rates between LCDC and pre-contoured plates could be detected in the current sample size

To assess patient following operative fixation of clavicle fractures. In the literature, the incidence of paraesthesia following operative fixation of clavicle fractures is reported to be between 7–29%. This problem can be bothersome to patients and the degree of disability is poorly documented. All clavicle fractures (67) treated operatively at the Alfred Hospital between 01/06/2003 and 01/06/2006 were included in the study. Patients were asked to complete paper based questionnaires assessing satisfaction, presence of numbness and degree of disability following clavicle operation. Additionally, they were followed up clinically to assess the area of numbness and scarring. The response rate was 65% (43/67). Most of the patients were satisfied with the operation and only 15% reported significant problems with the wound. Majority of patients returned to pre-morbid activities and employment. The degree of paraesthesia varied among respondents and it was associated with the type of incision used. There was little difference in patient satisfaction with regard to various surgical devices utilised. It is important to address wound complications such as scarring and paraesthesia when discussing operative treatments for patients with clavicle fractures. The results suggest that wound related problems can be frequent and a significant percentage of operatively managed patient experience long term numbness. It is possibly an under appreciated problem. Additionally our results suggest that vertical incisions achieve a more favourable outcome compared to horizontal incisions

Non-operative treatment of lateral clavicle fractures presents a difficult problem. A high incidence of non-union, residual pain and shoulder girdle instability has been reported. A variety of fixation techniques have been described but the complication rates of these procedures can be high. This retrospective review describes the use of distal radius locking plates for fixation of lateral unstable clavicle fractures. From January 2006 until December 2007 23 patients (17 males, 5 females; mean age 31 yrs (12–70) presented to our service. 2 patients sustained type 1, 16 patients type 2, 2 patients type 4 and 3 patients type 5 fractures (Neer classification). Patients were reviewed clinically, radiographically and with Constant score assessment. Union was acchieved at a mean follow up of 7.2 weeks. The mean Constant score at 6 months was 84, the mean DASH score 27.7. The following complications were seen during the follow-up period: 1 superficial infection settling with oral antibiotics and 1 non-union in a type 5 fracture requiring bone grafting. Clavicle fractures of the lateral aspect are controversial. The mechanism of injury often results in ruptures of the adjacent coracoclavicular ligaments and create instability and increased motion between the proximal and distal fragment. The result of this series of cases are encouraging and we recommend the use of distal radius locking plates to treat unstable lateral clavicle fractures. However a larger study is needed to further evaluate mid- and long-term shoulder function

Sonographic callus may enable assessment of fracture healing. The aim of this study was to establish a reliable method for three-dimensional reconstruction of sonographic callus. Patients that underwent non-operative management of displaced midshaft clavicle fractures and intramedullary nailing of tibia fractures were prospectively recruited and followed to union. Ultrasound scanning was performed at periodical time points following injury. Infra-red tracking technology was used to map each image to a three-dimensional lattice. Criteria was fist established for two-dimensional bridging callus detection in a pilot study. Using echo intensity of the ultrasound image, semi-automated mapping was used to create an anatomic three-dimensional representation of fracture healing. Agreement on the presence of sonographic bridging callus was assessed using the kappa coefficient and intra-class-correlation (ICC) between observers. 112 clavicle fractures and 10 tibia fractures completed follow-up at six months. Sonographic bridging callus was detected in 62.5% (n=70/112) of the clavicles at six weeks post-injury. If present, union occurred in 98.6% of the fractures (n=69/70). If absent, nonunion developed in 40.5% of cases (n=17/42)(73.4%-sensitive and 100%-specific to predict union). Out of 10 tibia fractures, 7 had bridging callus of at least one cortex at 6 weeks and when present all united. Of the three patients lacking sonographic bridging callus, one went onto a nonunion (77.8%-sensitive and 100%-specific to predict union). The ICC for sonographic callus between four reviewers was 0.82 (95% CI 0.68–0.91). Three-dimensional ultrasound reconstruction of bridging callus has the potential to identify impaired fracture healing at an early stage in fracture management

Background: The aim of this study was to analyse mid-shaft clavicle fractures in children and adults to find out the factors that would influence the healing time and the necessity of surgical intervention. Methods: We identified all the midshaft clavicle fractures treated at Chesterfield Hospital between January 2003 and January 2006. We studied the case notes and radiographs of these patients. We grouped the midshaft fractures into those in children and those in adults. Each group was further subdivided into two part and three part fractures. It was also noted whether a vertical butterfly fragment was present in the three or more part fractures. The fractures were analysed for their incidence, presence of comminution, degree of displacement, type of treatment and the follow-up time before discharge. Results: – Over the 3 year period, 242 middle 1/3 clavicle shaft fractures were treated. Among the mid shaft fractures there were one hundred and eight (44.6%) children and one hundred and thirty four (55.3%) adults. There were one hundred and three children with two part clavicle fracture (95.3%) and one required surgical fixation (1%). There were only five children with three or more fracture fragments (4.7%) and one required surgical fixation (20%). All five children who had three or more fracture fragments were found to have vertical fragment on x-ray. The average time for discharge was 27.48 days for two part fractures and 49 days for three part fractures. There were seventy-five (55.5%) adults with two part fractures and ten of them required surgical fixation (13.3%). There were fifty-nine (44.0%) with three or more fragments and eleven of them required surgical fixation (18.6%). Out of the fifty-nine fractures, which had three or more fragments, forty-eight had vertical fragment on x-ray (81.3%). Among the three part fractures, there were ten fractures with vertical fragment that required surgical fixation (20.8%). The average time for discharge was 52.07 days for two part fractures and 93.56 days for fractures with three or more fragments. There was no difference in the discharge time for non operated three part fractures with or without vertical fragment. Conclusion: The incidence of clavicle fractures in children is nearly as high as in adults. In children the number of days for discharge is nearly double for three part fractures when compared to two part fractures. The presence of vertical fragment predicts higher rate of surgical intervention required due to either delayed/non union or localised skin tenting. We recommend that we should have a lower threshold to fix the 3 or more part clavicle fractures with vertical fragment

Purpose:. To review the union rates, outcomes and complications of angular stable plating of lateral third clavicle fractures. Method:. Between 2007 and 2010 angular stable plates were used in the fixation for seventeen patients with displaced lateral third clavicle fractures (Allman Group II, Type 2). These were identified from surgical log books and operation codes. The surgical and clinical notes as well as X-rays were reviewed. The patients were contacted telephonically. An Oxford Shoulder Score and questions relating to plate removal, scar pain and return to activities were asked. Three patients were not contactable. Results:. There were 16 males. The average age was 44. The average time to union was 3 months (range 2 to 4). There were no complications. The average Oxford Shoulder Score was 13 (range 12–19). No plates have required removal but 2 patients have requested removal for discomfort. All but 3 patients have returned to full activity. Conclusion:. The use of angular stable plates for fixation of type 2 lateral end of clavicle fractures results in excellent union rates by 3 months with only 3 patients requesting elective plate removal. This is in contrast to hook plates which require mandatory removal. No other complication was encountered

Several recent studies have shown an increased incidence of symptomatic non-unions and malunions after non-operative treatment of displaced clavicle fractures. Our multicenter randomized control trial comparing sling treatment and plate fixation shows statistically significant improvement in patient oriented outcome measures at all time points measured over one year of follow-up. Non-operative group complications included six non-unions, one symptomatic malunion and one patient with reflex sympathetic dystrophy in thirty-four patients. Complications in the operative group included one wound dehiscence and two patients requiring plate removal in thirty-seven patients. This study supports plate fixation of acute clavicle fractures in selected cases. To compare patient oriented outcomes of non-operative and operative treatment of displaced clavicle shaft fractures. Operative fixation of displaced clavicle shaft fractures provides statistically significant improvement in functional outcome over sling treatment at one year of follow-up. This study supports operative fixation of displaced clavicle shaft fractures in selected cases. Seventy-one of one hundred and twenty patients have at least one year of follow-up. Non-operative group (N=34) consisted of twenty-four males with an average age thirty-two injuring fourteen dominant clavicles. The operative group (N= 37) consisted of thirty-three males with an average age of 34.5 years injuring twenty-one dominant clavicles. CSS and DASH scores were statistically different at all time points measured (p=0.001, p=0.021 respectively). Complications in the non-operative group included one patient with RSD, one symptomatic malunion and six patients with non-unions requiring ORIF. In the operative group, two patients experienced local plate irritation and one late wound dehiscence. Randomization was by sealed envelope. Non-operative treatment was symptomatic in a sling, while operative patients underwent ORIF. CSS, DASH and SF-36 scores were collected at six weeks, three months, six months and twelve months. Statistical analysis was completed by repeated measures multivariate analysis using SPSS. Recent studies have shown a higher incidence of symptomatic malunions and non-unions after sling treatment. Currently, sling treatment is standard of care for these fractures. Our study shows statistically signifi-cant improvement in functional outcome with operative treatment with few complications. This study supports operative treatment of displaced clavicle shaft fractures in selected cases. Funding: OTA, Zimmer Inc. Please contact author for graphs and diagrams

Abstract. Objectives. We aimed to evaluate if union of clavicle fractures can be predicted at six weeks post-injury by the presence of bridging callus detected by ultrasound. Methods. Adult patients who sustained a displaced midshaft clavicle were recruited prospectively. We assessed patient demographics, functional scores and radiographic predictors with a standardized protocol at six weeks. Ultrasound evaluation of the fracture site was undertaken to determine if sonographic bridging callus was present. Nonunion was determined by CT scanning at six months post-injury. Clinical features at six weeks were used to stratify patients at high risk of nonunion and a QuickDASH ≥40, fracture movement on examination or absence of callus on radiograph. Results. 112 patients completed follow-up at six months with a nonunion incidence of 17% (n=18/112). Sonographic bridging callus was detected in 62.5% (n=70/112) of the cohort at six weeks post-injury. If present, union occurred in 98.6% of the fractures (n=69/70). If absent, nonunion developed in 40.5% of cases (n=17/42). The sensitivity to predict union with sonographic bridging callus at six weeks was 73.4% and the specificity was 94.4%. Regression analysis found failure to detect sonographic bridging callus at six weeks was associated with nonunion, older age, female sex, and greater overall fracture displacement (Nagelkerke R2=0.60). Of the cohort, 30.4% (n=34/112) had absent sonographic bridging callus at six weeks in combination with one or more of the ‘high risk’ clinical features. If one was present the nonunion rate was 47.1%, increasing to 60% with two risk factors and 100% when combined with all three. Conclusions. Ultrasound can accurately predict fracture healing at six weeks following a displaced midshaft clavicle fracture. When combined with poor clinical recovery this could be used to target patients for early operative intervention. Declaration of Interest. (b) declare that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of the research reported:I declare that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of the research project

Fractures of the clavicle are relatively common, occurring mostly in younger patients and have historically been managed non-operatively. Recent studies have shown an advantage to surgical reduction and stabilisation of clavicle fractures with significant displacement. Currently, fracture displacement is measured using simple anterior-posterior two-dimensional x-rays of the clavicle. Since displacement can occur in all three-dimensions, however, evaluation of the amount displacement can be difficult and inaccurate. The purpose of this study was to determine the view that provides the most accurate assessment. Nine CT scans of acute displaced clavicle fractures were analysed with AmiraDEV5.2.2 Imaging software. Measurements for degrees of shortening and fracture displacement of the fracture clavicle were taken. Using a segmentation and manipulation module (ITK toolkit), five digitally reconstructed radiographs (DRRs) mimicking antero-posterior x-rays were created for every CT, with each differing by projection angle (ranging from 20° upwards tilt to 20° downwards tilt). Measurements were taken on each DRR using landmarks of entire clavicle length, distance from vertebrae to fracture (medial fragment length), distance from fracture to acromium (lateral fragment length), and horizontal shortening, and then compared to the true measurement obtained from the original CT. For all 9 samples, after comparing the measurements of clavicle fracture displacement in each 2D image, we found that an AP view with a 20° downward tilt yielded displacement measurements closest to the 3D (“gold standard”) measurements. The results agree with previous data collected from cadaveric specimens using physical X-ray film images. DDRs enable creation of multiple standard AP radiographs from which accurate tilt can be measured. The large deviation in measurements on different DRR projections motivates consideration of standardising X-ray projections. A uniform procedure would allow one to correctly evaluate the displacement of clavicular fractures if fracture displacement information is to be utilized in motivating surgical decision-making

Introduction: Clavicle fractures represent 5% of fractures in adults and almost 44% of shoulder injuries and are usually treated none operatively with good results. However significantly displaced fractures can be associated with high non-union rate and there is a lack of consensus on when surgical treatment is indicated for such fractures. The aim of this study was to identify guidelines for surgical intervention, safer surgical approach and outcome of surgical intervention. Method: A retrospective audit of all clavicle fractures managed surgically over past 5 years (March 2004 to 2009) in a district general hospital. Case notes were reviewed to study the surgical indication, surgical approach, patient satisfaction and oxford should score and need for metal work removal. In all 35 patients (29 male) underwent surgery for significant fracture displacement with shortening, manual workers and keen sportsmen at the time of injury. The infraclavicular approach was used in 21 patients and 14 patients had direct incision approach. Radiological union was achieved in all patients after an average of 13.26(8–24) weeks. Six patients required plate removal at 6 months following surgery, infraclavicular (2 patients) & direct approach (4 patients). All patients returned to their original occupation at average 2.55 months. The Oxford Shoulder Score at 3 months after surgery was average 15 (range12–20) and all patients, except one, scored excellent on subjective scoring. Conclusion: Our study showed excellent surgical outcome for displaced clavicle fractures in young and active patients and is supported by the high union rate, good oxford shoulder score, early return to work and high patient satisfaction scores. The infraclaviculr approach is a betterthan direct approach based on the low complication rate and less need for metal work removal

Background and Aims: Plate fixation of acute mid-shaft clavicle fractures is becoming increasingly popular. However limb and life threatening complications such as injury to the subclavian vessels have been reported. One possible solution to reduce the risk of this complication is the use of unicortical screw fixation. The aim of this study was to compare biomechanical properties of pre-contoured plate fixation using different screw fixation modes in a mid-shaft clavicle fracture model. Methods: Fourth generation biomechanical clavicle sawbones with a mid-shaft osteotomy were plated in one of three modes: nonlocking bicortical, locking bicortical and locking unicortical mode. The specimens were then tested to failure in four-point bending and pull-off tests. Results: Failure due to fracture through the sawbone was more common in nonlocking bicortical mode while plate bending was more common in the locking bicortical group. The ultimate load at failure was significantly lower in the locking bicortical group compared to the nonlocking bicortical group, however there was no significant difference between the locking unicortical group and nonlocking bicortical group. In the pull-off tests 100% of nonlocking bicortical and locking bicortical plates failed by fracture of the sawbone. 100% of the locking unicortical plates failed by plate and screw pull-off from the sawbone. The load at failure was highest for the locking unicortical plate but this was not significantly different to the other groups. Conclusion: This study shows that specimens fixed with locking unicortical screw fixation withstood comparable or superior loads in four-point bending and pull-off test when compared to nonlocking bicortical and locking bicortical screw fixation. In addition both locking screws and unicortical screws appear to provide a protective effect against periprosthetic sawbone fracture. Locking unicortical screw fixation of pre-contoured plates may be a viable alternative in the fixation of mid-shaft clavicle fractures

In a decidedly upper limb themed series of reviews this edition of Cochrane Corner summarises four new and updated reviews published by the Cochrane Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma Group over the last few months. The tenacious reviewers at the Cochrane collaboration have turned their beady eyes to conservative treatments for shoulder dislocations and clavicle fractures along with evaluation of femoral nerve blocks in knee replacement and how to best manage entrapment injuries in children.

The aim of our study was to assess the use of the Clavicular Hook Plate in treating acromio–clavicular joint dislocations and fractures of the distal clavicle. The prospective study was carried out at two hospitals- a teaching hospital and a district general hospital. Between 2001 and 2004 a total of 37 patients with AC joint injuries and distal clavicle fractures were treated surgically with this device. Four of the patients had sustained a Neers Type 2 fracture of the distal clavicle, while 33 patients had acromio-clavicular joint dislocation (Rockwood Type 3 or higher). Mean age of the study group was 35.2 years. Post operatively, shoulder pendulum exercises were commenced on the second day and all patients discharged within 48 hours. During the first few weeks, we restricted shoulder abduction to 90 degrees. At the first postoperative follow up appointment at 2 weeks, average shoulder abduction was 30 degrees and forward elevation −40 degrees. This improved at 6 weeks to 85 degrees and 105 degrees respectively. The plates were removed at an average time interval of 11 weeks for the ACJ dislocations (range 8–12 weeks) and 15 weeks for the clavicle fractures (range 12–16 weeks). At three months after plate removal, we evaluated patients to measure the Visual Analogue Score(VAS) and Constant Score. The mean VAS was 1.4 (range 0–6) and the mean Constant score was 92 (range 72 to 98). Wound healing problems occurred in two patients, while two had a stress riser clavicle fracture. These had to be subsequently fixed with a Dynamic Compression Plate. One patient developed a superficial wound infection. Seven patients had problems due to impingement between the hook and the under surface of the acromion. A 45 year old female patient developed ACJ instability after plate removal. Radiographs revealed widening of the AC joint and some osteophyte formation. She went on to develop frozen shoulder which was treated with intensive physiotherapy. The AO hook plate represents an improvement over previous implants in treating injuries around the AC Joint. However, the need for a second operation to remove the plate remains a significant problem. Complications resulting from impingement were common in our patients and represent a major drawback of this implant

Fractures of the lateral clavicle with complete displacement have a high non-union rate and are associated with poor functional outcomes following non-operative treatment. Various operative techniques are available but preliminary studies of open reduction and tunnelled suspensory device (ORTSD) fixation report good early functional outcomes with a low rate of complications. This study assesses the functional outcomes in a large series of patients treated using ORTSD. After surgical reconstruction in 67 patients, outcomes were assessed using the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire and Oxford score at six weeks, and three, six and twelve months post-operatively. 55 of 64 surviving patients were contacted at a mean of 69 (27–120) months to complete DASH and Oxford scores, evaluate overall satisfaction, and document any complications. At one year post-operatively, the mean Oxford score was 46.4 and mean DASH score was 2.4 points (59/67 patients assessed). At a mean of 69 months after surgery, the mean Oxford score was 46.5 and mean DASH score was 2.2 (55 surviving and contactable patients). There were no significant differences between the one-year functional scores and those at the latest follow-up. Two patients developed symptomatic non-union requiring re-operation, and two developed an asymptomatic fibrous union not requiring surgery. The five-year survival when considering only obligate revision for implant-related complications was 97.0%. ORTSD fixation for isolated displaced lateral-end clavicle fractures in medically-fit patients is associated with good functional outcomes, and a low rate of medium-term complications. Routine removal of the implant was not necessary

To evaluate if clinical recovery following midshaft clavicle fracture is associated with nonunion and determine if this has superior predictive value compared to estimation at time of injury. A prospective study of all patients (≥16 years) who sustained a displaced midshaft clavicle fracture was performed. We assessed patient demographics, injury factors, functional scores and radiographic predictors with a standardized protocol at six-weeks. Conditional-stepwise regression was used to assess which factors independently predicted nonunion at six-months post-injury determined by CT. The nonunion predictor six-week model (NUP6) was compared against a previously validated model based on factors available at time of injury (NUP0-smoking, comminution and fracture displacement). 200 patients completed follow-up at six months. The nonunion rate was 14% (27/200). Of the functional scores, the QuickDASH had the highest accuracy on receiver-operator-characteristic (ROC) curve analysis with a 39.8 threshold, above which was associated with nonunion (Area Under Curve (AUC) 76.8%, p<0.001). On regression modelling QuickDASH ≥40 (p=0.001), no callus on radiograph (p=0.004) and fracture movement on examination (p=0.001) were significant predictors of nonunion. If none were present the predicted nonunion risk was 3%, found in 40% of the cohort (n=80/200). Conversely if two or more were present, found in 23.5% of the cohort, the predicted nonunion risk was 60%. The NUP6 model appeared to have superior accuracy when compared to the NUP0 model on ROC curve analysis (AUC 87.3% vs 64.8% respectively). Delayed assessment at six-weeks following displaced clavicle fracture enables a more accurate prediction of fracture healing

When deciding on treatment for displaced mid-shaft clavicle fractures, patients often inquire if repair of (potential) nonunion results in outcome similar to acute fixation. We used objective muscle strength testing and patient-oriented outcome measures to examine this question. Late reconstruction of nonunion following displaced mid-shaft fractures of the clavicle results in restoration of objective muscle strength similar to that seen with immediate fixation. However, there was a significant loss in muscle endurance as well as a trend towards a decrease in outcome scores (DASH, Constant) following late reconstruction. This information is useful in surgical decision making and in counseling patients. Using objectively measured strength and patient-oriented health-status instruments, we sought to determine if delay in repair of displaced, mid-shaft clavicle fractures negatively affected shoulder strength or outcome. Late reconstruction of clavicle nonunion results in restoration of objective muscle strength similar to that seen with immediate fracture fixation, but there was a significant loss in muscle endurance as well as a trend towards a decrease in outcome scores (DASH, Constant). All patients had sustained completely displaced, closed, isolated mid-shaft clavicle fractures. Fifteen patients had immediate plate fixation (mean 0.6 months post-fracture) and fifteen had plate fixation for non-union (mean fifty-eight months post-fracture). Objective muscle strength testing on the BTE was done a mean of twenty-nine months post-fixation (normal contralateral limb as control). There were no significant differences between acute fixation and delayed reconstruction groups with regards to strength of shoulder flexion (acute = 92.4%, delayed = 89.4%, p=0.56), shoulder abduction (acute = 98.8%, delayed = 96.7, p=0.75), external rotation (acute = 98.4%, delayed = 91.9%, p=0.29), or internal rotation (acute = 96.3%, delayed = 97.4%, p=0.87). However, there was a trend for improved Constant scores (acute = 94.5, delayed = 90, p=0.09) and the DASH scores (acute = 3.4, delayed = 9.0, p=0.09) in the acute fixation group. We found a significant decrease in muscle endurance with regards to shoulder flexion (acute = 107.0%, delayed = 71.1%, p=0.007) and a trend towards weaker shoulder abduction (acute = 103.1%, delayed = 88.7 %). Funding: Mr. Potter was supported by a St. Michael’s Hospital Summer Student Scholarship

Introduction. Clavicle fractures accounting for 3–5% of all adult fractures are usually treated non-operatively. There is an increasing trend towards their surgical fixation. Objective. The aim of our study was to investigate the outcome following titanium elastic stable intramedullary nailing (ESIN) for midshaft non-comminuted clavicle fractures with >20mm shortening/displacement. Methods. 38 patients, which met inclusion criteria, were reviewed retrospectively. There were 32 males and 6 females. The mean age was 27.6 years. The patients were assessed for clinical/radiological union and by Oxford Shoulder and QuickDASH scores. 71% patients required open reduction. Results. 100% union was achieved at average of 11.3 weeks. The average follow-up was 12 months. The average Oxford Shoulder and QuickDASH scores were 45.6 and 6.7 respectively. 47% patients had nail removal. One patient had lateral nail protrusion while other required its medial trimming. Conclusion. In our hands, ESIN is safe and minimally invasive with good patient satisfaction, cosmetic appearance and overall outcome

Introduction:. Displaced and shortened clavicle shaft fractures can be treated operatively by intra- or extramedullary fixation. The aim of the study was to compare the effectiveness of these two treatment modalities. Methods:. Forty seven patients with acute displaced and shortened clavicle shaft fractures were randomly assigned to either an intramedullary locked fixation group or an anatomically contoured locked plating group. All patients were operated by the same surgeon and had identical post-operative treatment regimes. The effectiveness of both treatment regimens were assessed based on; incision length, operative time and union rate. Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand Score (DASH) and Constant Shoulder Score were assessed one year post-operatively. Results:. Twenty-five patients were included in the plating group and twenty-two in the intramedullary fixation group. No differences between the two groups were found for age, gender, fracture comminution and/or displacement. Incision size was significantly (p<0.0001) smaller in the nailing group (38±9 mm) than in the plating group (118±19 mm). In line with this the operating time was also shorter in the nailing group than in the plating groups (43±8 min and 60±19 min, respectively (p=0.0029)). One year postoperatively a 100% union rate was achieved in both groups. Lower DASH scores (2±5 vs 16±18 (p=0.0071)) and higher Constant Shoulder scores (96±6 vs. 90 ± 18 (p=0.0122)), were found in the nailing group. Conclusion:. Both anatomically contoured locked plating and locked intramedullary fixation resulted in successful treatment of displaced and shortened clavicle shaft fractures. Intramedullary fixation however was associated with shorter operating times and smaller incision sizes. In addition, better DASH and Constant Shoulder scores were found in the nailing group one year post operatively. Based on these finding and the absence of prominent subcutaneous hardware necessitating removal of the nail, the intramedullary device is a good alternative to treat displaced clavicle shaft fractures

Abstract. Background. Distal third clavicle (DTC) fractures represent 2.6 to 4% of all adult fractures but there is no consensus as to the surgical management of these injuries. The primary outcomes of this study were to determine the frequency of DTC fractures and their management. Secondary outcomes included complications, further procedures, fracture union and the breakdown of treatment by modified Neer classification. Methods. A multicentre cohort study was conducted between 1. st. January 2019–31. st. December 2019. All patients, over 18 years old, with an isolated DTC fracture were included. Demographic variables, management, mechanism of injury, modified Neer classification and fracture union were recorded. Simple statistical analysis was performed as a total dataset and as a breakdown of major trauma centres (MTCs) vs trauma units (TUs). Results. 859 patients from 18 different NHS trusts (15 TUs and 3 MTCs) were included. The mean age was 57 years (18 to 99). 87% were treated conservatively and 54% were Neer type 1 fractures. With regards to operative management, 89% of patients who underwent an operation were under the age of 60. 56% of patients had evidence of union at most recent follow-up. Conclusions. This is the first and largest epidemiological review of DTC fractures in the UK. Results show that younger patients, suffering higher mechanism of injury, are more likely to undergo surgery. Furthermore, rates of union are low but further research is needed to determine the functional outcomes of these patients. There is scope for a pragmatic RCT for the treatment of DTC

Distal clavicle fractures have a significant non-union rate, and are often managed operatively. Many of the fixation devices used have a high complication rate or require removal. An arthroscopic technique using the Tightrope device (Arthrex) has been used in our institution. We aimed to describe our initial results. Eighteen cases were identified retrospectively, and the notes and radiographs reviewed. Twelve patients were male, six female, with mean age 33 years. All fractures were displaced, lateral to the coraco-clavicular ligament complex: six showed marked comminution. Mean follow-up was thirteen weeks. Fifteen fractures united, with a mean radiological time to union of 8 weeks (range 6-13 weeks). There were three surgical complications. In one, the clavicular button was not seated correctly on bone, and early failure required revision surgery. In another, there was inadequate reduction, radiographic non-union at five months and subsequent device failure. In the last, there was radiographic non-union, but the patient was asymptomatic. The arthroscopic tightrope device provides minimally invasive stabilisation and reliable union. The complications seen were related to incorrect technique, and anticipate the complication rate to diminish as the technique is developed. We recommend the use of this technique for the stabilisation of distal clavicle fractures

Purpose of study:. To assess the effectiveness of a novel locked intra-medullary device in the treatment of acute clavicle shaft fractures. Description of methods:. Patients admitted with midshaft clavicle fractures were assessed for inclusion in the study. Inclusion criteria were mid shaft clavicle fractures with 100% displacement; more than 1, 5 cm of shortening or containing a displaced butterfly segment. Fractures were assessed for suitability to intra-medullary fixation (fracture distance from the medial and lateral end of the clavicle, medullary diameter and fracture type). 35 patients were treated operatively using the device by the author. Post-op, patients were kept in a master sling for a period of 6 weeks and followed up for a period of at least 3 months. Fracture reduction, fracture progression to union, scar size, Dash score, Constant Shoulder score, patient satisfaction and complications were assessed at follow-up by the surgeon, a radiologist and an occupational therapist. Summary of results:. 35 patients, 26 males and 9 females with a mean age of 29 were included in the study. All fractures treated achieved union within expected limits with no operative complications. Excellent cosmetic results were achieved in 34 patients with a high level of patient satisfaction reported. 3 patients developed post-operative complications – 2 nail failures and 1 hardware sepsis. All 3 complications were due to inferior implant placement due to initial surgeon inexperience with the device and patient non-compliance with the post-operative regime. Conclusion:. Locked intra-medullary fixation of clavicle shaft fractures that fit the criteria for operative fixation was found to be a reliable, safe method of achieving fracture reduction and fracture union in 35 patients treated. The operation is moderately demanding with a short learning curve

We undertook a prospective randomised trial to determine the outcome of locked intramedullary fixation vs. plating of displaced shortened mid-shaft clavicle fractures. The primary outcome measure was the Constant shoulder score, while secondary outcome measures included the Oxford shoulder score, union rate, and complication rates. Thirty-two patients were recruited to the trial; 17 randomised to locked intramedullary fixation and 15 randomised to plating. Mean age was 29.3years (13 to 53 years). Mean follow-up was 12.4 months (5 to 28 months). There was no significant difference in Constant scores (p = 0.365) and no significant difference in Oxford scores (p = 0.686). There was 100% union in both groups. In the intramedullary group, there was one case of soft tissue irritation that settled after the pin was removed, one pin backed out and had to be revised with another pin. There were three superficial wound infections resulting in plate removal and 8 plates (53%) were removed. Locked intramedullary fixation and plating are equally effective in the management of shortened displaced mid-shaft clavicle fractures

Introduction. Clavicle fractures can cause pain and functional impairment if not managed appropriately. This paper evaluates the prevalence of clavicular fractures, estimates number of cases requiring operative treatment, whether removal of implant is a frequent necessity and compares the final functional outcome of the operative and non-operative group. Materials/Methods. Between November 2005 and November 2007 patients with clavicular fractures were eligible for participation. Patients below 18 years of age, and pathological fractures were excluded. Operative versus non-operative treatment, radiographic classification (Allman system), complications, implant removal, and functional outcome using the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) shoulder scores were documented and analysed. Results. Out of 16,280 fractures presenting to our University Teaching Hospitals, 200 (1.23%) met the inclusion criteria. Twenty patients were lost due to natural attrition, 159 (88.3%) patients were treated non-operatively and 21 (11.7%) patients operated upon, over half for symptomatic non-union. All clavicles united post operatively. Eighty one conservatively managed undisplaced medial, middle and lateral end fractures had excellent mean UCLA shoulder scores. A statistical significance in UCLA scores (p<0.05) was noted between the operative and non-operative groups in mid shaft fractures. Under half (42.9%) required removal of metal implant sue to soft tissue irritation with complete resolution of symptoms. Conclusion. The incidence of clavicle fractures was 1.23%. A small number of patients (11.7%) required operative treatment. We recommend surgical management of symptomatic non-union and removal of metal implant for hard ware related symptoms

Purpose. Intramedullary fixation of clavicle fractures requires an adequate medullary canal to accommodate the fixation device used. This computer tomography anatomical study of the clavicle and its medullary canal describes its general anatomy and provides the incidence of anatomical variations of the medullary canal that complicates intramedullary fixation of midshaft fractures. Methods. Four hundred and eighteen clavicles in 209 patients were examined using computer tomography imaging. The length and curvatures of the clavicles were measured as well as the height and width of the clavicle and its canal at various pre-determined points. The start and end of the medullary canal from the sternal and acromial ends of the clavicle were determined. The data was grouped according to age, gender and lateralization. Results. The average length of the clavicle was 151.15mm with the average sternal and acromial curvature being 146° and 133° respectively. The medullary canal starts on average 6.59mm from the sternal end and ends 19.56mm from the acromial end with the average height and width of the canal at the middle third being 5.61mm and 6.63mm respectively. Conclusion. The medullary canal of the clavicle is large enough to accommodate commonly used intramedullary devices in the majority of cases. The medullary canal extends far enough medially and laterally to ensure that an intramedullary device can be passed far enough medially and laterally past the fracture site to ensure stable fixation in most middle third clavicle fractures. An alternative surgical option should be available in theatre when treating females as the medullary canal is too small to pass an intramedullary device past the fracture site on rare occasions. Fractures located within 40mm of the lateral or medial ends of the clavicle should not be treated by intramedullary fixation as adequate stability is unlikely to be achieved. MULTIPLE DISCLOSURES

Introduction. The treatment of clavicle fractures remains controversial. Although most clavicle fractures can be treated successfully nonoperatively, no consensus exists for the complete range of lesions. A systematic literature review was performed to summarize and compare the results of different treatments. Material and Methods. A Pubmed search on ‘clavicle’ and ‘fracture’ was performed and relevant papers collected. Predefined inclusion/exclusion criteria had to be met and parameters were extracted. The articles were regrouped according to fracture location: midshaft; lateral; or location not specified. Main parameters were: Edinburgh classification; treatment type; complications; pseudarthrosis; cosmetic satisfaction and pain. Results. From 105 papers retrieved, 41 were included representing 4959 patiens with a median follow-up of 33 months. Patients lost to follow-up was 20.2%. The rate of displacement was higher in the lateral fracture group (63.5% versus 50.5% for the midshaft group and 33.5% for location not specified. Of all patients, 75.9% were treated nonoperatively. The lateral fracture group was operated on most (48.4%). Nonoperative treatment led to pseudarthrosis in 3.1% of midshaft fractures compared to 12.6% for lateral fractures. Operative treatment led to 7% and 2.7% of pseudarthrosis for the midshaft and lateral fractures respectively. Cosmetic dissatisfaction was frequent (13.6% for the nonoperatively treated fractures and 7.9% for surgically treated fractures). Surgical complications occurred frequently, especially wound infections (5.8%). Operatively treated patients had better pain scores at final follow-up. Conclusions. A considerable number of patients treated nonsurgically have suboptimal outcome at follow-up. In selected cases, especially displaced lateral fractures, surgery may be warranted

This multi-centre single-blind randomised control trial compared outcomes in patients with acute displaced mid-shaft clavicle fractures treated either by primary open reduction and plate fixation (ORPF), or non-operative treatment (NT). Two-hundred patients were randomised to receive either ORPF or NT. Functional assessment was conducted up to one-year using DASH, SF-12 and Constant scores (CS). Union was evaluated using radiographs and CT. Rate of non-union was significantly reduced after ORPF (1 following ORPF, 16 following NT, odds ratio=0.07, 95% CI=0.01–0.50, p=0.0006). 7 patients had delayed-union after NT. Group allocation to ORPF was independently predictive of development of non-union. DASH and CS were significantly better in the ORPF group 3-months post-surgery, but not at one-year (mean DASH = 6.2 after NT versus 3.7 after ORPF, p=0.09; mean CS = 86.1 after NT versus 90.7 after ORPF, p=0.05). Group allocation was not predictive of one-year outcome. Non-union was the only factor independently predictive of one-year functional outcome. There were no significant differences in time off work or subjective scores. Five patients underwent revision for complications after ORPF. 10 patients underwent metalwork removal. Treatment cost was significantly greater after ORPF (p=0.001). ORPF reduces rate of non-union compared with NT and is associated with better early functional outcomes. Improved outcomes are not sustained at one-year. Differences in functional outcome appear to be mediated by prevention of non-union from ORPF. ORPF is more expensive and associated with implant-related complications not seen with NT. Our results do not support routine primary ORPF for displaced mid-shaft clavicle fractures

Fractures of the clavicle remain common in clinical practice. The main changes that have occurred in the last five years are in the indications for surgical intervention. The traditional indications remain. For example, complex cases such as compound fractures, those in which the skin is threatened, fractures of the clavicle associated with a floating shoulder, fractures of the clavicle associated with vascular injury and unstable lateral clavicle fractures. Fractures of the middle 1/3 of the clavicle with displacement of greater than 2 cm have been identified as having a poorer outcome based on patient related factors. In adults these fractures are now recommended for surgical stabilisation. A number of surgical techniques have been described including internal fixation with plates and intramedullary pins. It is the author's preference to use plate fixation as it provides stable fixation of the clavicle including rotational control. Although there are some authors that do recommend pin fixation, insertion of these pins can be technically demanding and there is a risk of displacement of undisplaced fragments. The intramedullary pins do not provide rotational control of the fracture. When performing internal fixation of clavicle fractures it is important to be aware of the risk of major neurovascular compromise. In the second quarter (from the medial edge of the clavicle) the major neurovascular structures are at risk and care is required to ensure that drills and screws do not penetrate the inferior cortex of the clavicle and violate these neurovascular structures. Adolescents with fractures of the clavicle are often managed without surgical intervention even if there is significant displacement. However, further work is required to identify the natural history of this group. Non-union of the clavicle is a relatively uncommon event. For those patients who have a persistent symptomatic non-union, surgical stabilisation and bone grafting is recommended

Rates of operative fixation for clavicle fractures have been increasing over recent years, but non-operative treatment remains the most common treatment. However, the reported results of case series of non-operatively and operatively treated clavicle fractures show considerable variation, making comparison difficult. Non-operative treatment leads to unsatisfactory results in approximately 3 – 10% of cases, sometimes requiring delayed surgical intervention. Recent studies exploring predictors of poor results after non-operative treatment have shown that fracture displacement is a significant predictor of poor outcome. However, fracture comminution, angulation, shortening, smoking, age, and fracture type and location are not consistently associated with worse outcomes. This has lead to increased interest in surgical fixation for displaced fractures. Prior to the large randomised trial by the Canadian Orthopaedic Trauma Society (COTS), controlled trials comparing surgery to non-operative treatment provided no significant support for surgical fixation. The COTS study provides some evidence for plating displaced mid-shaft fractures, however, partly due to methodological issues, recent reviews of the topic have concluded that additional, more rigorous studies are required to confirm the findings of the COTS trial. Intramedullary fixation is also popular, but it does not have the weight of evidence of plate fixation

Introduction: This study was performed to assess the incidence of generalized ligament laxity in patients presented with 1st time anterior shoulder dislocation. Patients and Methods: Prospective data was collected for patients presented with 1st time anterior shoulder dislocation and clavicle fracture as a control group between Aug 2008 and Feb 2009 under the care of a specialist shoulder surgeon. Data included demographic details, mechanism of injury and generalized ligament laxity using Beighton score. Laxity is scored on a 0–9 scale. Scores of 4 or above are indicative of generalized ligament laxity. Brighton criteria was used to diagnose Benign Joint Hypermobility Syndrome (BJHS). Results: Data was collected for 44 patients with first time anterior shoulder dislocation and 43 patients with clavicle fracture. There was no difference in the demographics of the groups. There were 40 male (91%) and 4 (9%) female patients in the dislocation group. Mean age was 25 years with a range from 15–55. Most common cause of shoulder dislocation was sports related injuries in 26 patients (60%). The average Beighton score for dislocation group was 3.6 with a range from 0–9 as compared to 2.1 with a range from 0–7 in the control group. Twenty one patients (48%) in the dislocation group had a Beighton score of 4 or more indicating generalized ligament laxity as compared to 12 patients (28%) in the control group. This difference was statistically significant with a P value of 0.009. Six patients (14%) fulfilled the Brighton criteria for BJHS in the dislocation group as compared to 3 patients (7%) in the control group. Conclusion: We found that there is a high incidence (48%) of generalized ligament laxity in patients presented with first time anterior shoulder dislocation. Appropriate advice should be given to these patients about rehabilitation, risk of recurrent dislocations and timing of shoulder stabilization

Clavicle fractures account for 44–66% of shoulder fractures. Evaluating degree of shortening is important when deciding between operative and non-operative treatment. The clavicle of a skeleton was marked at midpoint and junctions of the thirds along its superior surface. Antero-posterior (AP) and 30-degree upshot radiographs were taken. Images were analysed measuring distance between markers. In both AP and upshot images there were apparent discrepancies between lengths of each third and half. The main differences in apparent length appear in the measurement of the thirds of the clavicle. The AP made the medial third shorter compared to the middle and lateral third, whereas the upshot appeared to make the medial third shorter than the middle third with the lateral third shorter again. This study supports the theory that there is parallax error created by the shape of the clavicle. Middle third fractures account for 80% of fractures and both our AP and upshot images make the middle third appear longer in relation to lateral and medial thirds. This leads us to believe that shortening may be overestimated when measured using AP or upshot images. This leads us to advise caution when using WebPacs tools to measure shortening in clinical decision making

The aim of this study was to assess the outcome of a pre-contoured anatomic plate in the treatment of midshaft clavicle fractures. We treated thirty patients consecutively for middle third clavicle fractures between March 2001 to March 2006. Surgery was performed for acute fractures, non-unions and malunions by a senior surgeon. Fifteen patients were treated by open reduction and internal fixation with a precontoured small fragment clavicle plate (mean age of thirty-eight years). Our control group consisted of a consecutive series of fifteen patients treated by internal fixation with conventional plates (mean age of forty-one years). Ten patients had fixation of their clavicles with a reconstruction plate whilst five patients had fixation with a dynamic compression plate (DCP). Outcomes assessed for both groups were; complications, need for removal of plate, post-operative outcome, and time to union. All patients were followed up for an average of eighteen months (range eight to thirty months). In the pre-contoured plate group none required removal of hardware. Five patients had complications. Three of these patients complained of numbness around the caudal aspect of the wound which subsequently resolved within six to eight weeks of the operation. The remaining two patients suffered from adhesive capsulitis postoperatively. Their symptoms resolved completely after four months. All patients regained full range of motion. All patients went on to clinical and radiological union with average time to union being 4.7 months (range three to ten months). In the conventional plate group, nine patients required removal of their plate. Average time to removal of plate from index operation was 7.7 months (range four to thirteen months). Of the nine plate removals there were two plate breakages, five removals for local soft tissue irritation and two persistent painful non-unions. Three patients required subsequent re-plating for non-unions. All fractures united in this group with mean time to union of 5.4 months (range 2 to 14 months). A pre-contoured clavicle plate provides rigid fixation without compromising plate stiffness and fatigue strength. We have successfully treated patients with acute fractures, nonunions and malunions of midshaft clavicle fractures, where there was gross distortion of normal anatomy. None of our patients required the removal of their plates (minimum follow-up of 8 months). We have also found these plates to be a valuable anatomical template when reconstructing a malunion, nonunion or highly comminuted fracture. In conclusion, this is the first reported series demonstrating the use of anatomical pre-contoured plates for clavicle fractures. They can reduce time spent on intra-operative contouring, are low-profile and thus far, plate removal has not been necessary

Purpose: To determine any relation between scapular fracture, severity of chest injury and mortality in patients with multiple injuries. Patients and Methods: We reviewed 621 consecutive patients admitted over a five year period (1995–1999) with multiple injuries. All had an associated chest injury. Such details were recorded and analyzed as – mechanism of injury, ISS, AIS for chest, GCS, ICU stay, total hospital stay, operations performed, presence or absence of scapular fracture, complications and mortality. Patients with chest injury but without scapula fracture formed the control group of the study. Results: Out of 621 patients with multiple injuries (mean ISS 27.5), 79 (17 women) (12.72%) – group 1 were identified with scapular fractures. 542 (122 women) patients with chest injury but no scapular fracture formed the control group – group 2. The mean age of group 1 was 42 years versus 40 years of group 1 and the mean ISS was 27.12 (SD 15.13) and 28. 41 (SD 14.21) in group 1 and group 2 respectively (p value > 0.05). In group 1 the chest AIS was 3.46 (SD 1.10) and 3.18 (SD 1.06) in group 2 (p value < 0.05).The most common associated chest injury in group 1 was pneumothorax (28%) followed by pulmonary contusion (15.2%) whereas in group 2 it was likewise pneumothorax (20%) followed by pulmonary contusion (21%). There were 8 (10.1%) flail segments in the scapula group, versus 50 flail segments (9%) in the non scapula group. In group 1 there was an incidence of 3.8 % associated thoracic vertebral fractures compared to 8.3% in group 2. 2.6 % of patients in group 1 had major vessel injury or cardiac laceration as compared to 3 % in group 2. There were 4 brachial plexus injuries in group 1 (5.1%) versus nil in group 2. In group 1, 32 (40.5%) patients had sustained associated abdominal injuries mean AIS 3.1 versus 190 (34.6%) in group 2 with a mean AIS of 2.9. In the scapula group there were 31 clavicle fractures, 12 humerus fractures and 4 shoulder dislocations. In the non-scapula group there were 137 clavicle fractures, 93 fractures of the humerus and 2 shoulder dislocations. The mean hospital stay in both groups was 22 days (range 5–153). In group 1 the mortality rate was 11.4% (9 patients) mean ISS 48 (range 24–75) versus 25% (136 patients) mean ISS 41.3 (range 17–75) in group 2. Conclusion: Patients with scapular fractures were found to have a higher chest and abdominal AIS. Overall, the scapular fracture was not associated with higher ISS or higher mortality and does not correlate with a poorer outcome

Last decade, a shift towards operative treatment of midshaft clavicle fractures has been observed [T. Huttunen et al., Injury, 2013]. Current fracture fixation plates are however suboptimal, leading to reoperation rates up to 53% [J. G. Wijdicks et al., Arch. Orthop. Trauma Surg, 2012]. Plate irritation, potentially caused by a bad geometric fit and plate prominence, has been found to be the most important factor for reoperation [B. D. Ashman et a.l, Injury, 2014]. Therefore, thin plate implants that do not interfere with muscle attachment sites (MAS) would be beneficial in reducing plate irritation. However, little is known about the clavicle MAS variation. The goal of this study was therefore to assess their variability by morphing the MAS to an average clavicle. 14 Cadaveric clavicles were dissected by a medical doctor (MH), laser scanned (Nikon, LC60dx) and a photogrammetry was created with Agisoft photoscan (Agisoft, Russia). Subsequently a CT-scan of these bones was acquired and segmented in Mimics (Materialise, Belgium). The segmented bone was aligned with the laser scan and MAS were indicated in 3-matic (Materialise, Belgium). Next, a statistical shape model (SSM) of the 14 segmented clavicles was created. The average clavicle from the SSM was then registered to all original clavicle meshes. This registration assures correspondences between source and target mesh. Hence, MAS of individual muscles of all 14 bones were indicated on the average clavicle. Mean area is 602 mm. 2. ± 137 mm. 2. for the deltoid muscle, 1022 mm. 2. ±207 mm. 2. for the trapezius muscle, and 683 mm. 2. ± 132 mm. 2. for the pectoralis major muscle. The sternocleidomastoid muscle has a mean area of 513 mm. 2. ± 190 mm. 2. and the subclavius muscle had the smallest mean area of 451 mm. 2. ± 162 mm. 2. Visualization of all MAS on the average clavicle resulted in 72% coverage of the surface, visualizing only each muscle's largest MAS led to 52% coverage. The large differences in MAS surface areas, as shown by the standard deviation, already indicate their variability. Difference between coverage by all MAS and only the largest, shows that MAS location varies strongly as well. Therefore, design of generic plates that do not interfere with individual MAS is challenging. Hence, patient-specific clavicle fracture fixation plates should be considered to minimally interfere with MAS

Aims

Traumatic central cord syndrome (CCS) typically follows a hyperextension injury and results in motor impairment affecting the upper limbs more than the lower, with occasional sensory impairment and urinary retention. Current evidence on mortality and long-term outcomes is limited. The primary aim of this study was to assess the five-year mortality of CCS, and to determine any difference in mortality between management groups or age.

Aims

The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to gather epidemiological information on selected musculoskeletal injuries and to provide pooled injury-specific incidence rates.

Aims

There remains a lack of consensus regarding the management of chronic anterior sternoclavicular joint (SCJ) instability. This study aimed to assess whether a standardized treatment algorithm (incorporating physiotherapy and surgery and based on the presence of trauma) could successfully guide management and reduce the number needing surgery.

We present a complete audit cycle of Emergency Department management of paediatric clavicle fractures at Derriford Hospital. Local guidelines divide the clavicle into three zones. Fractures with minimal displacement in the middle 3/5th heal in the majority of cases without complication and can be discharged without need for follow up, provided parents are adequately educated. An initial audit cycle of 63 cases identified short comings in adherence to the guidelines. These included: Unnecessary fracture clinic follow up of ‘Zone 2’ fractures in 85% and omission of written advice in 86%. The results were circulated, ‘aide memoir’ icons were added to the department's computer coding system, staff teaching sessions were organised and a patient advice sheet was produced. Following the implementation of changes, a 23 case re-audit showed fewer unnecessary referrals to fracture clinic (17% vs. 85%) and improvements in the number of parents being given written advice (43% vs. 14%). Staff training, provision of information leaflets and changes to the ED coding system dramatically improved the adherence to hospital guidance. This resulted in standardisation of care, fewer unnecessary appointments and cost savings to the trust. Following this audit, a telephone survey was completed to assess parent's satisfaction with their treatment

Introduction. Plate fixations have been recommended for dislocated clavicle fractures. However, existing plates are inadequate for morphological compatibility with the clavicle. The aim of this study is to measure the anatomical shape of the clavicle and to compare the radiographical and clinical outcomes of our tree-dimensional (3D) reconstruction plate with conventional straight plate. Methods. Chest CT image of 15 patients with normal clavicle were analyzed. Their clavicles were reconstructed and measured their anatomical variables. A hospital-based case-control study was conducted, including a consecutive series of 52 patients with displaced midshaft clavicle fractures. 3D reconstruction plate was used for 26 patients and another 26 patients were treated with conventional straight plate. Outcome measures included the period of bone union, revision surgery, operating times and clinical symptoms using DASH score. Results. The result indicated that plates applying to any shape of the clavicle require a strong curve on the distal part and a twist on the proximal part. A case-control study demonstrated that the conventional straight plate group had higher rate of delayed union and had more symptomatic than the 3D group. Conclusion. The plates with a strong curve on the distal end and a twist on the proximal end exhibit better compatibility with the clavicle. Our 3D reconstruction plate showed superiority in both radiographical and clinical outcome than conventional straight ones

Purpose. The aim of this study was to report the outcomes of a series of patients with clavicle fracture non-union who had undergone open reduction and internal fixation using a contoured locking plate without the use of distant bone graft. Methods. Patients were identified using the hospital database. Records were reviewed to determine basic demographics, operative findings, and radiological outcome. Patients were contacted and details about initial injury and treatment, and return to work and sport were recorded. Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) for both operated and non-operated shoulders were completed. Results. 15 patients with at least 6 months follow-up (average 12.4) were identified. The average age was 39 years. All patients were initially treated in a broad arm sling. All fractures were fixed with a pre-contoured locking plate and all went on to achieve clinical and radiological union. The average DASH on the operated side was 14.5 and 4.2 on the contralateral. All patients had returned to work and regular sport activities. One patient required plate removal due to local irritation. Conclusion. The results of this small series suggest that use of distant bone graft is not necessary when performing open reduction and internal fixation for symptomatic non-union of the clavicle with appropriate preparation of fracture ends and adequate fixation

Michael Robinson has been a Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon and Senior Lecturer in the Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology in Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom for 10 years. His special interests include the treatment of proximal humeral and clavicle fractures, and shoulder instability. The majority of proximal humerus fractures can be managed non-operatively with surgery reserved for approximately 10–20% of patients. The choice of surgical treatment is usually between a humeral head head-conserving fracture reduction and internal fixation and humeral head sacrifice hemiarthroplasty. Current indications for primary hemiarthroplasty include a displaced four-part fracture (with or without associated dislocation of the humeral head) and a head-splitting fracture (with involvement of >40% of the articular surface), due to the high associated risk of avascular necrosis. However, the indications for internal fixation of proximal humerus fractures have expanded over the last decade, and many fractures which have previously been considered unsalvageable and treated either non-operatively or with hemiarthroplasty are now deemed reconstructable. This is partially as a result of improved appreciation of sub-groups of fractures which have a better prognosis from head-salvage, the possibility that subsequent development of osteonecrosis may be relatively asymptomatic and the realisation that functional results after hemiarthroplasty are often sub-optimal. The purpose of this talk is to discuss the current concepts in fracture classification and the indications for operative treatment for these fractures. The novel surgical approaches, techniques and implants which have renewed interest in their treatment are also highlighted. None of the authors have received any payment or consideration from any source for the conduct of this study

Non-union has traditionally been considered a rare complication following the non-operative management of clavicle fractures. Recent studies demonstrate higher rates of non-union in adults with displaced fractures, yet the variables predicting non-union remain unclear. We evaluated the prevalence and risk factors for non-union following displaced midshaft clavicle fractures in a large consecutive series of patients managed non-operatively. 1097 consecutive adults (mean age 26.1yrs) with displaced midshaft clavicle fractures treated non-operatively in our Unit were included. All patients were interviewed, examined and underwent radiological assessment within a week of injury. All patients were managed in a sling for two weeks followed by early mobilization. All patients were followed-up until clinical and radiological confirmation of union. Non-union was defined clinically as pain or mobility of the fracture segments on stressing, and radiologically as failure of cortical bridging by 6 months. 198 (18%) of patients had evidence of non-union at 6 months. Patient factors associated with non-union included increasing age, smoking and the presence of medical comorbidities (p<0.05). Injury-related factors associated with non-union included increasing fragment translation and displacement, and injury pattern (Edinburgh 2B2: comminuted segmental fracture)(p<0.01). We present the largest series reporting prevalence and risk factors for non-union following conservatively treated, displaced midshaft clavicle fractures. These fractures can no longer be viewed as a single clinical entity, but as a spectrum of injuries each requiring individualized assessment and treatment. Increased understanding of the outcomes of these injuries will enable clinicians to better identify those patients that may be better served with primary operative reconstruction

Background. Non-union has traditionally been considered a rare complication following the non-operative management of clavicle fractures. A growing body of evidence has demonstrated higher rates of non-union in adults with displaced fractures. However, the variables that predict non-union in these patients remain unclear. We evaluated the prevalence and risk factors for non-union following displaced midshaft clavicle fractures in a large consecutive series of patients managed non-operatively in our Unit. Materials and Methods. 1097 consecutive adults (mean age 26.1yrs) with displaced midshaft clavicle fractures treated non-operatively in our Unit were included. All patients were interviewed and examined by an orthopaedic trauma surgeon and underwent radiological assessment within a week of injury. All patients were managed in a simple sling for two weeks followed by early mobilization. All patients were followed-up until clinical and radiological confirmation of union. Non-union was defined clinically as the presence of pain or mobility of the fracture segments on stressing, and radiologically as failure of cortical bridging by 6 months. Results. 198 (18%) of patients had evidence of non-union at 6 months. Patient factors significantly associated with non-union included increasing age, smoking and the presence of medical comorbidities (p<0.05). Injury-related factors associated with non-union included Increasing fragment translation and displacement, and a severe pattern of injury (Edinburgh 2B2: comminuted segmental fracture)(p<0.01). Conclusions. We present the largest series reporting the prevalence and risk factors for non-union following conservatively treated, displaced midshaft clavicle fractures. These fractures can no longer be viewed as a single clinical entity, but as a spectrum of injuries each requiring individualized assessment and treatment. Increased understanding of the outcomes of these injuries will enable clinicians to better identify those patients that may be better served with primary operative reconstruction

We report the results of anterior plate fixation for symptomatic, mid-shaft clavicle non-union. The superior surface is most commonly used for plate fixation. To the best of our knowledge, there are no clinical reports where anterior plate fixation of the clavicle was used. We included 12 consecutive patients, with symptomatic mid-shaft clavicular non-union, aged between 23 and 56 years during a four-year period (1998-2002). The injury was secondary to RTA in 6 cases, sports-related in 5 and skiing in one. In three patients, the non-union was secondary to superior plating using one third tubular plate, in acute fractures. The most common complaint was anterior shoulder pain (12 cases) followed by brachialgia (4 patients). The operation was performed through an anterior approach. A 3.5mm reconstruction plate was contoured and fixed onto the anterior surface of the clavicle. Bone graft was used in all cases. The average follow up was 22 months. All 12 patients achieved union at an average union time of seventeen weeks. Compared to superior plating, anterior plating has the distinct advantage that the longer screws can be used (as the clavicle is a flat bone, and the AP diameter is larger compared to superoinferior diameter) thus improving the stability of fixation. Our results show that anterior clavicle fixation is safe and effective in achieving union, even in cases following failed superior plate fixation. We therefore recommend anterior plate fixation and bone grafting in symptomatic nonunions of mid third clavicle fractures

Introduction. The treatment of Neer type 2 lateral end clavicle fractures presents a difficult problem due to the high incidence of non-union, delayed union, shoulder girdle instability and the need for implant removal. We report our experience in 10 patients with acute fractures treated with a simple modified tension band suturing technique. Surgical technique. Following accurate reduction of the fracture, antero-posterior holes are drilled through both fracture fragments. Ethibond suture (number 5) is passed through the drill holes and tied in a ‘figure of 8’ on the superior side. This is reinforced with an identical second tension band suture. As the coracoclavicular ligaments remain attached to the lateral fragment, the principle of the surgery is to maintain the approximation of the fracture fragments with the tension band until fracture union, thereby resuming shoulder girdle stability. Methods. The patients (8 male and 2 female, age range 15 to 72 years) were operated on by the senior author between May 2003 and Jan 2005. Assessment was performed with clinical evaluation, the Constant score and radiologically. Mean length of follow-up was 13 months. Results. The fractures all united clinically and radiologically without complication. None of the patients reported pain or instability and all had returned to their occupations and recreational activities. Equivalent Constant scores were obtained with the uninjured shoulder. Excellent results can be achieved using this tension band suturing technique, which provides stable permanent fracture fixation and avoids the need of reconstruction of the coracoclavicular ligaments or an implant removal

Introduction. The Constant Score (CS) and the Oxford Shoulder Score (OSS) are shoulder scoring systems routinely used in the UK. Patients with Acromio-Clavicular Joint (ACJ) and Sterno-Clavicular Joint (SCJ) injuries and those with clavicle fractures tend to be younger and more active than those with other shoulder pathologies. While the CS takes into account the recreational outcomes for such patients the weighting is very small. We developed the Nottingham Clavicle Score (NCS) specifically for this group of patients. Methods. We recruited 70 patients into a cohort study in which pre-operative and 6 month post-operative evaluations of outcome were reviewed using the CS, the OSS the Imatani Score (IS) and the EQ-5D scores which were compared with the NCS. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha. Reproducibility of the NCS was assessed using the test/re-test method. Each of the 10 items of the NCS was evaluated for their sensitivity and contribution to the total score of 100. Validity was examined by correlations between the NCS and the CS, OSS, IS and EQ-5D scores pre-operatively and post-operatively. Results. Significant correlations were demonstrated post-operatively between the NCS and OSS (p< 0.001), CS (p=0.001), IS (p< 0.001) and the ‘self-care’ (p=0.013), ‘pain’ (p< 0.001) and ‘usual activities’ (p< 0.001) sub-categories of EQ-5D. Internal consistency was excellent (Cronbach's alpha=0.87). Removal of an item measuring cosmetic satisfaction improved the alpha to 0.90. Significant agreement was found on test/re-test examination. Differences in NCS were directly related to differences in all 4 comparative outcome measures and 91% of patients with improved post-op NCS values reported improvements in their symptoms. Conclusions. The NCS has been proven to be a valid, reliable and sensitive outcome measure that can accurately measure the level of function and disability in the joint, SC joint and clavicle. We recommend its future use for clinical evaluation

Michael Robinson has been a Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon and Senior Lecturer in the Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology in Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom for 10 years. His special interests include the treatment of proximal humeral and clavicle fractures, and shoulder instability. The traditional view that the vast majority clavicle fractures heal with non- operative treatment with consistently good functional outcomes is no longer valid. Recent studies have identified a higher rate of nonunion and specific defects of shoulder function in sub-groups of patients with these injuries. These fractures should therefore be viewed as a spectrum of injuries with diverse functional outcomes, each requiring careful assessment and individualised treatment. This talk provides an overview of the current knowledge regarding their epidemiology, classification, clinical assessment and treatment in adults. The following key points will be highlighted:. Undisplaced fractures of both the diaphysis and the lateral end of the clavicle have a high rate of union and good functional outcomes after non-operative treatment. Non-operative treatment of displaced shaft fractures may be associated with a higher rate of non-union and functional deficit than previously reported. However, it remains difficult to predict which patients will develop these complications. Since satisfactory functional outcome may be regained from operative treatment for clavicular nonunion or malunion, there is currently considerable debate about the benefits of primary operative treatment for these injuries. Displaced lateral-end fractures have a higher risk of nonunion after non-operative treatment than shaft fractures. However, nonunion is difficult to predict and may be asymptomatic in the elderly. The results of operative treatment are more unpredictable than for shaft fractures. None of the authors have received any payment or consideration from any source for the conduct of this study