Aims. The Uppföljningsprogram för cerebral pares (CPUP) Hip Score distinguishes between children with cerebral palsy (CP) at different levels of risk for displacement of the hip. The score was constructed using data from Swedish children with CP, but has not been confirmed in any other population. The aim of this study was to determine the calibration and discriminatory accuracy of this score in children with CP in Scotland. Methods. This was a total population-based study of children registered with the Cerebral Palsy Integrated Pathway Scotland. Displacement of the hip was defined as a migration percentage (MP) of > 40%. Inclusion criteria were children in Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels III to V. The calibration slope was estimated and Kaplan-Meier curves produced for five strata of CPUP scores to compare the observed with the predicted risk of displacement of the hip at five years. For discriminatory accuracy, the time-dependent area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was estimated. In order to analyze differences in the performance of the score between cohorts, score weights, and subsequently the AUC, were re-estimated using the variables of the original score: the child’s age at the first examination, GMFCS level, head shaft angle, and MP of the worst hip in a logistic regression with imputation of outcomes for those with incomplete follow-up. Results. The discriminatory accuracy of the score in the new population of 367 children was high (AUC 0.78 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.71 to 0.86)). The calibration of the score was insufficient (slope 0.48 (95% CI 0.31 to 0.65)), and the absolute risks of displacement of the hip in this population were overestimated. The AUC increased with re-estimated weights (0.85 (95% CI 0.79 to 0.91)). Conclusion. The CPUP Hip Score had a high ability to discriminate between children at different levels of risk for displacement of the hip. The score overestimated the absolute risks of displacement in this population, which may have resulted from differences in the way children were initially registered in the two programmes. The results are promising, but the score weights may need re-estimation before its clinical application in Scotland. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2022;104-B(5):640–644

Aims. Hip disease is common in children with cerebral palsy (CP) and can decrease quality of life and function. Surveillance programmes exist to improve outcomes by treating hip disease at an early stage using radiological surveillance. However, studies and surveillance programmes report different radiological outcomes, making it difficult to compare. We aimed to identify the most important radiological measurements and develop a core measurement set (CMS) for clinical practice, research, and surveillance programmes. Methods. A systematic review identified a list of measurements previously used in studies reporting radiological hip outcomes in children with CP. These measurements informed a two-round Delphi study, conducted among orthopaedic surgeons and specialist physiotherapists. Participants rated each measurement on a nine-point Likert scale (‘not important’ to ‘critically important’). A consensus meeting was held to finalize the CMS. Results. Overall, 14 distinct measurements were identified in the systematic review, with Reimer’s migration percentage being the most frequently reported. These measurements were presented over the two rounds of the Delphi process, along with two additional measurements that were suggested by participants. Ultimately, two measurements, Reimer’s migration percentage and femoral head-shaft angle, were included in the CMS. Conclusion. This use of a minimum standardized set of measurements has the potential to encourage uniformity across hip surveillance programmes, and may streamline the development of tools, such as artificial intelligence systems to automate the analysis in surveillance programmes. This core set should be the minimum requirement in clinical studies, allowing clinicians to add to this as needed, which will facilitate comparisons to be drawn between studies and future meta-analyses. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2023;4(11):825–831

Pelvic obliquity is a common finding in adolescents with cerebral palsy, however, there is little agreement on its measurement or relationship with hip development at different gross motor function classification system (GMFCS) levels. . The purpose of this investigation was to study these issues in a large, population-based cohort of adolescents with cerebral palsy at transition into adult services. . The cohort were a subset of a three year birth cohort (n = 98, 65M: 33F, with a mean age of 18.8 years (14.8 to 23.63) at their last radiological review) with the common features of a migration percentage greater than 30% and a history of adductor release surgery. . Different radiological methods of measuring pelvic obliquity were investigated in 40 patients and the angle between the acetabular tear drops (ITDL) and the horizontal reference frame of the radiograph was found to be reliable, with good face validity. This was selected for further study in all 98 patients. . The median pelvic obliquity was 4° (interquartile range 2° to 8°). There was a strong correlation between hip morphology and the presence of pelvic obliquity (effect of ITDL on Sharpe’s angle in the higher hip; rho 7.20 (5% confidence interval 5.59 to 8.81, p < 0.001). This was particularly true in non-ambulant adolescents (GMFCS IV and V) with severe pelvic obliquity, but was also easily detectable and clinically relevant in ambulant adolescents with mild pelvic obliquity. . The identification of pelvic obliquity and its management deserves closer scrutiny in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:1435–40

The aims of this study were to report functional outcomes of salvage procedures for patients with cerebral palsy (CP) who have chronic dislocation of the hip using validated scoring systems, and to compare the results of three surgical techniques. We reviewed 37 patients retrospectively. The mean age at the time of surgery was 12.2 years (8 to 22) and the mean follow-up was 56 months (24 to 114). Patients were divided into three groups: 14 who underwent proximal femoral resection arthroplasty (PFRA group 1), ten who underwent subtrochanteric valgus osteotomy (SVO group 2), and 13 who underwent subtrochanteric valgus osteotomy with resection of the femoral head (SVO with FHR group 3). All patients were evaluated using the Caregiver Priorities and Child Health Index of Life with Disabilities (CPCHILD) and the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL). Significant improvements occurred in most CPCHILD and PedsQL subsection scores following surgery in all patients, without significant differences between the groups. There were 12 post-operative complications. Less severe complications were seen in group 1 than in groups 2 and 3. Salvage surgery appears to provide pain relief in patients with CP who have painful chronic dislocation of the hip. The three salvage procedures produced similar results, however, we recommend the use of PFRA as the complications are less severe. Take home message: Salvage surgery can be of benefit to patients with CP with chronic painful hip dislocation, but should be limited to selected patients considering complications. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:137–43

Aims. The purpose of this study was to assess the reliability and responsiveness to hip surgery of a four-point modified Care and Comfort Hypertonicity Questionnaire (mCCHQ) scoring tool in children with cerebral palsy (CP) in Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels IV and V. Methods. This was a population-based cohort study in children with CP from a national surveillance programme. Reliability was assessed from 20 caregivers who completed the mCCHQ questionnaire on two occasions three weeks apart. Test-retest reliability of the mCCHQ was calculated, and responsiveness before and after surgery for a displaced hip was evaluated in a cohort of children. Results. Test-retest reliability for the overall mCCHQ score was good (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.78), and no dimension demonstrated poor reliability. The surgical intervention cohort comprised ten children who had preoperative and postoperative mCCHQ scores at a minimum of six months postoperatively. The mCCHQ tool demonstrated a significant improvement in overall score from preoperative assessment to six-month postoperative follow-up assessment (p < 0.001). Conclusion. The mCCHQ demonstrated responsiveness to intervention and good test-retest reliability. The mCCHQ is proposed as an outcome tool for use within a national surveillance programme for children with CP. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2023;4(8):580–583

Aims. To systematically review the efficacy of split tendon transfer surgery on gait-related outcomes for children and adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP) and spastic equinovarus foot deformity. Methods. Five databases (CENTRAL, CINAHL, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science) were systematically screened for studies investigating split tibialis anterior or split tibialis posterior tendon transfer for spastic equinovarus foot deformity, with gait-related outcomes (published pre-September 2022). Study quality and evidence were assessed using the Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies, the Risk of Bias In Non-Randomized Studies of Interventions, and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation. Results. Overall, 17 studies (566 feet) were included: 13 studies used clinical grading criteria to report a postoperative ‘success’ of 87% (75% to 100%), 14 reported on orthotic use with 88% reduced postoperative use, and one study reported on ankle kinematics improvements. Ten studies reported post-surgical complications at a rate of 11/390 feet (2.8%), but 84 feet (14.8%) had recurrent varus (68 feet, 12%) or occurrence of valgus (16 feet, 2.8%). Only one study included a patient-reported outcome measure (pain). Conclusion. Split tendon transfers are an effective treatment for children and youth with CP and spastic equinovarus foot deformities. Clinical data presented can be used for future study designs; a more standardized functional and patient-focused approach to evaluating outcomes of surgical intervention of gait may be warranted. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2023;4(5):283–298

We report the results of Vulpius transverse gastrocsoleus recession for equinus gait in 26 children with cerebral palsy (CP), using the Gait Profile Score (GPS), Gait Variable Scores (GVS) and movement analysis profile. All children had an equinus deformity on physical examination and equinus gait on three-dimensional gait analysis prior to surgery. The pre-operative and post-operative GPS and GVS were statistically analysed. There were 20 boys and 6 girls in the study cohort with a mean age at surgery of 9.2 years (5.1 to 17.7) and 11.5 years (7.3 to 20.8) at follow-up. Of the 26 children, 14 had spastic diplegia and 12 spastic hemiplegia. Gait function improved for the cohort, confirmed by a decrease in mean GPS from 13.4° pre-operatively to 9.0° final review (p < 0.001). The change was 2.8 times the minimal clinically important difference (MCID). Thus the improvements in gait were both clinically and statistically significant. The transverse gastrocsoleus recession described by Vulpius is an effective procedure for equinus gait in selected children with CP, when there is a fixed contracture of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:564–71

Purpose. The incidence of hip displacement in children with cerebral palsy is approximately 30% in large population based studies. The purpose of this study was to report the long-term effect of hip surgery on the incidence of hip displacement using a newly validated Cerebral Palsy (CP) hip classification. Method. Retrospectively, a sub-group of 100 children who underwent surgery for hip displacement were identified from a large-population based cohort of children born with CP between January 1990 and December 1992. These children were followed to skeletal maturity and closure of their tri-radiate cartilage. All patients returned at maturity for clinical and radiographic examination, while caregivers completed the disease specific quality of life assessments. Patients were grouped according to motor disorder, topographical distribution and GMFCS. Radiographs were independently graded according to CP hip classification scheme to ensure reliability. Surgical Failures were defined as CP Grade > IV. Results. Ninety-seven children and 194 hips were available for final review. According to GMFCS, greater than half the children were GMFCS IV and V (67/94, 67%), 12 were II and 18 were III. Fifteen hips were dislocated or had salvage surgery for dislocation (15/194, 7.7%) at time of skeletal maturity. The majority of hips were graded Grade II and III (149/194, 76.8%). A total of 39 (39/194, 20%) hips were classified as surgical failure with 95% (37/39) hips occurring in GMFCS IV and V children. Conclusion. Using the CP hip classification scheme, the natural history and outcome of 100 children with CP at skeletal maturity have been described. Despite hip surveillance and surgical intervention GMFCS IV and V children are at the greatest risk for surgical failure at skeletal maturity. In this study, the majority of failures were associated with either no hip surveillance and/or index surgery at a non-specialist centre. In contrast, hip surveillance and index surgery at a specialist tertiary centre was associated with a very high probability of a successful outcome. This is the first population based cohort study of children with cerebral palsy followed from index surgery to skeletal maturity for hip displacement. Surgical success rates for the treatment of hip displacement in children with cerebral palsy have not previously been reported. This information will aid surgeons in the treatment of hip displacement in children with cerebral palsy

Aims. The migration percentage (MP) is one criterion used for surgery in dislocated or displaced hips in children with cerebral palsy (CP). The MP at which a displaced hip can no longer return to normal is unclear. The aim of this paper was to identify the point of no return of the MP through a large population-based study. Methods. All children registered on the Cerebral Palsy Integrated Pathway Scotland surveillance programme undergo regular pelvic radiographs. Any child who had a MP measuring over 35% since the programme’s inception in 2013, in at least one hip and at one timepoint, was identified. The national radiography database was then interrogated to identify all pelvic radiographs for each of these children from birth through to the date of analysis. A minimum of a further two available radiographs following the initial measurement of MP ≥ 35% was required for inclusion. Results. A total of 239 children (346 hips) were identified as suitable for analysis at a mean of 6.5 years (2.0 to 14.8) follow-up. In all, 1,485 radiographs taken both prior to and after a hip had a MP ≥ 35% were examined and the MP measured to identify any progression of displacement. Interrogation of the data identified that hips with a MP up to 46% returned to a MP below 40% without intervention, and all hips with a MP equal to or greater than 46% displaced further and the MP did not return to the normal range. Statistical analysis showed the result to be 98% specific with this degree of certainty that hips reaching a MP ≥ 46% would not spontaneously regress. Conclusion. These findings are clinically relevant in showing that it may be reasonable to continue to monitor hips with a MP not exceeding 46%. This threshold will also guide referral for further management of a displacing hip. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(2):411–414

There is much debate about the nature and extent of deformities in the proximal femur in children with cerebral palsy. Most authorities accept that increased femoral anteversion is common, but its incidence, severity and clinical significance are less clear. Coxa valga is more controversial and many authorities state that it is a radiological artefact rather than a true deformity. We measured femoral anteversion clinically and the neck-shaft angle radiologically in 292 children with cerebral palsy. This represented 78% of a large, population-based cohort of children with cerebral palsy which included all motor types, topographical distributions and functional levels as determined by the gross motor function classification system. The mean femoral neck anteversion was 36.5° (11° to 67.5°) and the mean neck-shaft angle 147.5° (130° to 178°). These were both increased compared with values in normally developing children. The mean femoral neck anteversion was 30.4° (11° to 50°) at gross motor function classification system level I, 35.5° (8° to 65°) at level II and then plateaued at approximately 40.0° (25° to 67.5°) at levels III, IV and V. The mean neck-shaft angle increased in a step-wise manner from 135.9° (130° to 145°) at gross motor function classification system level I to 163.0° (151° to 178°) at level V. The migration percentage increased in a similar pattern and was closely related to femoral deformity. Based on these findings we believe that displacement of the hip in patients with cerebral palsy can be explained mainly by the abnormal shape of the proximal femur, as a result of delayed walking, limited walking or inability to walk. This has clinical implications for the management of hip displacement in children with cerebral palsy

In 1994, a register for cerebral palsy and a health-care programme were started in southern Sweden with the aim of preventing dislocation of the hip in children with cerebral palsy. It involved all children with cerebral palsy born in 1992 or later. None of the 206 affected children born between 1992 and 1997 has developed a dislocation following the introduction of the prevention programme. Another 48 children moved into the area and none developed any further dislocation. Of the 251 children with cerebral palsy, aged between five and 11 years, living in the area on January 1, 2003, only two had a dislocated hip. One boy had moved into the area at age of nine with a dislocation and a girl whose parents chose not to participate in the programme developed bilateral dislocation. One boy, whose condition was considered to be too poor for preventative surgery, developed a painful dislocation of the hip at the age of five years and died three years later. Eight of 103 children in a control group, consisting of all children with cerebral palsy living in the area between 1994 and 2002, and born between 1990 and 1991, developed a dislocation of the hip before the age of six years. The decreased incidence of dislocation after the introduction of the prevention programme was significant (p < 0.001). Dislocation of the hip in cerebral palsy remains a serious problem, and prevention is important. Our screening programme and early intervention when lateral displacement of the femoral head was detected appear to be successful

Aims. The purpose of this study was to compare the prevalence of hip displacement and dislocation in a total population of children with cerebral palsy (CP) in Scotland before and after the initiation of a hip surveillance programme. Patients. A total of 2,155 children with CP are registered in the Cerebral Palsy Integrated Pathway Scotland (CPIPS) surveillance programme, which began in 2013. Physical examination and hip radiological data are collected according to nationally agreed protocols. Methods. Age, Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) level, subtype of CP, migration percentage (MP), and details of hip surgery were analyzed for all children aged between two and 16 years taken from a time of census in March 2019 and compared to the same data from the initial registration of children in the CPIPS. Displacement of the hip was defined as a MP of between 40% and 99%, and dislocation as a MP of 100%. Results. A total of 1,646 children were available for analysis at the time of the census and 1,171 at their first registration in CPIPS. The distribution of age, sex, and GMFCS levels were similar in the two groups. The prevalence of displacement and dislocation of the hip before surveillance began were 10% (117/1,171) and 2.5% (29/1,171) respectively, and at the time of the census were 4.5% (74/1,646) and 1.3% (21/1,646), respectively. Dislocation was only seen in GMFCS levels IV and V and displacement seen in 90.5% (67/74) of these levels and 9.5% (7/74) in levels I to III. In total, 138 children had undergone hip surgery during the study period. The hip redisplaced after the initial surgery in 15 children; seven of these had undergone a second procedure and at the time of the census the hips in all seven had a MP < 40. Conclusion. Hip surveillance appears to be effective and has reduced the prevalence of hip displacement by over half and dislocation almost by half in these children. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2020;102-B(3):383–387

We have tested the reliability of a recently reported classification system of hip morphology in adolescents with cerebral palsy in whom the triradiate cartilage was closed. The classification is a six-grade ordinal scale, based on the measurement of the migration percentage and an assessment of Shenton’s arch, deformity of the femoral head, acetabular deformity and pelvic obliquity. Four paediatric orthopaedic surgeons and four physiotherapists received training in the use of the classification which they applied to the assessment of 42 hip radiographs, read on two separate occasions. The inter- and intra-observer reliability was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient and found to be excellent, with it ranging from 0.88 to 0.94. The classification in our study was shown to be valid (based on migration percentage), and reliable. As a result we believe that it can now be used in studies describing the natural history of hip displacement in cerebral palsy, in outcome studies and in communication between clinicians

In cerebral palsy, the site and severity of the brain lesion are directly linked to gross motor function and the development of musculoskeletal deformities. The relationship between walking ability and orthopaedic surgery in children with cerebral palsy is not fully understood. The development of new tools such as the Functional Assessment Questionnaire and the Functional Mobility Scale can be used to give new insights on the functional impact of multilevel surgery. These scales are most useful as part of systematic, long-term follow-up

1. Correction of equinus deformity in cerebral palsy either by elongation of the tendo calcaneus or by gastrocnemius recession gives satisfactory results without splintage or bracing after operation. 2. Gastrocnemius recession is the operation of choice in paraplegic spastic cerebral palsy, and wherever possible in tetraplegic cerebral palsy. In hemiplegia the whole of the triceps surae is usually involved, and elongation of the tendo calcaneus is almost always needed. 3. Correction at operation should aim to result in a mild degree of equinus deformity at the end of the growth period in hemiplegic spastic cerebral palsy. Over-enthusiastic gastrocnemius recession can lead to excessive weakness of the calf in some patients

Aims. Reimers migration percentage (MP) is a key measure to inform decision-making around the management of hip displacement in cerebral palsy (CP). The aim of this study is to assess validity and inter- and intra-rater reliability of a novel method of measuring MP using a smart phone app (HipScreen (HS) app). Methods. A total of 20 pelvis radiographs (40 hips) were used to measure MP by using the HS app. Measurements were performed by five different members of the multidisciplinary team, with varying levels of expertise in MP measurement. The same measurements were repeated two weeks later. A senior orthopaedic surgeon measured the MP on picture archiving and communication system (PACS) as the gold standard and repeated the measurements using HS app. Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) was used to compare PACS measurements and all HS app measurements and assess validity. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to assess intra- and inter-rater reliability. Results. All HS app measurements (from 5 raters at week 0 and week 2 and PACS rater) showed highly significant correlation with the PACS measurements (p < 0.001). Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) was constantly over 0.9, suggesting high validity. Correlation of all HS app measures from different raters to each other was significant with r > 0.874 and p < 0.001, which also confirms high validity. Both inter- and intra-rater reliability were excellent with ICC > 0.9. In a 95% confidence interval for repeated measurements, the deviation of each specific measurement was less than 4% MP for single measurer and 5% for different measurers. Conclusion. The HS app provides a valid method to measure hip MP in CP, with excellent inter- and intra-rater reliability across different medical and allied health specialties. This can be used in hip surveillance programmes by interdisciplinary measurers. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2023;4(5):363–369

Scoliosis is a common problem in cerebral palsy typified by rapid progression that often leads to large curve magnitudes even after skeletal maturity. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between curve progression and disease severity in cerebral palsy according to the Gross Motor Function Classification (GMFCS). This retrospective study reviewed 34 children with a known diagnosis of cerebral palsy who were scheduled for or have already had surgical stabilization for scoliosis. Two patients (6%) were classified as GMFCS level III, 13 (38%) as GMFCS level IV, and 19 (56%) as GMFCS level V. There were no patients in GMFCS levels I or II. Between the more severely involved children in GMFCS levels IV and V, there were no significant differences in curve magnitude at first presentation (means, 41.4 and 45.3 degrees, respectively; p=O.72), peak curve progression (28.2 degrees – interval 1.5 years, 31.4 degrees – interval 1. 75 years, respectively; p=O.35), or age at onset of peak curve progression (12.2 and 11.2 years, respectively). When adjusted for age at presentation, however, there was some indication of a difference in initial curve magnitude between GMFCS levels IV and V (least squares means, 35.7 and 49.2 degrees, respectively; p=O.10). The small number of patients in GMFCS level III precluded statistical analysis. In this study, the nature of scoliosis in cerebral palsy was found to be related to functional level. Once scoliosis has been diagnosed, children in the higher GMFCS levels have an increased risk of rapid and unpredictable curve progression

Purpose. The aim of this study was to identify if perioperative outcomes were different in patients with cerebral palsy undergoing unilateral or bilateral hip reconstruction. Method. All consecutive hip reconstructions for cerebral palsy performed by the senior author (FNT) within a tertiary-referral centre were identified between January 2012 and July 2016. Patients were stratified by age, gender, GMFCS and side of procedure. Length of surgery, pre- and post- operative haemoglobin, length of stay and immediate post-operative complications were measured. Results. 158 procedures were performed; 96 bilateral and 62 unilateral (37 left, 25 right). In bilateral procedures, operative time was 14 minutes longer (p= 0.07) and haemoglobin decrease was 1.85g/l greater (p= 0.34) with equivalent length of stay (average 6.4 days) and complication rate when compared to those undergoing unilateral procedures. Irrespective of procedure, those with a GMFCS level V had a longer length of stay (p< 0.05) and post-operative complication rate (p< 0.05) when compared to patients with GMFCS level IV. Conclusion. No significant differences were noted in the outcome measures when comparing unilateral and bilateral hip reconstructions in our group of patients with cerebral palsy. This suggests that concurrent prophylactic surgical management of the radiologically stable hip is a safe surgical option in this high-risk group of paediatric patients in an appropriate tertiary care setting with multidisciplinary team support

We studied prospectively the impact of a hip surveillance clinic on the management of spastic hip disease in children with cerebral palsy in a tertiary referral centre. Using a combination of primary clinical and secondary radiological screening we were able to detect spastic hip disease at an early stage in most children and to offer early surgical intervention. The principal effect on surgical practice was that more preventive surgery was carried out at a younger age and at a more appropriate stage of the disease. The need for reconstructive surgery has decreased and that for salvage surgery has been eliminated. Displacement of the hip in children with cerebral palsy meets specific criteria for a screening programme. We recommend that hip surveillance should become part of the routine management of children with cerebral palsy. The hips should be examined radiologically at 18 months of age in all children with bilateral cerebral palsy and at six- to 12-monthly intervals thereafter. A co-ordinated approach by orthopaedic surgeons and physiotherapists may be the key to successful implementation of this screening programme

We reviewed the evidence for hip surveillance in children with cerebral palsy from the published literature. Publications were identified using the Cochrane controlled trials register, the MEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL databases and by hand searching key journals and their references. Studies were included if they reported the frequency, associated risk factors or surveillance measures undertaken to identify subluxation or dislocation of the hip in children with cerebral palsy. Assessment of the quality of the methodology was undertaken independently by two researchers. Four studies described the natural history, incidence and risk factors for dislocation of the hip. Two reported their surveillance results. Approximately 60% of children who were not walking by five years of age were likely to develop subluxation of the hip, with the greatest risk in those with severe neurological involvement. The introduction of surveillance programmes allowed earlier identification of subluxation and reduced the need for surgery on dislocated hips. Surveillance can identify children most at risk of subluxation using radiological methods which are widely available

Botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) is a substance that requires repeated application due to its effectiveness being lost 12–16 weeks post application. Performing these intra-muscular injections under anesthesia reduces pain and distress during applications, ensuring effective and successful functional results. This study evaluates motor development of patients undergoing 3 or more repeated BoNT-A application in a tertiary pediatric hospital and the safety as well as effect of 3 different types of anesthesia. 75 children with cerebral palsy who underwent BoNT-A application at least three times consecutively with 6-month intervals and a total of 320 procedures admitted between January 2008 and January 2018 were retrospectively examined. Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) was employed in motor development evaluation. To observe the improvement in motor development, those with 2-1-0 level decreases in GMFCS classes were grouped and compared in terms of birth time, birth weight, cerebral palsy type and first BoNT-A application age. The 3 types of anesthesia methods (sedation analgesia, larengeal mask anesthesia (LMA) and inhalation mask anesthesia) applied during the procedures were compared in terms of sedation, procedure, recovery and total operation room time. The mean age of the children for all procedures was 45.51 ± 22.40 months. As a result of procedures, significant motor development was observed in 60 (80%) patients (p <0,000∗). No significant difference was observed when the children with cerebral palsy whose GMFCS declined in the form of level 2, 1 and unchanged were compared in terms of first application age, birth weight and gestational age. It was found that 106 (33.1%) were applied sevoflurane with anesthesia mask, 103 (32.1%) were administered sevoflurane with laryngeal mask, and 111 (34.6%) were sedation-analgesia. Only 10 out of 320 procedures were seen to develop side effects (8 vomiting, 2 bronchospasm). In the patients who underwent sedation analgesia during the first 3 BoNT-A procedures, the duration of recovery and total operating room time was seen to be significantly shorter than the others, while there was no difference between the anesthesia methods in the 4th and subsequent procedures. Regardless of the type of anesthesia, the recovery and total operating room times of those having undergone 6 or more procedures were longer than those with less than 6 procedures (p <0.009, p <0.016, respectively). As conclusion, repeated BoNT-A applications in children with CP provides progress in motor steps, it can be applied safely and effectively under anesthesia. Sedation analgesia application provides easier recovery compared to general anesthesia with LMA and mask only in the first three applications. However, recovery time increases with 4 and more repeated applications as the number of applications increases

Aims. Hip displacement, common in patients with cerebral palsy (CP), causes pain and hinders adequate care. Hip reconstructive surgery (HRS) is performed to treat hip displacement; however, only a few studies have quantitatively assessed femoral head sphericity after HRS. The aim of this study was to quantitatively assess improvement in hip sphericity after HRS in patients with CP. Methods. We retrospectively analyzed hip radiographs of patients who had undergone HRS because of CP-associated hip displacement. The pre- and postoperative migration percentage (MP), femoral neck-shaft angle (NSA), and sphericity, as determined by the Mose hip ratio (MHR), age at surgery, Gross Motor Function Classification System level, surgical history including Dega pelvic osteotomy, and triradiate cartilage status were studied. Regression analyses using linear mixed model were performed to identify factors affecting hip sphericity improvement. Results. A total of 108 patients were enrolled. The mean preoperative MP was 58.3% (SD 31.7%), which improved to 9.1% (SD 15.6%) at the last follow-up. NSA and MHR improved from 156.5° (SD 11.5°) and 82.3% (SD 8.6%) to 126.0° (SD 18.5°) and 89.1% (SD 9.0%), respectively. Factors affecting the postoperative MHR were preoperative MP (p = 0.005), immediate postoperative MP (p = 0.032), and history of Dega osteotomy (p = 0.046). Conclusion. We found that hip sphericity improves with HRS. Preoperative MP, reduction quality, and acetabular coverage influence femoral head remodelling. We recommend that surgeons should consider intervention early before hip displacement progresses and that during HRS, definite reduction and coverage of the femoral head should be obtained. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(1):198–203

1. Thirteen years of experience in charge of treatment in a Residential School for Cerebral Palsy, and a review of 466 operations performed on children handicapped by this condition, form the basis for this attempt to frame the indications and contra-indications for operation. 2. A brief description is given of the more commonly performed operations, with an indication of the results that are likely to be obtained. 3. Orthopaedic surgery has a worth-while contribution to make in the treatment of cerebral palsy. When the cases are selected with care, when the appropriate orthopaedic measures are skilfully performed and when the patients are adequately supervised afterwards, the benefits of surgery are greater than those provided by any other treatment, and they are achieved more quickly. 4. The desire to improve and the "inner urge" of the patient to succeed may be the most important single factor in his rehabilitation

This study compares the initial outcomes of minimally invasive techniques for single-event multi-level surgery with conventional single-event multi-level surgery. The minimally invasive techniques included derotation osteotomies using closed corticotomy and fixation with titanium elastic nails and percutaneous lengthening of muscles where possible. A prospective cohort study of two matched groups was undertaken. Ten children with diplegic cerebral palsy with a mean age of ten years six months (7.11 to 13.9) had multi-level minimally invasive surgery and were matched for ambulatory level and compared with ten children with a mean age of 11 years four months (7.9 to 14.4) who had conventional single-event multi-level surgery. Gait kinematics, the Gillette Gait Index, isometric muscle strength and gross motor function were assessed before and 12 months after operation. The minimally invasive group had significantly reduced operation time and blood loss with a significantly improved time to mobilisation. There were no complications intra-operatively or during hospitalisation in either group. There was significant improvement in gait kinematics and the Gillette Gait Index in both groups with no difference between them. There was a trend to improved muscle strength in the multi-level group. There was no significant difference in gross motor function between the groups. We consider that minimally invasive single-event multi-level surgery can be achieved safely and effectively with significant advantages over conventional techniques in children with diplegic cerebral palsy

We performed rotational acetabular osteotomy in order to treat dysplasia of the hip in five ambulatory adults with cerebral palsy. There was one man and four women, with a mean age of 21 years (16 to 27) who were followed up for a mean of 12 years and two months. The mean Sharp angle improved from 52° to 43°, the mean acetabular index from 30.2° to 2.8°, the mean centre-edge angle from −5.6° to 29.2°, and the mean acetabular head index from 49.2 to 88.2. There was no progression of joint degeneration and relief from pain was maintained. Our results suggest that rotational acetabular osteotomy is a valuable option for the treatment of acetabular dysplasia in adults with cerebral palsy who have incapacitating pain in the hip

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a neural condition that impacts and impairs the musculoskeletal system. Skeletal muscles, particularly in the lower limb, have previously been shown to be significantly reduced in volume in CP compared to typical controls. Muscle volume is a gross measure, however, and does not capture shape characteristics which—if quantified—could offer a robust and novel assessment of how this condition impacts skeletal muscle form and function in CP. In this study, we used mathematical shape modelling to quantify not just size, but also the shape, of soleus muscles in CP and typically developing (TD) cohorts to explore this question. Shape modelling is a mathematical technique used previously for bones, organs, and tumours. We obtained segmented muscle data from prior MRI studies in CP. We generated shape models of CP and TD cohorts and used our shape models to assess similarities and differences between the cohorts, and we statistically analysed shape differences. The shape models revealed similar principal components (PCs), i.e. the defining mathematical features of each shape, yet showed greater shape variability within the CP cohort. The model revealed a distinct feature (a superior –> inferior shift of the broad central region), indicating the model could identify muscular features that were not apparent with direct observation. Two PCs dominated the differences between CP and TD cohorts: size and aspect ratio (thinness) of the muscle. The distinct appearance characteristic in the CP model correspond to specific muscle impairments in CP to be discussed further. Overall, children with CP had smaller muscles that also tended to be long, thin, and narrow. Shape modelling captures shape features quantitatively, which indicate the ways that muscles are being impacted in CP. In the future, we hope to tailor this technique toward informing diagnosis and treatments in CP

Purpose: The purpose of this work was to compare outcome after simple posterior fusion with that after double anterior and posterior fusion for the treatment of scoliosis in cerebral palsy children. Material and methods: We reviewed the files of 33 cerebral palsy children (mean age 16 years). Twenty-one children had a posterior fusion and twelve a double anterior-posterior fusion. The classical causes of cerebral palsy were represented. Simple posterior fusion was used for more moderate scoliosis (Cobb angle 50–80°), 31% could be reduced during the bending test. Double fusion was used for more severe cases (Cobb > 80°), 18% reducible. Classical procedures were used: CD instrumentation posteriorly, simple release or Colorado rod anteriorly. Thoracophreno-laparotomy (n=6) or thoracoscopy (n=3) was used for anterior fusion. For the double fusions, the posterior procedure was performed the same day in 11/12 patients. Results: Operative time for double fusion was twice that for posterior fusions. There was no significant difference in blood loss between the two techniques. Complications were more frequent for double fusion but there were no deaths (one death due to respiratory failure after posterior fusion). All the double fusion patients remained in the intensive care unit for 2.5 – 21 days (mean 6.5 days). There was no significant difference between hospital stay (mean 18 days). Gain was better for double fusion (62% versus 52%). Discussion: Double fusion for cerebral palsy scoliosis treated late is a major operation with significant but tolerable morbidity, particularly for major scoliosis > 80°. The double procedure enables good reduction and quality fusion. Considering the current reduction and fixation options, isolated posterior fusion can still be indicated in younger children with a reducible curvature

Aims. To compare changes in gait kinematics and walking speed 24 months after conventional (C-MLS) and minimally invasive (MI-MLS) multilevel surgery for children with diplegic cerebral palsy (CP). Methods. A retrospective analysis of 19 children following C-MLS, with mean age at surgery of 12 years five months (seven years ten months to 15 years 11 months), and 36 children following MI-MLS, with mean age at surgery of ten years seven months (seven years one month to 14 years ten months), was performed. The Gait Profile Score (GPS) and walking speed were collected preoperatively and six, 12 and 24 months postoperatively. Type and frequency of procedures as part of MLS, surgical adverse events, and subsequent surgery were recorded. Results. In both groups, GPS improved from the preoperative gait analysis to the six-month assessment with maintenance at 12 and 24 months postoperatively. While reduced at six months in both groups, walking speed returned to preoperative speed by 12 months. The overall pattern of change in GPS and walking speed was similar over time following C-MLS and MI-MLS. There was a median of ten procedures per child as part of both C-MLS (interquartile range (IQR) 8.0 to 11.0) and MI-MLS (IQR 7.8 to 11.0). Surgical adverse events occurred in seven (37%) and 13 (36%) children, with four (21%) and 13 (36%) patients requiring subsequent surgery following C-MLS and MI-MLS, respectively. Conclusion. This study indicates similar improvements in gait kinematics and walking speed 24 months after C-MLS and MI-MLS for children with diplegic CP. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(1):192–197

The objective and dynamic documentation of the knee kinematics in ambulatory children with spastic cerebral palsy and the examination of possible causes of differences when compared to normals. 17 ambulatory patients with an average age of 10,5 years (6–17 years) with cerebral palsy, spastic diplegia where examined clinically including Duncan-Ely test. They were also examined with 3-D instrumented gait analysis. The Elite system with six cameras was used and the knee kinematics in the sagittal plane was recorded. Almost all patients (16/17) had a positive Duncan-Ely test during clinical examination. The knee kinematics in the sagittal plane showed that in 20/34 knees the range of motion was decreased compared to normal values. In 30/34 knees there was a delayed maximum knee flexion in swing phase and in 16/34 knees the amplitude of the maximum knee flexion was decreased compared to normals. Patients with severe crouch or mild rectus spasticity had almost normal knee flexion. Foot clearance in swing phase is one of the basic prerequisites of normal gait. Patients with spastic cerebral palsy who are able to walk have an impaired foot clearance because of the pathological action of the rectus femoris. In our study the majority of the patients with clinically confirmed rectus spasticity had decreased timing and amplitude of max. knee flexion in swing. In patients with severe co-contraction of the knee flexors and extensors max. knee flexion within normal range. Therefore it should not be considered as the only evaluation parameter in rectus femoris spasticity

Aims. A flexed knee gait is common in patients with bilateral spastic cerebral palsy and occurs with increased age. There is a risk for the recurrence of a flexed knee gait when treated in childhood, and the aim of this study was to investigate whether multilevel procedures might also be undertaken in adulthood. Patients and Methods. At a mean of 22.9 months (standard deviation 12.9), after single event multi level surgery, 3D gait analysis was undertaken pre- and post-operatively for 37 adult patients with bilateral cerebral palsy and a fixed knee gait. Results. There was a significant improvement of indices and clinical and kinematic parameters including extension of the hip and knee, reduction of knee flexion at initial contact, reduction of minimum and mean knee flexion in the stance phase of gait, improved range of movement of the knee and a reduction of mean flexion of the hip in the stance phase. Genu recurvatum occurred in two patients (n = 3 legs, 4%) and an increase of pelvic tilt (> 5°) was found in 12 patients (n = 23 legs, 31%). Conclusion. Adult patients with bilateral cerebral palsy and a flexed knee gait benefit from multilevel surgery including hamstring lengthening. The risk of the occurence of genu recurvatum and increased pelvic tilt is lower than has been previously reported in children. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2017;99-B:1256–64

Objectives: To measure the abductor moment at the hip joint in internal and external rotation and neutral position. To study the relationship between femoral ante-version and the abductor moment generated. Design: A controlled prospective study comparing a group of children with cerebral palsy with an age-matched control group. Setting: Gait Analysis Laboratory. Subjects: The study group of 15 children with cerebral palsy was selected from new referrals with internal rotation sent to the gait lab and our existing database, aged between 6 and 8 years. The control group was recruited from siblings of patients and children of staff. Methods: The child is positioned supine on a table with their legs hanging over the edge. The knee is bent and the shank placed in a frame at a given position of either 30° internal, neutral or 30° external rotation. An abduction wedge of 15° is inserted between the thighs to give a starting point. The table height is adjusted so that the hip is in 0° flexion and the knee remains in 90° flexion. The position for the dynamometer is marked on the leg, a known distance from the Anterior Superior Iliac Spine. The pelvis is stabilised by an assistant. The child is asked to push the dynamometer away as hard as possible. The maximum force generated is recorded. 3 consecutive readings are taken with a 30 second recovery period between each trial. The test is repeated for each leg position. An MRI scan of the pelvis and femur is performed. Femoral anteversion and abductor cross sectional area are measured. Results: Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Tests and paired t-tests were performed. The maximum moment generated increased with internal rotation – p< 0.002. Children with cerebral palsy generated less moments than the control group – p< 0.05. No significant difference in femoral anteversion (hence lever arm) between groups – p< 0.12. Cross sectional muscle area (CSA) was reduced in the study group, st dev 327mm. 2. , p< 0.037. Conclusion: Moments are a product of lever arm length x muscle strength. Differences between groups in abductor moments cannot be attributed to changes in lever arm length. In children with cerebral palsy there is a clear reduction in muscle CSA and therefore strength. These findings suggest that the internal rotation is a compensation for muscle weakness. Initial treatment should therefore entail extensive strengthening exercises, not derotation osteotomy

Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a group of disorders that affect movement and posture caused by injury to the developing brain. While prematurity and low birth weight are common causes in developed countries, birth asphyxia, kernicterus, and infections have been identified as predominant aetiologies in Africa. There is, however, very little information on the aetiology of CP in South Africa. The purpose of this study was to determine the aetiology, severity, and topographical distribution of CP in children undergoing orthopaedic surgery at our tertiary paediatric unit. A retrospective folder review was performed for patients with CP that underwent orthopaedic surgery from July 2018 to June 2022. Data was collected on perinatal circumstances, aetiology or risk factors for developing CP, severity of disability as classified by the Gross Motor Function Classification Scale (GMFCS) and topographical distribution. Descriptive analysis was performed. Two-hundred-and-thirty-four patients were included in the analysis. No specific aetiology could be identified in 51 (21.9%) patients. Hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) accounted for 23.6% of patients and was the most common aetiology across the different categories except for patients graded as GMFCS 2, in whom prematurity was the most common aetiology. Congenital brain malformations (10.5%) and cerebral infections, including HIV encephalopathy (11.4%) were the next most frequent aetiologies, followed by prematurity (7.6%), ischaemic stroke (6.8%) and intraventricular haemorrhage (6.3%). Fifty-two percent of patients were classified as GMFCS 4 or 5. There was a predominance of quadriplegic patients (37%) compared to hemiplegics (29%), diplegics (30%) and monoplegics (4%). Most patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery for musculoskeletal sequelae of CP were severely disabled quadriplegic patients in whom HIE was the predominant cause of CP. This emphasises the need for intervention at a primary care level to decrease the incidence of this frequently preventable condition

Purpose: In this study we comprehensively evaluate a cohort of profoundly affected adults with Cerebral Palsy. We document hip disability and pain and statistically evaluate the effect of demographic, physical examination (PE) and radiographic parameters on pain and function of the hip. Methods: We evaluated 77 institutionalized patients with cerebral palsy. Medical history, level of function, pain, and analgesic requirements were obtained from record review and through caregiver interview. Range of motion (ROM), degree of spasticity, decubitus ulcers were documented as well as changes in vital signs and the FLACC pain scale during PE. Radiographs of the pelvis and spine were blindly evaluated without knowledge of the above data. Statistical analysis was performed in order to identify correlations between subjective and objective findings from the history and PE with radiographic parameters in these patients. Results: Participants included 38 men and 39 women with a mean age of 40 years (range, 22-81), 94 % had severe spastic quadriplegia. Fifteen percent of hips were dislocated and radiographic evidence of arthritis was noted in 23 %. Eighteen percent of hips were definitely painful and 45 % were definitely not painful. Higher rates of dislocation and arthritis were noted in older patients (p< .05). Increased hip pain and perineal care problems were noted in patients with decreased hip abduction (p=.01), windswept hip deformities (p=.02) or flexion contractures (p=.07). Increased spasticity was associated with higher rates of arthrosis, dislocation, pain and decubiti. Hip dislocation and subluxation sig-nificantly correlated with osteoarthritis (p< .0001) but not hip pain. Patients with lower CE (< 20°) or higher Sharps (> 40°) angles were more likely to have a history of hip pain (p=.02). No radiographic parameter correlated with increased analgesic use, or change in FLACC score or vital signs during PE of the hip. Conclusions: From these adult cerebral palsy patients we document pain and poor perineal care in patients with diminished hip range of motion and windswept hip posture. Hip dislocation and arthritis was noted in 15 and 23 % of hips, with definite pain noted in 18 %. Ace-tabular dysplasia was statistically associated with hip pain; however, in this study we could not correlate hip displacement or arthritis with a history of hip pain or diminished function. Because the incidence of hip pain is low and does not correlate with dislocation or arthritis, we suggest that surgical treatment of hips in severely affected immature patients with cerebral palsy be based on presence of pain or contractures and not on radiographic signs of hip displacement

Patients with hemiplegic cerebral palsy walk with a well recognised characteristic gait pattern. They also commonly have a significant leg length discrepancy which is less well appreciated. The typical equinus gait in these patients is assumed to be an integral part of the disease process of spasticity and a tendency to develop joint contractures. However an alternative explanation for the presence of an equinus deformity may be that it is a response to the development of a significant leg length discrepancy in these patients. The development of such an equinus deformity would have the effect of functionally lengthening the short hemiplegic leg. We set up a study to examine the correlation between leg length discrepancy and equinus deformity. We reviewed the gait analyses and clinical examinations of 183 patients with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. While 22% had no significant leg length discrepancy, 65% had a measured discrepancy of greater than 1cm. There was a linear correlation between age and limb length discrepancy. We also found that there was a linear relationship between leg length discrepancy and ankle equinus at the point of ground contact. We propose that the equinus deformity seen in the hemiplegic cerebral palsy patient is multifactorial and is related not only to the disease state but also to the presence of leg length discrepancy. The equinus deformity functionally lengthens the short hemiplegic leg. Indeed it may represent an attempt by these patients to functionally equalise their leg lengths. This factor must be taken into account when considering correction of an equinus deformity in patients with hemiplegic cerebral palsy in order to avoid either recurrence of the deformity or the production of functionally unequal leg lengths. We have also highlighted the presence of significant shortening of the hemiplegic leg in these patients

The purpose of the study was to identify risk factors that are associated with re-displacement of the hip after surgical reconstruction in cerebral palsy. Retrospective review of children with cerebral palsy who had hip reconstruction with proximal femoral varus derotation osteotomy (VDRO) and Dega-type pelvic osteotomy, between 2005–2012, at a UK and European institution, was performed. Patient demographics, GMFCS, clinical and radiological outcome were assessed as well as the presence of pelvic obliquity and significant scoliosis (Cobb angle > 10 degrees). Redisplacement was defined as Reimer's Migration Index (MI) >30% at final follow-up. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess which factors were predictive of redisplacement and adjusted for clustered variables (α = 0.05). Eighty hips were identified in 61 patients. The mean age at surgery was 8.8 years (± 3.3). Mean MI pre-op was 68% (± 23%) and post-op was 8% (± 12%). At a mean follow-up, of 3.2 years (± 2.0), 23 hips had a MI >30%. Of these; five were symptomatic, and one had required a salvage procedure. Metalwork removal was undertaken in 14 hips. Logistic regression demonstrated that the pre-operative MI and the percentage of acute correction were significant predictors of re-displacement. If the pre-operative MI was greater than 65 percent, the odds ratio (OR) for redisplacement was 5.99 (p = 0.04). If correction of the MI was less than 90% of the pre-operative MI, the OR for re-displacement was 4.6 (p = 0.03). Age at the time of surgery, GMFCS, pelvic obliquity and scoliosis were not predictive of re-displacement. These results, firstly, highlight the importance of hip surveillance in children with cerebral palsy to allow timely intervention to ensure adequate radiological outcomes. Secondly, as in developmental hip dysplasia, full concentric reduction is essential to reduce the risk of re-displacement, with its associated clinical consequences

1. Ten children with scoliosis and cerebral palsy of various types have been reviewed. All underwent operation for correction and stabilisation of the spinal curve, and spinal fusion. 2. Three of the ten patients required supplemental surgery in the form of regrafting, with or without reinsertion of Harrington rods. All have shown considerable correction of the curve, and in all cases the fusion appears to be consolidated. Operation has given these children stable spines which are compensated. Their ability to sit, and in some cases to stand, has improved. 3. In many such cases of scoliosis complicating cerebral palsy Harrington instrumentation and spinal fusion is the only feasible effective form of treatment

The purpose was to compare the results of two different surgical techniques in the treatment of severe cerebral palsy scoliosis. This is a retrospective review of 12 consecutive cerebral palsy patients with scoliosis greater than 90 degrees undergoing simultaneous anterior and posterior spinal fusion. The clinical notes were reviewed along with sequential radiographs. Twelve patients were operated on between March 1997 and October 2001. There were 6 patients who had anterior release and fusion followed by posterior fusion from T2 to the sacrum using the Luque-Galveston technique. (Group 1). The other 6 patients had identical surgery but with the addition of anterior instrumentation as well. (Group 2). There was no loss of fixation or metalware failure. There was no pseudarthrosis. One patient died at the time of rod removal for infection 2 years following their index operation. These results show that a good outcome is achieved in this group of severely affected cerebral palsy patients using either of the techniques described. The addition of anterior instrumentation may make the surgery easier and was not associated with significant increase in complications

In developed countries, children with cerebral palsy are treated from the time of diagnosis. This is usually not the case in developing countries where such patients often present at an age when it is traditionally believed that if walking has not already commenced, it is unlikely to. This study reports the outcome of the surgical treatment of 85 spastic diplegic patients at a mean of 8.5 years (5 to 12). All presented as untreated non-walkers and had achieved sitting balance by the age of five to six years. They underwent single-event multilevel surgery followed by physiotherapy and orthotic support. For outcome assessment, a modified functional walking scale was used at a mean of 3.5 years (2 to 5) post-operatively. At all levels, static joint contractures had resolved almost completely. All patients improved and became walkers, 18 (21.2%) as exercise, 39 (45.9%) as household and 28 (33%) as community walkers. This study shows that children with cerebral palsy who cannot walk and have not been treated can be helped by single-event multilevel surgery, provided that inclusion criteria are followed and a structural, supervised rehabilitation programme is in place

In 1994 a cerebral palsy (CP) register and healthcare programme was established in southern Sweden with the primary aim of preventing dislocation of the hip in these children. The results from the first ten years were published in 2005 and showed a decrease in the incidence of dislocation of the hip, from 8% in a historical control group of 103 children born between 1990 and 1991 to 0.5% in a group of 258 children born between 1992 and 1997. These two cohorts have now been re-evaluated and an additional group of 431 children born between 1998 and 2007 has been added. By 1 January 2014, nine children in the control group, two in the first study group and none in the second study group had developed a dislocated hip (p < 0.001). The two children in the first study group who developed a dislocated hip were too unwell to undergo preventive surgery. Every child with a dislocated hip reported severe pain, at least periodically, and four underwent salvage surgery. Of the 689 children in the study groups, 91 (13%) underwent preventive surgery. A population-based hip surveillance programme enables the early identification and preventive treatment, which can result in a significantly lower incidence of dislocation of the hip in children with CP. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014; 96-B:1546–52

Sitting is the main activity of daily living for the majority of patients with cerebral palsy. More than 60% of dependent sitters have hip disorders. Surgical management of hip and pelvic postural mal-alignment remains controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate effectiveness of open hip release in patients with spastic hip deformities. Seventeen patients with spastic cerebral palsy were treated with a selective release of the adductors, hamstrings, and iliopsoas, and capsulotomy of the hip joint. There were 6 females and 9 males. Ten of the patients were nonambulatory and seven were ambulatory. The average age at operation was 6 years 4 months (4 to 14 years). The follow-up period ranges from 2 to 9 years (average of 4.8 years). The patients were evaluated clinically and radiologically. The migration and acetabular indices were measured on the pre-operative and follow-up radiographs. The results of hip release were rated satisfactory in 12 patients and unsatisfactory in 5 patients. The latter was due to severe acetabular dysplasia and posterior instability that was later improved by acetabuloplasty. We concluded that a soft tissue release of spastic hip deformities improved sitting stability in nonambulatory and walking posture in ambulatory patients

We carried out a morphometric analysis of acetabular dysplasia in patients with cerebral palsy requiring hip surgery using three-dimensional CT. We evaluated 54 hips in 27 patients. The contralateral normal hips of ten patients with unilateral Perthes’ disease were used as a control group. The acetabular defects were assessed qualitatively as anterior, posterior or global. Quantitative assessments were made using three-directional acetabular indices (anterosuperior, superolateral and posterosuperior) and measured by multiplanar reformation, from which we calculated the acetabular volume. In the qualitative study, posterior defects were most common in the subluxation group whereas global defects predominated in the dislocation group. In the quantitative study, all acetabular indices in both the subluxation and dislocation groups were higher than those in the control group and the superolateral indices showed a tendency to elevation in the dislocation group. The acetabular volume was largest in the control group, smallest in the dislocation group, and intermediate between the two in the subluxation group

The results of a functional, clinical and radiological study of 30 children (60 hips) with whole-body cerebral palsy were reviewed at a mean follow-up of 10.2 years (9.5 to 11). Correction of windsweep deformity of the hips was performed by bilateral simultaneous combined soft-tissue and bony surgery at a mean age of 7.7 years (3.1 to 12.2). We were able to recall 22 patients; five had died of unrelated causes and three were lost to follow-up. Evaluation involved interviews with patients/carers and clinical and radiological examination. The gross motor functional classification system was used to assess overall motor function and showed improvement in seven patients. Of the 12 patients thought to have pain pre-operatively, only one had pain post-operatively. Improved handling was reported in 18 of 22 patients (82%). Those with handling problems were attributed by the carers to growth of the patients. All patients/carers considered the procedure worthwhile. The range of hip movements improved, and the mean windsweep index improved from 50 pre-operatively to 36 at follow-up. The migration percentage and centre-edge angle were assessed on plain radiographs. Radiological containment improved, the mean migration percentage improved from 50 pre-operatively to 20 at follow-up and the mean centre-edge angle improved from −5° to 29°. No statistical difference was noted between the three-year and ten-year follow-up results, indicating that the improvements in clinical and radiological outcome had been maintained

Aims. Guided growth has been used to treat coxa valga for cerebral palsy (CP) children. However, there has been no study on the optimal position of screw application. In this paper we have investigated the influence of screw position on the outcomes of guided growth. Methods. We retrospectively analyzed 61 hips in 32 CP children who underwent proximal femoral hemi epiphysiodesis between July 2012 and September 2017. The hips were divided into two groups according to the transphyseal position of the screw in the coronal plane: across medial quarter (Group 1) or middle quarter (Group 2) of the medial half of the physis. We compared pre- and postoperative radiographs in head-shaft angle (HSA), Reimer’s migration percentage (MP), acetabular index (AI), and femoral anteversion angle (FAVA), as well as incidences of the physis growing-off the screw within two years. Linear and Cox regression analysis were conducted to identify factors related to HSA correction and risk of the physis growing-off the screw. Results. A total of 37 hips in Group 1 and 24 hips in Group 2 were compared. Group 1 showed a more substantial decrease in the HSA (p = 0.003) and the MP (p = 0.032). Both groups had significant and similar improvements in the AI (p = 0.809) and the FAVA (p = 0.304). Group 1 presented a higher incidence of the physis growing-off the screw (p = 0.038). Results of the regression analysis indicated that the eccentricity of screw position correlated with HSA correction and increases the risk of the physis growing-off the screw. Conclusion. Guided growth is effective in improving coxa valga and excessive femoral anteversion in CP children. For younger children, despite compromised efficacy of varus correction, we recommend a more centered screw position, at least across the middle quarter of the medial physis, to avoid early revision. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2020;102-B(9):1242–1247

Hip displacement, defined in this study as a migration percentage (MP) of more than 40%, is a common, debilitating complication of cerebral palsy (CP). In this prospective study we analysed the risk of developing hip displacement within five years of the first pelvic radiograph. . All children with CP in southern and western Sweden are invited to register in the hip surveillance programme CPUP. Inclusion criteria for the two groups in this study were children from the CPUP database born between 1994 and 2009 with Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) III to V. Group 1 included children who developed hip displacement, group 2 included children who did not develop hip displacement over a minimum follow-up of five years. A total of 145 children were included with a mean age at their initial pelvic radiograph of 3.5 years (0.6 to 9.7). The odds ratio for hip displacement was calculated for GMFCS-level, age and initial MP and head-shaft angle. A risk score was constructed with these variables using multiple logistic regression analysis. The predictive ability of the risk score was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC). . All variables had a significant effect on the risk of a MP > 40%. The discriminatory accuracy of the CPUP hip score is high (AUC = 0.87), indicating a high ability to differentiate between high- and low-risk individuals for hip displacement. The CPUP hip score may be useful in deciding on further follow-up and treatment in children with CP. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:1441–4

1. Analysis of the static and dynamic conditions in spastic cerebral palsy leads to the conclusion that contractures of the hip, knee and ankle should be released from above downwards, and that the full benefit is obtained only when all contractures have been corrected. 2. Only when these joints are mobilised by removal of the significant contractures is the spastic patient able, despite other handicaps, to sit, stand and walk with the least hindrance and the least cosmetic fault. 3. In our Danish experience, inadequate or poor results from the orthopaedic surgery of cerebral palsy are mainly due to the fact that patients with contractures are operated on too little and too late, or not in the correct sequence

When cerebral palsy involves the entire body pelvic asymmetry indicates that both hips are ‘at risk’. We carried out a six-year retrospective clinical, radiological and functional study of 30 children (60 hips) with severe cerebral palsy involving the entire body to evaluate whether bilateral simultaneous combined soft-tissue and bony surgery of the hip could affect the range of movement, achieve hip symmetry as judged by the windsweep index, improve the radiological indices of hip containment, relieve pain, and improve handling and function. The early results at a median follow-up of three years showed improvements in abduction and adduction of the hips in flexion, fixed flexion contracture, radiological containment of the hip using both Reimer’s migration percentage and the centre-edge angle of Wiberg, and in relief of pain. Ease of patient handling improved and the satisfaction of the carer with the results was high. There was no difference in outcome between the dystonic and hypertonic groups

Objective: In cerebral palsy the ßexor spasticity in the arm causes a nonfunctional position of the elbow and the wrist. The peripheral contribution to differences between extensors and ßexors are not thoroughly understood. Materials/Methods: We studied muscle protein expression in 17 consecutive children with cerebral palsy (age 4–19 years, mean 8,8 years, tetraplegic CP n=3, diplegic CPn=4, hemiplegic CP n=10), who underwent hand surgery. Transverse serial cryosections were cut, and stained for myosin-ATPase, as well as with monoclonal antibodies. Morphometric analysis was performed using a computerized image analysis system. Results: Immunohistochemical stainings showed signiþcantly more developmental myosin (embryonic and fetal) in the ßexors compared to the extensors. Developmental myosins are normally not found in childrenñs muscles. In the ßexors, there were signs of ongoing transformation of type 2A þbers to type 2B þbers, indicated by a higher proportion of type 2B þbers and a larger size variability in the type 2AB and the type 2 B þbers compared to the extensors. The tetraplegic patients had, compared to the hemiplegic patients, signiþcant signs of transformation from type 1 towards type 2AB and type 2B þbers. Conclusions: These þndings indicate more aberrant regeneration and faster contracting myosins in ßexors compared to extensors, and more in tetraplegic cerebral palsy compared to hemiplegic cerebral palsy. This could affect the muscle adaptability after tendon transfer

Due to abnormal neuromuscular development, functional capability in children with cerebral palsy is often severely compromised. Single event multi-level surgery (SEMLS) is the gold standard surgical treatment for patients with cerebral palsy. It has been demonstrated to improve gait, however, how standing posture is affected is unknown. The aim was to investigate the effect of SEMLS in patients with spastic cerebral palsy on walking and standing posture using 3D gait analysis. Participants were identified from the One Small Step Gait Laboratory database. Standardised 3D-Gait analysis was performed within 2 years pre- and post-SEMLS. Gait abnormality was measured using the Gait Profile Score (GPS) index; standing abnormality was measured using the newly-developed Standing Profile Score (SPS) index. A control group (n=20) of age/sex-matched CP patients who did not undergo surgery were also assessed. 104 patients (73 boys, 31 girls) with spastic cerebral palsy underwent SEMLS with appropriate pre- and post-gait analyses (2000–2015). 91 patients had bilateral limb involvement, 14 had unilateral limb involvement. Average age at surgery was 10.38 years (range 4.85–15.60 years). A total of 341 procedures were performed, with hamstring and gastrocnemius lengthening representing approximately 65% of this. There was a 20% mean improvement in walking (GPS reduced 2.4°, p<0.001) and standing (SPS reduced 3.4°, p<0.001) following SEMLS. No improvement was noted in the control group. Significant correlations were observed between the changes in SPS and GPS following surgery (r2, p<0.001). Patients with poorer pre-operative standing posture (SPS) reported the most significant improvement following surgery. We confirmed improvement in walking following SEMLS using the Gait Profile Score (GPS). This is the first paper to report that standing posture is also improved following surgery using a novel index, the Standing Posture Score (SPS). SPS could be adopted as a tool to assess functional capability and predict post-operative changes

Objective: To evaluate the effect of spinal fusion from T1, T2 to the sacrum with pelvic fixation using unit rod instrumentation on the ambulatory potential of pediatric patients with cerebral palsy. Study Design: A retrospective study of 24 ambulatory pediatric patients with spastic cerebral palsy and neuro-muscular scoliosis was performed. Summary of Background Data: Spinal deformities, occurring in patients with cerebral palsy and good ambulatory capacity, are infrequently associated with pelvic obliquity, and so instrumented spinal fusions traditionally do not extend to the pelvis. Methods: The medical charts and radiographs were reviewed, and the patients’ ambulatory ability was assessed clinically, with video tape or complete gait analysis. A questionnaire assessing patients’ functional improvement was given to the caretakers. Results: The study group included 17 female and 7 male patients, 19 quadriplegics and 5 diplegics. Follow-up evaluations for ambulatory function occurred at a mean of 2.86 years after surgery. Mean age at surgery was 15.4 years. Twenty patients underwent posterior spinal fusions and 4 patients combined anterior-posterior procedures. The patients were evaluated clinically pre-operatively, postoperatively and at follow-up with no alteration in their ambulatory status, except one patient who developed bilateral hip heterotopic ossification and gradually lost her ability to ambulate. Thirteen patients had both preoperative and postoperative gait analysis, showing no change in their ambulatory function. The surgical outcome survey demonstrated significant improvement in the child’s physical appearance, head and trunk balance, sitting ability, amount of back pain, respiration, and no change in ambulatory capacity. Conclusions: Spine surgery with fusion extending to the pelvis in ambulatory patients with cerebral palsy provided excellent deformity correction and preserved their ambulatory function

We describe a patient with cerebral palsy, of normal intelligence, who could not walk but who by the age of 16 had been successfully managed with a staged bilateral total hip arthroplasty using a constrained liner

A significant proportion of children with cerebral palsy (CP) are malnourished. This is particularly the case for trace elements, vitamins and minerals. Children with CP undergoing major orthopaedic procedures lose blood intra operatively leading to post operative anaemia. The aim of our study was to estimate the prevalence of low levels of serum ferritin in children with CP awaiting major orthopaedic surgical intervention. The ferritin levels and haemoglobin (Hb) were estimated pre-operatively in 35 children with CP (CP group) undergoing major orthopaedic surgery (Hip reconstruction or Single event multi-level surgery). During the same period, we randomly identified 1000 children (Control group) who underwent Ferritin estimation as part of routine investigations. A significant proportion of children in the study group had low levels of serum ferritin in spite of having normal haemoglobin. It is well-recognised that commencement of iron either orally or intravenously in the post-operative period does not accelerate recovery from anaemia secondary to blood loss. It is important to note that many patients who have normal Hb levels preoperatively are iron deficient. Hb estimation alone is inadequate in this group. We therefore conclude that children with cerebral palsy undergoing major orthopaedic surgery must have their ferritin levels estimated and optimised well in advance of their surgery

The objective of this study is to determine if surgical lengthening of the hamstrings and gastrocnemius/Achilles complex, affect muscle tone in patients with cerebral palsy. The question is if the dynamic component of muscle length changes after orthopedic surgery. A retrospective study was performed on ambulatory children with cerebral palsy who underwent either hamstring lengthening or gastrocnemius/Achilles tendon lengthening. A total of 135 consecutive patients with an average age of 13 years were included in the study. A single random side was selected for children with bilateral surgery and the affected limp was analyzed for those undergoing unilateral surgery. The popliteal angle was performed with a quick and slow stretch, as well as, the ankle dorsiflexion, and measured with a goniometer. The difference between initial grab with fast stretch, and end of range (EOR) with slow stretch was used as a measure of spasticity. The Bohanon modification of the Ashworth score was also assessed. 18° popliteal angle improvement in end of range and 32° improvement in quick stretch in the hamstrings group were notice postoperatively, with change in slow stretch, quick stretch and Δml (comparison between quick and slow stretch) being significant at p< .0001. In the triceps surae group, 14° ankle dorsiflexion improvement in end of range, and 18° improvement in quick stretch were noticed postoperatively, with change in slow stretch, quick stretch and Δml at p< .0001, p< .0001, and p< .0180 respectively. Asworth scale was reduced by at least one grade in 89% of subjects in the hamstring group and 78% of subjects in the triceps surae group of the children with preoperative Asworth 3 and above. We concluded that significant decreases in spasticity were observed following tendon lengthening in children with cerebral palsy and that the orthopedic surgery can affect both static and dynamic components of muscle tightness in these children

To determine the natural history of dislocation of the hip in cerebral palsy, and to evolve methods to predict dislocation, the notes and radiographs of 462 patients with cerebral palsy were reviewed. Dislocation occurred in 10% of patients by progressive migration and subluxation of the proximal femur in the presence of acetabular dysplasia. Statistical analysis identified the radiographic features that helped to predict dislocation. Measurement of acetabular index, by a method that allows for rotation of the acetabulum, was the most powerful single predictor. Measurement of this index at two and four years of age could identify patients who would dislocate unless effective treatment was undertaken, those at risk of dislocation only if scoliosis developed, and those who would not dislocate. On the basis of this method of screening for dislocation, a logical system of surgical prophylaxis is proposed

We carried out a morphometric analysis of the acetabulum following Dega osteotomy in patients with cerebral palsy using three-dimensional CT. We assessed 17 acetabula in 12 patients with instability of the hip. A Dega osteotomy and varus derotation femoral osteotomy were performed in all 17 hips. Three-dimensional CT scans were taken before and approximately one year after operation. Acetabular cover was evaluated using anterosuperior, superolateral and posterosuperior acetabular indices, and the change in the acetabular volume was calculated. Inter- and intra-observer reliability was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient. After the osteotomy, the anterosuperior, superolateral and posterosuperior cover had improved significantly towards the value seen in a control group. The mean acetabular volume increased by 68%

Aim: There were no reports of epiphyseal separation in cerebral palsy/spastic conditions, though cases of displaced metaphyseal & diaphyseal fractures have been reported. Materials and Methods: There were 9 cases of epiphyseal separation involving the distal femur and proximal humerus in 4 severely handicapped children with spastic cerebral palsy. In these 9 cases there was significant epiphyseal slip with periosteal stripping with extensive subperiosteal ossification obvious on the X-rays. The X-rays also showed the following radiological signs: Frankel’s line and a scurvy line. Clinically the area was swollen and painful. Results: The X-ray appearances confirmed the cause to be that of scurvy. Treatment was with Vitamin C, Vitamin D, nutritional support and splintage which resulted in rapid healing with excellent re-modelling. Lack of Vitamin C results in suppression of osteoblasts and interferes with collagen synthesis. Conclusion: Scurvy should be considered as a potential cause of an epiphyseal slip in a child suffering from severe cerebral palsy. Routine Vitamin C dietary supplementation in this group of potentially mal-nourished, non-ambulant children should be considered. The cause of the slip is thought to be lack of Vitamin C in combination with weakness of the bone, spastic muscle acting on long, fragile bones and in some cases, anti-convulsant treatment

Children with diplegic cerebral palsy develop progressive musculoskeletal deformities with deterioration in their gait. Multilevel surgery is a well-established treatment modality involving a combination of soft tissue lengthening and correction of bony deformities. At Bristol Royal Children's Hospital we have identified a cohort of 45 children with diplegic cerebral palsy who have undergone multilevel surgery. Video gait analysis had been performed pre-operatively and three years post-operatively. We utilised the Edinburgh Visual Gait Score (EVGS). [1]. , a validated system that allows direct comparison with gait videos taken during different periods of the patient's treatment. Seventeen measurements are taken per limb at each stage. The patients were also categorised according to the Functional Walking Score (FWS) . [2]. that assesses their level of independence. Post-operative results demonstrate a significant improvement in gait score on both the EVGS and FWS. Patients whose gait was more severely affected prior to surgery had the greatest improvement in mobility and functional scores. Patients consistently had significant improvements in hip and knee extension in stance phase, with more modest improvement in knee flexion in swing with persistent co-contraction. Both initial contact and heel lift were consistently abnormal pre-operatively, but few patients achieved a heel strike and normal heel lift post-operatively. We are proceeding with a long-term follow-up of this cohort of patients at 15 years following surgery. The combination of using detailed video gait analysis with functional assessment is a valuable tool in retrospective assessment of patients' outcome following surgery. It gives a quantitative evaluation of progression over time as well as allowing comparison with a cohort of patients to estimate the future level of functional independence

In patients with severe quadriplegic cerebral palsy and painful hip dislocation proximal femoral resection arthroplasty can reduce pain, but the risk of heterotopic ossification is significant. We present a surgical technique of autologous capping of the femoral stump in order to reduce this risk, using the resected femoral head as the graft. A retrospective study of 31 patients (43 hips) who had undergone proximal femoral resection arthroplasty with (29 hips) and without autologous capping (14 hips) was undertaken. Heterotopic ossification was less frequent in patients with autologous capping, and a more predictable pattern of bony overgrowth was found. For a selected group of non-ambulatory patients with long-standing painful dislocation of the hip, we recommend femoral resection arthroplasty over more complicated reconstructive operations. The risk of heterotopic ossification, which is a major disadvantage of this operation, is reduced by autologous capping

We reviewed the long-term radiological outcome, complications and revision operations in 19 children with quadriplegic cerebral palsy and hip dysplasia who underwent combined peri-iliac osteotomy and femoral varus derotation osteotomy. They had a mean age of 7.5 years (1.6 to 10.9) and comprised 22 hip dislocations and subluxations. We also studied the outcome for the contralateral hip. At a mean follow-up of 11.7 years (10 to 15.1) the Melbourne cerebral palsy (CP) hip classification was grade 2 in 16 hips, grade 3 in five, and grade 5 in one. There were five complications seen in four hips (21%, four patients), including one dislocation, one subluxation, one coxa vara with adduction deformity, one subtrochanteric fracture and one infection. A recurrent soft-tissue contracture occurred in five hips and ten required revision surgery. In pre-adolescent children with quadriplegic cerebral palsy good long-term outcomes can be achieved after reconstruction of the hip; regular follow-up is required. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:259–65

In cerebral palsy patients, while upper limb function is acknowledged as being important, it has traditionally taken a back seat to lower limb function. This is partly due to inexperience and partly due to difficulty deciding on the best way of improving upper limb function. In Swansea since June 2008 we have been offering a multi-disciplinary service for the assessment and treatment of upper limb problems in cerebral palsy. The core team consists of a consultant orthopaedic surgeon, a consultant plastic surgeon with a special interest in CP upper limb problems, a consultant paediatric neurologist, a community paediatric physiotherapist and a community paediatric occupational therapist. Upon referral, the physiotherapist and occupational therapist carry out initial functional assessment of the patient. This is followed by a joint assessment by the whole team in a special clinic held every 3 months. If required, the child is offered surgery, botox injections or both. Further follow-up is in the special clinic until the child is suitable for follow-up in a normal clinic. We present our initial experience with this multi-disciplinary approach, the problems encountered in setting up the service and our plans for the future

Intramuscular injections of botulinum neuro toxin A (BoNT-A) have been a cornerstone in the treatment of spasticity for the last two decades. In India, the treatment is now offered to children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP). However, despite its use, the evidence for its functional effects is limited and inconclusive. The objective of this study is to determine whether BoNT-A makes walking easier in children with CP. We hypothesize that injections with BoNT-A will not reduce energy cost during walking, improve walking capacity, reduce pain or improve self-perceived performance and satisfaction. Between the period of 2012 and 2014, 35 children with spastic CP less than 10 years of age were included. The patients were classified according to their gross motor function classification system (GMFCS) and their pre-and post-injection gait analysis were performed. Spasticity assessed by Modified Ashworth Score [MAS]. Trained parents were utilised for the post injection physiotherapy as these children will be more complaint to them. GMFCS and MAS scoring done every three months till one year follow up. Therapeutically, effect was found in 90% of the patients, an average duration of the medical effect was 6–12 months. The improvement in GMFC functional score in serial measurements was seen in these patients though some deterioration in spasticity scores at one year. Despite mild recurrence in spasticity, majority maintained independent (42%) or assisted ambulation (48%) at one year. No major side effects occurred. Botox may prove a useful adjuvant in conservative management of the spasticity of cerebral palsy. Apart from being very cost effective in these financially deprived populations, successful management with these injections may allow delay of surgical intervention until the child is older and at less risk of possible complications, including the need for repeated surgical procedures

Introduction and Aims: In order to evaluate the hypothesis that ‘Botulinum A Toxin (BoNT-A) improves function and health-related quality of life in patients and their caregivers’, the experience of a single institution that performed over 7500 injections in 515 patients was evaluated to provide safety data, injection guidelines, and current indications. Method: This retrospective review utilised a computerised database that contains information from open-label trials (n=6), double-blind randomised trials (n=4), and cumulative treatment experience in 1100 children and adults with cerebral palsy. Standardised data collected over the past 15 years was analysed with respect to indications, complications, dosage, function, health-related quality of life of patients and their caregivers, rehabilitation (WeeFIM), gross motor function classification (GMFCS), and response rates. Pharmacoeconomic analysis was performed by linking with state Medicaid data. Results: BoNT-A is safe and well tolerated. There were no systemic side effects in dosages ranging from four to 25 units per kilogram body weight. Standardised injection techniques included dilution from 10 to 100 units per cc with a maximum dose of six units per kilogram in a single muscle and 25 units per kilogram in a single patient. The maximum dose was 600 units. Short-term response rates were 65–70%; intermediate response rates 45–50%. The most frequent complications were soreness of the injection site (15%) and transient weakness (2%). Ninety-five percent of injections were performed in the office without conscious sedation. Five percent were performed under general anaesthesia or with conscious sedation. Based on these data, current indications include dynamic tone interfering with caregiver function (e.g., equinus gait), painful spasticity, post-operative spasticity, and pain management. Contraindications are failure to respond to previous injections. Pharmacoeconomic analysis diminished cost and improved function and quality of life of patients and/or caregivers. Conclusion: Botulinum A Toxin is a safe and cost-effective drug in patients with cerebral palsy. Response rate is 50–70%. Optimal results are obtained with appropriate intramuscular localisation and sufficient volume to saturate neuromuscular junctions

Aim: The purpose of this study is to define the hip anatomy in cerebral palsy in a three dimensional geometrical manner and then perhaps plan a better surgical reconstruction for these affected hips. Materials & Methods: The case notes and radiographs of 18 patients with cerebral palsy who underwent plain radiographs, axial CT and 3D CT scans from October 1993 to June 1995 were reviewed prospectively all being consecutive. The following indices were measured – acetabular anteversion (AA), anterior axial acetabular index (Anterior AAI), posterior axial acetabular index (Posterior AAI), Total axial acetabular index (Total AAI) and acetabular depth/femoral head diameter (AD/FHD) ratio. Results: The acetabular index, and CEA angle clearly showed the hips to be dysplastic in frontal plane. FAV measurements done on CT scan in our study was 330 on the right and 420 on the left. This was significantly higher than normal in our group of patients. Acetabular anteversion was higher in our series, which contributed to hip instability. There were no patients with acetabular retroversion. The axial acetabular indices suggested predominant anterior than posterior acetabular dysplasia, and the total AAI was suggestive of a flatter and shallower acetabulum. A normal to minimally increased AAI in our study suggests an increase in the size rather than a true malrotation. Conclusions: Our study shows that CT scan analysis is a useful tool in preoperative planning for hip reconstructions. This analysis gives a better idea of the distorted anatomy and a more accurate quantitative and qualitative assessment of the hips

Europeam Group of Neuro-orthopaedic (GLAENeO), Caracas, The prevention of a dislocated hip is one of the aims of early surgery in Cerebral Palsy children, specially those severely involved. We performed a retrospective study of those cerebral palsy patients operated of adductor tenotomy between 1975 and 1995 with a total of 1474 patients. We grouped them in those who had a unilateral tenotomy and those who had a bilateral tenotomy as primary surgery. Of these only 8% had an obturator neurectomy, without walking ability, and 92 % had it not. Age at surgery varied from 6 months to 8 years of age with a mean of 4 years and 3 months. Group I: 792 patients (53.7 %) with unilateral adductor contracture, sustained a unilateral adductor tenotomy. Of these patients a total of 619 (78, 2 %) required a contralateral adductor tenotomy at a mean of 3 years and 6 months. Group II: 682 patients (46, 3 %) with bilateral adductor contracture that had a bilateral adductor tenotomy in one stage. Of the 792 patients that sustained a two stage adductor tenotomy, 123 (20%) presented a unilateral dislocated hip and of these 115 (93 %) occurred in the hip operated secondly at a mean of 1 year post tenotomy. Of the 682 patients with bilateral adductor tenotomies only 7 (1 %) had a dislocated hip 2 years post tenotomy. Of the 72 dislocated hips, 12 (59 %) were quadriplegics, 28 (22 %) were diplegic, 21 (18 %) hemiplegics and 1 (1 %) tetraplegic. Of the 619 patients tenotomized in two stages, in 143 the diaphyseal – cervical angle was 155 ° (23,1 %), at a mean of 6 and a half years of age and 3 years post the second tenotomy. In 102 of these patients (71 %) a varus derotation osteotomy was performed in the hip operated in the second act with further dislocation of the hip in 20 cases (20 %). Of the 685 patients with bilateral tenotomy in one stage, varus derotation osteotomy was required in 68 (68 %) at a mean of 6 years of age with only a 3 % of dislocations in this group. In view of these results we recommend a bilateral adductor tenotomy be performd regardless of a difference in the degree of contracture of both sides, thus coordinating the forces and avoid further dislocation the hip

Operative treatment was performed in nine patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy complicating athetoid cerebral palsy. The first two patients were treated by laminectomy, and the other seven by anterior interbody fusion. The symptoms in both the laminectomy patients improved after operation, but became worse again when cervical instability developed; they then had to have an anterior fusion in addition. In six of the seven patients who had primary anterior fusion a halo-cast (or a halo-vest) was used to keep the cervical spine immobile, and good bony fusion was obtained with satisfactory results. However, in one patient no halo apparatus was used, bony union did not occur and the radiculopathy reappeared. In cervical myelopathy complicating athetoid cerebral palsy laminectomy is contra-indicated; anterior fusion combined with a halo apparatus is, however, satisfactory

Objective: To report the development of acquired atlan-toaxial instability in pediatric patients with spastic cerebral palsy and no previous history of traumatic incident. Study Design-Material: We present three patients with severe spastic quadriplegia who developed C1–C2 instability and cervical myelopathy at mean age 12.6 years. Results: These patients demonstrated similar clinical picture with symptoms attributed to cervical myelopathy in varied severity including apneic episodes, opisthotonus, alteration in muscle tone, torticollis, respiratory problems, hypereflexia and bradycardia. Patient 1 was scheduled for surgery but died due to an apneic episode. Patient 2 denied surgery and has been followed for 3 years while his neurological condition remains unchanged. Patient 3 underwent decompression through a C1 laminectomy and occiput-C4 posterior spinal fusion, recovered neurologically and resumed his previous functional skills. Conclusions: The cases included in our study serve to illustrate the numerous difficulties related to the diagnosis and treatment of severely involved children with spastic cerebral palsy complicated with acquired atlan-toaxial instability and myelopathy. A high index of suspicion in patients who demonstrate a significant functional deterioration or a sudden change in their previous neurological status may lead to the diagnosis of cervical myelopathy at an early stage, when the possibility of recovery is higher. The management of spastic patients with documented cervical instability and myelopathy remains controversial, mainly due to the complexity of the medical problems that affect the general condition of these patients. We believe that even in severely involved pediatric patients appropriate management, including spinal cord decompression and fusion, may alter the natural history of myelopathy if the treatment is performed when the neurologic damage is not long standing. If the etiology of myelopathy is not addressed it may result to fatal complications, although clinical progression is not documented in all patients

Purpose of the study. To investigate the efficacy of pedicle screw instrumentation in correcting spinal deformity in patients with quadriplegic cerebral palsy. Also to assess quality of life and functional improvement after deformity correction as perceived by the parents of our patients. Summary of Background Data. All pedicle screw constructs have been commonly used to correct adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. There is limited information on their effectiveness in treating patients with cerebral palsy and neuromuscular scoliosis. Methods. We reviewed the medical records and serial radiographs of 45 consecutive patients with quadriplegia who underwent spinal arthrodesis using pedicle screw/rod instrumentation and a standardised surgical technique (prospectively collected single surgeon's series). All patients were wheelchair bound with collapsing thoracolumbar scoliosis and pelvic obliquity. Twenty-eight patients had associated sagittal deformities. A telephone survey was performed by an independent investigator to assess parents' perception on surgical outcome. Results. Thirty-eight patients underwent posterior-only and 7 staged anteroposterior spinal arthrodesis. Mean age at surgery was 13.4 years (range 9-18.3) and mean postoperative follow-up 3.5 years (range 2.8-5). Pedicle screw instrumentation extended from T2/T3 to L5 with bilateral pelvic fixation using iliac bolts. Scoliosis was corrected from mean 82.5° to 21.4° (74.1%). Pelvic obliquity was corrected from mean 24° to 4° (83.3%). In posterior-only procedures, average blood loss was 0.8 blood volumes, ICU stay 3.5 days, and hospital stay 17.6 days. In anteroposterior procedures, average blood loss was 0.9 blood volumes, ICU stay 8.9 days, and hospital stay 27.4 days. Major complications included one deep infection and one re-operation to remove prominent implants but no deaths, no neurological deficit and no detected pseudarthrosis. Parents' survey demonstrated 100% satisfaction rate. Conclusion. Pedicle screw instrumentation can achieve excellent correction of spinopelvic deformity in quadriplegic cerebral palsy with low complication and re-operation rates and high parent satisfaction. Our study has demonstrated that spinal correction using segmental pedicle screw/rod constructs can be performed safely and with lesser major complications and reoperations compared to the traditionally used Unit rod or hybrid instrumentation. The greater degree of deformity correction and lesser rate of complications and reoperations due to non-union, prominent instrumentation or failed pelvic fixation using a pedicle screw compared to the Unit rod technique should be balanced against the increased implant cost

A percutaneous supramalleolar osteotomy with multiple drill holes and closed osteoclasis was used to correct rotational deformities of the tibia in patients with cerebral palsy. The technique is described and the results in 247 limbs (160 patients) are reported. The mean age at the time of surgery was 10.7 years (4 to 20). The radiographs were analysed for time to union, loss of correction, and angulation at the site of the osteotomy. Bone healing was obtained in all patients except one in a mean period of seven weeks (5 to 12). Malunion after loss of reduction at the site of the osteotomy developed in one tibia. Percutaneous supramalleolar osteotomy of the tibia is a safe and simple surgical procedure

Purpose of the study: Equinus in patients with cerebral palsy results from at least two factors: excessive contracture of the triceps surae and muscle retraction. Tendon surgery and progressive lengthening techniques using plaster walking boots can provide variable improvement in retraction. We compared the effect of this technique when applied with or without prior 40°C warming in the same patients. We also assessed the efficacy of this treatment method in terms or degree of retraction, patient age, puberty maturity, and sex. Materials and methods: This series included 70 muscles in 52 patients with cerebral palsy aged 2 years 11 months to 21 years (mean 8 years 3 months). Common features in these patients were: equinus mainly explained by triceps retraction, no history of prior surgery on the triceps tendon, knee flexion less than 15° in the upright position, easily reduced lateral deformation of the foot, absence of mediotarsal dislocation, triceps stretching could be achieved without triggering unacceptably intense contracture. The retraction of the triceps surae was measured from the maximal passive dorsal flexion angle of the foot, before and after applying each stretching boot. The difference between these measurements gave the gain obtained with the plaster boot. Protocol R− (stretching with plaster boot) consisted in a series of slow stretchings for 10 minutes before making the boot which was worn 7 days. Recurrent retraction in these same patients warranted another treatment within a delay of 3 to 17 months (mean delay 8.7 months). The same treatment then followed protocol R+ where the stretching was preceded by immersion of the segment in a 40°C water bath for 10 minutes. Results: Mean gain obtained with protocol R+ (warming) was 6.8° knee extended and 7.1° knee flexed. These differences were highly significant in both cases (p < 0.0001). We had no failures with protocol R+ while with protocol R− (stretching without warming) the gain was nil or less than 5° for 29 muscles knee extended and for 32 muscles, knee flexed. The gain was not related to age, sex or puberty maturity. It was not related to the angle of dorsal flexion of the foot prior to stretching. Discussion: Our findings demonstrate that when the conditions allowing prolonged stretching of the triceps surae are present, prior warming at 40°C for 10 minutes leads to an improvement in muscle lengthening in all patients, even in those for whom prior treatment had been unsuccessful without warming. This observation would indicate that the mechanisms allowing greater lengthening are present in all patients with cerebral palsy but that they cannot be triggered due to abnormal muscle viscosity related to distal vasomotor disorders frequently observed in this condition. Further research is needed to detail this point

Between July 2000 and April 2004, 19 patients with bilateral spastic cerebral palsy who required an assistive device to walk had combined lengthening-transfer of the medial hamstrings as part of multilevel surgery. A standardised physical examination, measurement of the Functional Mobility Scale score and video or instrumented gait analysis were performed pre- and post-operatively. Static parameters (popliteal angle, flexion deformity of the knee) and sagittal knee kinematic parameters (knee flexion at initial contact, minimum knee flexion during stance, mean knee flexion during stance) were recorded. The mean length of follow-up was 25 months (14 to 45). Statistically significant improvements in static and dynamic outcome parameters were found, corresponding to improvements in gait and functional mobility as determined by the Functional Mobility Scale. Mild hyperextension of the knee during gait developed in two patients and was controlled by adjustment of their ankle-foot orthosis. Residual flexion deformity > 10° occurred in both knees of one patient and was treated by anterior distal femoral physeal stapling. Two children also showed an improvement of one level in the Gross Motor Function Classification System

This study evaluates outcomes of hip adductor surgery in children with cerebral palsy in preventing hip displacement. This review is from the perspective of an extended follow-up (beyond 3 years in contrast to currently available literature) and the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS). A retrospective audit was performed of children with cerebral palsy aged 2 to 10 years who had primary adductor surgery at the Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne between January 1994 and December 2004. These children had hip migration percentages (MP) greater than 30% and been followed up for a minimum 12 months post-operatively

Aim: Prospective study to evaluate the results and the technique of 63 proximal femoral osteotomies in 39 cerebral palsy patients performed with the new Fixclipª biological internal þxator system. Methods: Thirty nine cerebral palsy patients with dislocated or painful subluxing hips, who underwent upper femoral osteotomy from 2 different centres in the last 7 years were included in the study. Results: The average age of patients at operation was 12.7 years (range 3 Ð 60 years). All the patients were followed up until union. Some had removal of the implant. Postoperative splintage was normally used when soft tissue procedures were performed along with femoral osteotomy. Three patients needed revision surgery for readjustment of the device and 2 patients had superþcial infections. All osteotomies healed by 12–16 weeks apart from one. There was no malunions, or avascular necrosis. One patient had a non-union that united after revision surgery. Conclusion: The Fixclips system is modular and easily adjustable. The system lies off the bone with minimal disturbance to the periosteal blood supply. Compared to other implants, Fixclips are biologically and mechanically very effective with low complications and well suited in cerebral palsy patients where rigid þxation can cause extensive loss of bone mass. This is the þrst study reporting the use of ÔFixclipsñ system for upper femoral osteotomy

The goal of the present study was to evaluate the results of a one-stage operation performed on dislocated hips in children with infantile cerebral palsy. Our data indicate that the one-stage operation is a quite useful method to treat hip dislocation in children with infantile cerebral palsy. Based on our experience we emphasize the use of an individual operation plan in every instance. In selected cases it seems to be justified to ignore an element of the method. We used the radiological findings for evaluation by comparing the geometric parameters in the affected hips before and after surgery. During the last ten years, 21 dislocated hips in 13 patients were operated on by the one-stage surgical technique used at the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery of University Medical School of Pécs. The technique consists of the following steps: open reduction, iliopsoas tendon transfer, and femoral varus derotational osteotomy with shortening, modified Tönnis acetabuloplasty, and open adductor tenotomy. Spastic diplegia occurred in eight children and hemiplegia in five. During this period, eight girls and five boys were operated, with 12 procedures on the right hip and 9 on the left. Mean age was 11.4 years. The average age of the children at the time of operations was 6.5 years. In eight hips of five children, all elements of the surgery were carried out in one sitting; in six hips of four children the surgery was performed without acetabuloplasty. In nine hips of seven children there was no need for open reduction, and in six hips of five children we used deep frozen allograft to perform acetabuloplasty. A varus derotational femoral osteotomy with shortening was a part of the surgical approach in all cases. We evaluated Hilgenreiner (H), Wieberg (CE) and collodiaphyseal (CCD) angle preoperatively and postoperatively. The average preoperative H angle decreased from 39.7 to 24 degrees postoperatively. The average preoperative CE angle increased from minus 18.6 to 31.9 degrees postoperatively. The minus means that all of the patients had dislocation in their hips. The average preoperative CCD angle decreased from 165.2 to 131.4 degrees postoperatively. The results were evaluated by the modified Severin classification based on age and anatomical changes of hips: 17 cases were evaluated as excellent, 2 as good, and 2 as acceptable. We did not see any complications such as avascular necrosis of the femoral head, absolute revalgisation (compared to the opposite side), subluxation, re-dislocation, or disturbed development of the acetabulum

Abstract. Objectives. Single-event multilevel surgery (SEMLS) is the standard orthopaedic treatment for gait abnormalities in children with diplegic cerebral palsy (CP). The primary aim of this study was to report the long-term functional mobility of these patients after surgery. The secondary aim was to assess the relationship between functional mobility and quality of life (QoL). Methods. Patients were included if they met the following criteria: 1) diplegic CP; 2) Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) I to III; 3) SEMLS at age ≤ 18. A total of 61 patients, mean age at surgery 11 years eight months (SD 2y 5m), were included. A mean of eight years (SD 3y 10m) after SEMLS, patients were contacted and asked to complete the Functional Mobility Scale (FMS) questionnaire over the telephone and given a weblink to complete an online version of the CP QOL Teen. FMS was recorded for all patients and CP QOL Teen for 23 patients (38%). Results. Of patients graded GMFCS I and II preoperatively, at long-term follow-up the proportion walking independently at home, school/work and in the community was 71% (20/28), 57% (16/28) and 57% (16/28), respectively. Of patients graded GMFCS III preoperatively, at long-term follow-up 82% (27/33) and 76% (25/33) were walking either independently or with an assistive device at home and school/work, respectively, while over community distances 61% (20/33) required a wheelchair. The only significant association between QoL and functional mobility was better ‘feelings about function’ in patients with better home FMS scores (r=0.55; 95% confidence interval 0.15 to 0.79; p=0.01). Conclusion. The majority of children maintained their preoperative level of functional mobility at long-term follow-up after SEMLS. Despite the favourable functional mobility, there was little evidence to establish a link between functional status and quality of life

Objective: To evaluate the outcomes and complications of one-stage and two-stage combined anterior-posterior spine fusion, and to document which procedure is more efficacious and provides better results. Study Design-Material: A retrospective study was performed including 45 pediatric patients with spastic quadriplegic cerebral palsy and neuromuscular scoliosis who underwent anterior-posterior spinal fusion. Summary of Background Data: Circumferential spinal arthrodesis has been proven to achieve better scoliotic curve correction, decreasing significantly the risk of pseudarthrosis and progression of the deformity. There have been a few studies comparing same-day versus staged anterior-posterior spinal surgery in mixed populations with neuromuscular scoliosis, but not in an isolated group of pediatric patients with spastic cerebral palsy. Methods: The medical records and radiographs of all patients were reviewed, and the results were statistically analyzed. The complications were divided into medical, subcategorized into major and minor, and technical. Results: There was no statistically significant difference (p> .05) between one-stage (group 1) and two-stage (group 2) patients, considering age at surgery, preoperative scoliosis angle, pelvic obliquity, kyphosis angle, lordosis angle, levels of anterior release, percentage of scoliosis correction, radiographic follow-up, hospitalization time and intensive care unit stay. Sequentially performed spinal procedures (group 1) were associated with increased intraoperative blood loss, prolonged operative time, and a considerably higher incidence of medical and technical complications, including two perioperative deaths. Conclusions: Two-stage anteroposterior spinal fusion provides safer and more consistent results with several advantages over the single-stage procedure in the management of patients with cerebral palsy and neuromuscular scoliosis. Since this study cannot separate risk based on disease severity, staging the procedures on different days is likely more important in individuals with very large curves and concomitant medical illness

Purpose of study: To assess functional, clinical and radiological outcomes of 30 children (60 hips) with whole body cerebral palsy with a mean follow-up of ten years. Method: Bilateral simultaneous combined soft-tissue and bony hip surgery was performed at a mean age of 7.7 years (3.1–12.2). Evaluation at ten years involved interviews with patient/carers and clinical examination. Plane radiographs of the pelvis assessed migration percentage and centre-edge angle. Results: Twenty two patients were recalled. Five had died of unrelated causes and three were lost to follow-up. Pain was present in only 1 patient (4.5%). Improved handling was reported in 18 of 22 patients (82%). Carer handling problems were attributed to growth of the patients. All patients/carers considered the procedure worthwhile. The range of hip movements improved, with a mean windsweep index of 36 (50 pre-operatively) Radiological containment improved, with mean migration percentage of 20 degrees (50 preoperatively) and mean centre-edge angle of 29 degrees (−5 preoperatively) No statistical difference was noted between the three year and ten year follow-up results, demonstrating sustained improvement in the clinical and radiological outcome. Conclusions: Bilateral simultaneous combined hip reconstruction in whole body cerebral palsy provides painless, mobile and anatomically competent hips in the longer term. The majority of the available literature considers the short term outcome of surgical reconstruction of the hips in this condition. This paper demonstrates that the initial improvements in structure and function are maintained in the longer term

Objective: To evaluate the effect of spinal fusion from T1, T2 to the sacrum with pelvic fixation using unit rod instrumentation on the ambulatory potential of pediatric patients with cerebral palsy. Study Design: A retrospective study of 24 ambulatory pediatric patients with spastic cerebral palsy and neuromuscular scoliosis was performed. Summary of Background Data: Spinal deformities, occurring in patients with cerebral palsy and good ambulatory capacity, are infrequently associated with pelvic obliquity, and so instrumented spinal fusions traditionally do not extend to the pelvis. Methods: The medical charts and radiographs were reviewed, and the patients’ ambulatory ability was assessed clinically, with video tape or complete gait analysis. A questionnaire assessing patients` functional improvement was given to the caretakers. Results: The study group included 17 female and 7 male patients, 19 quadriplegics and 5 diplegics. Follow-up evaluations for ambulatory function occurred at a mean of 2.86 years after surgery. Mean age at surgery was 15.4 years. Twenty patients underwent posterior spinal fusions and 4 patients combined anterior-posterior procedures. The patients were evaluated clinically pre-operatively, postoperatively and at follow-up with no alteration in their ambulatory status, except one patient who developed bilateral hip heterotopic ossification and gradually lost her ability to ambulate. Thirteen patients had both preoperative and postoperative gait analysis, showing no change in their ambulatory function. The surgical outcome survey demonstrated significant improvement in the child’s physical appearance, head and trunk balance, sitting ability, amount of back pain, respiration, and no change in ambulatory capacity. Conclusions: Spine surgery with fusion extending to the pelvis in ambulatory patients with cerebral palsy provided excellent deformity correction and preserved their ambulatory function

Aims. Single event multilevel surgery (SEMLS) has been shown to improve gait in children with cerebral palsy (CP). However, there is limited evidence regarding long-term outcomes and factors influencing them. . Methods. In total 39 children (17 females and 22 males; mean age at SEMLS ten years four months, standard deviation 37 months) with bilateral CP (20 Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) level II and 19 GMFCS level III) treated with SEMLS were included. Children were evaluated using gait analysis and the Gait Deviation Index (GDI) before SEMLS and one, two to three, five and at least ten years after SEMLS. A linear mixed model was used to estimate the effect of age at the surgery, GMFCS and follow-up period on GDI. . Results. There was a mean improvement of 12.1 (-15.3 to 45.1) GDI points one year after SEMLS (p <  0.001) and 10.3 (-23.1 to 44.2) GDI points ten years after SEMLS compared with before SEMLS (p < 0.001). GMFCS level III children aged ten to 12 years had the most improvement. The GMFCS III group had more surgical procedures at the index SEMLS (p < 0.001) and during the follow-up period (p = 0.039). After correcting for other factors, age at surgery was the only factor predictive of long-term results. Our model was able to explain 45% of the variance of the change in GDI at the different time points. Take home message: Children with GMFCS III level aged ten to 12 are the benchmark responders to SEMLS in the long-term. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:278–81

Adverse effects of different preparations of Botulinus Toxin were studied. 97 episodes of injections in 67 children with cerebral palsy carried out between 1994 and 2001 were available for study. A telephonic interview was carried out according to a format in which the nature of adverse effects and the onset and duration of beneficial effect were recorded. 52 children had diplegia, 27 had hemiplegia and 18 had quadriplegia. 69 injections were made using Botox and remainder were made using Dysport. The dose for botox was up to 12 units per kilogram body weight and for dysport up to 40 units per kilogram body weight. The average age at injection was 94 months. The diagnoses were evenly distributed between the groups. A total of 72 adverse effects were noted in 44 episodes. Botox group accounted for 35 episodes and dysport for 9 (p=0.23). Thirty-three children had at least one adverse effect. Botox group accounting for 23 and Dysport group for 10 (p=0.45). The commonest adverse effect was pain at the injection site. The student t test was carried out to test statistical significance. There were no significant differences in the occurrence of adverse effects or the onset and duration of beneficial effect. It may be concluded that botulinum therapy for cerebral palsy provided a high degree of patient/carer satisfaction. It produced few adverse effects and is generally well tolerated. The effects of botox and dysport were comparable

Introduction. Correction and arthrodesis for cervical kyphosis associated with atetoid cerebral palsy has been considered to be difficult because of their involuntary neck movements and severe deformity. The aim of this study is to evaluate the surgical outcome of midline T-saw laminoplasty and posterior arthrodesis using pedicle screws. Methods. 15 patients were retrospectively reviewed. There were 6 women and 9 men, with a mean age 52.9 years (range 31–71 years). Mean follow-up period was 43 months (range 24–84 months). For clinical evaluation, the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score and Barthel index (BI) which shows independence in ADL were used. For radiographic evaluation, change of C2–C7 Cobb angle of sagittal alignment, adjacent segment instability after the surgery were evaluated. Results. The average JOA score improved significantly from 6.2 preoperatively to 10.5 postoperatively. The average BI improved from 44.2 before surgery to 72.5 after surgery. C2–C7 Cobb angle of sagittal alignment measured 12.3 degrees of kyphosis preoperatively and 1.2 degrees of lordosis postoperatively. Solid posterior bony fusion was achieved in all cases. There was two cases of adjacent segmental instability, which required additional surgery. Seven (5.6%) out of the 125 inserted screws showed more than 2mm deviation. However, there were no neurovascular complications during or after surgery in any cases, and all cases maintained strong internal fixation. Conclusion. Midline T-saw laminoplasty and posterior arthrodesis using pedicle screw is a favorable option for the patient with kyphotic deformity associated with atetoid cerebral palsy, as it preserves cervical alignment, and improve neurological status and ADL

Children with cerebral palsy (CP) have an increased risk of progressive hip displacement. While the cause of hip displacement remains unclear, spasticity and muscle imbalance around the hip are felt to be a major factor. There is strong evidence demonstrating that a selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR) reduces spasticity. However, the impact of this decreased spasticity on hip displacement is unknown. Past studies, which are small and lack long-term follow-up, do not provide a clear indication of the effect of SDR on hip displacement. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of SDR on hip displacement in children with CP a minimum of five years post-SDR. A retrospective chart review was completed. Participants were selected from a consecutive series of children who had an SDR before January 1, 2013 at one tertiary care facility to ensure a minimum five year follow-up. Pre-operative and minimum five year post-SDR AP pelvis radiographs were required for inclusion. Hip displacement was evaluated using change in MP between radiographs completed pre-SDR and minimum five years post-SDR, or until orthopaedic hip surgery. In total, 77 participants (45 males, 32 females) at GMFCS levels of I (1), II (11), III (22), IV (35) and V (8) were included in the review. Mean age at time of SDR was 5 years (2.8– 11.6yrs). Pre-SDR mean MP of the 154 hips was 29% (0–100%). Post-SDR, 67 (43.5%) hips in 35 children had soft tissue, reconstructive, or salvage hip procedures at an average of 4.9 years (0.5–13.8yrs) post-SDR and an average MP of 46% (11–100%). In addition, seven hips (5%) had a MP ≥ 40% (40–100%) at most recent radiographic review that averaged 11 years (5.6–18.6yrs). Overall, the total number of subjects with hip displacement measuring MP >40% or who had a surgical hip intervention, by GMFCS level, was: 0 (0%) at level I, 0 (0%) at level II, 20 (45%) at level III, 22 (59%) at level IV, and 5 (81%) at level V. The incidence of hip displacement in children with CP post-SDR did not substantially differ from the overall incidence reported in the literature when evaluated by GMFCS level. This study is the largest long-term follow-up study investigating the effect of hip displacement post-SDR. Results suggest that SDR does not impact hip displacement in CP, however, further prospective study will be required to strengthen the evidence in this regard

Transepiphyseal separation of the neck of the femur following grand mal seizures is described in two children with cerebral palsy. Closed reduction and percutaneous fixation was followed by a period in a hip spica. Although the incidence of avascular necrosis of the femoral head is high following such injury, this has not occurred in these patients at a follow-up of 18 months

We describe 13 patients with cerebral palsy and lordoscoliosis/hyperlordosis of the lumbar spine who underwent a posterior spinal fusion at a mean age of 14.5 years (10.8 to 17.4) to improve sitting posture and relieve pain. The mean follow-up was 3.3 years (2.2 to 6.2). The mean pre-operative lumbar lordosis was 108. °. (80 to 150. °. ) and was corrected to 62. °. (43. °.  to 85. °. ); the mean thoracic kyphosis from 17. °. (-23. °. to 35. °. ) to 47. °. (25. °. to 65. °. ); the mean scoliosis from 82. °. (0. °. to 125. °. ) to 22. °. (0. °. to 40. °. ); the mean pelvic obliquity from 21. °. (0. °. to 38. °. ) to 3. °. (0. °. to 15. °. ); the mean sacral slope from 79. °. (54. °. to 90. °. ) to 50. °. (31. °. to 66. °. ). The mean pre-operative coronal imbalance was 5 cm (0 cm to 8.9 cm) and was corrected to 0.6 cm (0 to 3.2). The mean sagittal imbalance of -8 cm (-16 cm to 7.8 cm) was corrected to -1.6 cm (-4 cm to 2.5 cm). The mean operating time was 250 minutes (180 to 360 minutes) and intra-operative blood loss 0.8 of estimated blood volume (0.3 to 2 estimated blood volume). The mean intensive care and hospital stay were 3.5 days (2 to 8) and 14.5 days (10 to 27), respectively. Three patients lost a significant amount of blood intra-operatively and subsequently developed chest or urinary infections and superior mesenteric artery syndrome. An increased pre-operative lumbar lordosis and sacral slope were associated with increased peri-operative morbidity: scoliosis and pelvic obliquity were not. A reduced lumbar lordosis and increased thoracic kyphosis correlated with better global sagittal balance at follow-up. All patients and their parents reported excellent surgical outcomes. Lordoscoliosis and hyperlordosis are associated with significant morbidity in quadriplegic patients. They are rare deformities and their treatment is challenging. Sagittal imbalance is the major component: it can be corrected by posterior fusion of the spine with excellent functional results. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:800–6

We reviewed the outcome in 24 children with bilateral spastic cerebral palsy aged seven years or younger for whom surgery was recommended between 1999 and 2005 following gait analysis. A total of 13 children (operative group) had surgery and the remaining 11 (control group) did not, for family or administrative reasons. The operative group had at least two post-operative gait analyses at yearly intervals, with eight children having a third and six children a fourth. The control group had a second analysis after a mean interval of 1.5 years (95% confidence interval 1.1 to 1.9). In the operative group, the Gillette gait index, the ranges of movement in the lower limb joint and knee extension in stance improved following surgery, and this was maintained overall at the second post-operative analysis. The minimum knee flexion in stance in the control group increased between analyses. These results suggest that surgical intervention in selected children can result in improvements in gait and function in the short to medium term compared with non-operative management

The disadvantages of hip spica casts following hip surgery for cerebral palsy include fractures, plaster sores, soiling and general inconvenience. In this series, 56 hips in 31 children aged 4 to 16 years (mean 8) were treated for hip displacement in keeping with the recommendations of others (eg Miller et al 1997) between 2005 and 2008 by one consultant. There were 29 open reductions for a Reimer's migration index (RMI) greater than 50%. A blade plate was used for the femoral osteotomy, and an acetabuloplasty was performed for 22 hips. No casting or immobilisation of any sort was used. The average length of stay was 5 days. The results at 5 the year follow-up were chosen so that all patients were at the same stage. The average RMI pre-operatively for displaced hips was 76.9 +/− 21.3. At follow-up it was 18.8 +/− 19.7. 18 patients had pain prior to hip surgery; 6 had pain during follow-up, and 4 of these responded to removal of metal; and one required a proximal femoral resection. There were 3 complications: one re-dislocation in the immediate post-operative period, one mal-union because the blade plate cut out; and one of the three walking children fractured below the blade plate 2 ½ months after surgery. There were no infections. The radiographic and clinical outcomes of hip reconstruction without hip spica immobilisation are good, reproducible and long-lasting. The child may be nursed free post-operatively and discharged in his or her own chair. As a result of studying these patients, since 2009 we have introduced locking plates for better fixation, and pre- and post-operative Paediatric Pain Profiles and CPCHILD questionnaires

Objective: To evaluate the outcome of spinal fusion with unit rod in pediatric patients with cerebral palsy who were treated by the two senior authors using the same operative technique. Study Design-Methods: This is a retrospective study of 288 patients with mean age at surgery 13.9 years (SD: 3.26), whose medical charts and radiographs were reviewed. A questionnaire including 14 questions assessing patients’ functional improvement was given to the caretakers. Results: Mean radiographic follow up of 3.2 years (range: 1–9.9) was available in 213 patients. In 46 patients anterior-posterior fusion was performed and in 242 only posterior. The preop. Cobb angle was 74°(range: 6–176°) corrected by 68% to 23° (p< .01) and increased by 2° in the last follow-up (p< .01). The preop. pelvic obliquity was 17°(range: 0–57°), corrected by 73% to 4.7° (p< .01) and increased by 0.4° at follow-up. The preop. kyphosis angle was 56°(range: −44–130°), corrected by 37% to 35° (p< .01) and increased by 2° at follow-up. The preop. lordosis angle was 38°(range: −50–140°), corrected by 14% to 43° (p< .05) and increased by 1.4° at follow-up. There was a strong correlation between hyperlordosis and days of hospitalization, blood loss and surgical time (r= −.22, .23, .24). Patients with lordotic angle > 60° developed 15.1% technical problems related to pelvic fixation, whereas only 3.4% of those with < 60°. The mean days of hospitalization were 19.6, the mean blood loss 2.9lt (1.2BV), the mean surgical time 4.4h (Anterior-Posterior: 7h, Posterior only: 3.9h) and the mean ICU stay 5 days. There was a difference only in surgical time (p< .01) if an anterior procedure was required. The major complications included 3 perioperative deaths, 14 deep infections, 13 (4.5%) reoperations for mechanical problems and no detected pseudarthrosis. The answers received by the caretakers were 99% positive, emphasizing the improvement in child’s appearance, sitting ability and respiratory function. Conclusions: Spine surgery in patients with cerebral palsy was accompanied by a considerable blood loss and multiple medical complications. A very satisfactory correction of spinal curvatures was achieved and maintained in follow up. Excessive lumbar lordosis was associated with a high incidence of technical problems and an increased morbidity. There were no pseudarthrosis and the overall number of reoperations for technical reasons was very low. The caretakers were extremely pleased with the outcome of this procedure. Unit rod is a very effective instrumentation system, providing excellent results and a low mechanical complication rate in the treatment of cerebral palsy patients with spinal deformities

Objective: To evaluate the outcome of spinal fusion with unit rod in pediatric patients with cerebral palsy who were treated by the two senior authors using the same operative technique. Study Design-Methods: This is a retrospective study of 288 patients with mean age at surgery 13.9 years (SD: 3.26), whose medical charts and radiographs were reviewed. A questionnaire including 14 questions assessing patients’ functional improvement was given to the caretakers. Results: Mean radiographic follow up of 3.2 years (range: 1–9.9) was available in 213 patients. In 46 patients anterior-posterior fusion was performed and in 242 only posterior. The preop. Cobb angle was 740(range: 6–176o) corrected by 68% to 230 (p< .01) and increased by 20 in the last follow-up (p< .01). The preop. pelvic obliquity was 170(range: 0–57o), corrected by 73% to 4.70 (p< .01) and increased by 0.40 at follow-up. The preop. kyphosis angle was 560(range: −44–130o), corrected by 37% to 350 (p< .01) and increased by 20 at follow-up. The preop. lordosis angle was 380(range: −50–140o), corrected by 14% to 430 (p< .05) and increased by 1.40 at follow-up. There was a strong correlation between hyperlordosis and days of hospitalization, blood loss and surgical time (r= −.22,. 23,. 24). Patients with lordotic angle > 600 developed 15.1% technical problems related to pelvic fixation, whereas only 3.4% of those with < 600. The mean days of hospitalization were 19.6, the mean blood loss 2.9lt (1.2BV), the mean surgical time 4.4h (Anterior-Posterior: 7h, Posterior only: 3.9h) and the mean ICU stay 5 days. There was a difference only in surgical time (p< .01) if an anterior procedure was required. The major complications included 3 perioperative deaths, 14 deep infections, 13 (4.5%) reoperations for mechanical problems and no detected pseudarthrosis. The answers received by the caretakers were 99% positive, emphasizing the improvement in child’s appearance, sitting ability and respiratory function. Conclusions: Spine surgery in patients with cerebral palsy was accompanied by a considerable blood loss and multiple medical complications. A very satisfactory correction of spinal curvatures was achieved and maintained in follow up. Excessive lumbar lordosis was associated with a high incidence of technical problems and an increased morbidity. There were no pseudarthrosis and the overall number of reoperations for technical reasons was very low. The caretakers were extremely pleased with the outcome of this procedure. Unit rod is a very effective instrumentation system, providing excellent results and a low mechanical complication rate in the treatment of cerebral palsy patients with spinal deformities

Purpose: The difficulty children with cerebral palsy have walking often worsens during adolescence due to permanent flexion of the hip, knee and ankle joints associated with limited active extension of the knee due to ascension of the patella and stretched patellar tendon. Surgical descent of the patella associated with release of hip flexion and sometimes lengthening of the hamstrings avoids the squatting position when walking facilitating function. The short- and mid-term efficacy of this intervention has been demonstrated. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the long-term functional outcome and its environmental dimension, that is its effect on ambulation in adult life. Material and methods: Twenty-two subjects with cerebral palsy aged 19 to 35 years had undergone surgery at average age of 12 years. Mean postoperative follow-up was 11 years. All of the subjects were evaluated with a questionnaire used to class walking function in six levels. The current walking level (M3) was compared with the preoperative level (M1) and the level at the end of postoperative rehabilitation (M2). Functional gait categories were also assessed. Results: Fifteen subjects progressed at least one functional category between M1 and M3. Five subjects remained at the same level from M1 to M2 and M3 but were nevertheless satisfied with the result (less knee pain, better balance in the upright position). Two subjects regressed one category between M2 and M3 after having progressed one category from M1 to M2. Twelve of the 22 subjects had functional walking capacity in their home. All of these subjects had to use a wheel chair in their home before the operation. For certain subjects, use of anti-flexion knee casts preoperatively avoided the need for hamstring lengthening. Discussion: There have been few publications concerning this surgical procedure and its very long-term functional impact. For the majority of the subjects studied here, the functional result achieved at the end of postoperative rehabilitation was maintained in the long-term. The functional gait categories provide an easy way to assess functional outcome, even by telephone, in the subject’s personal environment

We have reviewed the cervical spine radiographs of 180 patients with athetoid cerebral palsy and compared them with those of 417 control subjects. Disc degeneration occurred earlier and progressed more rapidly in the patients, with advanced disc degeneration in 51%, eight times the frequency in normal subjects. At the C3/4 and C4/5 levels, there was listhetic instability in 17% and 27% of the patients, respectively, again six and eight times more frequently than in the control subjects. Angular instability was seen, particularly at the C3/4, C4/5 and C5/6 levels. We found a significantly higher incidence of narrowing of the cervical canal in the patients, notably at the C4 and C5 levels, where the average was 14.4 mm in the patients and 16.4 mm in normal subjects. The combination of disc degeneration and listhetic instability with a narrow canal predisposes these patients to relatively rapid progression to a devastating neurological deficit

Although equinus gait is the most common abnormality in children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP) there is no consistency in recommendations for treatment, and evidence for best practice is lacking. The Baumann procedure allows selective fractional lengthening of the gastrocnemii and soleus muscles but the long-term outcome is not known. We followed a group of 18 children (21 limbs) with diplegic CP for ten years using three-dimensional instrumented gait analysis. The kinematic parameters of the ankle joint improved significantly following this procedure and were maintained until the end of follow-up. We observed a normalisation of the timing of the key kinematic and kinetic parameters, and an increase in the maximum generation of power of the ankle. There was a low rate of overcorrection (9.5%, n = 2), and a rate of recurrent equinus similar to that found with other techniques (23.8%, n = 5). As the procedure does not impair the muscle architecture, and allows for selective correction of the contracted gastrocnemii and soleus, it may be recommended as the preferred method for correction of a mild fixed equinus deformity

Five cases of Kienbock's disease occurring in a group of fifty-three adults with cerebral palsy are described. The increased incidence of the disease is attributed to the flexed posture habitual in the affected wrist and to an effect on the pattern of blood supply to the lunate

Scoliosis and hip subluxation/dislocation are common and often coexistent problems encountered in patients with cerebral palsy (CP). The underlying mechanism may be related to muscle imbalance. Surgical correction may become necessary in severe symptomatic cases. The effect of surgical correction of one deformity on the other is not well understood. We retrospectively reviewed a series of 17 patients with total body cerebral palsy with diagnoses of both scoliosis and hip subluxation who had undergone either surgical correction of their scoliosis (9 patients) or a hip reconstruction to correct hip deformity (8 patients). In all patients, the degree of progression of both deformities was measured, radiographically, using the Cobb angle for the spine and the percentage migration index for hip centre of rotation at intervals before and at least 18 months post surgery. All patients who underwent scoliosis correction had a progressive increase in the percentage of hip migration at a rate greater than that prior to scoliosis surgery. Similarly, patients who underwent a hip reconstruction procedure demonstrated a more rapid increase in their spine Cobb angles post surgery. There may be a relationship between hip subluxation/dislocation and scoliosis in CP patients. Surgery for either scoliosis or hip dysplasia may in the presence of both conditions lead to a significant and rapid worsening of the other. The possible negative implications on the overall functional outcome of the surgical procedure warrants careful consideration to both hip and the spine before and after surgical correction of either deformity. In selected cases there may be an indication for one procedure to follow soon after the other

Introduction and Objective. Clinically, it is considered that spastic muscles of patients with cerebral palsy (CP) are shortened, and produce higher force in shorter muscle lengths. Yet, direct quantification of spastic muscles’ forces is rare. Remarkably, previous intraoperative tests in which muscle forces are measured directly as a function of joint angle showed for spastic gracilis (GRA) that its passive forces are low, and only a small percentage of its maximum active force is measured in flexed knee positions. However, the relationship of force characteristics of spastic GRA with its muscle-tendon unit length (l. MTU. ) is unknown. Combining intraoperative experiments with participants’ musculoskeletal models developed based on their gait analyses, we aimed to test if spastic GRA muscle (1) operates at short l. MTU. compared to that of typically developing (TD) children, and exerts higher (2) passive and (3) active forces at shorter lengths, within gait-relevant l. MTU. range. Materials and Methods. Ten limbs of seven children with CP (GMFCS-II) were tested. Pre-surgery, gait analyses were conducted. Intraoperatively, isometric spastic GRA distal forces were measured in ten hip-knee joint angle combinations, in two conditions: (i) passive state and (ii) maximal activation of the GRA exclusively. In OpenSim, gait_2392 model was used for each limb to calculate l. MTU. 's per each hip and knee angle combination and the gait-relevant l. MTU. range, and to analyze gait relevant spastic muscle force - l. MTU. data. l. MTU. values were normalized for the participants’ thigh lengths. Two-way ANOVA was used to compare the patients’ l. MTU. to those of the seven age-matched TD children to test the first hypothesis. In order to test the second and the third hypotheses, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (ρ) was calculated to seek a correlation between the muscle's operational length (represented by mean l. MTU. within gait cycle) and muscular force characteristics (the percent force at shortest l. MTU. of peak force, either in passive or in active conditions) within gait-relevant l. MTU. range. Results. ANOVA showed that l. MTU. 's of spastic GRA are shorter (on average by 15.4%) compared to those of TD. At the shortest gait-relevant l. MTU. , the GRA passive force was 84.6 (13.7)% of the peak passive force; and the active force was 55.8 (33.9)% of the peak active force. Passive state forces show an increase at longer lengths, whereas active state force characteristics vary in a patient-specific way. Spearman's rank correlation indicated weak correlations between muscle's operational length and muscular force characteristics (ρ= −0.30 P= 0.40, and ρ= −0.27 P= 0.45, for passive and active states, respectively). Therefore, only the first hypothesis was confirmed. Conclusions. Novel muscle force - l. MTU. data for spastic GRA were obtained using intraoperative data and modelling combined. The modelling showed in concert with the clinical considerations that spastic GRA may be a shortened muscle. However, because the model does not distinguish the muscle-belly and tendon lengths, it cannot isolate shorter muscle belly length and how this compares to the data of TD children remains unknown. Moreover, the absence of a strong correlation between shorter operational muscle length and higher force production either in passive or in active conditions highlights the influence of other factors (e.g., muscle structural proteins, and muscle mechanical characteristics including intermuscular interactions etc.) on the pathology rather than ascribing it solely to the length of a spastic muscle itself

We have considered the indications for and results of transplanting pronator teres to extensor carpi radialis brevis in cerebral palsy. The operation has some virtue but a very limited application. We achieved satisfactory functional results in six of nine patients and some improvement in one. Two operations failed because of poor selection. In all patients the appearance of the limb was improved

In order to treat painful subluxation or dislocation secondary to cerebral palsy, 11 patients (12 hips) underwent combined femoral and Chiari pelvic osteotomies with additional soft-tissue releases at a mean age of 14.1 years (9.1 to 17.8). Relief of pain, improvement in movement of the hip, and in sitting posture, and ease of perineal care were recorded in all, and were maintained at a mean follow-up of 13.1 years (8 to 17.5). The improvement in general mobility was marginal, but those who were able to walk benefited the most. The radiological measurements made before operation were modified afterwards to use the lateral margin of the neoacetabulum produced by the pelvic osteotomy. The radiological migration index improved from a mean of 80.6% (61% to 100%) to 13.7% (0% to 33%) (p < 0.0001). The mean changes in centre edge angle and Sharp’s angle were 72° (56° to 87°; p < 0.0001) and 12.3° (9° to 15.6°; p < 0.0001), respectively. Radiological evidence of progressive arthritic change was seen in one hip, in which only a partial reduction had been achieved, and there was early narrowing of the joint space in another. Painless heterotopic ossification was observed in one patient with athetoid quadriplegia. In seven hips the lateral Kawamura approach, elevating the greater trochanter, provided exposure for both osteotomies and allowed the construction of a dome-shaped iliac osteotomy, while protecting the sciatic nerve

Purpose. The authors have used the Edinburgh Visual Gait Score (VGS) in the management of diplegic cerebral palsy patients treated with Botulinum toxoid injections into their hamstrings muscles. Video-filmed gait episodes were recorded before and after Botox injections over a treatment period of 6 years from 2007 to 2012. Method. The video-recordings of 32 patients were available for VGS analysis. Ages ranged from 5 to 22 years, with 17 patients under the age of 12 years, and 15 over 12 years. Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFSC) levels were accorded to: 8 patients level 1, 10 patients level 2, and 14 patients level 3; 15 were boys and 17 girls. The indication for hamstring injections were a GMFCS level of 1 to 3, age five years or older, no previous hamstring surgery, and a patient keen to have the Botox treatment. Video-recordings were taken with a Sony and a Canon Digital camera in a back-front-back view and a lateral left-right view; walking distance ap was 10 metres, lateral camera distance 5 metres. All injections of Botox were done by the senior author without anaesthetic or sedation. All assessments were done by the junior authors; they did not know the patients, the status before or after injections or repeat injections, or the dates of injections and filming of the episodes. Results. After the Botox injections into the hamstrings bilaterally, no patient changed GMFCS level status, nobody deteriorated; all could be classified in the GMFCS. Conclusion. The Edinburgh VGS is a reliable analysis method for classifying GMF levels in diplegic walking cerebral palsy patients. Video-recordings are permanent and can repeatedly be re-assessed in future; different visual parameters may be chosen for assessment. ONE DISCLOSURE

Purpose. The purpose of this paper is to describe the outcomes of major hip surgery for children with cerebral palsy and communication difficulties using a validated health related quality of life measure and a validated pain score. Method. Children with hypertonic bilateral cerebral palsy (CP) GMFCS levels IV and V, 2–15 years old, having femoral + /- acetabular osteotomies for hip displacement were included if their ability to communicate necessitated the use of the CPCHILD (Caregiver Priorities and Child Health Index of Life with Disabilities) and PPP (Paediatric Pain Profile). The underlying indication for surgery was a hip migration index of more than 40% . CPCHILD and PPP questionnaires were completed face-to-face with the parents or carers at baseline, at 3 months after surgery and at 6 months after surgery. Results. There were 54 patients with a mean age of 8.8 years (SD 3.6). At baseline the mean CPCHILD was 52.1 (SD 11.8). At 3 months it was 58.5 (SD 13.1; p< 0.001). At 6 months it was 59.4 (SD 12.4; p< 0.001). This paper also describes the changes within each domain of the CPCHILD. At baseline the PPP was 12.7 (SD 7.2); at 3 months the PPP was 9.8 (SD 7.2; p< 0.01); at 6 months the PPP was 9.2 (SD 6.4; p< 0.001). Conclusion. Hip reconstruction for displacement is a major intervention for an often asymptomatic condition. This paper confirms that health related quality of life (measured by the CPCHILD) and pain (measured by the PPP) return to baseline or better than baseline within 3 months of surgery and that this is maintained at 6 months. These results should be reassuring for families and healthcare workers looking after children with severe disability undergoing surgery of this sort

Background: Ankle-foot orthoses (AFO) are frequently recommended to children with CP to improve their functional ambulatory ability, namely to increase walking velocity and stride length, and decrease cadence. Several studies examined the effectiveness of different types of AFOs based on gait analysis. AFOs however, are usually prescribed upon clinical examination alone. Based on our first year experience at the Dana Gait Lab not all AFOs improved function significantly. Objective: To investigate the effect of prescribed AFOs on gait performance of children with cerebral palsy. Methods: Twenty-two children with cerebral palsy (aage 5–17 y; gender: 11 males, 11 females, of them: 8 hemiplegic, 11 diplegic, 3 quadriplegic) were referred for full 3D instrumented gait analysis for different purposes. Using the Vicon 612 system they were studied walking both barefoot and with their prescribed AFOs. The two modes were compared in terms of spatio-temporal parameters and ankle-knee kinematics. Statistical analysis included paired t-test, and Pearson correlation coefficient; level of significance was set to .05. Results: Using the prescribed AFOs, stride length was significantly increased (on average, 9.95±0.11 cm, p=0.000) while no significant changes were found in walking velocity and cadence (p= .111, p= .420, respectively). Split-by diaganosis revealed significant reduction in cadence (12.7 step/min, p=0.034) in the hemiplegic children. There was no significant improvement in the symmetry index of the stride length and step time due to the use of AFOs. Ankle and knee kinematics at initial contact and at loading response revealed non-significant changes. In the hemiplegic group knee flexion increased significantly (p=0.002) while ankle dorsiflexion at initial contact was almost significant (p=0.3). The consistency of the results within subject and between modes was highly correlated (r=0.858–0.928) and statistically very significant (p< 0.000). Discussion: In the current study, the only benefits of AFOs were increasing stride length and some improvement in ankle and knee kinematics. Our findings show that the use of an AFO, by itself, does not change dramatically other walking parameters. The high correlation between barefoot and AFO modes suggests that the child’s basic capability is the main factor that affects the gait pattern. Inappropriate AFO may partly be the reason for the non-significant results in this study. We conclude that AFO’s should be given only after optimization of the child’s physical capabilities. Prescription should be made after careful evaluation using gait analysis whenever possible

The purpose was to develop an objective measurement system to assist in the prescription of supportive seating for non-ambulant cerebral palsy children with scoliosis. Currently the prescription of patient’s bespoke seating setup relies on clinical skills and knowledge of trained seating staff (physiotherapists and engineers). Therefore to develop an objective measurement system to supplement this clinical approach, a user centred design approach was used. Standard design processes presented in Pahl’s ‘Engineering Design’ (2007) were adopted, allowing in depth user involvement. Stakeholders (clinical, seating, and technical staff) were interviewed to develop requirements lists for each group. Following each development stage; task clarification; concepts; embodiment; detailed design; manufacture; and commissioning, these requirements were reviewed with stakeholders. Requirements lists were collated to form the device specification, involving all stakeholders allowed the discussion of contradicting requirements. The final design incorporated critical aspects of seating while measuring important outcomes such as force distribution and spinal deformities. A user centred design approach allowed for informative decision making from stakeholders, highlighting the fundamental requirements and facilitated effective solutions to meet these requirements. The manufactured device complies with the collaborated specification, utilising stakeholder defined spinal and seating parameters. This was commissioned for use in a pilot study involving twenty non-ambulant cerebral palsy children aged 5–11 years, with high risk of scoliosis. Ethics approval: Ethics approval granted by Leeds (West) Research Ethics Committee. COREC number: 08/H1307/22. Interest Statement: None

Objective: To evaluate the outcomes and complications of one-stage and two-stage combined anterior-posterior spine fusion, and to document which procedure is more efficacious and provides better results. Study Design-Material: A retrospective study was performed including 45 pediatric patients with spastic quadriplegic cerebral palsy and neuromuscular scoliosis who underwent anterior-posterior spinal fusion. Summary of Background Data: Circumferential spinal arthrodesis has been proven to achieve better scoliotic curve correction, decreasing significantly the risk of pseudarthrosis and progression of the deformity. There have been a few studies comparing same-day versus staged anterior-posterior spinal surgery in mixed populations with neuromuscular scoliosis, but not in an isolated group of pediatric patients with spastic cerebral palsy. Methods: The medical records and radiographs of all patients were reviewed, and the results were statistically analyzed. The complications were divided into medical, subcategorized into major and minor, and technical. Results: There was no statistically significant difference (p> .05) between one-stage (group 1) and two-stage (group 2) patients, considering age at surgery, preoperative scoliosis angle, pelvic obliquity, kyphosis angle, lordosis angle, levels of anterior release, percentage of scoliosis correction, radiographic follow-up, hospitalization time and intensive care unit stay. Sequentially performed spinal procedures (group 1) were associated with increased intraoperative blood loss, prolonged operative time, and a considerably higher incidence of medical and technical complications, including two perioperative deaths. Conclusions: Two-stage anteroposterior spinal fusion provides safer and more consistent results with several advantages over the single-stage procedure in the management of patients with cerebral palsy and neuromuscular scoliosis. Since this study cannot separate risk based on disease severity, staging the procedures on different days is likely more important in individuals with very large curves and concomitant medical illness

Aim: To assess functional outcome after calcaneal neck lengthening osteotomy in cerebral palsy patients with severe pes planus-valgus deformity. Methods: During the period 1999–2002, 17 cerebral palsy patients (12 males and 5 females), aged 3 to 16 years, with flexible pes planus-valgus deformity, were treated in our department. Patients underwent calcaneal neck lengthening osteotomy using allograft bone. A below knee plaster was applied to all patients while weight-bearing was avoided for 6 weeks before partial to full weight-bearing commenced for the following 2 months. Results: Patients were followed-up postoperatively for 3–28 months (mean 17 months) and the clinical and radiological findings were evaluated. The mean correction of the talo-navicular angle on the antero-posterior view was found to be 34°. All patients were radiologically healed at 7.5 weeks in average. 10% mean improvement was observed in the Gross Motor Performance Measure. There were no complications such as pseudarthrosis or infection. Conclusion: Calcaneal neck lengthening osteotomy using allograft bone for the surgical treatment of severe pes planus-valgus deformity in cerebral palsy children yields satisfactory radiological and functional results