Introduction

Despite the rising popularity of 1st carpometacarpal joint (CMCJ) arthrodesis as one of the surgical options for basilar thumb arthritis, the available literature on this is poor. This study aims to investigate post-operative pinch and grip strength following 1st CMCJ arthrodesis, at a minimum of 1 year follow-up. Complication rates, range of motion and patient reported scores were also evaluated.

Is Non-Weight-Bearing Necessary? (INWN) is a pragmatic multicentre randomised controlled trial comparing immediate protected weight-bearing (IWB) with non-weight-bearing cast immobilisation (NWB) following ankle fracture fixation (ORIF). This trial compares; functional outcomes, complication rates and performs an economic analysis to estimate cost-utility.

IWB within 24hrs was compared to NWB, following ORIF of all types of unstable ankle fractures. Skeletally immature patients and tibial plafond fractures were excluded. Functional outcomes were assessed by the Olerud-Molander Ankle Score (OMAS) and RAND-36 Item Short Form Survey (SF-36) taken at regular follow-up intervals up to one year. A cost-utility analysis via decision tree modelling was performed to derive an incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER). A standard gamble health state valuation model utilising SF-36 scores was used to calculate Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALYs) for each arm.

We recruited 160 patients (80 per arm), aged 15 to 94 years (M = 45.5), 54% female. Complication rates were similar in both groups. IWB demonstrated a consistently higher OMAS score, with significant values at 6 weeks (MD=10.4, p=0.005) and 3 months (MD 12.0, p=0.003). Standard gamble utility values demonstrated consistently higher values (a score of 1 equals perfect health) with IWB, significant at 3 months (Ẋ = 0.75 [IWB] / 0.69 [NWB], p=0.018). Cost-utility analysis demonstrated NWB is €798.02 more expensive and results in 0.04 fewer QALYs over 1 year. This results in an ICER of −€21,682.42/QALY. This negative ICER indicates cost savings of €21,682.42 for every QALY (25 patients = 1 QALY gain) gained implementing an IWB regime.

IWB demonstrates a superior functional outcome, greater cost savings and similar complication rates, compared to NWB following ankle fracture fixation.

Abstract

Introduction and Objective

Ankle fractures are common and affect young adults as well as the elderly. An unstable ankle fracture treatment typically involves surgical fixation, immobilisation, and modified weight-bearing for six weeks. Non-weight bearing (NWB) cast immobilisation periods were used to protect the soft tissue envelope and osteosynthesis. This can have implications on patient function and may reduce independence, mobility and return to work. Newer trends in earlier mobilisation compete with traditional NWB doctrine, and weak consensus exists as to the best postoperative strategy. The purpose of this trial is to investigate the safety and efficacy of immediate weight-bearing (IWB) and range of motion (ROM) exercise regimes following ORIF of unstable ankle fractures with a particular focus on functional outcomes and complication rates.

In light of recent regulatory initiatives, medical devices now require additional clinical evidence to prove their safety and efficacy. At the same time, patients' own assessment of their devices' function and performance has gained in importance. The collection of these data allows for a more comprehensive picture of clinical outcomes and complications following total knee arthroplasty (TKA).

These trends have led researchers to search for new methods of acquiring, interpreting and disseminating patient-reported outcome measurements (PROMs). The current study assesses the feasibility of a digital platform for collecting PROMs that was recently adapted for TKA patients. It sought to determine patient engagement, survey completion rates, and satisfaction with this platform.

Eighty-two patients (mean age, 63.7 years, 59% females) scheduled for TKA were enrolled from one US and six UK sites between January 12, 2018 and April 30, 2018. Patients were supplied with a mobile application (app) that collects a variety of PROMs, including four domains based on the Patient-Reported Outcome Information System (PROMIS™): physical function, depression, pain interference and pain behavior. The platform electronically administers questionnaires using computer-adaptive tests (CATs), which reduce the burden on patients by tailoring follow-up questions to account for their previous answers. Satisfaction with the app was assessed in subset of patients who evaluated its ease-of-use (n=45), likelihood that they would recommend it to family/friends (n=35), and whether they successfully used the information it provided during their recovery (n=31). These scores were taken on a 1 to 10 (worst to best) scale.

Patients demonstrated regular engagement with the platform, with 73% using the app at least once a week. Weekly engagement remained high throughout the seven-week post-operative period (Figure 1). There was a 69% completion rate of all PROMIS™ CAT surveys during the study. The four PROMIS™ CAT domains had similar survey completion rates (Figure 2). The subset of patients queried regarding their satisfaction with the app gave it favorable mean scores for ease-of-use (8.8), likelihood to recommend to a family member or friend (8.1), and their success at using its information to improve their recovery (7.4).

Initial results support this digital platform's potential for successfully and efficiently collecting large volumes of PROMs. Patients reported high levels of engagement and satisfaction.

For any figures or tables, please contact authors directly.

Introduction

Direct skeletal attachment of prosthetic limbs, commonly known as osseointegration (“OI”), is being investigated by our team with the goal of safely introducing this technology into the United States for human use. OI technology allows for anchorage of prosthetic devices directly to bone using an intramedullary stem. For OI to be effective and secure, bone ingrowth and remodeling around the implant must be achieved. Physicians need an effective way to measure bone remodeling in order to make informed decisions on prescribed loading. This work describes methodology that was developed that utilizes computed tomography (CT) imaging as a tool for analyzing bone remodeling around an osseointegrated implant.

Derriford Hospital gained Major Trauma Centre (MTC) status in April 2012, this led to a significant increase in the trauma case load. Our aim was to review registrar exposure to theatre and clinic in the elective and trauma setting. This was then compared to audits performed pre-MTC status and shortly following MTC changes to see if training standards were being maintained. Improvements in registrar rota planning were made following the previous assessment of training. Training was assessed with respect to national recommendations for registrar training.

Data was collected for 8 weeks in February and March 2014 for all 12 registrars, and cross-referenced with the on-call and daily rota. The data was divided into training and non -training registrars

Elective exposure had improved in both theatres and clinic along with trauma theatre exposure whilst fracture clinic exposure had reduced since the previous audit. The reduction may be a result of the on-call registrar no longer being present in fracture clinic when on-call in compliance with MTC guidance.

Rota management requires a fine balance between service and training commitments. Recent improvements to the management of the registrar rota appear to provide satisfactory training despite the pressures of MTC changes at Derriford Hospital.

This study reviewed all patients who received an EXOGEN Express bone stimulating device (BSD) to treat delayed union / non-union following operative treatment for a long bone fracture & evaluate if our results are comparable with the NICE guideline expectations.

A retrospective review of records between December 2004 & January 2013 revealed 113 patients treated with a BSD. A total of 59 patients were eligible for analysis, (operative treatment for a long bone fracture with adjuvant EXOGEN BSD for non-union or delayed union). Twenty-one were open fractures.

The BSD was applied at a mean of 264 days post-operatively. Thirty-five patients went on to have a 2nd operation before union was achieved. Forty-two patients went on to union following application of the BSD. Mean time to union was 293 days. Seventeen patients failed to unite by the end of the study. There were no adverse reactions to the EXOGEN BSD in this cohort.

This study has shown that the use of an EXOGEN BSD is a safe, non-invasive method to successfully treat long bone non-unions following initial operative surgery, with potential cost savings (a potential saving of £48,888 to the hospital according to NICE estimations) compared to the standard re-operative management.

Impaction bone grafting for the reconstitution of bone stock in revision hip surgery has been used for nearly 30 years. Between 1995 and 2001 we used this technique in acetabular reconstruction, in combination with a cemented component, in 304 hips in 292 patients revised for aseptic loosening. The only additional supports used were stainless steel meshes placed against the medial wall or laterally around the acetabular rim to contain the graft. All Paprosky grades of defect were included. Clinical and radiographic outcomes were collected in surviving patients at a minimum of ten years after the index operation. Mean follow-up was 12.4 years (sd 1.5) (10.0 to 16.0). Kaplan–Meier survival with revision for aseptic loosening as the endpoint was 85.9% (95% CI 81.0 to 90.8) at 13.5 years. Clinical scores for pain relief remained satisfactory, and there was no difference in clinical scores between cups that appeared stable and those that appeared radiologically loose.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:188–94.

A randomised controlled trial was conducted using a rabbit model of a complex contaminated extremity war wound. Compared to saline soaked gauze dressings Inadine (iodine) and Acticoat (nanocrystalline silver) had significantly lower levels of Staphylococcus aureus after 7 days while Activon Tulle (Manuka honey) had significantly higher levels.

Molecular level analysis of the wound was conducted. Plasma cytokines of interest were assayed using ELISA and levels of expression of relevant tissue genes measured using PCR following RNA extraction.

Appreciable levels of Interleukins 4 and 6 and Tumour Necrosis Factor-α were identified in plasma with significantly higher levels of IL-4 and TNFα detected in the Activon Tulle group. In tissue TNFα, Matrix metalloproteinase-3 and the ratio of Matrix metalloproteinase-9 to Tissue Inhibitor of Matrix metalloproteinase-1 were significantly higher in tissue injured limbs than the uninjured limbs with no significant differences between groups.

Interpretation of these results is challenging. IL-4 has been associated with transition from pathological inflammation to repair and TNFα with impaired healing. However, Activon Tulle had significantly higher levels of S. aureus and we found no differences in observational, histology, haematology or tissue gene expression outcomes over 7 days which would correlate with these molecular biology results.

A 7-day randomised controlled pre-clinical trial utilising an existing extremity war wound model compared the efficacy of saline soaked gauze to commercially available dressings. The Flexor Carpi Ulnaris of anaesthetised rabbits was exposed to high-energy trauma using a computer-controlled jig and inoculated with 10⁶Staphylococcus aureus 3 hours prior to application of dressing. Quantitative microbiological assessment demonstrated reduced bacterial counts in INADINE (Iodine) and ACTICOAT (Nanocrystalline Silver) groups and an increase in ACTIVON TULLE (Manuka Honey) group (2-way ANOVA p<0.05).

Clinical observations were made throughout the study. Haematology and plasma cytokines were analysed at intervals. Post-mortem histopathology included subjective semi-quantitative assessment of pathology severity using light microscopy to grade muscle injury and lymph node activation. Tissue samples were also examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

There were no bacteraemias, abscesses, purulent discharge or evidence of contralateral axillary lymph node activation. There were no significant differences in animal behaviour, weight change, maximum body temperature or white blood cell count elevation nor in pathology severity in muscle or lymph nodes (Kruskal-Wallis). There was no evidence of bacterial penetration or biofilm formation on SEM. Interleukin-4 and Tumour Necrosis Factor α levels were significantly higher in the ACTIVON TULLE group (1-way ANOVA p<0.05).

This time-limited study demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in Staphylococcus aureus counts in wounds dressed with INADINE and ACTICOAT and an increase in wounds dressed with ACTIVON TULLE. There was no evidence that any of these dressings cause harm but nor have we established any definite clinical advantage associated with the use of the dressings tested in this study.

A randomised controlled pre-clinical trial utilising an existing extremity war wound model compared the efficacy of saline soaked gauze to commercial dressings. The Flexor Carpi Ulnaris of anaesthetised New Zealand rabbits was exposed to high-energy trauma using computer-controlled jig and inoculated with 10⁶Staphylococcus aureus 3 hours prior to application of dressing. After 7 days the animals were culled. Quantitative microbiological assessment of post-mortem specimens demonstrated statistically significantly reduced S aureus counts in groups treated with iodine or silver based dressings (2-way ANOVA p< 0.05).

Clinical observations and haematology were performed during the study. Histopathological assessment of post-mortem muscle specimens included image analysis of digitally scanned haematoxylin and eosin stained tissue sections and subjective semi-quantitative assessment of pathology severity using light microscopy to grade muscle injury and lymph node activation. Tissue samples were also examined using scanning electron microscopy to determine the presence of bacteria and biofilm formation within the injured muscle. Non-parametric data were compared using Kruskal-Wallis.

There were no bacteraemias, significantly raised white cell counts, abscesses, purulent discharge or evidence of contralateral axillary lymph node activation. All injured muscle specimens showed evidence of haemorrhage, inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrosis. All ipsilateral axillary lymph nodes were activated. There were no significant differences in the amount of muscle loss, size of the activated lymph nodes or in subjective semi-quantitative scoring criteria for muscle injury or lymph node activation. There was no evidence of bacterial penetration or biofilm formation.

This study demonstrated statistically significant reductions in Staphylococcus aureus counts associated with iodine and silver dressings, and no evidence that these dressings cause harm. This was a time-limited study which was primarily powered to detect reduction in bacterial counts; however, there was no significant variation in secondary outcome measures of local or systemic infection over 7 days.

Background

Doubt has been cast over the accuracy of dermatome charts. This study investigated a large group of patients with known lumbar nerve root compression (NRC), and identified whether their radicular pain corresponded with the predicted distribution on a dermatome chart.

Introduction

Idiopathic scoliosis is a lateral curvature of the spine >10° as measured on a frontal plane radiograph by the Cobb angle. Important variables in assessing the risk of curve progression include a young age at presentation, female sex, a large amount of growth remaining, the rate of growth, the curve magnitude, and the curve location. Curves >20° have an inherently low risk of progression. Surgery is indicated for curves >50° or rapidly progressing curves. The timing of surgery is paramount in order to intervene in cases where rapid progression is evident to prevent further deterioration. There is a greater likelihood for more complex surgery to be required in major curves. At present, there are severe restrictions on resources to cater for patients with scoliosis. As a result, patients spend excessive periods on waiting lists prior to having their procedure. The aim of this study is to analyse the progression of curves of patients while on the waiting list and assess the cost implications of curve deterioration.

Purpose

We describe two recent cases of intraosseous (IO) access resulting in amputation in critically ill infants and make contemporary recommendations on the safe practice of this technique.

Introduction

Uncontrolled deep sepsis in the diabetic foot often leads to below knee amputation (BKA). However, for deep sepsis in the forefoot, a transmetatarsal amputation can be curative while preserving the native ankle and hindfoot and allowing mobility without a prosthesis. We critically examined the outcome of transmetatarsal amputation in our diabetic patients with forefoot ulceration and proven osteomyelitis.

An osteoporosis screening service for patients presenting to the fracture clinic in Derriford Hospital Plymouth was established in February 2009. We report on the findings of the first year of patients referred for dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) screening.

Patients between 50 and 75 years of age, who sustained a fracture as a result of a fall from standing height or less, who had not previously had a DEXA scan within the last two years, were referred. Patients outside these age limits with other risk factors for osteoporosis were scanned at the discretion of the fracture clinic consultant. Of those patients who were referred, 96% subsequently attended for a scan timed to coincide with their scheduled fracture clinic follow-up appointment.

402 patients were scanned in total, of which 351 were female and 51 were male. The mean patient age was 65. The results for women were as follows: 21% normal, 45% osteopenic, 34% osteoporotic. The results for men were: 19% normal, 43% osteopenic, 38% osteoporotic. The scan results were forwarded to the patient's general practitioner for action as deemed necessary.

These findings support the establishment of this screening service for both men and women.

The addition of Extended Scope Practitioner (ESP) clinics was proposed to review new Foot and Ankle referrals, to reduce time consultants spend in clinic and free them up for theatre. There would be a cost benefit to the Primary Care Trusts (PCT), a clinic appointment with the consultants cost's around £140 and ESPs around £70.

We prospectively collected data from the ESP clinics for two months in 2009. We looked at the number of patients referred on to the consultants and how many of these needed surgery.

During this period one hundred and forty one patients were booked into ESP clinics, forty three were referred to the consultants, ninety one were managed by the ESPs and seven patients failed to attend. The estimated saving to the PCT during the 2 month period was £6860 which would be £41,160 over a year. Twenty nine of the patients referred to the consultants required surgery giving a 74% conversion rate.

The use of ESPs in Foot and Ankle Clinic reduces the number of new referrals seen by consultants, therefore being cost effective to the PCTs. This also increased the consultant's surgical conversion rate producing a more efficient service.

Periprosthetic fractures after total hip arthroplasty are challenging, with potential difficulties associated not only with the fracture but also with implant loosening and bone loss. The incidence of periprosthetic fractures is gradually increasing. We undertook this study to evaluate the periprosthetic fractures presenting to our unit in terms of mechanism of failure, classification and treatment. Charts of patients with periprosthetic fractures presenting within the past six years were retrospectively analysed for demographic and injury details and corresponding radiographs were reviewed to classify the fracture and follow treatment. 45 fractures were identified, with an average age of 78.3 years. The male to female ratio was 5:4. Only 4 fractures occurred in revision prostheses. Two fractures were intraoperative.

The Vancouver system was used to classify the fractures, which can also form a basis for treatment. Three fractures of Vancouver type A were managed conservatively without complication. Thirteen fractures were Vancouver type B1, 12 of which underwent internal fixation, mostly plate osteosynthesis; two of these subsequently failed. Recent fractures have been stabilised using locking plates, with no recorded failures. Fifteen fractures were Vancouver type B2, 11 of which were greater than 5 years post arthroplasty. Most underwent revision of the femoral component. Five of these patients had reported pain for some time preceding fracture. Seven fractures were Vancouver type B3, all occurring greater than 7 years post arthroplasty. Most underwent femoral revision. Seven fractures were Vancouver type C, all underwent plate fixation without failure.

Although there is variability within the group studied, this series demonstrates gradual standardisation of treatment with use of locking plates and a preferred long revision femoral stem. The reports of pain preceding fracture in a proportion of the Vancouver B2 group prompts greater postoperative surveillance in patients with early signs of femoral loosening.

Hurler syndrome is an autosomal recessive metabolic storage disease, with specific musculoskeletal abnormalities termed dysostosis multiplex. Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant (HSCT) increases life expectancy, but its effects on the progression of dysostosis multiplex are less certain. We detail the ongoing follow up of 23 patients (range 2.6 – 20.7 years) at a mean of 8.5 years after successful HSCT, the largest series reported in the literature to date.

All patients were clinically examined at an annual multidisciplinary clinic, and serial radiological studies were reviewed to assess development and management of hip dysplasia and genu valgum.

All patients demonstrated characteristic acetabular dysplasia and failure of ossification of the superolateral femoral head. Thirteen patients have undergone hip containment, including eight bilateral combined pelvic osteotomy and femoral derotation, at a mean of 4.4 years. Mean preoperative acetabular angle was 34 ± 5°. Long term follow up of older patients (> 8 years, mean 9.9 years after surgery) demonstrated adequate femoral head cover, with mean centre-edge angle of 40 ± 5° (range 32 – 48°). More recently, isolated innominate osteotomy has been used.

Genu valgum of variable severity due to failure of ossification of the lateral aspect of the proximal tibial metaphysis was more variable, and seven patients underwent medial epiphyseal stapling at a mean of 7.8 years, decreasing tibiofemoral angle by a mean of 7°. Staple dislodgment, however, was seen in four children. All patients remain independently mobile, but hip stiffness and valgus knees contribute to the early fatigue and hip discomfort seen in older children.

Based on our series, we conclude that hip containment surgery has been successful at least into early adolescence, with overall mobility being well preserved. We recommend plating of the proximal tibial epiphysis. Further follow up will monitor the effectiveness of orthopaedic intervention.

Introduction: Therapeutic bone marrow transplantation has increased survival in Hurler syndrome, but the effects on musculoskeletal development remain unclear. Long term reports on mobility are poor, with many patients gradually losing walking ability in later childhood secondary to hip subluxation and joint contractures. As previous cohorts are small, data is limited.

Methods: We detail the follow up of twenty patients over a mean of 94 months (range 1 – 17.4 years). Radiographs were assessed for hip dysplasia using acetabular angle of Sharp, centre edge angle of Wiberg and tibiofemoral shaft angle. Clinical examination was performed at an annual multidisciplinary assessment by one clinician and compared against age matched controls. 3D gait analysis was performed on eight older children, and deviance in kinematic variables was plotted against controls with Mann-Whitney U test for statistical analysis.

Results: All patients demonstrated characteristic ace-tabular dysplasia. Fourteen patients have undergone containment surgery at a mean of 4.4 years. Innominate osteotomy is an essential part of this. Mean preoperative acetabular angle was reduced from 34 ± 4° to 22 ± 3°. Femoral head containment is maintained, with mean centre edge angle in older patients 39 ± 7°. Genu valgum is observed early, and five patients underwent medial epiphyseal stapling at a mean of 7.8 years, decreasing tibiofemoral angle by a mean of 8.0°. All patients are currently independently mobile, with restriction of internal hip rotation being the only significant clinical finding (P< 0.001). Joint contractures were not noted. Walking speed and stride length were comparable to controls, but endurance is reduced by about one quarter. Gait analysis demonstrates a characteristic pattern, with anterior pelvic tilt secondary to thoracolumbar gibbus, relative hip flexion throughout the gait cycle, valgus knees and compensatory pronated feet; all measured deviations were significant (P< 0.001).

Conclusions This large group maintained successful hip containment and good mobility throughout childhood. Innominate osteotomy alone has been used recently. Despite plain film appearance, genu valgum is a functional problem in gait, and we would anticipate greater use of corrective stapling in the future. This is the first report of gait analysis in Hurler syndrome, and features specific to the condition are described.

Introduction: There is little epidemiological data on childhood injury in Ireland, despite large numbers of referrals to fracture clinics particularly in the summer months. Information is difficult to obtain retrospectively, and our aim was to quantify paediatric injury referrals to our clinics and analyse trends in injury patterns.

Methods: A prospective injury surveillance system was initiated in our department. Parents were asked to record demographic information and a brief description of the injury at fracture clinics or admission to the ward. Diagnosis and treatment was completed by the attending doctor. Details were transferred to a customised database for analysis.

Results: Overall compliance was excellent. Of 397 recorded referrals, 66% had confirmed fractures, and 20% of these were admitted for operative management. There was an equal sex distribution, and mean age at presentation was 9.1 years. The peak hour of injury was 7 – 8 pm, with fairly even distribution throughout the week. 62% of injuries were due to falls. 39% of injuries occured in or about the home, including 61% of all falls greater than 1 metre, most often from walls and slides. Other common locations for injury were school (16%) and sportsfields (14%). Gaelic football and soccer were the predominant sports causing injury. Fractures occuring during unsupervised sport were more likely to need surgery. Road traffic accidents were an uncommon cause of injury. Home ‘bouncy castles’ and trampolines were a notable cause of injury, causing 6% of all fractures, particularly of the upper limb. Predictably, 41% of all fractures involved the radius. Fractures of the distal humerus, diaphyses of radius, ulna and tibia were most likely to need operative management.

Discussion Analysis yielded a timely insight into the local epidemiology of childhood injuries. In comparison with other studies, sports related injuries were frequent and road accidents were unusually few in our group. Many injuries occurring late in the evening needed early reduction, with almost two thirds of surgical procedures performed out of hours with significant implications on theatre and radiology staffing. A large proportion of higher energy trauma occured in or about the home, representing a potential area for injury prevention stratgies.

Introduction: The increasing popularity of minimal access surgery in orthopaedic surgery has resulted in increasing use of intra-operative fluoroscopy. The radiation dose received by the surgeon varies from procedure to procedure depending on several factors such as duration of procedure, direct exposure to radiation beam and distance from the radiation source. In particular hand and wrist injuries often involve direct fluoroscopic exposure to the hands of the surgeon and assistant during the procedure.

Aim: We undertook a prospective study to directly evaluate the exposure of the surgeon’s and assistant’s hands and thyroid glands during K-wiring procedures of the hand and wrist. In addition we evaluated the efficacy of a lead thyroid shield in limiting the radiation dose to the thyroid gland. In addition we undertook a questionnaire of orthopaedic surgeons and trainees in Ireland to assess the availability of thyroid shields and current practice in wearing them.

Method A total of 30 cases were evaluated. Dosimeter film badges (TLD) were obtained from the Radiological Protection Institute of Ireland (RPI). Two dosimeters were worn by each of the surgical team: one on the dorsum of the dominant hand and a second worn on the neck during the procedure. The number of fluoroscopic exposures, number of times that hands were caught in the image field, the total dosage of radiation for the procedure and the length of time of exposure were recorded. In 20 cases the surgical team undertook standard precautions of a lead jacket. In a random selection of 10 cases the surgical team also wore a thyroid shield.

Results. The mean dose to the surgical teams’ hands was 1.8 cGy (95% CI + 0.6). The mean dose to the thyroid gland was 0.6 cGy in unprotected cases. Notably the dose to the assistants’ hands was higher though this did not reach statistical approval. In cases in which a thyroid shield was worn a significant decrease in dose was noted (p< 0.05). 35% of surgeons had completed a radiation protection course with junior trainees being less likely to have completed such a course.

Conclusion: Significant cumulative radiation dose to the hands and thyroid gland occurs following K-wiring of extremities. The dose to the thyroid gland can be effectively decreased by the use of a thyroid collar. Junior trainees whose operative times and hence radiation exposure are higher, have limited radiation protection training. The mandatory use of thyroid shields and early introduction of radiation protection training may help minimise further radiation exposure.

The aim was to demonstrate that day case Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) reconstruction, without the use of a tourniquet, is clinically effective, cost effective, safe and “patient choice” procedure.

Fifty patients who underwent day case, arthroscopic, ACL reconstruction without the use of a tourniquet, but using saline and epinephrine, pump regulated, irrigation. The same surgeon performed each case for the period May 2003 to April 2005. Seven patients had their tendons reconstructed with the use of patellar tendon grafts, the remainder, 43 patients, had hamstring tendon grafts. The study included 6 women and 44 men. This prospective study assessed cost effectiveness, clinical efficacy by measuring post-operative pain and postoperative results and finally whether this procedure remained the “patient choice”. The mean age was 30.6 years, (range 16 – 46). In addition to assessing level of immediate post operative pain the patients were also assessed at two weeks and six weeks for pain, range of movement, swelling and for the occurrence of any early post-operative complications.

We were able to show that there was a significant cost benefit, approximately one third to a half in comparison to other local surgeons; that the study was clinically effective and that there were no reported early complications; and that all 50 patients would choose to have the surgery again as a day case procedure with this technique.

We would like to present day case ACL reconstruction without the use of a tourniquet, as a safe option for the carefully selected patient.

Introduction. Acute distal biceps rupture can be a devastating injury and surgical repair offers the only real chance of full recovery. We report on a new surgical technique in which the use of suture anchors and a modified de-tensioning suture was employed to protect the repair in the early post operative recovery period and aid early rehabilitation and return to full pre-injury activity.

Materials & Methods. Using the standard anterior incision the distal biceps tendon was approximated to the radial tuberosity using two Mitek sutures and a sliding stitch. Using 2-0 Vicryl, de-tensioning sutures were used to attach the medial and lateral sides of the tendon to the underlying brachialis muscle. Post-operative recovery encouraged isometric contractions as early as 24 hours and after 2 weeks allowed flexion and extension with gravity eliminated. Six weeks onwards full active movement commenced with gradual increase in stretching and strengthening exercise.

Results. 14 patients underwent this procedure and all returned to pre-injury activity levels within 9 months. Follow up (6–14 months) demonstrated all had regained pre-injury levels of strength in flexion and supination.

Discussion. Using two suture anchors, it is suggested that load bearing strength is greater than the trans-osseous method, providing even tension is applied to both anchors. This can be achieved using a sliding stitch. De-tensioning sutures restore the isometric pull on biceps in the early phase and protects the repair.

Conclusion. All cases operated on in this way have made excellent recoveries and have returned to full pre-injury levels of activity. We therefore recommend this technique as a way of enhancing rehabilitation in what can be a devastating injury for the active sporting individual

This is a report of 30 patients who underwent arthroscopic, Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) reconstruction without the use of a tourniquet, but using saline and epinephrine, pump regulated, irrigation. Each case was performed as a day case by the same surgeon for the period May 2003 to December 2004. 5 patients had their tendons reconstructed with the use of patellar tendon grafts, the remainder, 25 patients, had hamstring tendon grafts. The study included 4 women and 26 men. This prospective study assessed cost effectiveness, clinical efficacy by measuring post-operative pain and post-operative results and finally whether this procedure remained the “patient choice”. The mean age was 30.6 years, (range 17 – 46). In addition to assessing level of immediate post operative pain the patients were also assessed at two weeks and six weeks for pain, range of movement, swelling and for the occurrence of any early post-operative complications. We were able to show that there was a significant cost benefit, approximately one third to a half in comparison to other local surgeons; that the study was clinically effective and that there were no reported early complications; and that all 30 patients would choose to have the surgery again as a day case procedure with this technique. We would like to present day case ACL reconstruction as a safe option for the carefully selected patient and as a procedure that could perhaps be included in the orthopaedic basket for day case surgery in the UK.

There is little data regarding the epidemiology of childhood injury in Ireland. This is difficult to obtain retrospectively. The aim of this study was to prospectively evaluate paediatric trauma referrals to our department, describe their epidemiology, and identify potentially preventable injuries in children. Our unit at the National Childrens Hospital is located in a growing suburban area in South Dublin. Injury surveillance was conducted on orthopaedic referrals by distributing a form to parents of children attending fracture clinics or admitted acutely for surgery. Parents were asked for demographic information, and a brief description of the injury in terms of location, mechanism and circumstance of injury. Diagnosis was completed by the attending doctor and data was transferred to a computerised database. We analyzed data from the 397 referrals in the first month of this study. The mean age of injury was 9.1 years and the male: female ratio was 1.3:1. The peak hour of injury was 7 – 8 pm. Only 33% of injuries occured during the weekend. 62% of injuries were due to falls, usually form the standing position. The most common location for injury was in or about the home (39%), and other notable locations were school (16%) and sportsfield (14%). 61% of falls greater than 1 metre occurred at home, mostly from walls and childrens slides. 20% of injuries occurred while participating in organized sport, including Gaelic football, soccer and hurling. Injuries occuring during unsupervised sport were more likely to need surgery. Domestic ‘bouncing castles’ and trampolines, increasingly popular in our area, were a notable cause of significant trauma to the upper limb. 7% of injuries occurred by falling from a bicycle, but vehicular road traffic accident was an uncommon cause of injury. 263 children had confirmed fractures, other injuries consisting largely of sprains to the ankle, elbow and wrist. Predictably, the bones most commonly fractured were the radius (41%), phalanges (15%) and humerus (11%). 20% of fractures needed operative management, mostly forearm manipulation under anaesthesia. 63% of operative cases were performed outside of normal working hours. Several countries utilise injury surveillance as a means of development and evaluation of injury prevention strategies. In our initial study, basic surveillance has outlined local characteristics of chilhood trauma, and some trends were noted. In particular, we suggest home injuries need further attention in out catchment area.

The restoration of pain-free stable function in gleno-humeral arthritic cases in various situations such as rotator cuff deficiency, old trauma and failed total shoulder arthroplasty is a challenging clinical dilemma. The Bayley-Walker shoulder has been designed specifically for very difficult cases where surface replacement devices do not provide sufficient stability. This device is a fixed-fulcrum reversed anatomy prosthesis consisting of a titanium glenoid component with a CoCrMo alloy head that articulates with an UHMWPE liner encased in a titanium alloy humeral component that has a long tapered grooved stem. The centre of rotation of the Bayley-Walker shoulder is placed medially and distally with respect to the normal shoulder in order to improve the efficiency of the abductor muscles. An important problem in devices of this type is obtaining secure and long-lasting fixation of the glenoid component. The glenoid component relies on fixation through the cortical bone by using threads, which protrude through the anterior surface of the scapula at the vault of the glenoid. It is HA coated for subsequent osseointegration. The purpose of this study was to investigate fixation of the glenoid component.

A 3D finite element model of the glenoid component implanted in a scapula was analysed using Abaqus. The implant was placed in position in the scapula, with the final 2–3 screw threads cutting through the cortical bone on the anterior side at the vault of the glenoid due to the anatomy in this region. The analysis was performed for two load cases at 60° and 90° abduction. A histological study of a retrieval case, obtained 121 days after implantation, was also conducted.

The FEA results showed that most of the forces were transmitted from the component to the cortical bone of the scapula, the remaining load being transmitted through cancellous bone. In particular the area where the threads of the glenoid component penetrated the scapula showed high strain energy densities. Histology from the retrieved case showed evidence of bone remodelling whereby new bone growth resulting in cortical remodelling had occurred around the threads.

Both the FEA and histological study show that fixing the component at multiple locations in cortical bone may overcome the problems of glenoid loosening associated with constrained devices. The Bayley-Walker device has been used on a custom basis since 1994; 81 Bayley–Walker shoulders for non-tumour conditions and 43 Bayley-Walker glenoid components have been used in association with a bone tumour implant, with good early results. Radiographically, radiolucencies have not been observed and overall the comparisons with the original Kessel design are positive.

A computer-based image analysis system has been developed as a research tool in total hip replacement. The system has been programmed to take multiple measurements from coronal plane radiographs. Poor quality radiographic images can be enhanced and standardised. The measurements which can be obtained include stem subsidence, cup migration, cup wear, and stem loosening. Reproducibility and accuracy were +/- 0.01 mm and +/- 0.5 mm respectively. The present application is in retrospective research, but prospective monitoring of radiographs is planned.