The June 2024 Children’s orthopaedics Roundup³⁶⁰ looks at: Proximal femoral unicameral bone cysts: is ESIN the answer?; Hybrid-mesh casts in the conservative management of paediatric supracondylar humeral fractures: a randomized controlled trial; Rate and risk factors for contralateral slippage in adolescents treated for slipped capital femoral epiphysis; CRP predicts the need to escalate care after initial debridement for musculoskeletal infection; Genu valgum in paediatric patients presenting with patellofemoral instability; Nusinersen therapy changed the natural course of spinal muscular atrophy type 1: what about spine and hip?; The necessity of ulnar nerve exploration and translocation in open reduction of medial humeral epicondyle fractures in children.

Aims. The aim of this study is to evaluate the surgical treatment with the best healing rate for patients with proximal femoral unicameral bone cysts (UBCs) after initial surgery, and to determine which procedure has the lowest adverse event burden during follow-up. Methods. This multicentre retrospective study was conducted in 20 tertiary paediatric hospitals in France, Belgium, and Switzerland, and included patients aged < 16 years admitted for UBC treatment in the proximal femur from January 1995 to December 2017. UBCs were divided into seven groups based on the index treatment, which included elastic stable intramedullary nail (ESIN) insertion with or without percutaneous injection or grafting, percutaneous injection alone, curettage and grafting alone, and insertion of other orthopaedic hardware with or without curettage. Results. A total of 201 patients were included in the study. The mean age at diagnosis was 8.7 years (SD 3.9); 77% (n = 156) were male. The mean follow-up was 9.4 years (SD 3.9). ESIN insertion without complementary procedure had a 67% UBC healing rate after the first operation (vs 30% with percutaneous injection alone (p = 0.027), 43% with curettage and grafting (p = 0.064), and 21% with insertion of other hardware combined with curettage (p < 0.001) or 36% alone (p = 0.014)). ESIN insertion with percutaneous injection presented a 79% healing rate, higher than percutaneous injection alone (p = 0.017), curettage and grafting (p = 0.028), and insertion of other hardware combined with curettage (p < 0.001) or alone (p = 0.014). Patients who underwent ESIN insertion with curettage had a 53% healing rate, higher than insertion of other hardware combined with curettage (p = 0.009). The overall rate of postoperative complications was 25% and did not differ between groups (p = 0.228). A total of 32 limb length discrepancies were identified. Conclusion. ESIN insertion, either alone or combined with percutaneous injection or curettage and grafting, may offer higher healing rates than other operative procedures. Limb length discrepancy remains a major concern, and might be partly explained by the cyst’s location and the consequence of surgery. Therefore, providing information about this risk is crucial. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2024;106-B(5):508–514

Aims

To determine the impact of COVID-19 on orthopaediatric admissions and fracture clinics within a regional integrated care system (ICS).

Aims

Recent studies of nonoperatively treated displaced midshaft clavicular fractures have shown a high incidence of nonunion and unsatisfactory functional outcome. Some studies have shown superior functional results and higher rates of healing following operative treatment. The aim of this study was to compare the outcome in these patients after nonoperative management with those treated with fixation.

Aims

This is a prospective randomised controlled trial comparing the functional outcomes of plate fixation and elastic stable intramedullary nailing (ESIN) of completely displaced mid-shaft fractures of the clavicle in the active adult population.

The advent of Elastic Stable Intramedullary Nailing has revolutionised the conservative treatment of long human bone fractures in children (Metaizeau, 1988; Metaizeau et al., 2004). Unfortunately, failures still occur due to excessive bending and fatigue (Linhart et al., 1999; Lascombes et al., 2006), bone refracture or nail failure (Bråten et al., 1993; Weinberg et al., 2003). Ideally, during surgery, nail insertion into the diaphyseal medullary canal should not interrupt or injure cartilage growth; nails should provide an improved rigidity and fracture stabilisation.

This study aims at comparing deflections and stiffnesses of nail-bone assemblies: standard cylindrically-shaped nails (MI) vs. new cylindrical nails (MII) with a flattened face across the entire length allowing more inertia and a curved tip allowing better penetration into the cancellous bone of the metaphysis (Figure 1). MII exhibits a section with two parameters: a diameter C providing nail stiffness and a height C' providing practical dimension when both nails are crossed at the isthmus of the diaphysis: C/C' is set to 1.25 for all MII nails.

A CT scan of a patient aged 22 years was used to segment a 3D model of a 471mm-long right femur model. The medullary canal diameters at the isthmus are 10.8mm and 11.4mm in the ML and AP direction, respectively. Titanium-made CAD models of MI (Ø=4mm) and MII (flat face: Ø=5mm) were pre-curved to maintain their flat face and carefully placed and positioned according to surgeon's instructions. Both nails were inserted via lateral holes in the distal femur with their extremities either bumping against the cortex or lying in the trabecular bone.

Transverse and comminuted fractures were simulated (Figure 1). For each assembly, a Finite Element (FE) tetrahedral mesh was generated (∼100181 nodes and 424398 elements). Grey-scale levels were used to assign heterogeneous material properties to the bone (E=6850 ρ^1.49 (Morgan et al., 2003)). Two modes of loading were considered: 4-point bending (varus and recurvatum: F_max=6000N) and internal torsion (M_max=70kNmm). This led to the simulation of 15 FE models, including a reference intact femur.

Results show that in valgus, for the transverse (comminuted) fracture, the mean displacement of the assembly decreased by around 50%: from 15.24mm (27.49mm) to 8.15mm (13.85mm) for MI and MII, respectively, compared to 3.59mm for the intact bone. The assembly stiffness increased by 87% and 99% for transverse and comminuted fracture, respectively (Table 1). Similar trends were found in recurvatum with higher increases in assembly stiffness of 170% and 143% for transverse and comminuted fracture, respectively (Table 1). In torsion, for the transverse (comminuted) fracture, the measured angle of rotation decreased from: 0.43rad (0.66rad) to 0.22rad (0.43rad) for MI and MII, respectively, compared to 0.09rad for the intact bone. This corresponded to an increase of 95% and 55% in assembly stiffness for transverse and comminuted fracture, respectively.

In conclusion, using the 5mm-diameter new nails (MII) for the same intramedullar space, during either bending or torsion, assemblies were always stiffer than when using standard cylindrical nails.

The December 2015 Children’s orthopaedics Roundup³⁶⁰ looks at: Paediatric femoral fractures: a single incision nailing?; Lateral condylar fractures: open or percutaneous?;

Forearm refracture: the risks; Tibial spine fractures; The child’s knee in MRI; The mechanics of SUFE; Idiopathic clubfoot

The August 2015 Children’s orthopaedics Roundup³⁶⁰ looks at: Learning the Pavlik; MRI and patellar instability; Cerebral palsy and hip dysplasia; ‘Pick your poison’: elastic nailing under the spotlight; Club feet and surgery; Donor site morbidity in vascularised fibular grafting; Cartilage biochemistry with hip dysplasia; SUFE and hip decompression: a good option?

The August 2015 Shoulder & Elbow Roundup³⁶⁰ looks at: Clavicular fractures are being fixed – but how?; Propionibacterium acnes: a pain in the shoulder?; Bacteria, armpits and arthroplasty; Living longer, but unhappy: the woes of shoulder arthroplasty in the under 50s; Recurrent dislocations in the adolescent population; Splinting for elbow stiffness; Revision Bankart repair

End caps are intended to prevent nail migration (push-out) in elastic stable intramedullary nailing. The aim of this study was to investigate the force at failure with and without end caps, and whether different insertion angles of nails and end caps would alter that force at failure. Simulated oblique fractures of the diaphysis were created in 15 artificial paediatric femurs. Titanium Elastic Nails with end caps were inserted at angles of 45°, 55° and 65° in five specimens for each angle to create three study groups. Biomechanical testing was performed with axial compression until failure. An identical fracture was created in four small adult cadaveric femurs harvested from two donors (both female, aged 81 and 85 years, height 149 cm and 156 cm, respectively). All femurs were tested without and subsequently with end caps inserted at 45°. In the artificial femurs, maximum force was not significantly different between the three groups (p = 0.613). Push-out force was significantly higher in the cadaveric specimens with the use of end caps by an up to sixfold load increase (830 N, standard deviation (SD) 280 vs 150 N, SD 120, respectively; p = 0.007). These results indicate that the nail and end cap insertion angle can be varied within 20° without altering construct stability and that the risk of elastic stable intramedullary nailing push–out can be effectively reduced by the use of end caps. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:558–63

The October 2014 Children’s orthopaedics Roundup³⁶⁰ looks at: spondylolisthesis management strategies; not all cervical collars are even; quality of life with Legg-Calve-Perthe’s disease; femoral shaft fractures in children; percutaneous trigger thumb release – avoid at all costs in children; predicting repeat surgical intervention in acute osteomyelitis; and C-Arm position inconsequential in radiation exposure

The June 2014 Children’s orthopaedics Roundup³⁶⁰ looks at: plaster wedging in paediatric forearm fractures; the medial approach for DDH; Ponseti – but not as he knew it?; Salter osteotomy more accurate than Pemberton in DDH; is the open paediatric fracture an emergency?; bang up-to-date with femoral external fixation; indomethacin, heterotopic ossification and cerebral palsy hips; lengthening nails for congenital femoral deformities, and is MRI the answer to imaging of the physis?

Introduction. Clavicle fractures accounting for 3–5% of all adult fractures are usually treated non-operatively. There is an increasing trend towards their surgical fixation. Objective. The aim of our study was to investigate the outcome following titanium elastic stable intramedullary nailing (ESIN) for midshaft non-comminuted clavicle fractures with >20mm shortening/displacement. Methods. 38 patients, which met inclusion criteria, were reviewed retrospectively. There were 32 males and 6 females. The mean age was 27.6 years. The patients were assessed for clinical/radiological union and by Oxford Shoulder and QuickDASH scores. 71% patients required open reduction. Results. 100% union was achieved at average of 11.3 weeks. The average follow-up was 12 months. The average Oxford Shoulder and QuickDASH scores were 45.6 and 6.7 respectively. 47% patients had nail removal. One patient had lateral nail protrusion while other required its medial trimming. Conclusion. In our hands, ESIN is safe and minimally invasive with good patient satisfaction, cosmetic appearance and overall outcome

The August 2012 Children’s orthopaedics Roundup. 360. looks at: whether 3D-CT gives a better idea of coverage than plain radiographs; forearm fractures after trampolining accidents; forearm fractures and the Rush pin; the fractured distal radius; elastic stable intramedullary nailing for long-bone fractures; aponeurotic recession for the equinus foot; the torn medial patellofemoral ligament and the adductor tubercle; slipped capital femoral epiphysis; paediatric wrist arthroscopy; and Pirani scores and clubfoot

Elastic stable intramedullary nailing (ESIN) is generally acknowledged to be the treatment of choice for displaced diaphyseal femoral fractures in children over the age of three years, although complication rates of up to 50% are described. Pre-bending the nails is recommended, but there are no published data to support this. Using synthetic bones and a standardised simulated fracture, we performed biomechanical testing to determine the influence on the stability of the fracture of pre-bending the nails before implantation. Standard ESIN was performed on 24 synthetic femoral models with a spiral fracture. In eight cases the nails were inserted without any pre-bending, in a further eight cases they were pre-bent to 30° and in the last group of eight cases they were pre-bent to 60°. Mechanical testing revealed that pre-bending to 60° produced a significant increase in the stiffness or stability of the fracture. Pre-bending to 60° showed a significant positive influence on the stiffness compared with unbent nails. Pre-bending to 30° improved stiffness only slightly. These findings validate the recommendations for pre-bending, but the degree of pre-bend should exceed 30°. Adopting higher degrees of pre-bending should improve stability in spiral fractures and reduce the complications of varus deformity and shortening

Displaced fractures of the radial neck in children can lead to limitation of elbow and forearm movements if left untreated. Several management techniques are available for the treatment of radial neck fractures in children. Open reduction can disturb the blood supply of the soft tissue surrounding the radial head epiphysis and is associated with more complications. We report our experience of treating 14 children between the age of 4 and 13 years, who had severely displaced radial neck fractures (Judet type 111 and 1V). 12 patients were treated with indirect reduction and fixation using the Elastic Stable Intramedullary Nail (ESIN) technique, (3 with assisted percutaneous K-wire reduction) and 2 had open reduction followed by ESIN fixation of the radial head fragment. This method reduces the need for open reduction and thus the complication rate. Three patients had associated fractures of the same forearm which was also treated surgically at the same time. We routinely immobilised the forearm for two weeks and removed the nail in all cases in an average of 12 weeks. We had no complication with implant removal. All 14 patients have been followed up for average of 28 months. One patient (7%) developed asymptomatic avascular necrosis (AVN) of the head of radius. Thirteen patients (93%) had excellent result on final review. One patient had neuropraxia of the posterior interosseous nerve which recovered within 6 weeks. In conclusion we advocate ESIN for the closed reduction and fixation of severely displaced radial neck fractures in children. It remains a useful fixation method even if open reduction is required and allows early mobilisation

Most surgeons favour removing forearm plates in children. There is, however, no long-term data regarding the complications of retaining a plate. We present a prospective case series of 82 paediatric patients who underwent plating of their forearm fracture over an eight-year period with a minimum follow-up of two years. The study institution does not routinely remove forearm plates. A total of 116 plates were used: 79 one-third tubular plates and 37 dynamic compression plates (DCP). There were 12 complications: six plates (7.3%) were removed for pain or stiffness and there were six (7.3%) implant-related fractures. Overall, survival of the plates was 85% at 10 years. Cox regression analysis identified radial plates (odds ratio (OR) 4.4, p = 0.03) and DCP fixation (OR 3.2, p = 0.02) to be independent risk factors of an implant-related fracture. In contrast ulnar plates were more likely to cause pain or irritation necessitating removal (OR 5.6, p = 0.04).

The complications associated with retaining a plate are different, but do not occur more frequently than the complications following removal of a plate in children.

To evaluate the efficacy of elastic stable intramedullary nailing (ESIN) for the treatment of forearm fractures in children and adolescents. Between June 2002 and August 2007, 28 patients (19 boys – 9 girls) with 28 forearm fractures were treated with ESIN in our department. The mean age was 12.88 years (range 10.9–4.82). Both forearm bones were affected in all cases. 13 patients were treated by intra-medullary splinting immediate after the accident whilst 15 children were operated after failure of conservative treatment and fracture redisplacement. The radius was nailed in a retrograde fashion in all cases. On the other hand antegrade nailing of the ulna was performed in 18 cases whilst retrograde nailing in 5 patients. In 8 cases closed reduction was possible whilst a small incision at the fracture site was necessary in 20 children. In all cases an above-elbow cast was applied for 5 – 6 weeks postoperatively. The healing process was determined on the basis of two-projection radiographs. At the latest follow-up elbow and forearm motion were also assessed. Mean follow-up was 16 months (range, 7 – 28). With the exception of one case all fractures healed within 9 weeks. No case of infection, cross-union or non-union occurred. At the latest follow-up all children presented with complete restoration of elbow movement but three of them had a deficit of pronation of 15–20 degrees. In those cases where an open reduction was required the results were the same as in other cases. Based on our results, retrograde, of both bones, nailing is recommended for the treatment of all displaced forearm fractures in children older than 7 years-old. Proper preoperative curving of the nails offers increased stability maintaining the anatomic relation of the forearm bones