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Orthopaedic Proceedings
Vol. 105-B, Issue SUPP_8 | Pages 122 - 122
11 Apr 2023
Chen L Zheng M Chen Z Peng Y Jones C Graves S Chen P Ruan R Papadimitriou J Carey-Smith R Leys T Mitchell C Huang Y Wood D Bulsara M Zheng M
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To determine the risk of total knee replacement (TKR) for primary osteoarthritis (OA) associated with overweight/obesity in the Australian population.

This population-based study analyzed 191,723 cases of TKR collected by the Australian Orthopaedic Association National Joint Registry and population data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics. The time-trend change in incidence of TKR relating to BMI was assessed between 2015-2018. The influence of obesity on the incidence of TKR in different age and gender groups was determined. The population attributable fraction (PAF) was then calculated to estimate the effect of obesity reduction on TKR incidence.

The greatest increase in incidence of TKR was seen in patients from obese class III. The incidence rate ratio for having a TKR for obesity class III was 28.683 at those aged 18-54 years but was 2.029 at those aged >75 years. Females in obesity class III were 1.7 times more likely to undergo TKR compared to similarly classified males. The PAFs of TKR associated with overweight or obesity was 35%, estimating 12,156 cases of TKR attributable to obesity in 2018. The proportion of TKRs could be reduced by 20% if overweight and obese population move down one category.

Obesity has resulted in a significant increase in the incidence of TKR in the youngest population in Australia. The impact of obesity is greatest in the young and the female population. Effective strategies to reduce the national obese population could potentially reduce 35% of the TKR, with over 10,000 cases being avoided.


Orthopaedic Proceedings
Vol. 105-B, Issue SUPP_3 | Pages 31 - 31
23 Feb 2023
Hong N Jones C Hong T
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Ideberg-Goss type VI/AO F2(4) glenoid fossa fractures are a rare and complex injury. Although some advocate non-operative management, grossly displaced glenoid fossa fractures in the young patient may warrant fixation. Current approaches still describe difficulty with access of the entirety of the glenoid, particularly the postero-superior quadrant.

We present 2 cases of Ideberg-Goss type VI/AO F2(4) glenoid fossa fractures treated with fixation through a novel “Deltoid Takedown” approach, which allows safe access to the whole glenoid with satisfactory clinical results at 5 and 7 years respectively.


Orthopaedic Proceedings
Vol. 102-B, Issue SUPP_3 | Pages 6 - 6
1 Feb 2020
Crighton E Jenkins P Butterworth G Elias-Jones C Brooksbank A
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Combined glenoid and humeral bone loss has been identified as an important factor in predicting recurrence after arthroscopic shoulder stabilisation. The “glenoid track” concept is proposed to predict recurrent instability by comparing the relative size of the glenoid to the humeral bone defect. The aim of this study was to investigate whether assessment of the glenoid track on a pre-operative MR arthrogram could be used to predict subsequent instability in a typical UK population.

A retrospective study was undertaken of 175 primary arthroscopic stabilisation procedures of which 82% (n=143) were men. The median age was 26 years (IQR 22 to 32, range 16 to 77). The median follow-up was 76 months (range 21 to 125). A pre-operative MR arthrogram was used to determine if the shoulder was on-track or off-track. The endpoint of recurrent dislocation was examined.

The prevalence of “off-track” bone loss in this group was 14.2% (n=25). There were 6 (24%) dislocations in the off-track group compared with 5 (3.33%) dislocations in the on-track group (RR 7.2, 95% CI 2.45 to 20.5, p=0.001). At 5 years, the cumulative redislocation rate was 26.1% in the off-track group compared with 8.7% in on-track group. The rate of any recurrent instability was 60% (n=15) v 18% (n=27) (RR 3.33, 95% CI 2.02 to 5.20, p<0.0001). Glenoid track (on v off) was not predicted by gender (p=0.411).

In a typical UK population assessment of the glenoid track on an MR arthrogram can be used to risk stratify patients with shoulder instability.


Orthopaedic Proceedings
Vol. 101-B, Issue SUPP_5 | Pages 118 - 118
1 Apr 2019
McKenna R Jacobs H Jones C Redgment A Talbot S Walter W Brighton R
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Introduction

In total knee arthroplasty, the aim is to relieve pain and provide a stable, functional knee. Sagittal stability is crucial in enabling a patient to return to functional activities. Knee implants with a medial pivot (MP) design are thought to more accurately reproduce the mechanics of the native joint, and potentially confer greater antero-posterior stability through the range of flexion than some other implant designs.

Aim

This study aims to compare the sagittal stability of four different total knee arthroplasty implant designs. Method

Comparison was made between four different implant designs: medial pivot (MP), two different types of cruciate retaining (CR1 and CR 2) and deep dish (DD). A cohort of 30 Medial Pivot (MP) knees were compared with matched patients from each of the other designs, 10 in each group. Patients were matched for age, body mass index and time to follow up.

Clinical examination was carried out by an orthopaedic surgeon blinded to implant type, and sagittal stability was tested using a KT1000 knee arthrometer, applying 67N of force at 30˚ and 90˚.


Orthopaedic Proceedings
Vol. 100-B, Issue SUPP_12 | Pages 16 - 16
1 Oct 2018
Sculco TP Jones C Selemon N Miller A Henry M Sculco PK Nocon AA
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Introduction

Periprosthetic joinTt infection (PJI) remains an uncommon, yet devastating complication of total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Debridement with antibiotics and implant retention (DAIR) provides an alternative to staged revision. Chronic infection is considered to be a contraindication to DAIR, however, outcomes stratified by chronicity have not been documented.

Methods

We performed a retrospective review of all DAIR cases performed at our institution between 2008–2015. Timeframe to treatment was categorized as acute (< 6 weeks since surgery), chronic (>6 weeks since surgery) or acute hematogenous (previously well-functioning prosthesis). Treatment failure was defined as reoperation during the first 90-days following DAIR. Univariate analysis (Mann-Whitney U and Chi-square; p<0.05) and generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used with multiple comparison adjustment by Tukey-Kramer method (α = 0.05).


Orthopaedic Proceedings
Vol. 100-B, Issue SUPP_1 | Pages 76 - 76
1 Jan 2018
Marsden-Jones D McKenna R Jones C Walter W
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The pelvis is known to undergo significant movement during Total Hip Replacement (THR). We developed a 4D-tracking device employing an inertial measurement unit (IMU) to track changes in pelvic orientation during THR.

The IMU was mounted on the iliac crest in 39 cases with tracking initiated at the commencement of surgery and digital logging of significant intra-operative milestones (i.e. acetabular impaction). The system was validated by videoing a select number of cases and the 4D model linked in real-time. Data were processed using a custom Java-based infrastructure to calculate roll (left/right) and tilt (flexion/extension).

19 patients underwent direct anterior approach (DAA) and 20 posterior approach (PA). Comparing DAA to PA, at acetabular impaction there was mean pelvic roll seen of 3.7°(range 0.5–10.1°) in the DAA group, and 5.6°(range 0.1–16.2°) in the PA group. Mean tilt in the DAA group was 3.7°(range: 0.2–7.1°) and in the PA group was 1.7°(range: 0.2–4.3°).

Mean BMI in the DAA group was 25.2(range: 18.4–34.2) and 29.1(range: 21.5–42.4). There was no direct correlation between BMI and the amount of roll or tilt recorded for individual patients.

The IMU tracking device provided a useful and real-time method of assessing pelvic orientation during THR via both the DAA and posterior approach. Specific variations in tilt and roll are consistent with previous literature. Significant variation in the pattern of pelvic movement was noted to be dependent on the approach and the position of the patient on the operating table.


Purpose and Background

Back pain impinges upon all aspects of life, has a reported UK lifetime prevalence as high as 84% and considering approximately a third of our lives are spent asleep the paucity of research into the effect a mattress has on back pain and sleep is surprising. Mood changes, effecting an increase in pain perception, due to sleep loss may also lead to a downward spiral of increasing back pain and greater sleep loss. A controllable factor in this spiral, affecting both aspects, is the mattress but to the authors' knowledge none currently available on the market have any robust, published research to objectively support any claims made and at best being ‘endorsed’ by experts. This may lead to possible misinterpretation of efficacy and leave professionals at a loss with what to advise when questioned.

Methods and Data collection

Method:

A three month, randomised, controlled, double blind crossover field study is proposed to take place in the participants own homes, ensuring the most natural sleep environment.

Data collection:

Three 28 day phases

1 - Baseline data, participants sleeping on their own mattress

2 - Random allocation of mattresses, half allocated test and half control

3 - Crossover of test and control mattress

Subjective measures of back pain and sleep quality will be collected utilising a daily sleep diary and visual analogue scales.

Objective measures of sleep quality using activity monitors during sleep.


Orthopaedic Proceedings
Vol. 95-B, Issue SUPP_31 | Pages 14 - 14
1 Aug 2013
Drury C Elias-Jones C Tait G
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Arthritis of the glenohumeral joint accompanied by an irreparable tear of the rotator cuff can cause severe pain, disability and loss of function, particularly in the elderly population. Anatomical shoulder arthroplasty requires a functioning rotator cuff, however, reverse shoulder arthroplasty is capable of addressing both rotator cuff disorders and glenohumeral deficiencies. The Aequalis Reversed Shoulder Prosthesis design is based on two bio-mechanical principles by Grammont; a medialized center of rotation located inside the glenoid bone surface and second, a 155 degree angle of inclination. Combined, they increase the deltoid lever arm by distalizing the humerus and make the prosthesis inherently stable.

24 consecutive primary reverse total shoulder arthroplasties were performed by a single surgeon for arthritis with rotator cuff compromise and 1 as a revision for a failed primary total shoulder replacement between December 2009 and October 2012. Patients were assessed postoperatively with the use of the DASH score, Oxford shoulder score, range of shoulder motion and plain radiography with Sirveaux score for scapular notching.

Mean age at the time of surgery was 72.5 years (range 59 to 86). Average follow up time was 19.4 months (range 4 to 38). Functional outcome scores from our series were comparable with patients from other follow up studies of similar prosthesis design. All patients showed improvement in range of shoulder movement postoperatively. Complications included one dislocation, one acromion fracture and one humeral shaft fracture. No cases of deep infection were recorded. Overall, the short-term clinical results were promising for this series of patients and indicate reverse shoulder arthroplasty as an appropriate treatment for this group of patients.


Orthopaedic Proceedings
Vol. 95-B, Issue SUPP_31 | Pages 12 - 12
1 Aug 2013
Elias-Jones C MacLeod C
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In 2012 collagenase Clostridium histolyticum (Xiapex) was approved by the SMC for restricted use for the treatment of Dupuytren's contracture. Xiapex was approved on a case by case basis for patients with a palpable pretendinous cord, giving rise to MCPJ contracture of greater than 30 degrees. As of September 2012 we began to offer Xiapex injections to patients in Ayrshire who enquired about the injection, and met the SMC criteria.

To date injections have been performed on 3 patients, in a total of 7 digits. Patients were assessed prior to injection and manipulation, with the degree of contracture recorded and DASH scores noted. Each patient then underwent a standard injection of 0.58 mg of Xiapex. 48 hours post injection each patient underwent manipulation under local anaesthetic, with contractures remeasured, pain scored using a visual analogue scale and complications noted. Each patient was then reviewed at 4 weeks post injection where the residual degree of contracture was recorded and a further DASH score completed.

Mean contracture at the MCPJ prior to injection was 57° (range 34–80), and mean DASH score of 20.8 (range 16.7–24.2). Following manipulation mean residual contracture at the MCPJ measured 21° (range 18–28). The average pain score following was manipulation was rated at 1.1. Mild bruising and swelling were reported in all cases following injection, and manipulation resulted in 2 minor skin tears. At the 4 week review prolonged improvement of contracture was achieved with a mean residual contracture of 14° (range −2–40); with a significant improvement in DASH scores – mean 0.6 (range 0–1.8)

Despite small numbers, we have found Xiapex injections to be a successful and well tolerated treatment for moderate Dupuytren's disease. Further follow up is required to assess the longevity of the correction and ensure the cost effectiveness of Xiapex.


Orthopaedic Proceedings
Vol. 95-B, Issue SUPP_30 | Pages 20 - 20
1 Aug 2013
Elias-Jones C Reilly J Kerr S Meek R Patil S Kelly M Campton L McInnes I Millar N
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Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is a significant cause of osteoarthritis in young active individuals but the pathophysiology remains unclear. Increasing mechanistic studies point toward an inflammatory component in OA. This study aimed to characterise inflammatory cell subtypes in FAI by exploring the phenotype and quantification of inflammatory cells in FAI versus OA samples.

Ten samples of labrum were obtained from patients with FAI (confirmed pathology) during open osteochondroplasty or hip arthroscopy. Control samples of labrum were collected from five patients with osteoarthritis undergoing total hip arthroplasty. Labral biopsies were evaluated immunohistochemically by quantifying the presence of macrophages (CD68 and CD202), T cells (CD3), mast cells (mast cell tryptase) and vascular endothelium (CD34).

Labral biopsies obtained from patients with FAI exhibited significantly greater macrophage, mast cell and vascular endothelium expression compared to control samples. The most significant difference was noted in macrophage expression (p<0.01). Further sub typing of macrophages in FAI using CD202 tissue marker revealed and M2 phenotype suggesting that these cells are involved in a regenerate versus a degenerate process. There was a modest but significant correlation between mast cells and CD34 expression (r=0.4, p<0.05) in FAI samples.

We provide evidence for an inflammatory cell infiltrate in femoroacetabular impingement. In particular, we demonstrate significant infiltration of mast cells and macrophages suggesting a role for innate immune pathways in the events that mediate hip impingement. Further mechanistic studies to evaluate the net contribution and hence therapeutic utility of these cellular lineages and their downstream processes may reveal novel therapeutic approaches to the management of early hip impingement.


Orthopaedic Proceedings
Vol. 95-B, Issue SUPP_10 | Pages 9 - 9
1 Feb 2013
Elias-Jones C Reilly J Kerr S Meek R Patil S Kelly M Campton L McInnes I Millar N
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Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is a significant cause of osteoarthritis in young active individuals but the pathophysiology remains unclear. Increasing mechanistic studies point toward an inflammatory component in OA. This study aimed to characterise inflammatory cell subtypes in FAI by exploring the phenotype and quantification of inflammatory cells in FAI versus OA samples.

Ten samples of labrum were obtained from patients with FAI (confirmed pathology) during open osteochondroplasty or hip arthroscopy. Control samples of labrum were collected from five patients with osteoarthritis undergoing total hip arthroplasty. Labral biopsies were evaluated immunohistochemically by quantifying the presence of macrophages (CD68 and CD202), T cells (CD3), mast cells (mast cell tryptase) and vascular endothelium (CD34).

Labral biopsies obtained from patients with FAI exhibited significantly greater macrophage, mast cell and vascular endothelium expression compared to control samples. The most significant difference was noted in macrophage expression (p<0.01). Further sub typing of macrophages in FAI using CD202 tissue marker revealed and M2 phenotype suggesting that these cells are involved in a regenerate versus a degenerate process. There was a modest but significant correlation between mast cells and CD34 expression (r=0.4, p<0.05) in FAI samples.

We provide evidence for an inflammatory cell infiltrate in femoroacetabular impingement. In particular, we demonstrate significant infiltration of mast cells and macrophages suggesting a role for innate immune pathways in the events that mediate hip impingement. Further mechanistic studies to evaluate the net contribution and hence therapeutic utility of these cellular lineages and their downstream processes may reveal novel therapeutic approaches to the management of early hip impingement.


Orthopaedic Proceedings
Vol. 94-B, Issue SUPP_XLIII | Pages 14 - 14
1 Sep 2012
Morgan S Jones C Palmer S
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Open cheilectomy is an established surgical treatment for hallux rigidus. Cheilectomy is now being performed using minimally invasive (MIS) techniques. In this prospective study we report the outcome of minimally invasive cheilectomy comparing the results with a matched group who had cheilectomy using standard open procedure

Methods

Prospective study of 47 patients. 22 patients had MIS cheilectomy between March 2009 and September 2010. We compared the outcome with a matched group (25 patients) who had open cheilectomy. Functional outcome was assessed using the Manchester Oxford Foot and ankle questionnaire (MOXFQ). The MOXFQ is a validated questionnaire designed to be self-completed and used as an outcome measure for foot surgery. Patients' satisfaction and complications were recorded.

Results

In the MIS group, the median follow up was 11 months (4–23). The median preoperative MOXFQ score was 34/64(23) and the median postoperative score was 19/64 (p = <0.02). In the open group the median follow up was 17 months (9–27). The median preoperative MOXFQ score was 35/64 and the median postoperative score was 7.5/64 (p = <0.0001). The metric score of the three domains of the MOXFQ showed statistical improvement in both groups. The improvement didn't reach statistical significance between the open and MIS groups. There were three failures in the open group (Fusion) compared to none in the MIS.


Orthopaedic Proceedings
Vol. 94-B, Issue SUPP_XLI | Pages 93 - 93
1 Sep 2012
Morgan S Jones C Palmer S
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Open cheilectomy is an established surgical treatment for hallux rigidus. Cheilectomy is now being performed using minimally invasive(MIS) techniques. In this prospective study we report the outcome of minimally invasive cheilectomy comparing the results with a matched group who had cheilectomy using standard open procedure.

Prospective study of 47 patients. 22 patients had MIS cheilectomy between March 2009 and September 2010. We compared the outcome with a matched group (25 patients) who had open cheilectomy. Functional outcome was assessed using the Manchester Oxford Foot and ankle questionnaire (MOXFQ). The MOXFQ is a validated 16-item, patient-generated questionnaire designed to be self-completed and used as an outcome measure for foot surgery. It comprises three domains foot pain, walking and standing problems and social interaction. Total score ranges from 0 (best score) to 64 (worst score). Patients completed preoperative and postoperative questionnaires. Patients’ satisfaction and complications were recorded.

In the MIS group, the median follow up was 11 months (4–23. The median preoperative MOXFQ score was 34/64(23) and the median postoperative score was 19/64 (p value <0.02) In the open group the median follow up was 17 months (9–27). The median preoperative MOXFQ score was 35/64 and the median postoperative score was 7.5/64 and this difference was statistically significant (<0.0001). There were three failures in the open group (Fusion) compared to none in the MIS.

MIS cheilectomy is an effective alternative procedure with satisfactory functional outcome and high patient satisfaction. Results are comparable to the standard open cheilectomy with a lower apparent failure rate. The results of our randomised controlled trial comparing MIS cheilectomy to open cheilectomy are awaited.


Orthopaedic Proceedings
Vol. 94-B, Issue SUPP_III | Pages 7 - 7
1 Feb 2012
Sayana M Ghosh S Wynn-Jones C
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Introduction

Elective Orthopaedics has been targeted by the UK Department of Health as a maximum six-month waiting time for operations could not be met. The National Orthopaedic Project was initiated as a consequence and Independent Sector Treatment Centres (ISTCs) and well established private hospitals were utilised to treat NHS long wait patients.

Materials and methods

We audited the primary total hip replacements performed in our hospital in 1998 and 2003 to compare the differences in the patient characteristics in particular age, length of stay and ASA grade.


Orthopaedic Proceedings
Vol. 94-B, Issue SUPP_III | Pages 18 - 18
1 Feb 2012
Maffulli N Kapoor B Dunlop C Wynn-Jones C Fryer A Strange R
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Introduction

This study was to investigate the association of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) and primary protrusion acetabuli (PPA) with Vitamin D receptor polymorphisms TaqI and FokI and oestrogen receptor polymorphisms Pvu II and XbaI.

Methods

45 patients with DDH and 20 patients with PPA were included in the study. Healthy controls (n=101) aged 18-60 years were recruited from the same geographical area. The control subjects had a normal acetabular morphology based on a recent pelvic radiograph performed for an unrelated cause. DNA was obtained from all the subjects from peripheral blood. Genotype frequencies were compared in the three groups. The relationship between the genotype and morphology of the hip joint, severity of the disease, age at onset of disease and gender were examined.


Orthopaedic Proceedings
Vol. 93-B, Issue SUPP_III | Pages 251 - 251
1 Jul 2011
Zhu Q Jones C Schwab T Larson C Itshayek E Lenke L University W Cripton P
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Purpose: A long spinal fusion across the thoracolumbar region is sometimes applied in scoliosis. Adjacent level degeneration below these constructs has been documented. Treatment with an artificial disc replacement below the fusion has been proposed to prevent degeneration there. There is currently little data detailing the expected biomechanics of this situation. The objective of this study was to evaluate range of motion (ROM) and helical axis of motion (HAM) changes due to one- and two-level Maverick total disc replacement adjacent to a long spinal fusion.

Method: A multidirectional flexibility testing protocol with compressive follower preload was used to test seven human cadaveric spine specimens (T8-S1). A continuous pure moment ±5.0 Nm was applied in flexion-extension (FE), lateral bending (LB) and axial rotation (AR), with a compressive follower preload of 400 N. The motion of each vertebra was monitored with an optoelectronic camera system. The test was completed for the intact condition and after each surgical technique:

T8-L4 fusion and facet capsulotomy at L4–L5 and L5-S1;

L4–L5 Maverick;

L5-S1 Maverick.

Maverick total disc replacement and fusion with the CD Horizon system was performed. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to analyze changes in ROM and HAM of the L4–L5 and L5-S1 segments.

Results: Following L4-L5 Maverick replacement, L4-L5 ROMs tended to decrease slightly (on average from 6.2°±2.8° to 5.1°±3.8° in FE, 1.1°±1.1° to 0.9°±0.5° in LB and 1.3°±0.9° to 1.0°±0.6° in AR). With two-level Maverick implantation, L5-S1 ROMs tended to increase slightly in FE (from 6.6°±2.6° to 7.1°±3.9°), and to decrease slightly in LB (from 1.5°±0.9° to 1.0°±0.3°) and AR (from 1.5°±1.5° to 1.1°±0.6°), compared to the fused condition. As a trend, HAM location shifted posteriorly in FE and AR, and inferiorly in LB following Maverick replacement. However, neither ROM nor HAM at these two segments showed any significant change due to the implantation of one-or two-level Maverick total disc replacement in any of the three directions.

Conclusion: The present results suggested that lower lumbar segments with Maverick disc replacement exhibited intact-like kinematics in both extent and quality of motion.


Orthopaedic Proceedings
Vol. 93-B, Issue SUPP_II | Pages 177 - 177
1 May 2011
Pimple M Jones C Rosson J
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The National Institute for Clinical Excellence, UK published guidelines in 2007 encouraging the use of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) joint replacement surgery. Subsequently, our hospital adopted these guidelines in the treatment of total hip replacements. This study is based on our prospective database of total hip replacements between 2005 and 2009 and compares the complication and mortality rates pre- and post institution of the NICE guidelines.

We analysed prospectively collected data on 686 patients who underwent a primary total hip replacement done by a single surgeon between January 2005 and April 2009. We compared the incidence of mortality, pulmonary embolism, myocardial infarction and intracranial bleeding between the two groups. Prior to the guidelines, all patients were treated for the duration of their admission with 75mg aspirin followed by 4 weeks after discharge. Subsequent to the guidelines, the treatment changed to 40mg of LMWH (Clexane) while an inpatient with aspirin being prescribed for 4 weeks on discharge. Patients unable to tolerate aspirin were treated with low molecular weight heparin. High risk patients (previous pulmonary embolism, previous deep vein thrombosis, family history) were treated with 6 weeks of warfarin. Each patients was reviewed at 8 weeks and 6 months following surgery, and adverse incidents were documented at each review or incident.

Results: 686 patients were identified from the study – 328 pre and 358 post implementation of the NICE guidelines. In the pre-guideline group the mortality was 0.6%, with the incidence of pulmonary embolism being 0.3%, myocardial infarction 0.9% and intracranial bleed 0.3%. Both complications of myocardial infarction occurred early in the post-operative stage and were fatal. The post-guideline group had a mortality rate of 0.2%, with the incidence of pulmonary embolism being 0.2% and intracranial bleeding 0.2%. No myocardial infarctions were noted in this group. The single death was as a result of an intracranial bleed. The was no significant statistical difference in the incidence of mortality, pulmonary embolism, myocardial infarction or intracranial bleeding between the two groups (p value > 0.05, 95% confidence interval). There were no complications in the warfarinised patients of which there were equal numbers in both groups (16).

Conclusion: This study has shown that the change in thromboprophylaxis has not had a significant effect on complication rates in primary total hip replacements and that our mortality rate (0.4%) compares favourably with recent literature. The lack of complications in the war-farinised group probably reflects that high risk patients were identified in the screening process and commenced on warfarin early in the post operative period. Note must be made of the single death due to an intracranial bleed while on low molecular weight heparin.


Orthopaedic Proceedings
Vol. 92-B, Issue SUPP_IV | Pages 554 - 554
1 Oct 2010
Neil M Jones C
Full Access

Introduction: The Ionising Radiations Medical Exposure Regulations Act 2000 has established diagnostic reference levels for radiological examinations, however at present there are no national guidelines available for orthopaedic trauma surgery. There may be a role for the introduction of diagnostic reference levels at a local level therefore we studied patient area dose and screening time for orthopaedic trauma operations performed in the Regional Trauma Centre in Northern Ireland.

Methods: Retrospectively data was retrieved from written radiography records in the Royal Victoria Hospital, during the period of 1st January 2007 to 31st December 2007 for all orthopaedic trauma cases in which an image intensifier was used. The screening time, patient area dose (PAD), details of the operation, patient age, sex, month of the operation and grade of the operating surgeon (trainee or consultant), were recorded.

Results: 1709 cases using image intensifier were reviewed. 137 cases were excluded due to incomplete data. 319 hips were screened for insertion of sliding hip screw, mean screening time was 0.51min with a mean PAD of 145cGycm2. 127 femoral nails were inserted with an average screening time of 1.84min and mean PAD of 310cGycm2. 166 tibias were screened for application of Ilizarov frame or insertion of tibial nail, average screening time was 3.00min with a mean PAD of 48cGycm2. 129 spinal cases were screened with an average screening time of 0.80mins and mean PAD of 37.9cGycm2. Consultants had lower screening times and mean PADs than trainees with 0.63min versus 1.01min and 65.8cGycm2 versus 70.9cGycm2.

Conclusions: The average screening times and mean PADs compared favourably with local reference guides for image intensifier cases and with other published series. Every trauma unit should have local reference ranges for orthopaedic imaging cases and regular audit should be carried out to assess compliance with these ranges.


Orthopaedic Proceedings
Vol. 92-B, Issue SUPP_IV | Pages 527 - 527
1 Oct 2010
Neil M Jones C
Full Access

Introduction: Measurements taken from digital radiographs and corrected for the labelled scale do not correspond to actual clinical dimensions accurately.

Methods: The routine radiographs taken of 30 hip hemi-arthoplasty patients were used to make measurements in the region of the hip. 15 patients were compared in two hospitals using different digital imaging processing. The images were scaled to 100% (actual size), three blinded measurements were taken of the prosthetic femoral head and the average calculated. These results were compared to the actual size of the implanted prosthesis. Further analysis was carried out to determine true magnification.

Results: A consistent difference was observed between measured dimensions at 100% scale and known actual prosthesis dimensions. It was identified that the magnification factor ranged from 110 to 115% with at average magnification factor of 113%. No significant difference was observed between the two hospital systems.

Discussion: Many factors influence radiographic magnification, including variations in distances from x-ray source to patient and from x-ray source to x-ray plate. Angulation and degree of divergence of the x-ray beam and rotation of a limb also influence the magnification which occurs. Accurate measurements can only be taken from digital x-rays if appropriate calibration is performed.


Orthopaedic Proceedings
Vol. 92-B, Issue SUPP_I | Pages 49 - 49
1 Mar 2010
Jones C Neil M
Full Access

Introduction: The Ionising Radiations Medical Exposure Regulations Act 2000 has established diagnostic reference levels for radiological examinations, however at present there are no national guidelines available for orthopaedic trauma surgery. There may be a role for the introduction of diagnostic reference levels at a local level therefore we studied patient area dose and screening time for orthopaedic trauma operations performed in the Regional Trauma Centre in Northern Ireland.

Methods: Retrospectively data was retrieved from written radiography records in the Royal Victoria Hospital, during the period of 1st January 2007 to 31st December 2007 for all orthopaedic trauma cases in which an image intensifier was used. The screening time, patient area dose (PAD), details of the operation, patient age, sex, month of the operation and grade of the operating surgeon (trainee or consultant), were recorded.

Results: 1709 cases using image intensifier were reviewed. 137 cases were excluded due to incomplete data. 319 hips were screened for insertion of sliding hip screw, mean screening time was 0.51min with a mean PAD of 145cGycm2. 127 femoral nails were inserted with an average screening time of 1.84min and mean PAD of 310 cGycm2. 166 tibias were screened for application of Ilizarov frame or insertion of tibial nail, average screening time was 3.00min with a mean PAD of 48cGycm2. 129 spinal cases were screened with an average screening time of 0.80mins and mean PAD of 37.9cGycm2. Consultants had lower screening times and mean PADs than trainees with 0.63min versus 1.01min and 65.8cGycm2 versus 70.9cGycm2.

Conclusions: The average screening times and mean PADs compared favourably with local reference guides for image intensifier cases and with other published series. Every trauma unit should have local reference ranges for orthopaedic imaging cases and regular audit should be carried out to assess compliance with these ranges.