Introduction and Aims: We undertook this study to detemine the results of acetabular fixation using the Duraloc 300 uncemented acetabular component combined with impaction bone grafting in patients with acetabular protrusion. Method: Thirty consecutive total hip replacements using a Duraloc 300 cup in patients with acetabular protrusion requiring impaction bone grafting were reviewed at an average of 5.2 years. Pre-operative x-rays were analysed for degree of protrusion. Post-operative x-rays were analysed for cup placement and interface gaps. Follow-up films were analysed for graft incorporation, lucent lines, osteolysis, wear and migration. Kaplan-Meier survivorship analysis was performed. Results: All components were found to be stable with no evidence of loosening or migration. All but two cases showed trabeculated bone with an average minimum thickness of 7mm of bone medial to the cup in zone 2. Mean rate of wear was 0.10mm per year. No cases of pelvic osteolysis were seen. Conclusion: The Duraloc 300 cup provides excellent fixation in patients with acetabular protrusion and impaction bone grafting. The graft has been found to incorporate and remodel. We are therefore optimistic that the durability of fixation should equal that of primary hip surgery without protrusion

Introduction Controversy exists regarding the value of lumbar plain x-ray imaging for patients with low back pain with or without radicular pain (. 1. ,. 2. ,. 3. ). Methods Plain film x-ray and CT imaging from thirty (30; 19M:11F) consecutive patients (aged 20–68 years; mean 42 years) presenting to a public hospital’s spinal pain clinic with low back pain +/− radicular pain, without a history suggesting ‘red flag’ pathology, was examined and measured to determine the incidence of retrolisthesis of L5 on S1 and any associated disc bulge/protrusion. Results Sixteen of the thirty patients (53%) had retrolisthesis of L5 on S1 ranging from 2–9 mm; these patients had either intervertebral disc bulging or protrusion on CT examination ranging from 3–7 mm into the spinal canal. Fourteen patients (47%) without retrolisthesis (control group) did not show any retrolisthesis and the CT did not show any bulge/protrusion. On categorizing x-ray and CT pathology as being present or not, the well positioned ie. true lateral plain x-ray film revealed a sensitivity and specificity of 100% ([95% Conf. Int. = [89%–100%]) for bulge/protrusion in this preliminary study. On taking into account the numerical values of x-ray and CT, a significant correlation (p< 0.001) was found. Discussion In this preliminary study, carefully positioned lateral lumbosacral x-ray films showing L5 on S1 retrolisthesis are highly suggestive of intervertebral disc bulge/protrusion, providing valuable guidance for consideration of lumbosacral CT of MRI examination that is likely to be contributory regarding such pathology

Purpose of the study: We have tried to produce a new acetabular ring in order to obtain an early stability of cemented cup for acetabular protrusion in R.A. In this presentation, we intend to introduce this new support ring and report these results. Materials and methods: The new support ring with double-hook we produced was made of pure titanium, and has eight screw holes in medial side and two screw holes in superolateral side. Size variation of this ring comprises 40mm, 42mm, 46mm, 48mm and 50mm in inner diameter. Width of the hook is 10.05mm and its thickness is 1.19mm. Hook length is 33.5mm. After the remaining bone defect is packed with morselizd and mushed allograft bone, proper support ring with double hook is selected. Straight portions of double hook are bent in order to fit to acetabular shape after bone grafts. If good fitting is achieved, this support ring was fixed to the acetabulum with three to five screws. Total hip arthroplasty with this support ring was performed in ten patients with eleven hips. Three cases were in male and seven in female. The age at surgery ranged from 46 to 73 years old with an average of 59.8 years. Results: Setting angle of support ring ranged from 40 to 50 degrees with an average of 43.7 degrees. Follow-up period was from one year to three years with an average of two years one month. No loosening was encountered and no migration of support ring and cup was visualized on radiological findings. JOA(Japanese Orthopaedic Association) hip score which was adopted for clinical evaluation was 31.3+/−10.2 before surgery and 70.1+/−8.5 after surgery. Discussion: Various types of reinforcement ring have been used with or without bone grafts for acetabular protrusion. I had prefered Ganz ring among them. Bending a hook of Ganz ring, however, is not easy as its hook portion is slightly thick. Accordingly, setting angle of the ring is often apt to be acute as it must be fitted to acetablualr shape. In superior cortical defect of the acetabulum, hook length is often insufficient because a hip center of the ring is in high position. Therefore, it is sometimes impossible to hook acetabular notch. We produced a new support ring with double-hook in order to solve these problems. As the hook was thinner in the new ring than in Ganz ring, it was easier to bend the hook. As the hook of of the new ring was longer than that of Ganz ring, it was possible to hook acetabular notch in spite of high hip center. Setting angle of the new rings was less than 50 degrees. Radiological findings and clinical results were good though follow-up period was short

Introduction. Since 1981, we have used various types of the total hip prosthesis for the reconstruction of the acetabular protrusion in rheumatoid arthritis. The cemented Charnley prosthesis was used during the initial 8 years, and we experienced loosening of the cemented acetabular socket in some cases. The bipolar femoral head prosthesis, which started to be used from 1984, was one of the cementless prosthesis. And it showed high frequency of proximal migration of outerhead. The threaded socket also showed frequent loosening. To overcome these problems, we started to utilize a new method from 1988. This method included packing morselized bone grafts into the acetabulum and fix them using a porous coated socket and screws. This study describes the results of cementless total hip arthroplasty (THA) for the acetabular protrusion in rheumatoid arthritiswith this method. Materials and methods. Sixty -one cementless THAs with use of porous coated acetabular socket were performed in 50 patients who had sever protruded acetabulum due to rheumatoid arthritis. The average follow –up period was 9 years and 5 months (range, 5 to 13 years). A Mallory/ Head prosthesis with porous coated socket was used in 43 hips and other types in 18 hips. In all operated hips, autogenous morselized bones were grafted on the thin acetabullar wall. Results. The clinical improvement in pain was the most apparent. X-ray findings of the grafted bone in the acetabulum showed a homogenous pattern in most cases (90. 2%) at 6 months after the operation. A radiolucent zone at a non-weight-bearing area between the grafted bone and socket was seen in 20 hips (32. 7%) for 3 years after the operation, and it gradually disappeared and changed to a sclerotic zone. Collapse and /or absorption of the grafted bone were noted in 3 hips of the patients with sever osteoporosis and high disease activity. Discussion. There are several technical key points to succeed THA in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The first is the selection of the acetabular socket. The second is the method of bone grafting, and the third is the size and the shape of grafted bones. We have used various types of prosthesis for the protruded acetabulum so far, and it was considered that the bipolar and threaded types are not acceptable because of their high frequency of proximal migration and loosening. The mass and /or block bone should not be used, because they are liable to fall into collapse. It is safely recommended to use slice or morselized bones to lead the grafts to early survival and remodelling caused by tight and close contacts. Conclusion. THA with the use of morselized bone grafting into the acetabulum and a fixation with a porous coated socket-and screws is a simple and useful procedure for treating protruded acetabulum in rheumatoid arthritis

Purpose: Pelvic discontinuity associated with bone loss is a complex challenge in acetabular revision surgery. Reconstruction with anti protrusion cages, Trabecular Metal (Zimmer, Warsaw, Indiana) cups and morselized bone (Cup-Cage) constructs is a relatively new technique used by the authors for the past 6 years. The purpose of the study was to examine the clinical outcome of these patients. Method: Thirty-two consecutive acetabular revision reconstructions in 30 patients with pelvic discontinuity and bone loss treated by cup cage technique between January 2003 and September 2007 were reviewed. Average clinical and radiological follow up was 38.5 ± 19 months (range 12 – 68, median 34.5). Failure was defined as component migration > 5mm. Results: In 29 (90.6%) patients there was no clinical or radiographic evidence indicative of loosening at latest follow up. Harris Hip Scores improved significantly (p< 0.001) from 46.6 ± 10.4 to 78.7 ± 10.4 at 2 year follow up. In 3 patients the construct migrated at 1 year post surgery. One construct was revised to anti protrusion cage with a structural graft while the other was revised to a large Trabecular Metal cup. The third patient is scheduled for revision. Complications included 2 dislocations, 1 infection and 1 partial peroneal nerve palsy. Two patients died due to unrelated reasons at 1 and 3 years post surgery, respectively. Conclusion: Treatment of pelvic discontinuity by Cup-Cage construct is a reliable option based on preliminary results which suggest restoration of the pelvic mechanical stability. However, patients should be followed closely in order to detect cup migration until satisfactory bony ingrowth into the cup takes place

To quantify bone-nail fit in response to varying nail placements by entry point translation in straight antegrade humeral nailing using three-dimensional (3D) computational analysis. CT scans of ten cadaveric humeri were processed in 3D Slicer to obtain 3D models of the cortical and cancellous bone. The bone was divided into individual slices each consisting of 2% humeral length (L) with the centroid of each slice determined. To represent straight antegrade humeral nail, a rod consisting of two cylinders with diameters of 9.5mm and 8.5mm and length of 0.22L mm and 0.44L mm respectively joined at one end was modelled. The humeral head apex (surgical entry point) was translated by 1mm in both anterior-posterior and medio-lateral directions to generate eight entry points. Total nail protrusion surface area, maximum nail protrusion distance into cortical shell and top, middle, bottom deviation between nail and intramedullary cavity centre were investigated. Statistical analysis between the apex and translated entry points was conducted using paired t-test. A posterior-lateral translation was considered as the optimal entry point with minimum protrusion in comparison to the anterior-medial translation experiencing twice the level of protrusion. Statistically significant differences in cortical protrusion were found in anterior-medial and posterior-lateral directions producing increased and decreased level of protrusion respectively compared to the apex. The bottom anterior-posterior deviation distance appeared to be a key predictor of cortical breach with the distal nail being more susceptible. Furthermore, nails with anterior translation generated higher anterior-posterior deviation (>4mm) compared to posterior translation (<3mm). Aside from slight posterolateral translation of the entry point from the apex, inclusion of a distal posterior-lateral bend into current straight nail design could improve nail fitting within the curved humeral bone, potentially improving distal working length within the flat and narrow medullary canal of the distal humeral shaft

Bone defects are frequently observed in anterior shoulder instability. Over the last decade, knowledge of the association of bone loss with increased failure rates of soft-tissue repair has shifted the surgical management of chronic shoulder instability. On the glenoid side, there is no controversy about the critical glenoid bone loss being 20%. However, poor outcomes have been described even with a subcritical glenoid bone defect as low as 13.5%. On the humeral side, the Hill-Sachs lesion should be evaluated concomitantly with the glenoid defect as the two sides of the same bipolar lesion which interact in the instability process, as described by the glenoid track concept. We advocate adding remplissage to every Bankart repair in patients with a Hill-Sachs lesion, regardless of the glenoid bone loss. When critical or subcritical glenoid bone loss occurs in active patients (> 15%) or bipolar off-track lesions, we should consider anterior glenoid bone reconstructions. The techniques have evolved significantly over the last two decades, moving from open procedures to arthroscopic, and from screw fixation to metal-free fixation. The new arthroscopic techniques of glenoid bone reconstruction procedures allow precise positioning of the graft, identification, and treatment of concomitant injuries with low morbidity and faster recovery. Given the problems associated with bone resorption and metal hardware protrusion, the new metal-free techniques for Latarjet or free bone block procedures seem a good solution to avoid these complications, although no long-term data are yet available. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2024;106-B(10):1100–1110

Introduction and Objective. Pectus carinatum is a common congenital anterior chest wall deformity, characterized by outward protrusion of sternum and ribcage resulted from rib cartilage overgrowth. The protrusion may be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Pectus carinatum association with mitral valve diseases, Marfan's syndrome, and scoliosis enforces that poor connective tissue development as possible etiological factor. Despite the coexistence of pectus carinatum and scoliosis has attracted the attention of some researchers, the association between pectus carinatum and the other spinal deformities has not been studied comprehensively. The frequency of spinal deformity in patients with pectus carinatum and the mutual relationships of their subtypes are needed to be studied to determine the epidemiological character of the combined deformity and to plan patient evaluation and management. Our study aimed to investigate the association, define the incidence and evaluate the characteristics between different types of spinal deformities and Pectus carinatum. Materials and Methods. Radiological and physical examinations were performed for 117 pectus carinatum patients in Marmara university hospital/Turkey in the years between 2006 and 2013. The incidence of spinal deformity was calculated. Spinal deformities were classified as scoliosis, kyphosis, kyphoscoliosis, and spinal asymmetry, whereas pectus carinatum were subdivided into symmetric and asymmetric subgroups. The relationship between spinal deformities and the symmetrical-asymmetric subtype of pectus excavatum was statistically analyzed, Pearson chi-square test was used to compare the association of qualitative data. The significance level was accepted as p <0.05. Lastly, the angular values of the deformities of scoliosis and kyphosis patients were measured using the Cobb method. In this way, the magnitude of the deformity was given as a numerical value. Results. Spinal deformity was detected in 23 (17 symmetrical PE and 6 asymmetrical PE) of 117 pectus excavatum patients. Scoliosis and kyphosis were seen equally in symmetrical pectus carinatum, whereas scoliosis was seen in 33.3% and kyphosis in 50% in asymmetric pectus carinatum patients, respectively. However, there were no statistically significant differences in the distribution of scoliosis and kyphosis in patients with symmetrical and asymmetrical PE. Idiopathic scoliosis constituted the most common scoliosis group. Congenital kyphosis was not found in any kyphosis patient. The average Cobb angle of scoliosis patients was 32°, and the mean T2-T12 kyphosis angle of these patients was 55.5°, while the average kyphosis angle of those with kyphosis deformity was 71°. Conclusions. Patients with Pectus carinatum have a higher incidence of spinal deformities than the normal population. Such high concomitant incidence should be taken under consideration in evaluating and treating patients presenting with either deformity

Patients who are Jehovah's witnesses do not accept blood transfusions. Thus, total hip arthroplasty can be challenging in this group of patients due to the potential for blood loss. Multiple strategies have been developed in order to prevent blood loss. A 76-year-old female, Jehovah's witness medicated with a platelet antiaggregant, presented to the emergency department after a fall from standing height. Clinically, she had pain mobilizing the right lower limb and radiological examination revealed an acetabular fracture with femoral head protrusion and ipsilateral isquiopubic fracture. Skeletal traction was applied to the femur during three weeks and no weight bearing was maintained during the following weeks. Posteriorly, there was an evolution to hip osteoarthritis with necrosis of the femoral head. The patient was submitted to surgery six months after the initial trauma, for a total hip arthroplasty. The surgery was performed with hypotensive anaesthesia, careful surgical technique and meticulous haemostasis and there was no need for blood transfusion. Posteriorly, there was a positive clinical evolution with progressive improvement on function and deambulation. Total hip arthroplasty may be safely carried out with good clinical outcomes in Jehovah's witnesses, without the need for blood transfusion, if proper perioperative precautions are taken, as has already been shown in previous studies

Cartilage degeneration and loss are key events in the initiation and progression of osteoarthritis (OA). Changes to chondrocyte volume and morphology (in the form of cytoplasmic processes) and thus cell phenotype are implicated, as they lead to the production of a mechanically-weakened extracellular matrix. The chondrocyte cytoskeleton is intimately linked to cell volume and morphology and hence we have investigated alterations to levels and distribution of chondrocyte F-actin that occur during early OA. The femoral heads (FH) from hip joints (N=16) were obtained with ethical permission and patient consent following femoral neck fracture. Cartilage was assessed as grade 0 (non-degenerate) and grade 1 (superficial fibrillation) using OARSI criteria. In situ chondrocyte volume and F-actin distribution were assessed using the fluorescent indicators (5-chloromethyl fluorescein diacetate (CMFDA)) and phalloidin, and imaged and quantified by confocal microscopy, Imaris. TM. and ImageJ software. There were no differences between the volume or total F-actin levels of in situ chondrocytes within the superficial zone of grade 0 (n=164 cells) compared to grade 1 (n=145) cartilage (P>0.05). However, a more detailed analysis of phalloidin labelling was performed, which demonstrated significant increases in both intense punctuate (IP) or intense areas (IA) (P<0.0001; P=0.0175 respectively). A preliminary analysis of IP and IA F-actin labelling suggested that while the former did not appear to be associated with changes to chondrocyte morphology, most of the cytoplasmic processes were associated with the presence of IA at the starting point of the protrusion. These results demonstrate marked changes to F-actin distribution in chondrocytes in the very early stages of cartilage degeneration as occurs in OA. These subtle changes are probably an early indication of a change to the chondrocyte phenotype and thus worthy of further study as they may lead to deleterious alterations to matrix metabolism and ultimately cartilage weakening

The purpose of this study is to evaluate risk factors for distal construct failure (DCF) in posterior spinal instrumented fusion (PSIF) in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). We observed an increased rate of DCF when the pedicle screw in the lowest instrumented vertebra (LIV) was not parallel to the superior endplate of the LIV, however this has not been well studied in the literature. We hypothesise a more inferiorly angled LIV screw predisposes to failure and aim to find the critical angle that predisposes to failure. A retrospective cohort study was performed on all patients who underwent PSIF for AIS at the Starship Hospital spine unit from 2010 to 2020. On a lateral radiograph, the angle between the superior endplate of the LIV was measured against its pedicle screw trajectory. Data on demographics, Cobb angle, Lenke classification, instrumentation density, rod protrusion from the most inferior screw, implants and reasons for revision were collected. Of 256 patients, 10.9% (28) required at least one revision. The rate of DCF was 4.6% of all cases (12 of 260) and 25.7% of revisions were due to DCF. The mean trajectory angle of DCF patients compared to all others was 13.3° (95%CI 9.2° to 17.4°) vs 7.6° (7° to 8.2°), p=0.0002. The critical angle established is 11°, p=0.0076. Lenke 5 and C curves, lower preoperative Cobb angle, titanium only rod constructs and one surgeon had higher failure rates than their counterparts. 9.6% of rods protruding less than 3mm from its distal screw disengaged. We conclude excessive inferior trajectory of the LIV screw increases the rate of DCF and a screw trajectory greater than 11° predisposes to failure. This is one factor that can be controlled by the surgeon intraoperatively and by avoiding malposition of the LIV screw, a quarter of revisions can potentially be eliminated

Intramedullary nailing is the standard fixation method for displaced diaphyseal fractures of the tibia in adults. Anecdotal clinical evidence indicates that current nail designs do not fit optimally for Asian patients. This study aimed to develop a method to quantitatively assess the fitting of two nail designs for Asian tibiae. We used 3D models of two different tibial nail designs (ETN (Expert Tibia Nail) and ETN-Proximal-Bend, Synthes), and 20 CT-based 3D cortex models of Japanese cadaver tibiae. The nail models were positioned inside the medullary cavity of the intact bone models. The anatomical fitting between nail and bone was assessed by the extent of the nail protrusion from the medullary cavity into the cortical bone, which in a real bone would lead to axial malalignments of the main fragments. The fitting was quantified in terms of the total surface area, and the maximal distance of nail protrusion. In all 20 bone models, the total area of the nail protruding from the medullary cavity was smaller for the ETN-Proximal-Bend (average 540 mm2) compared to the ETN (average 1044 mm2). Also, the maximal distance of the nail protruding from the medullary cavity was smaller for the ETN-Proximal-Bend (average 1.2 mm) compared to the ETN (average 2.7 mm). The differences were statistically significant (p < 0.05) for both the total surface area and the maximal distance measurements. For all bone models, the nail protrusion occurred on the posterior side in the middle third of the tibia. For 12 bones the protrusion was slightly lateral to the centre of the shaft, for seven bones it was centred, and for one bone it was medial to the shaft. The ETN-Proximal-Bend shows a statistical significantly better intramedullary fit with less cortical protrusion than the original ETN. The expected clinical implications of an improved anatomical nail fit are fewer complications with malreduction and malalignments, a lower likelihood for fracture extension and/or new fracture creation during the nail insertion as well as an easier handling for the nail insertion. By utilising computer graphical methods we were able to conduct a quantitative fit assessment between implanted nail and bone geometry in 3D. In addition to the application in implant design, the developed method could potentially be suitable for pre-operative planning enabling the surgeon to choose the most appropriate nail design

Purpose. A Trabecular Metal Modular Acetabular System (Zimmer, Warsaw, Indiana, USA) is a peripheral rim expansion (elliptical) cup, i.e. a non-hemispherical cup. Radiologically a non-hemispherical cup may be deferent from other conventional hemispherical cups. We reviewed radiological findings of a Trabecular Metal Modular Acetabular System chronologically. Methods. Twenty six patients with osteoarthritis underwent primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) using a Trabecular Metal Modular Acetabular System from 2011 to April 2013. Twenty five patients (follow-up rate: 96.2%) 31 hips could be followed-up over a year were registered. In common, the diameter of every femoral head was 32 mm. We planned the acetabular cup inclination angle to be 45-degree, the cup coverage with host-bone (cup-CE angle) to be over 10-degree, and high hip center was allowed up to 20mm. In case of the cup-CE angle under 10-degree, an acetabular cup was placed medially using Dorr's medial protrusio technique. We established the medial protrusion angle indicating the degree of medial protrusion of an acetabular cup over the pelvic internal wall. The medial protrusion angle was defined by the center point of THA (C) and the 2 cross-points (X. 1. , X. 2. ) which the outline of an acetabular cup crosses the Kohler's line (Figure 1). The cup anteversion angle was measured by the method of Lewinnek, and the cup fixation was evaluated according to the Tompkin's classification. Results. The average follow-up period was 1 year and 3 months (1y1m to 2y8m). The mean diameter of the cup was 54 (48 to 56) mm. Seven high-hip center joints were recognized (2 to 11 mm). The average of cup inclination angle was 42 (32 to 52) degree, of cup anteversion angle was 14 (5 to 36) degree, and of cup CE angle was 25 (−14 to 45) degree. Dorr's medial protrusio technique was necessary in 18 hips. In these 18 hips, the average of medial protrusion angle was 57 (24 to 70) degree. In 4 hips of cup-CE angle less than 10 degree, acetabular bulky bone graft was added. All 31 hips showed the stable fixation, even in 18 hips undergone medial protrusio technique. There was none of hips with migration and/or rotation of an acetabular cup. Radiolucent zone was found in the zone-C of 8 hips. The width of radiolucent zone of all 8 hips was less than 2mm. In these 8 hips, medial protrusio technique was done in 5 hips, and high hip center was found in 3 hips. The radiolucency appeared at postoperatively 2–3 months and disappeared by postoperatively 12 months. Conclusions. All hips showed rigid fixation of a Trabecular Metal Modular Acetabular System in short-term observation. Even in the hips performed Dorr's medial protrusio technique, a Trabecular Metal Modular Acetabular System reached the stable fixation. Radiolucent zone was found transiently in the zone-C of 8 hips (25.8%) and disappeared by postoperatively 12 months. However our series was small and the observation period was short, our results implied that the fixation of a Trabecular Metal Modular Acetabular System was not affected adversely from Dorr's medial protrusio technique

Introduction. In posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)-preserving total knee arthroplasty (TKA), it is important to determine whether the PCL is properly functioning after surgery. As the PCL is partly damaged during the operation, we cannot rule out the possibility that excessive tension further damages the remaining PCL resulting in dysfunction or that initial functioning of the PCL is lost due to excessively low tension. However, it is normally difficult to examine whether the PCL has remained intact and is still functional after TKA. The objective of this study was to visualize knee joint flexion after TKA by MRI and evaluate the PCL based on these images. Method. PCL-preserving TKA was performed in 41 knees using the Fine Total Knee System® (Nakashima Medical, Okayama, Japan) where a titanium component can be selected for both the femur and the tibia. We visualized knee flexion positions by MRI at 6 months after surgery and evaluated visualization or non-visualization of the PCL, the relationship between knee flexion angle and PCL elevation angle against the plane of the tibial joint vertical to the tibial axis, and the forms of PCL based on the MRI data. Results. The PCL was visualized in 40 of the 41 knees. These 40 knees showed a strong positive correlation (correlation coefficient 0.85) between the knee flexion angle (mean 95.8 degrees, 59 to 129 degrees) and the PCL elevation angle (mean 60.4 degrees, 38 to 79 degrees) by MRI. As the PCL was visualized as a straight line in 6 of 13 knees at a knee joint flexion angle of less than 90 degrees, sufficient tension was considered to be transmitted; however, 7 knees showed superior protrusion or S-shaped forms, indicating that the tension in the PCL was not strong. No superior protrusion of the PCL was observed in 27 knees at the flexion angle of 90 degrees or more; 19 knees showed straight-line forms and 7 knees showed inferior protrusion due to posterior pressure from the femur, and the flexion angle was 105 degrees or greater in all knees with inferior protrusion. At the knee flexion angle of 90 degrees or greater, the tension in the PCL was confirmed in 26 knees (96%) by MRI. Conclusion. To date, there have been no morphological evaluations of postoperative PCL in PCL-preserving TKA. While tension in the PCL was determined to be insufficient in some knees at the knee flexion angle of less than 90 degrees, the elevation angle of the PCL against the tibia increased with tension as the knee flexion angle increased. Postoperative MRI indicated that the PCL functions as a stabilizer between the femur and the tibia in knees that have undergone PCL-preserving TKA, especially at the knee flexion angle of 90 degrees or greater

Objective: To identify risk factors associated with patients that required revision surgery for sciatica. Design: A retrospective study of 580 patients who underwent surgery for intractable sciatica attributable to pro-lapsed lumbar intervertebral disc from 1986 to 2000 inclusive. Subjects: The study included a total of 580 patients. Of these seven patients had an operation at two levels, 25 patients had had a primary operation elsewhere and were therefore excluded; four sets of notes remain missing. The total number of primary operations analysed was therefore 558. Outcome measures: Parameters such as gender, age, level and side of discectomy were entered into a database for analysis. Diagnostic and clinical parameters were also entered; these included the value of the angle of the straight leg raise recorded and absence or presence of neurological deficit (altered sensation, reduced motor power, and absent or diminished reflexes). Operative findings recorded and entered were the type of disc at operation (i. e. protrusion, extrusion and sequestration) and the presence of free cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), however minor, indicating a dural tear. Results: The total number of primary discectomies was 558 of which 43 went on to require a second operation, giving a revision rate of 7.71%. Of the primary discectomies, 356 were protrusions, 92 extrusions and 110 sequestration. Of the 43 that went onto revision surgery, 35 were protrusions, two extrusion and six sequestration. A significant association was found with primary disc protrusions, this type of disc prolapse was almost three times more likely to go on to need revision surgery compared to extruded or sequestrated discs. Data analysed on primary protrusions showed these patients had a significantly greater straight leg raise angle and reduced incidence of positive neurological findings and so could be identified clinically. Conclusions: This lead us to conclude that the group of patients with primary protrusions could be selected out and treated conservatively since they are three times more likely to require revision surgery

Introduction and Objectives: We compared the clinical and radiographic results of patients with JRA and primary arthritis using a non-cemented THR with an alumina-alumina THA. Materials and Methods: We studied 29 THR (Cerafit cup and Multicone stem) implanted in 19 patients with JRA in group 1 and 135 with primary arthritis in group 2. Mean follow-up was 59.0 months. It was seen that 13 hips in group 1 had moderate-severe acetabular protrusion and allograft was used in 12 hips. The center of rotation was determined pre and postoperatively in group 1 according to Ranawat. Results: In group 1 age (p< 0.001), weight (p< 0.001), and level of activity (p< 0.001) were less. Type A acetabulum (p=0.014) and a cylindrical femur (p< 0.01), according to Dorr, were more frequent in group 1. There was no noise or alumina breakage. There were two intraoperative femur fractures in group 1. There was a revision of 1 cup in group 1 and infection of 1 stem in group 2. In most of the group 1 cases anatomical position was recovered (p< 0.001). The preoperative center of rotation of the hip with acetabular protrusion was 23.2 mm and in the postoperative X-ray 5.6 mm. Discussion and Conclusions: In spite of the differences, THR with alumina-alumina allows similar results to be obtained in the medium term in patients with JRA. The use of an allograft in those patients with severe acetabular protrusion makes it possible to reconstruct the center of rotation of the hip

Purpose of the study: The constantly increasing incidence of extracapsular fractures of the proximal femur are a public health concern. The basic therapeutic options are screw-plate fixation and proximal reconstruction with nails. The purpose of this retrospective study was to assess the mid-term results with a new osteosynthesis material, the proximal femoral nail antirotation (PFN-A. ®. ) which has a spiral blade. Material and methods: One hundred eight 108 PNF-A. ®. performed from January 2007 to July 2008 were included in a retrospective clinical and radiographic study. These series included exclusively extracapsular fractures of the proximal femur in subjects aged over 70 years. All patients were assessed with the Parker score pre- and postoperatively. Blood loos, position of the spiral blade on the AP and laterals views and operative time were analysed. We searched for complications (femoral head slide, blade protrusion, head rotation, non-union, fracture on material, and operative site infection). We searched for risk factors. Results: One hundred eight patients (94% ASA 2 or 3) were reviewed at mean 5.3 months (±1.5). None of the patients were lost to follow-up. At revision, 19 patients had died (17.6%). The mean Parker score declined 1.4 points. All fractures healed at mean 10.4 weeks (±0.6). Six complications were noted: three operative site infections, three head slidings, one intraacetabular protrusion. No statistically significant could be identified. Nevertheless, the three cases with femoral head sliding occurred on fractures that were unstable (type 31-A2) which had a malpositioned blade. Discussion: There appears to be a consensus on the treatment of proximal fractures of the femur: screw-plate fixation for stable fractures, centromedullary nailing for the others. Arthroplasty is a second-line solution. There are few publications on the new spiral blade of the PFN-A. ®. This method spares bone stock and allows compaction of the cancellous bone, particularly adapted for osteoporotic bone: the efficacy is comparable with reference techniques with lower rates of sliding (2.%) and acetabular protrusion (< 1%)

Background: In studies using MRI to describe disc changes over time, herniations have been reported to reduce in 35–100% of cases. The aim of this study was to describe the development of disc related MRI-findings in patients with sciatica treated conservatively using a validated evaluation protocol. Methods: Included in this prospective intervention study were; 181 patients with radicular pain below the knee, leg pain ≥ 3, duration of leg pain between 2 and 52 weeks. The patients were randomized into one of two active conservative treatment regimes lasting eight weeks. All included patients were scanned at baseline and again at 14 months follow-up. MRI evaluation was performed, using a validated evaluation protocol. Results: In 139 (90%) of 154 patients included (median age 46 years) was it possible to identify a symptomatic disc level: 33 bulging discs, 52 focal protrusions, 10 broad-based protrusions, 36 extrusions, and 8 sequestrations. Three percent of bulges and 38% of focal protrusions improved, whereas 75 – 100% of the more substantial herniations, i.e. broad-based, extrusions, and sequestrations improved (p< 0.0001). Improvement over time for nerve root compromise was seen in 60% of the cases. Disc signal, disc height, and HIZ remained unchanged in 63–73%. Treatment and age groups did not show any differences. However, gender differences were found in relation to baseline findings and development over time. Conclusion: In general, symptomatic discs showed good MRI-prognosis, especially for those extruded. This study implies that active conservative treatment does not interfere with disc morphology as seen on MRI

Introduction: Locking plates and screws have been developed to increase stability of internal fixation in osteoporotic bone. The anatomic design should also facilitate the fracture’s reduction in complex cases. The aim of this study was analyse the results of locking plates used for fractures of the proximal humerus and to look for specific complications. Method: Forty four patients (mean age 60; 28 males and 16 females) were treated with a locking plate (Philos, Synthes-Sratec Medical, Switzerland) for trauma of the proximal humerus. There were fourteen 2-part (32%), ten 3-part (23%), ten valgus impacted 4-part (23%), 3 classical 4-part (7%) fractures and 7 non-unions (15%). Five patients presented an associated gleno-humeral dislocation. Patients were reviewed clinically and radiologically at a mean follow-up of 21 months (6–42). A particular attention was paid to the occurrence of specific complications. Results: A deep infection occurred in two patients (4,5%); two others lost the reduction (4,5%), and one broke his plate (2,3%). We observed 9 cases (20,5%) of avascular necrosis. Six patients (13,6%) had an impaction of the fracture with secondary intraarticular protrusion of the locked screws, which induced a secondary glenoid wear. The impaction sometimes occurred even without any evidence of AVN. Protrusion of screws were more frequent in elderly patients or in cases of non-union. Revision surgery (18 operations) was performed in 16 patients (36%) : 9 isolated material removal; 3 revisions for loss of reduction and malposition of the plate; 2 debridement including implantation of a cement spacer with antibiotics; 4 arthroplasties (2 hemi and 2 total shoulder prostheses). Conclusions: Proximal humerus locking plates and screws, designed to improve stability in osteoporotic bone, may have specific complications. They do not prevent fracture’s impaction, resulting in an intraarticular protrusion of the locked screws, which may induce a severe secondary wear of the glenoid. This phenomenon could be due to the direction of the forces and stresses applied on the humeral head, which is mainly parallel to the screws and not perpendicular to them. Accordingly, patients operated on with proximal humerus locking plates should be regularly controlled. In case of progressive humeral head impaction, the material should be removed before it damages the glenoid

Aim: To develop a 3-D pre-surgical planner that facilitates selection and placement of correct prosthetic components in the joint, and the design of patient specific templates to use intra-operatively to reproduce the pre-planned implantation procedure, in total knee replacement (TKR) surgery. Design/Methods: The process begun with loading of pre-operative CT scan data of cadaver knee, onto medical software, followed by reconstructions of 3D models of the joint. Then measurements of anterior-posterior diameter of the femoral condyles of the 3D models of the joint were used to select and import a correct CAD drawing of prostheses from a database of electronic files available in a range of sizes. The selected prosthetic components were positioned and aligned on the 3-d model of the joint, making sure that the anterior flange of the femoral prosthesis component did not violate superior cortical bone of trochlea. Whilst the tibial stem was placed central within the medullar space of the bone, and the plane of the tibial cut was perpendicular to the long axis of the tibia. The planned data were next exported to a CAD environment where template to prepare the bone to receive the prostheses, was designed. A template was designed to press fit on a bone (e.g. femur), via minimum number of cylindrical protrusions with their ends made to conform to the geometry of that bone at the regions of contact. The integrated surgical tools were secured to the bones with pins through each of the protrusions, and were equipped with saw guide slits for cutting the bone, and with drill guides for drilling the fixation holes. Thereafter the files describing templates and prosthetic components selected for cadaveric joint concerned were sent to rapid prototyping machine for manufacturing. Results: Fourteen procedures were performed on cadaveric knees to date. Visual examination of the joint has revealed the 3-D planning system enabled correct selection of appropriate prosthetic components and alignment, as evidenced by absence of protrusions or overhanging beyond the edges of the bones. The resected bone surfaces were visually smooth and flat. Gaps between the bones and the internal surfaces of the prosthetic components were measured using steel shim gauges, and largest recorded was 0.9mm. Laxity between the femur and tibia was absent and the joint attained full range of flexion. Dimensional deviations of post-operative scans of the prepared bones from the pre-planned ones were between 0.5 and 0.9mm. The templates after their use were shown capable to withstand the rigors of theatre environment. Conclusion: With the planning software, it has been shown that it is possible to design a simple to use implantation guidance system according to the final position of the restorative prosthesis and the bone pathological condition. Pre-operative planner system relieves the clinician from multiple intra-operative decisions. The system is ideal for critical anatomical situations and eliminates possible manual placement errors such as those from extra and intra-medullary alignment tool. Less inventory required of both implants and instrumentation means reduced complexity of procedure, surgical time and cost