Aim: To determine the accuracy of clinical diagnosis in patients undergoing arthroscopic surgery of the knee. Methods: A retrospective analysis of patients who had undergone knee arthroscopy at the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital was performed from a prospectively gathered database. Pre-operative diagnosis was compared with operative diagnosis to determine the accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of the clinical diagnosis. The data was then analysed to determine how many patients underwent a beneficial procedure, which was defined as “a procedure from which the patient is likely to have benefited, either as a result of confirming the diagnosis or therapeutic intervention”. Finally, the results were compared with those from studies where the accuracy of MRI was assessed, to determine whether MRI is a more accurate diagnostic modality than clinical examination. Results: The data of 698 patients was analysed. Of these 64% were male and 36% were female. The mean age at operation was 41 years (9 to 92). The overall accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of clinical diagnosis was 99%, 70% and 99% respectively. 90% of patients underwent a beneficial procedure, while 10% had a normal knee diagnosed at operation. Medial meniscal tear was the hardest pathology to diagnose, with accuracy, sensitivity and specificity rates of 82%, 92% and 79%. The results fell within the range of those found in studies, which examined the accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of MRI. Conclusion: Our results show that clinical examination remains an accurate method of diagnosing intra-articular pathologies of the knee. Medial meniscal tear appears to be the hardest pathology to diagnose, and was the only condition with an accuracy rate under the 90th percentile. This is probably because medial tibio-femoral articular dysfunction has similar clinical findings. MRI was found to be no more effective than clinical examination at diagnosing pathologies of the knee

Background: Pathological medial plica is known to cause anteromedial knee pain. However, clinical diagnosis of pathological medial plica is poorly defined in the literature and therefore, arthroscopic diagnosis remains gold standard. We report a system of clinical diagnosis based on the criteria set by us for these painful conditions of the knee. Methods: We prospectively studied forty-eight symptomatic patients (sixty-six knees) with clinical suspicion of pathological medial plica based on five “essential” and four “desirable” criteria set by us. All patients were subjected to arthroscopic examination, to confirm or disprove our clinical diagnosis and, for treatment. Results: Arthroscopic examination confirmed our clinical diagnosis of medial plicae in forty-four (sixty-two knees) of these patients showing a diagnostic accuracy of 91.7% (95% confidence interval: 80.0%, 97.7%), sensitivity of 100% (95% CI: 92.0%, 100.0%) with our method. Those with pathological medial plicae at arthroscopy (forty-four patients; sixty-two knees), were treated by arthroscopic resection. Thirty-nine patients (fifty-five knees) showed satisfactory outcome (95% CI: 75.4%, 96.2%) after arthroscopy. Conclusions: We believe that our method of clinical diagnosis of pathological medial plica is simple, non-invasive, economic and reliable. Symptomatic medial plica can be successfully treated by arthroscopy. This study has changed our clinical practice and also allowed us to decrease substantially the cost of diagnostic imaging

We evaluated sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility and predictive value of palpation, of the painful arc sign, and of the ‘Royal London Hospital test’ in 10 patients with Achilles tendinopathy, and in 14 asymptomatic subjects using a test-retest study design. Ten male athletes on the waiting list for exploration of one of their Achilles tendons for tendinopathy of the main body of the tenon attended a special clinic. Each was invited to bring at least one athlete of the same sex in the same discipline aged within two years of themselves, with no history and no symptoms of AT. A total of 14 controls were thus recruited. Pain and tenderness following performance of palpation, the painful arc sign, and the ‘Royal London Hospital test’ were recorded. There were no statistically significant differences at the 5% level among the effects of investigator or between morning and afternoon measurements for any of the three assessment methods. There was no evidence of a difference of the three assessment methods (p> 0.05). When the three methods were combined, the overall sensitivity was 0.586 (CI 0.469 – 0.741) and the overall specificity was 0.833 (CI 0.758 – 0.889). In patients with tendinopathy of the Achilles tendon with a tender area of intratendinous swelling which moves with the tendon and whose tenderness significantly decreases or disappears when the tendon is put under tension, a clinical diagnosis of tendinopathy can be formulated, with a high positive predictive chance that the tendon will show ultrasonographic and histological features of tendinopathy

Aims. This aim of this study was to analyze the detection rate of rare pathogens in bone and joint infections (BJIs) using metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS), and the impact of mNGS on clinical diagnosis and treatment. Methods. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 235 patients with BJIs who were treated at our hospital between January 2015 and December 2021. Patients were divided into the no-mNGS group (microbial culture only) and the mNGS group (mNGS testing and microbial culture) based on whether mNGS testing was used or not. Results. A total of 147 patients were included in the no-mNGS group and 88 in the mNGS group. The mNGS group had a higher detection rate of rare pathogens than the no-mNGS group (21.6% vs 10.2%, p = 0.016). However, the mNGS group had lower rates of antibiotic-related complications, shorter hospital stays, and higher infection control rates compared with the no-mNGS group (p = 0.017, p = 0.003, and p = 0.028, respectively), while there was no significant difference in the duration of antibiotic use (p = 0.957). In culture-negative cases, the mNGS group had lower rates of antibiotic-related complications, shorter hospital stays, and a higher infection control rate than the no-mNGS group (p = 0.036, p = 0.033, p = 0.022, respectively), while there was no significant difference in the duration of antibiotic use (p = 0.748). Conclusion. mNGS improves detection of rare pathogens in BJIs. mNGS testing reduces antibiotic-related complications, shortens hospital stay and antibiotic use duration, and improves treatment success rate, benefits which are particularly evident in culture-negative cases. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2024;13(8):401–410

Aims. The primary aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of recruiting and retaining patients to a patient-blinded randomized controlled trial comparing corticosteroid injection (CSI) to autologous protein solution (APS) injection for the treatment of subacromial shoulder pain in a community care setting. The study focused on recruitment rates and retention of participants throughout, and collected data on the interventions’ safety and efficacy. Methods. Participants were recruited from two community musculoskeletal treatment centres in the UK. Patients were eligible if aged 18 years or older, and had a clinical diagnosis of subacromial impingement syndrome which the treating clinician thought was suitable for treatment with a subacromial injection. Consenting patients were randomly allocated 1:1 to a patient-blinded subacromial injection of CSI (standard care) or APS. The primary outcome measures of this study relate to rates of recruitment, retention, and compliance with intervention and follow-up to determine feasibility. Secondary outcome measures relate to the safety and efficacy of the interventions. Results. A total of 53 patients were deemed eligible, and 50 patients (94%) recruited between April 2022 and October 2022. Overall, 49 patients (98%) complied with treatment. Outcome data were collected in 100% of participants at three months and 94% at six months. There were no significant adverse events. Both groups demonstrated improvement in patient-reported outcome measures over the six-month period. Conclusion. Our study shows that it is feasible to recruit to a patient-blinded randomized controlled trial comparing APS and CSI for subacromial pain in terms of clinical outcomes and health-resource use in the UK. Safety and efficacy data are presented. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2024;5(7):534–542

Research into COVID-19 has been rapid in response to the dynamic global situation, which has resulted in heterogeneity of methodology and the communication of information. Adherence to reporting standards would improve the quality of evidence presented in future studies, and may ensure that findings could be interpreted in the context of the wider literature. The COVID-19 pandemic remains a dynamic situation, requiring continued assessment of the disease incidence and monitoring for the emergence of viral variants and their transmissibility, virulence, and susceptibility to vaccine-induced immunity. More work is needed to assess the long-term impact of COVID-19 infection on patients who sustain a hip fracture. The International Multicentre Project Auditing COVID-19 in Trauma & Orthopaedics (IMPACT) formed the largest multicentre collaborative audit conducted in orthopaedics in order to provide an emergency response to a global pandemic, but this was in the context of many vital established audit services being disrupted at an early stage, and it is crucial that these resources are protected during future health crises. Rapid data-sharing between regions should be developed, with wider adoption of the revised 2022 Fragility Fracture Network Minimum Common Data Set for Hip Fracture Audit, and a pragmatic approach to information governance processes in order to facilitate cooperation and meta-audit. This editorial aims to: 1) identify issues related to COVID-19 that require further research; 2) suggest reporting standards for studies of COVID-19 and other communicable diseases; 3) consider the requirement of new risk scores for hip fracture patients; and 4) present the lessons learned from IMPACT in order to inform future collaborative studies.

Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2022;11(6):342–345.

Objective: To determine whether extended scope physiotherapists (ESP’s) in spinal clinics are able to accurately assess and diagnose patient pathology as verified by MRI findings.

Methods: This is a prospective study of 318 new spinal outpatients assessed and examined by one of two spinal ESP’s. 76 patients (24%) were referred for an MRI scan. At the time of request for MRI scan the likelihood of specific spinal pathology correlating with the MRI scan was noted on a four point scale dividing the patients into 4 groups:

Group 4 = Very high suspicion of pathology (n=41)

Results: Of the 76 patients referred for an MRI scan, 54 (71%) had an MRI scan result that would correlate with the clinical picture. Looking at the percentage of scans correlating with the clinical picture for each of the 4 groups:

Group 4: 88%

Conclusion: Dividing the patients into groups by clinical suspicion is essential for evaluating a clinician’s ability in spinal assessment. Further evaluation of Consultants, Fellows and Specialist Registrars is on going. This type of study could form a basis for competency measures for staff development and training if they are undertaking extended roles.

Aims: To study the feasibility of clinical tests in the diagnosis of syndesmotic injury of the ankle. Methods: 9 investigators examined 12 persons twice, including 2 patients with an arthroscopically-conþrmed syndesmotic injury. The persons were sitting behind a curtain that exposed only the lower legs. Results: There was a signiþcant relation between the þnal arthroscopic diagnosis and the squeeze test, þbula translation test, Cotton test, and external rotation test, as well as limited dorsal ßexion. None of the syndesmotic tests was uniformly positive in chronic syndesmotic injury. The external rotation test had the fewest false-positive results, the þbula translation test the most. The external rotation test had the smallest inter-observer variance. The physical diagnosis was missed in about one þfth of all examinations. Conclusions: When in accordance with medical history and physical examination, positive stress tests should raise a high index of suspicion of syndesmotic injury. The þnal diagnosis of syndesmotic instability, however, should be made by additional diagnostic imaging and/or arthroscopy.

The average wait for a MRI Scan of the knee for an elective knee complaint is 12–18 months. This has a vast impact on family economy and quality of life considering the affected patients are young. We retrospectively reviewed 85 knee arthroscopies performed by a single surgeon during a one year period. We correlated the arthroscopy findings with the provisional diagnosis made in the clinic. There were 49 males and 36 females. The average wait for surgery was 4.6 months.The diagnosis was correct in 49 (60%), correct with additional findings in 18 (20%) and incorrect in 18 (20%). In a district general hospital setting where acces to MR Scan is difficult with a long waiting time, physical examination is reliable and arthroscopy can be performed after informed consent.

Purpose of study and background. Spinal surgery is a high-risk surgical speciality, a patient's understanding of surgical interventions, alternative treatment options, and the benefits and risks must be ascertained to gain informed consent. This pilot study aims to evaluate if the provision of a digital recording of a patient's consultation enhances patient satisfaction, improves recall of clinical diagnosis, recall of treatment options and the risks and benefits of Spinal Surgery. Methodology and results. A coalition team was identified. A safe and secure process for recording and storage identified. Both qualitative and quantitative data was collected via questionnaires. 62 patients were invited to participate in the pilot, 12 declined. Data was collected immediately post consultation, and two weeks following the consultation via telephone. Comparison was made of the relative increase or decrease in patient recall of the clinical diagnosis, treatment options, and the benefits and the risks of spinal surgery. Patient satisfaction was measured pre- and post- consultation. 50 patients (81%) participated. 32 participants (52%) responded to follow up questionnaire at 2 weeks. Recall of risk for surgical intervention increased by 37%, and of benefit by 36%. Patient satisfaction was rated excellent or very satisfied in 93% at initial consultation and at 2 week follow up all participant's rated satisfaction as excellent or very satisfied. Conclusion. This pilot study was small. COVID delayed further recruitment. Initial outcomes demonstrated high levels of patient satisfaction and appear to demonstrate improved recall. Significant technological issues were identified. Further collaborative work needs to be undertaken. Conflicts of interest: No conflicts of interest. Sources of funding: No funding obtained

Medical Genetics is a transversal discipline with the potential to impact on every specialty and subspecialty in medicine and the allied health sciences. The completion of the human genome project resulted in technical advancements in genomics, genomic testing and our understanding of genetic disorders in general. These advancements have greatly enhanced our understanding of the role of genetics in Orthopaedic practice, with respect to both monogenic and complex disorders. Tygerberg Hospital is currently the only state hospital in South Africa to support genetic testing in the form of gene panels as part of routine care. This is complemented by more comprehensive research testing in the form of exome and genome sequencing as part of the Undiagnosed Disease Programme. We audit the genetic and genomic testing done on patients referred from the Orthopaedic clinic over a period of 3 years (2020–2022) and review diagnostic rates and interesting results. The largest group of patients referred (n=50) had a clinical diagnosis of osteogenesis imperfecta (OI). A 100% diagnostic yield was achieved for these patients with the identification of recurring variants (FKBP10, COL1A2). Further families (n=20) with much rarer conditions are presented with important implications on the orthopaedic and medical management, prognosis, and genetic counselling for the families. We highlight the impact of genomic testing in the Orthopaedic clinic. Management changes and precision orthopaedic intervention were only possible due to a genetic diagnosis. We motivate for increased access to testing, especially for younger patients presenting with complex orthopaedic phenotypes

Abstract. Introduction. There is currently very little evidence which can be used to guide surgeons treating skeletally immature patients with suspected meniscal injury. The aim of our modified Delphi study was to develop comprehensive recommendations for the management of isolated meniscal tears in skeletally immature children. Methodology. An international, two round, modified Delphi consensus was completed. Included ‘experts’ were identified as having an established adult and/or paediatric knee practice and either: 1) Faculty at the international kid's knee meeting, 2) Active member of the complex national paediatric MDT group, or 3) faculty on recognised national course aimed at teaching knee surgeons regarding the management of meniscal lesions. A threshold of 70% was used to identify consensus. Results. A total of 43 experts (Round 1) and 41 experts (Round 2) took part in the Delphi study. Surgeons from the UK, Europe, USA and South America took part. 34 statements were identified exploring 4 main domains – clinical diagnosis, investigation, management and specialist tears. Following round 1 consensus was reached on 17 (50%) statements, subsequently after completion of round 2 consensus was reached on 28 (82%) statements, leaving 6 (18%) with no consensus. Conclusions. This is the first modified delphi consensus which provides evidence for surgeons treating skeletally immature children with isolated meniscal tears. Further studies are required to provide evidence for the areas where no consensus was reached

Necrotizing soft tissue infection (NSTI) is a rapidly progressive infection that typically starts in the dermis and epidermis and spreads along soft tissue planes, penetrating subdermal layers and can lead to massive tissue necrosis resulting in severe morbidity and mortality. The aim of this case series was to describe the epidemiology and burden of NSTI's at a District Hospital servicing a South African urban settlement. This retrospective case series was performed at a single centre. Consecutive patients were identified following a clinical diagnosis for NSTI. Further laboratory pre-operative work up was standardized including: use of validated Laboratory Risk Indicator for Necrotizing Fasciitis (LRINEC scores) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) status. All patients who underwent surgical debridement were captured on the Theatre Database (. www.medwebtools.org™. ). All patients received standardized perioperative, intra-operative and post-operative protocols for antibiotics, debridement and soft tissue closure or cover based on the severity of disease. Medical records, theatre notes, National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS) results and radiological results were captured for every patient. 28 patients (14 male, 14 female) presented with NSTI over a 3 year period (2021–2023). The mean age was 39.5 years. The most common organisms cultured were Streptococcus pyogenes (10 patients), Staphylococcus aureus (9 patients), Bacillus cereus (3 patients). This retrospective case series is an important study because it demonstrates some of the highest incidence of NSTI globally; however, the cause of this is yet to be determined. Our results show that having a high clinical index of suspicion; using the LRINEC score to assess severity and using a standardized antibiotic and peri-operative protocol with early soft tissue cover that NSTI's can be managed effectively with a reduction in patient morbidity and overall length of hospital stay

Aims. Is it feasible to conduct a definitive multicentre trial in community settings of corticosteroid injections (CSI) and hydrodilation (HD) compared to CSI for patients with frozen shoulder? An adequately powered definitive randomized controlled trial (RCT) delivered in primary care will inform clinicians and the public whether hydrodilation is a clinically and cost-effective intervention. In this study, prior to a full RCT, we propose a feasibility trial to evaluate recruitment and retention by patient and clinician willingness of randomization; rates of withdrawal, crossover and attrition; and feasibility of outcome data collection from routine primary and secondary care data. Methods. In the UK, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) advises that prompt early management of frozen shoulder is initiated in primary care settings with analgesia, physiotherapy, and joint injections; most people can be managed without an operation. Currently, there is variation in the type of joint injection: 1) CSI, thought to reduce the inflammation of the capsule reducing pain; and 2) HD, where a small volume of fluid is injected into the shoulder joint along with the steroid, aiming to stretch the capsule of the shoulder to improve pain, but also allowing greater movement. The creation of musculoskeletal hubs nationwide provides infrastructure for the early and effective management of frozen shoulder. This potentially reduces costs to individuals and the wider NHS perhaps negating the need for a secondary care referral. Results. We will conduct a multicentre RCT comparing CSI and HD in combination with CSI alone. Patients aged 18 years and over with a clinical diagnosis of frozen shoulder will be randomized and blinded to receive either CSI and HD in combination, or CSI alone. Feasibility outcomes include the rate of randomization as a proportion of eligible patients and the ability to use routinely collected data for outcome evaluation. This study has involved patients and the public in the trial design, dissemination methods, and how to include groups who are underserved by research. Conclusion. We will disseminate findings among musculoskeletal clinicians via the British Orthopaedic Association, the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy, the Royal College of Radiologists, and the Royal College of General Practitioners. To ensure wide reach we will communicate findings through our established network of charities and organizations, in addition to preparing dissemination findings in Bangla and Urdu (commonly spoken languages in northeast London). If a full trial is shown to be feasible, we will seek additional National Institute for Health and Care Research funding for a definitive RCT. This definitive study will inform NICE guidelines for the management of frozen shoulder. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2024;5(3):162–173

The opposable thumb is one of the defining characteristics of human anatomy and is involved in most activities of daily life. Lack of optimal thumb motion results in pain, weakness, and decrease in quality of life. First carpometacarpal (CMC1) osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common sites of OA. Current clinical diagnosis and monitoring of CMC1 OA disease are primarily aided by X-ray radiography; however, many studies have reported discrepancies between radiographic evidence of CMC1 OA and patient-related outcomes of pain and disability. Radiographs lack soft-tissue contrast and are insufficient for the detection of early characteristics of OA such as synovitis, which play a key role in CMC OA disease progression. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and two-dimensional ultrasound (2D-US) are alternative options that are excellent for imaging soft tissue pathology. However, MRI has high operating costs and long wait-times, while 2D-US is highly operator dependent and provides 2D images of 3D anatomical structures. Three-dimensional ultrasound imaging may be an option to address the clinical need for a rapid and safe point of care imaging device. The purpose of this research project is to validate the use of mechanically translated 3D-US in CMC OA patients to assess the measurement capabilities of the device in a clinically diverse population in comparison to MRI. Four CMC1-OA patients were scanned using the 3D-US device, which was attached to a Canon Aplio i700 US machine with a 14L5 linear transducer with a 10MHz operating frequency and 58mm. Complimentary MR images were acquired using a 3.0 T MRI system and LT 3D coronal photon dense cube fat suppression sequence was used. The volume of the synovium was segmented from both 3D-US and MR images by two raters and the measured volumes were compared to find volume percent differences. Paired sample t-test were used to determine any statistically significant differences between the volumetric measurements observed by the raters and in the measurements found using MRI vs. 3D-US. Interclass Correlation Coefficients were used to determine inter- and intra-rater reliability. The mean volume percent difference observed between the two raters for the 3D-US and MRI acquired synovial volumes was 1.77% and 4.76%, respectively. The smallest percent difference in volume found between raters was 0.91% and was from an MR image. A paired sample t-test demonstrated that there was no significant difference between the volumetric values observed between MRI and 3D-US. ICC values of 0.99 and 0.98 for 3D-US and MRI respectively, indicate that there was excellent inter-rater reliability between the two raters. A novel application of a 3D-US acquisition device was evaluated using a CMC OA patient population to determine its clinical feasibility and measurement capabilities in comparison to MRI. As this device is compatible with any commercially available ultrasound machine, it increases its accessibility and ease of use, while proving a method for overcoming some of the limitations associated with radiography, MRI, and 2DUS. 3DUS has the potential to provide clinicians with a tool to quantitatively measure and monitor OA progression at the patient's bedside

Introduction and Objective. Almost 60% of the population can expect to experience low back pain (LBP) during their life. Several radiological tools are used to investigate LBP. However, adequate evidence is unavailable to support the use of single photon emission computer tomography (SPECT) in patients with LBP. The objective of this study is to assess the role and efficiency of SPECT in evaluation and management of patients with LBP. Method. Ninety-two patients with LBP were examined and assessed. All the patients received a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan and were referred for a SPECT. We interpreted the modic and degenerative changes found on the MRI and compared it with SPECT tracer uptake. SPECT was used to identify the pain generator and then a surgical plan was made. Data was analyzed for pain improvement in those who underwent surgical treatment to establish the accuracy of CT SPECT in identification of primary pain generator. Results. A total of 184 patients were included in the study who underwent diagnostic CT-SPECT between January 2013 and December 2019. One hundred of them were females and Eighty four males; the mean age was 47.6 years. 111 patients underwent surgery in the form of interbody fusion or posterolateral fusion. 16 patients positive tracer uptake was at asymptomatic level or unrelated. In 3 patients SPECT identified screw sites as pain generator and in all 3 patients screws were removed with good pain relief. Overall axial pain as measured with Numeric rating scale was preoperatively 9.13 ± 0.7 and improved to 4.54 ± 2.3 at 6 months postoperative follow up. MRI changes have been analyzed and correlation studied with relation to SPECT findings. Conclusion. Due to its high precision and sensitivity compared to other radiological modalities, SPECT demonstrated the ability to aid in clinical diagnosis. CT SPECT reveals information that becomes vital in deciding further management. In this study, we exemplified that SPECT scan can give indication for pain generator in axial spine pain and aid in surgical intervention

Aims. Stiffness is a common complication after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Pathogenesis is not understood, treatment options are limited, and diagnosis is challenging. The aim of this study was to investigate if MRI can be used to visualize intra-articular scarring in patients with stiff, painful knee arthroplasties. Methods. Well-functioning primary TKAs (n = 11), failed non-fibrotic TKAs (n = 5), and patients with a clinical diagnosis of fibrosis. 1. (n = 8) underwent an MRI scan with advanced metal suppression (Slice Encoding for Metal Artefact Correction, SEMAC) with gadolinium contrast. Fibrotic tissue (low intensity on T1 and T2, low-moderate post-contrast enhancement) was quantified (presence and tissue thickness) in six compartments: supra/infrapatella, medial/lateral gutters, and posterior medial/lateral. Results. Fibrotic tissue was identified in all patients studied. However, tissue was significantly thicker in fibrotic patients (4.4 mm ± 0.2 mm) versus non-fibrotic (2.5 mm ± 0.4 mm) and normal TKAs (1.9 mm ± 0.2 mm, p = < 0.05). Significant (> 4 mm thick) tissue was seen in 26/48 (54%) of compartments examined in the fibrotic group, compared with 17/30 (57%) non-fibrotic, and 10/66 (15%) normal TKAs. Although revision surgery did improve range of movement (ROM) in all fibrotic patients, clinically significant restriction remained post-surgery. Conclusion. Stiff TKAs contain intra-articular fibrotic tissue that is identifiable by MRI. Studies should evaluate whether MRI is useful for surgical planning of debridement, and as a non-invasive measurement tool following interventions for stiffness caused by fibrosis. Revision for stiffness can improve ROM, but outcomes are sub-optimal and new treatments are required. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2020;102-B(10):1331–1340

The clinical diagnosis of distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) instability remains challenging. The current diagnostic gold standard is a dynamic computerized topography (CT) scan. This investigation compares the affected and normal wrists in multiple static positions of forearm rotation.. However, its accuracy has been questioned, as the wrist is unloaded and not placed under stress. This may fail to capture DRUJ instability that does not result in static malalignment between the ulnar head and sigmoid notch. The purpose of this biomechanical study was to evaluate the effectiveness of both dynamic and stress CT scans in detecting DRUJ instability. A customized DRUJ arthrometer was designed that allows for both static positioning, as well as dorsal and volar loading at the DRUJ in various degrees of forearm rotation. Ten fresh frozen cadavers were prepared and mounted in the apparatus. CT scans were performed both in the unloaded condition (dynamic CT) and with each arm subjected to a standardized 50N volar and dorsal force (stress CT) in neutral and maximum pronation/ supination. The TFCC (triangular fibrocartilage complex)was then sectioned peripherally to simulate DRUJ instability and the methodology was repeated. CT scans were then evaluated for displacement using the radioulnar ratio method. When calculating the radioulnar ratio for intact wrists using the dynamic CT technique, values were 0.50, 0.64, 0.34 for neutral, pronation and supination, respectively. When the TFCC was sectioned and protocol repeated, the values for the simulated unstable wrist for dynamic CT were 0.54, 0.62, 0.34 for neutral, pronation and supination, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between the intact and sectioned states for any position of forearm rotation using dynamic CT. Usingstress CT, mean radioulnar ratios for the intact specimens were calculated to be 0.44, 0.36 and 0.31 for neutral, pronation and supination, respectively. After sectioning the TFCC, the radioulnar ratios increased to 0.61, 0.39 and 0.46 for neutral, pronation and supination. There was a statistically significant difference between intact and simulated-unstable wrists in supination (p = 0.002) and in neutral (p=0.003). The radioulnar ratio values used to measure DRUJ translation for dynamic CT scans were unable to detect a statistically significant difference between stable and simulated unstable wrists. This was true for all positions of forearm rotation. However, when a standard load was placed across the DRUJ, statically significant changes in the radioulnar ratio were seen in neutral and supination between stable and simulated unstable wrists. This discrepancy challenges the current gold standard of dynamic CT in its ability to accurately diagnosis DRUJ instability. It also introduces stress CT as a possible solution for diagnosing DRUJ instability from peripheral TFCC lesions

Background:. Identification of nerve root involvement (NRI) in patients with low back-related leg pain (LBLP) can be challenging. Diagnostic models have mainly been developed in secondary care with conflicting reference standards and predictor selection. This study aims to ascertain which cluster of items from clinical assessment best identify NRI in primary care consulters with LBLP. Methods:. Cross-sectional data on 395 LBLP consulters were analysed. Potential NRI indicators were seven clinical assessment items. Two definitions of NRI formed the reference standards: (i) high confidence (≥80%) NRI clinical diagnosis (ii) high confidence (≥80%) NRI clinical diagnosis with confirmatory magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings. Multivariable logistic regression models were constructed and compared for both reference standards. Model performances were summarised using the Hosmer-Lemeshow statistic and area under the curve (AUC). Bootstrapping assessed internal validity. Results:. NRI clinical diagnosis model retained five items. The model with MRI in the reference standard retained six items. Four items remained in both models: below knee pain, leg pain worse than back pain, positive neural tension tests, neurological deficit (myotome, reflex or sensory). NRI clinical diagnosis model was well calibrated (p=0.17) and discrimination was AUC 0.96 (95%CI: 0.93, 0.98). Performance measures for clinical diagnosis plus confirmatory MRI model showed good discrimination (AUC 0.83, 95% CI: 0.78, 0.86) but poor calibration (p=0.01). Bootstrapping revealed minimal overfitting in both models. Conclusion:. A cluster of items identified NRI in LBLP consulters. These criteria could be used clinically and in research to improve accuracy of identification and homogeneity of this subgroup of low back pain patients

Background. Criticisms about overuse of MRI in low back pain are well documented. Yet, with the exception of suspicion of serious pathology, little is known about factors that influence clinicians' preference for MRI. We investigated the factors associated with physiotherapists' preference for MRI for patients consulting with benign low back and leg pain (LBLP) including sciatica. Methods. Data were collected from 607 primary care patients consulting with LBLP and assessed by 7 physiotherapists, in the ATLAS cohort study. Following clinical assessment, physiotherapists documented whether he/she wanted the patient to have an MRI. Factors potentially associated with clinicians' preference for imaging were selected a priori, from patient characteristics and clinical assessment findings. A mixed-effect logistic regression model examined the associations between these factors and physiotherapists' preference for MRI. Results. Physiotherapists expressed a preference for MRI in 32% (196/607) of patients, of whom 22 did not have a clinical diagnosis of sciatica (radiculopathy). Factors associated with preference for MRI included; clinical diagnosis of sciatica (OR 4.23: 95% CI 2.29,7.81), greater than 3 months pain duration (OR 2.61: 95% CI 1.58,4.30), high pain intensity (OR 1.24: 95%CI 1.11,1.37), patient's low expectation of improvement (OR 2.40: 95% 1.50,3.83), physiotherapist's confidence in the diagnosis (OR 1.19: 95% CI 1.07,1.33) with greater confidence associated with higher probability of preference for MRI. Conclusion. A clinical diagnosis of sciatica and longer symptom duration were most strongly associated with physiotherapists' preference for MRI. Given current best practice guidelines, these appear to be justifiable reasons for wanting patients to have an MRI. Conflicts of interest: None. Funding. SE was supported through an NIHR internship linked to an NIHR Research Professorship awarded to NEF (RP-01-015). NEF is an NIHR Senior Investigator. KK is supported through a HEFCE Senior Clinical Lecturer award. The views and opinions expressed therein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the NIHR, NHS or the Department of Health