Introduction. Objective was to assess clinical results of treatment of Infected Non Union (INU) of long bones, using Antibiotic Cement Impregnated Nail (ACIN), a single or two staged approach, Stage 1 - Debridement, eradication of infection, primary stabilization with (ACIN). 2nd Stage - Definitive stabilization and early rehabilitation. Methods. 185 cases of infected non-union of long bones from Jan 2002 to Jan 2009 were treated in this hospital. 46 females and 139 males, age varied from 17–65 years (Avg. 40). Tibia was the commonest bone to be affected, followed by femur & humerus. The control of infection was by debridement, antibiotic cement impregnated K-nail (ACIN) insertion with or without Ilizarov ring fixator application, second stage treatment by definitive internal fixation and bone grafting was done if required. Average duration of follow up, was 26 months (14–58 months). Main outcome measurements were assessment of bone healing, functional outcome, healing time and complications. Results. Out of the 185 cases treated in our institute 174 (93.7%) patients achieved union at an average of 8 months. 2 limbs with non union tibia fractures were amputed on demand by patients, 2 limbs developed severe edema, 7 patients did not achieve union, inspite of repeated procedures. Infection was controlled early especially in Type 1 non unions. 5 patients had persistent infection though mild inspite of 2 or 3 surgeries of exploration and curettage. Discussion and conclusion. The two staged procedure described gives satisfactory results. Antibiotic and cement impregnated nails and beads achieve good infection control without any complications and reduce the healing time. Ilizarov fixator helps in stabilization, compression, deformity correction at the same time and plays a significant role in the path to union. Fixator should be removed as early as possible to avoid restriction of movements

Background: Antibiotic-loaded spacers and cement nails are commonly used in patients undergoing a two-stage implant exchange procedure for treatment of prosthetic joint infection (PJI). During re-implantation 2–6 weeks after implant removal, tissue specimens are collected to document successful eradication of infection. However, these specimens have limited sensitivity, especially in patients receiving antimicrobial treatment. We investigated the value of sonication of removed spacers and cement nails. Methods: We prospectively included patients in whom a spacer or cement nail was removed from January 2007 through April 2009 during a two-stage exchange procedure. The removed temporary device was sonicated in a container with Ringer’s solution in an ultrasound bath for 5 min at 40 kHz (as described in . NEJM. 2007. ;. 357. :. 654. ). The resulting sonication fluid was cultured aerobically and anaerobically for 10 days. In parallel, > 2 tissue samples were collected for conventional cultures on blood agar plates and enrichment broth. PJI was defined as visible purulence, acute inflammation on histopathology, sinus tract or significant microbial growth in tissue or implant sonication cultures. Results: In this ongoing study, 28 spacers and 10 cement nails from patients with confirmed PJI were included (median age 75 y; range 49–86 y). All devices were impregnated with antibiotics (gentamicin and/or vancomycin) and were placed in the hip (n=21), knee (n=9) or shoulder joint region (n=7). At the time of explantation, the following pathogens were isolated: coagulase-negative staphylococci (n=19), Staphylococcus aureus (n=7), Streptococcus agalactiae (n=3), Propionibacterium acnes (n=5) and mixed infection (n=4). All patients received systemic antibiotics for a median of 19 days (range 11–42 days) before removal of the spacer/nail. At the time of re-implantation, tissue cultures were negative in all 38 patients, whereas sonication cultures showed growth of Propionibacterium acnes in 2 of 38 patients (5%) with a hip and shoulder spacer, both in significant numbers (150 and 550 colonies/ml sonication fluid, respectively). These organisms were probably present as mixed infection already at the time of explantation, but were missed due to overgrowth due to another organism (S. aureus in one patient and coagulase-negative staphylococci in another). Both patients were not initially treated for the Propionibacterium acnes infection, but the treatment was given after re-implantation. Conclusion: Sonication of removed spacers is a suitable approach to identify persistent infection in patients with a two-stage exchange. Sonication may replace the current standard approach consisting of multiple tissue specimens in order to document successful eradication of infection

The October 2013 Trauma Roundup. 360 . looks at: Radiological, electromagnetic or just leave it out altogether?: distal locking in intramedullary nailing; Internal fixation of radiation-induced pathological fractures of the femur has a high rate of failure; Obesity and trauma; Short and sweet?: antibiotics in open fractures; Extremity injuries more important than previously thought?; Cement nails tiptop for osteomyelitis; Oxygen measurements for compartment syndrome?

Introduction: Metastatic bone disease of the humerus may be associated with disabling pain and loss of function. Surgery must provide good local tumor control, immediate mechanical stability, and a short rehabilitation period. Between 1980 and 2000, the authors operated 59 patients with metastatic disease of the humerus. The current study summarizes the principles of the surgical technique and functional and oncological outcomes. Materials and Methods: There were 33 females and 26 males. Indications for surgery included pathological fracture (40), impending fracture (11), and intractable pain (6). Anatomic locations of humeral metastases included: around the proximal humeral metaphysic and head (Type I) – 18, humeral diaphysis (Type II) – 39, and humeral condyles (Type III) – 2. Types I and III metastases were treated with resection and endoprosthetic reconstruction. Type II metastases were treated with intralesional tumor removal and cemented nailing. Postoperatively, 31 patients were treated with radiation therapy, 35 with chemotherapy, and 14 with immunotherapy. Follow-up of the study patients included physical examination, radiological evaluation and functional evaluation according to the American Musculoskeletal Tumor Society system. Results: Patients who had cemented nailing had better overall function, emotional acceptance, hand positioning, and lifting ability than patients who underwent endoprosthetic reconstruction. Pain alleviation and dexterity were comparable in both groups. All patients had a stable extremity and overall function of 56 patients (95%) was > 68% of normal upper extremity function. Only two patients (3%) had a local tumor recurrence. Conclusions: An aggressive surgical approach in patients who have humeral metastases and meet the criteria for surgical intervention is beneficial; it provides durable reconstruction and is associated with good function and local tumor control in most patients

We report our retrospective multicentre experience of managing periprosthetic knee fractures using locking plates, cemented nails and distal femoral prosthesis. The Aim of this study is to analyze the practicality of management of these injuries using modern methods of fixation or salvation. 62 patients presented to 3 centres between 2003 and 2010. After implementation of inclusion criteria, clinical, radiological and functional outcomes were evaluated in 54 patients, with a minimum follow-up of 6 months. 34 patients were treated with locking plates (10 males, 24 female; mean age 76), 16 with cemented/locking nails (4 males, 12 females; mean age 84.5), and 4 with distal femoral replacement prosthesis (2 males, 2 females; mean age 79). Locking plates which were used with a minimally invasive pattern produced the best outcomes in our study. A statistical significance of p value of less than 0.01 was found in union time between patients operated on with an open technique (6.69±2.69 months) and those operated on with a minimally invasive technique (3.6±0.91 months). Nailing with augmented cement is a useful technique in patients who are not suitable for challenging surgery & rehabilitation programmes. There was a significant difference in mean time to functional weight bearing (p< 0.01) between the plate group (4.79±2.6 months) and the nail group (2.63±0.5 months). Post-operative range of motion was also better for nails (106.36±14.33. O. flexion) compared to plates (93.24±26.8. O. ), a result that approached significance (p=0.065). We recommend minimal invasive plating in uncompromised physiological conditions, as an ideal method of fracture fixation in view of statistically significant union rates. Cemented nailing is recommended in patients where early rehabilitation is essential. Distal Femoral prosthesis replacement is a useful salvage method

Aim. We performed this Institutional Review Board-approved study to evaluate the efficacy of antibiotic-impregnated cement nailing for management of this condition. Method. The study included 41 patients with infected non-unions of femur (23) and tibia (18) treated from 01.2009 to 09.2014. 32 (78%) patients were male and 9 (22%) patients were female. Mean age was 41.8 (range 20–78) years old. Mean time from the injury to AB-cement nailing was 21.2 (range 6–91) months. Mean follow-up duration was 18 (8–36) month. 6/23 femoral and 9/18 tibial fractures were initially open. Other fractures were closed and infected non-union developed as complication of previous surgeries: IM-nailing, ORIF or Ilizarov external fixation. Sinuses were revealed in all patients, but have closed by the time of AB-cement nailing in 30 cases. Pre- and intraoperative cultures revealed S.aureus in 20, S.epidermidis in 8, Klebsiella Pneumoniae in 3, Enterobacter cloacae in 2, Acinetobacter baumannii in 1 and no grows in 7 cases. We used 9–12 mm nails. *. for femur and 8–10 mm for tibia with 2 mm cement thickness. Gentamicin-impregnated cement was mixed with thermostable antibiotic according to the predetermined sensitivity (vancomycin or daptomycin). Nails were coated using silicone tube with equal diameter for the entire length. After debridement and preparation of intramedullary cavity with reamers the locked IM-osteosynthesis was performed. In all cases nails were locked proximally and distally to improve bone stability. Patients additionally received intravenous antibiotics according to the sensitivity for two weeks. Full weight-bearing was allowed 3 months after surgery. Follow-up was performed in 6, 12, 24 and 52 weeks. Results. One year after surgery, X-ray revealed bone union in 36 (87.8%) patients and all 41 (100%) patients were full weight-bearing. In 5 (12.1%) cases, X-ray has not reveal evident consolidation, but 3 of them archived bone union after repeated surgery with autologous bone grafting. Open fistulas were found in 6 (14.6%) patients and required hardware removal and debridement. Conclusions. AB-cement nailing achieved elimination of infection and fracture healing in the majority of patients. This method can be effectively used for maintaining patients’ active life and mobility

Nonunions and segmental bone defects associated with infection are challenging problems faced by the orthopaedic surgeon. Antibiotic cement-coated (ACC) interlocking nails, prepared in the operating theatre using nails and materials generally available, can be used to treat these conditions. Two different types of moulds can be used (reusable or disposable). Materials and Methods: The infected nonunion/segmental bone defect was treated by débridement followed by ACC nailing in 52 patients (12 female, 40 male, age range 16–86 years). Other procedures for deformity correction, bone defect etc were carried out simultaneously as indicated. Infected nonunion was seen in 34 patients, 1 was an acute fracture after external fixator. Segmental defect in the bone of 1 to 30 cm was seen in 17 patients. Anatomical sites included Femur (13), Tibia (11), Knee (12) and ankle (16). Results: Limb salvage was achieved in 96% and amputation in 2 patients. Bony union was achieved in 41 of 49 patients (84%). In 3 patients (15%), control of infection was achieved with stable nonunion (1 patient) and stable nonunion with cement spacer (2 patients). Control of infection was achieved in 85%. Single procedure achieved this goal in 73%. Cement nail de-bonding occurred during removal in 9 patients and during insertion in 1 patient. The average follow-up was 16 months (1 to 60 m). Conclusion: Dual goals of control of infection as well as stability to promote union can be achieved using this technique. Although useful for all infected nonunions, this technique is particularly useful for patients who are not ideal candidates for external fixators or those who do not want an external fixator

The presence of an unremovable cemented tibial nail presents a unique challenge for limb salvage reconstructions utilizing a rotating hinge knee. All manufacturers’ designs except Link America incorporate a vertically-oriented rotational channel in the proximal tibia to provide the housing for a rotational axis stem. Such channel placement may be impossible in patients with pre-existing tibial hardware that obliterates the proximal tibial intramedullary canal. The Link America design utilizes a superiorly-projecting rotational stem that articulates with a housing located on the rotational yoke component; however it requires an intramedullary tibial stem for component stabilization. Thus all currently available rotating hinge knees require placement of a stem or a stem equivalent into the tibial intramedullary canal. We describe a limb salvage case employing a Link America rotating hinge knee with a tibial component incorporating a custom hollow stem in a patient with an unremovable centralized, straight, cemented tibial nail. This reconstruction was required following an intra-articular fracture of a successfully incorporated massive proximal tibial osteoarticular allograft. The allograft had been implanted seven years previously following resection of a proximal tibia osteosarcoma. This custom device allowed a relatively simple limb salvage reconstruction with good results and only a two day hospital stay. This custom hollow-stemmed device allowed limb salvage in a situation that otherwise would have required either an amputation or resection of a healed tibial allograft that had successfully incorporated, replacing approximately 50% of the length of the tibia shaft. While rarely required, such an implant can allow a relatively simple and straight-forward functional salvage of an extremity in those patients whose only other choices for limb salvage include much more extensive bone resections and complex reconstructions. The potential for subsequent articular level failure should be considered whenever utilizing an osteoarticular allograft. A cemented, retrograde inserted, intramedullary nail can provide reliable internal fixation of such an allograft. If such fixation is selected, a straight intramedullary nail (as in this case) should be utilized, so that the intramedullary device is centered in the proximal tibia. This will allow for future revision to a total knee with a hollow stemmed tibial component should the need arise

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of positioning (lateral vs. supine) on pulmonary patho-physiology following pulmonary contusion and fat embolism in a canine model of polytrauma. Platelet and neutrophil activation were assessed using flow-cytometry. There were no significant differences between groups in CD62P and CD11/18 MCF (markers of platelet and neutrophil activation, respectively) following fat embolism. However, only animals in the lateral position displayed significant increases in both measures as compared to baseline values. Lateral positioning may exert an early effect on proinflammatory and coagulation activation, and may play a role in the development of acute lung injury. It has previously been suggested that acute lung injury can be influenced by patient positioning, be it lateral or supine. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of positioning on pulmonary pathophysiology associated with concomitant pulmonary contusion and fat embolism in a canine model of polytrauma. Twelve dogs were randomly assigned to one of two surgical positioning groups, lateral and supine. The dogs were subjected to pulmonary contusion by application of force between 200–250 N/m. 2. for thirty seconds in three areas of one lung. Two hours later, fat embolism was induced via reaming of the ipsilateral femur and tibia and cemented nailing. Two hours later, the dogs were sacrificed. For flow-cytometric evaluation of platelet and neutrophil activation, venous blood samples were stained with fluorescence-conjugated antibodies against CD62P and CD11/18, respectively. There were no significant differences between the groups in CD62P and CD11/18 mean channel fluorescence (MCF) following pulmonary contusion and fat embolism. However, only animals in the lateral positioning group displayed significant increases in CD62P and CD11/18 MCF at two hours following fat embolism as compared to baseline values. Our findings suggest that lateral positioning, autoregulation and preferential blood flow to the contused non-dependent lung may render lung tissue more susceptible to congestion and lead to activation of both platelets and neutrophils. Lateral positioning may have an early effect on activation of the inflammatory and coagulation cascades and may be significant in the development of posttraumatic acute lung injury

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of positioning (lateral vs. supine) on pulmonary pathophysiology following pulmonary contusion and fat embolism in a canine model of polytrauma. Platelet and neutrophil activation were assessed using flow-cytometry. There were no significant differences between groups in CD62P and CD11/18 MCF (markers of platelet and neutrophil activation, respectively) following fat embolism. However, only animals in the lateral position displayed significant increases in both measures as compared to baseline values. Lateral positioning may exert an early effect on proinflammatory and coagulation activation, and may play a role in the development of acute lung injury. It has previously been suggested that acute lung injury can be influenced by patient positioning, be it lateral or supine. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of positioning on pulmonary pathophysiology associated with concomitant pulmonary contusion and fat embolism in a canine model of polytrauma. Twelve dogs were randomly assigned to one of two surgical positioning groups, lateral and supine. The dogs were subjected to pulmonary contusion by application of force between 200–250 N/m. 2. for thirty seconds in three areas of one lung. Two hours later, fat embolism was induced via reaming of the ipsilateral femur and tibia and cemented nailing. Two hours later, the dogs were sacrificed. For flow-cytometric evaluation of platelet and neutrophil activation, venous blood samples were stained with fluorescence-conjugated antibodies against CD62P and CD11/18, respectively. There were no significant differences between the groups in CD62P and CD11/18 mean channel fluorescence (MCF) following pulmonary contusion and fat embolism. However, only animals in the lateral positioning group displayed significant increases in CD62P and CD11/18 MCF at two hours following fat embolism as compared to baseline values. Our findings suggest that lateral positioning, autoregulation and preferential blood flow to the contused non-dependent lung may render lung tissue more susceptible to congestion and lead to activation of both platelets and neutrophils. Lateral positioning may have an early effect on activation of the inflammatory and coagulation cascades and may be significant in the development of posttraumatic acute lung injury

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of positioning (lateral vs. supine) on pulmonary pathophysiology following pulmonary contusion and fat embolism in a canine model of polytrauma. Platelet and neutrophil activation were assessed using flow-cytometry. There were no significant differences between groups in CD62P and CD11/18 MCF (markers of platelet and neutrophil activation, respectively) following fat embolism. However, only animals in the lateral position displayed significant increases in both measures as compared to baseline values. Lateral positioning may exert an early effect on proinflammatory and coagulation activation, and may play a role in the development of acute lung injury. It has previously been suggested that acute lung injury can be influenced by patient positioning, be it lateral or supine. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of positioning on pulmonary pathophysiology associated with concomitant pulmonary contusion and fat embolism in a canine model of polytrauma. Twelve dogs were randomly assigned to one of two surgical positioning groups, lateral and supine. The dogs were subjected to pulmonary contusion by application of force between 200–250 N/m. 2. for thirty seconds in three areas of one lung. Two hours later, fat embolism was induced via reaming of the ipsilateral femur and tibia and cemented nailing. Two hours later, the dogs were sacrificed. For flow-cytometric evaluation of platelet and neutrophil activation, venous blood samples were stained with fluorescence-conjugated antibodies against CD62P and CD11/18, respectively. There were no significant differences between the groups in CD62P and CD11/18 mean channel fluorescence (MCF) following pulmonary contusion and fat embolism. However, only animals in the lateral positioning group displayed significant increases in CD62P and CD11/18 MCF at two hours following fat embolism as compared to baseline values. Our findings suggest that lateral positioning, autoregulation and preferential blood flow to the contused non-dependent lung may render lung tissue more susceptible to congestion and lead to activation of both platelets and neutrophils. Lateral positioning may have an early effect on activation of the inflammatory and coagulation cascades and may be significant in the development of posttraumatic acute lung injury

Septic complications of long bone fracture are still a significant clinical problem. Although inflammatory process after intramedullary nailing is a rare complication, its treatment is complex. The aim of this study is to analyze the effectiveness of the treatment of septic complications of the long bone union with use of Reamer–Irrigator–Aspirator (RIA) technique and intramedullary antibiotic-coated PMMA nailing. An analysis of the effectiveness of treatment of 49 patients with septic non-union of long bones (12 femur, 37 tibia), in which the RIA method was applied with antibiotic cement impregnated intramedullary nailing. Treatment consisted of reaming of long bone canal using the RIA technique and the intramedullary cement coated nail with the targeted antibiotic. Treatment required second stage with nail exchange and PMMA removal after 6 weeks to prevent the resitant strains selection. In a group of patients treated with use of above-mentioned method the remission of inflammatory process was achieved in all cases. 32 (67%) patients developed bone union, 24 patients with tibial and 8 patients with femoral septic bone union disorders. The average duration of bone union obtainment with intramedullary nailing was 37 weeks. The most common inconveniences that occurred during treatment was prolonged wound discharge and pain. Inflammatory complications of fractures in our material involved extensive injuries, usually high-energetic. Stabilization with intramedullary locked nail coated with antibiotic cement after debridement with RIA method is a convincing treatment. An essential element of biological bone union is to provide a good cover of the bone tissue with a soft tissue envelope and sequestrectomy. The success of the treatment of infected pseudoarthrosis may be obtained under condition of: radical removal of inflammation tissue, convincing biomechanical dynamized stabilization and antibiotic therapy

Problems of infected non-unions include not only infection and impossibility of weight-bearing, but also restricted ROM and compromised soft-tissues as result of trauma and previous surgeries. In such cases, treatment is long and difficult both for patient and treating surgeon. This study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of using antibiotic-impregnated cement locked nails for management of this condition. The study included 28 patients with infected non-unions of femur (18) and tibia (10) treated from 01.2009 to 11.2013. Mean time from the injury to AB-cement nailing was 16.5(9–27) months. 4/18 femoral and 5/10 tibial fractures were open. Other fractures were closed and infected non-union developed as complication of previous surgeries: IM-nailing, ORIF or Ilizarov external fixation. Fistulas were revealed in all patients, but have closed by the time of AB-cement nailing in 18 cases. Pre- and intraoperative cultures revealed S.aureus in 18, S.epidermidis in 5, no grows in 5 cases. Solid stainless-steel locked nails (SIGN) were coated with AB-cement intraoperatively. Full weight-bearing was allowed 3 months after surgery. Follow-upwas performed in 6, 12, 24 and 52 weeks. One year after surgery, X-ray revealed bone union in 25 (89.3%) patients and all 28 (100%) patients were full weight-bearing. In 3 (10.7%) cases, X-ray has revealed evident fracture line. Open fistulas were found in 4(14.3%) patients and required hardware removal and debridment. AB-cement locked nailing achieved elimination of infection and fracture healing in the majority of patients. This method can be considered as effective and requires further studies