As our understanding of hip function and disease improves, it is evident that the acetabular fossa has received little attention, despite it comprising over half of the acetabulum’s surface area and showing the first signs of degeneration. The fossa’s function is expected to be more than augmenting static stability with the ligamentum teres and being a templating landmark in arthroplasty. Indeed, the fossa, which is almost mature at 16 weeks of intrauterine development, plays a key role in hip development, enabling its nutrition through vascularization and synovial fluid, as well as the influx of chondrogenic stem/progenitor cells that build articular cartilage. The pulvinar, a fibrofatty tissue in the fossa, has the same developmental origin as the synovium and articular cartilage and is a biologically active area. Its unique anatomy allows for homogeneous distribution of the axial loads into the joint. It is composed of intra-articular adipose tissue (IAAT), which has adipocytes, fibroblasts, leucocytes, and abundant mast cells, which participate in the inflammatory cascade after an insult to the joint. Hence, the fossa and pulvinar should be considered in decision-making and surgical outcomes in hip preservation surgery, not only for their size, shape, and extent, but also for their biological capacity as a source of cytokines, immune cells, and chondrogenic stem cells. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2020;9(12):857–869

Introduction: In severe Legg-Calve-Perthes (LCPD) disease with subluxated femoral head, the acetabulum sometimes takes a bicompartmental appearance. This study analyzed acetabular pathoanatomy using a 3-D CT program. Materials and Methods: A 3-D CT software program that affords the section of 2-D image in any plane was used to analyze the acetabular pathoanatomy, with specific reference to the morphology of the inner surface of the acetabulum. Thirteen children with the bicompartmental acetabulae (12 LCPD and 1 AVN subsequent to septic hip arthritis) were evaluated. Results: The anterior half of the acetabulum was concentric. The contour of the acetabular margin in the posterior half of the acetabulum consisted of two different arcs – an arc of the iliac acetabulum (superior) and the other arc of the acetabular fossa of the ischium (medial). The junction of these two arcs was located at the triradiate cartilage, which was increased in mediolateral thickness at this point. The osteochondral articular margin of the ischium posterior to the non-articular acetabular fossa was thickened forming a ridge. The mediolateral thickness of the non-articular acetabular fossa was thinner than that of the normal contralateral side. The combination of these focal morphologic changes of the acetabular fossa rendered the bicompartmental appearance on plain AP radiograph of the pelvis. Discussion: The authors conclude that bicompartmentalization of the acetabulum apparently reflects the altered biomechanics of the hip joint due to the subluxated femoral head. The abnormal osteocartilaginous hypertrophy appears to be caused by synovial irritation and an eccentric molding effect of the subluxated femoral head

Aims. Accurate positioning of the acetabular component is essential for achieving the best outcome in total hip arthroplasty (THA). However, the acetabular shape and anatomy in severe hip dysplasia (Crowe type IV hips) is different from that of arthritic hips. Positioning the acetabular component in the acetabulum of Crowe IV hips may be surgically challenging, and the usual surgical landmarks may be absent or difficult to identify. We analyzed the acetabular morphology of Crowe type IV hips using CT data to identify a landmark for the ideal placement of the centre of the acetabular component as assessed by morphometric geometrical analysis and its reliability. Patients and Methods. A total of 52 Crowe IV and 50 normal hips undergoing total hip arthroplasty were retrospectively identified. In this CT-based simulation study, the acetabular component was positioned at the true acetabulum with a radiographic inclination of 40° and anteversion of 20° (Figure 1). Acetabular shape and the position of the centre of the acetabular component were analyzed by morphometric geometrical analysis using the generalized Procrustes analysis (Figure 2). To describe major trends in shape variations within the sample, we performed a principal component analysis of partial warp variables (Figure 3). Results. The plot of the landmarks showed that the centre of the acetabular component of normal hips was positioned around the centre of the acetabulum and superior and slightly posterior on the acetabular fossa (Figure 3). The acetabular shapes of Crowe IV hips were distinctively triangular; the ideal position of the centre of the acetabular component was superior on the posterior bony wall (Figure 3). The first and second relative warps explained 34.2% and 18.4% of the variance, respectively, compared with that of 28.6% and 18.0% in normal hips. We defined the landmark as one-third the distance from top on the posterior bony wall in Crowe IV hips. The average distance from the centre of the acetabular component was 5.6 mm. There were 24 hips (50%) for which the distance from 1/3 pbw was within 5 mm, and 43 hips (89.6%) for which the distance was within 10 mm. Conclusions. Morphometric geometrical analysis showed that the acetabulum shape of Crowe type IV hips was distinctively triangular; the centre of the acetabular component was not positioned at the centre of the acetabulum, but rather superior on the posterior bony wall. The point one-third from the top on the posterior bony wall was a useful landmark for surgeons to set the acetabular component in the precise position in Crowe IV hips. This avoids the risk of using a smaller acetabular component and destruction of the anterior wall. For any figures or tables, please contact the authors directly

Introduction. Instability continues to be the number one reason for revision in primary total hip arthroplasty (THA). Commonly, impingement precedes dislocation, inducing a levering out the prosthetic head from the liner. Impingement can be prosthetic, bony or soft tissue, depending on component positioning and anatomy. The aim of this virtual study was to investigate whether bony or prosthetic impingement occurred first in well positioned THAs, with the hip placed in deep flexion and hyperextension. Methods. Twenty-three patients requiring THA were planned for a TriFit/Trinity ceramic-on-poly cementless construct using the OPS. TM. dynamic planning software (Corin, UK). The cups were sized to best fit the anatomy, medialised to sit on the acetabular fossa and orientated at 45° inclination and 25° anteversion when standing. Femoral components and head lengths were then positioned to reproduce the native anteversion and match the contralateral leg length and offset. The planned constructs were flexed and internally rotated until anterior impingement occurred in deep flexion [Fig. 1]. The type (bony or prosthetic), and location, of impingement was then recorded. Similarly, the hips were extended and externally rotated until posterior impingement occurred, and the type and location of impingement recorded [Fig. 2]. Patients with minimal pre-operative osteophyte were selected as a best-case scenario for bony impingement. Results. 6/23 (26%) patients were planned with only a 32mm articulation (<50mm cup size), with the remaining 17 patients all planned with both 32mm and 36mm articulations (≥50mm cup size). Anterior impingement was 26% prosthetic and 74% bony with the 32mm articulations, and 100% bony with the 36mm articulations. Bony impingement in deep flexion was exclusively anterior neck on anterior inferior iliac spine. Posterior impingement was 57% prosthetic and 43% bony with the 32mm articulations, and 41% prosthetic and 59% bony with the 36mm articulations. Bony impingement in hyperextension was exclusively lesser trochanter (LT) on ischium. Of the patients planned with both 32mm and 36mm articulations, there was a 14% increase in prosthetic impingement when a 32mm head was planned (35% and 21% respectively). Discussion. Impingement in THA usually precedes dislocation and should be avoided with appropriate component positioning. We found that in hyperextension, prosthetic and bony impingement were equally common. In deep flexion, impingement was almost exclusively bony. Further studies should investigate the effects of stem version, cup orientation, liner design, cup depth, native offset and retained osteophytes on the type of impingement in THA. For any figures or tables, please contact the authors directly

Introduction. The objective of this study was to compare the performance of the Explant Acetabular Cup Removal System (Zimmer), which has been the favored system for many surgeons during hip revision surgery, and the new EZout Powered Acetabular Revision System (Stryker). Methods. 54mm Stryker Trident® acetabular shells were inserted into the foam acetabula of 24 composite hemi-pelvises (Sawbones). The hemi-pelvises were mounted on a supporting apparatus enclosing three load cells. Strain gauges were placed on the hemipelvis, on the posterior and the anterior wall, and on the internal ischium in proximity to the acetabular fossa. A thermocouple was fixed onto the polar region of the acetabular component. One experienced orthopaedic surgeon and one resident performed mock revision surgery 6 times each per system. Results. Statistical analysis was conducted using Tukey's range test (HSD). The maximum force transferred to the implant was more than 4X lower with the EZout System regardless the surgeon experience (p=1.0E-08). Overall, recorded strains were lower for the EZout System with the higher decrease in strain (5X) observed at the posterior wall region(p=2E-08). The temperature at the interface was higher for the EZout System but never more than 37°C. Total removal time was on average reduced by a third with the EZout System (p=0.01). The calculated torque was lower for the EZout System. The amount of foam left on the cup after removal, which mimics the compromised bone, was 2.5X higher on average for the Explant System with most of the foam concentrated in the polar region. Lastly, it was observed that the polar region of each implant was reached by rotating the EZout System handpiece within a very narrow cylinder of space centered along the axis of the acetabular component compared to the Explant System, which required movement of the pivoting osteotomes within a large cone-shaped operating envelope. Discussion. Quantitatively, the EZout System required lower force, producing lower strains in the surrounding composite bone. Higher impact forces and associated increased strains may increase fracture risk. Qualitatively, the Explant System required a greater cone of movement than the EZout System requiring more space for the surgeon to leverage the handle of the tool. In addition, both surgeon and resident felt substantially greater exhaustion after using the Explant System vs. the EZout System. The resident compensated for the increased workload of the Explant with time, the experienced surgeon with force. The learning curve for both experienced surgeon and resident was also much shorter with the EZout System as shown by the close force values between the experienced surgeon and resident. Conclusion. Based on the results of this in vitro model, the EZout Powered Acetabular Removal System may be a reasonable alternative to manual removal techniques

Introduction. Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is one of the most common orthopedic surgeries. The procedure is sophisticated and in addition to several factors affecting the outcomes such as patient's status, surgeon's expertise and implant type, using appropriate surgical tools is necessary. Acetabular component implantation necessitates the surgeon to ream the acetabular fossa which is time consuming and devastating. Utilizing currently-used reamers (figure 1), the size of the tool must be changed repeatedly for 5–20 times within a surgery. In every stage, the size of the reamer is increased up to 1–2 mm. This tiring process takes 15–30 minutes and is associated with some injuries to the soft tissue. Furthermore, the risk of mistakes is considerable. Objectives. Designing a new system which overcomes the limitations and defects with previous systems. Methods. Regarding the defects of currently used reaming tools, we designed a tool mounted on the drill. This tool has 3 pairs of reaming blades placed with 120° angle relative to each other (figure 2). Results. The new tool is applicable for all the diameters between 38–58 mm with 0.2 mm accuracy. We evaluated the efficacy of the tool in vitro (figure 3) and found that maxiaml error in acetabular radius is 0.1 mm. Conclusions. The new reaming system is an appropriate and efficient system for exact reaming of the acetabulum

Objectives. Few reports were shown about the position of the cup in total hip arthroplasty (THA) with CT-based navigation system. We use minimally invasive surgery (MIS) technique when we perform cementless THA and the correct settings of cups are sometimes difficult in MIS. So we use CT-based navigation system for put implants with correct angles and positions. We evaluated the depth of cup which was shown on intra-operative navigation system. Materials and Methods. We treated 30 hips in 29 patients (1 male and 28 females) by navigated THA. 21 osteoarthritis hips, 6 rheumatoid arthritis hips and 3 idiopathic osteonecrosis hips were performed THA with VectorVision Hip navigation system (BrainLAB). Implants were AMS HA cups and PerFix stems (Japan Medical Materials, Osaka). Appropriate angles and positions of cups were decided on the 3D model of pelvis before operation. According to the preoperative planning, we put the implants with navigation system. We correct the pelvic inclination angle and measured the depth of cups with 3D template software. Results. The average distance from the surface of the cup to the edge of medial wall of pelvis was 3.4mm (0.0–8.0mm) on the axial plane which include the center of femoral head on postoperative CT. The average distance from the surface of the cup to the edge of medial wall of pelvis was 6.4mm (1.5–15.0mm) on intraoperative navigation. The average error was 2.9mm (0.0–9.0mm). The cup positions of post operative CT were deeper than that of intraoperative navigation in twenty six hips (86%). Conclusions. The shallow setting of cups caused the instability of cups. Deep setting caused damage of acetabular fossa. The positions of cups on the navigation system tend to be shown shallower than actual positions, so we should take care of deeper setting

Introduction. Computer-assisted methods for acetabulum cup navigation have shown to be able to improve the accuracy of the procedure, but are time-consuming and difficult to use. The goal of this project was to develop an easy-to-use navigation technique, requiring minimal equipment for acetabular cup alignment. Material. A preoperative CT scan was obtained, a 3D model of the acetabulum was created, the pelvic plane determined and the cup orientation planned. A registration area, which included the accessible part of the acetabular fossa and the surrounding articular surface, was chosen for the individualised guide. A guidance cylinder, aligned along the planned cup orientation, was attached in the centre of the guide. To transfer the planned alignment information from the registered guide to the impacting of the cup, we developed an intraoperative guidance method based on inertia sensors. The sensors were aligned orthogonal to the central cylinder of the patient-specific guide and the orientation was recorded. At the time of impacting the cup, the sensors were attached to the impactor and the surgeon used the recorded information for the alignment of the impactor. Results. To measure the accuracy of the proposed registration method, we performed an in-vitro trial on three fresh-frozen hemipelves with seven participants. The deviation between the planned and registered inclination averaged 3.01° (StDev 5.7). In anteversion, we measured an average error of 4.33° (StDev 2.8). We tested the feasibility of the proposed method in a clinical trial. The postoperative radiographic measured angles in this trial were 45° anteversion (planned 45°) and 25° inclination (planned 20°). Discussion. We introduce a novel method for computer-assisted cup alignment, which is easy to integrate into the surgical workflow. Our preliminary results suggest that this method is accurate. However, further clinical studies are necessary to verify its clinical feasibility and accuracy

Objectives. Few reports were shown about the position of the cup in total hip arthroplasty (THA) with CT-based navigation system. We use minimally invasive surgery (MIS) technique when we perform cementless THA and the correct settings of cups are sometimes difficult in MIS. So we use CT-based navigation system for put implants with correct angles and positions. We evaluated the depth of cup which was shown on intra-operative navigation system. Materials and Methods. We treated 30 hips in 29 patients (1 male and 28 females) by navigated THA. 21 osteoarthritis hips, 6 rheumatoid arthritis hips and 3 idiopathic osteonecrosis hips were performed THA with VectorVision Hip 2.5.1 navigation system (BrainLAB). Implants were AMS HA cups and PerFix stems (Japan Medical Materials, Osaka). Appropriate angles and positions of cups were decided on the 3D model of pelvis before operation. According to the preoperative planning, we put the implants with navigation system. We correct the pelvic inclination angle and measured the depth of cups with 3D template software. Results. The average distance from the surface of the cup to the edge of medial wall of pelvis was 3.4mm (0.0-8.0mm) on the axial plane which include the center of femoral head on postoperative CT. The average distance from the surface of the cup to the edge of medial wall of pelvis was 6.4mm (1.5-15.0mm) on intraoperative navigation. The average error was 2.9mm (0.0-9.0mm). The cup positions of post operative CT were deeper than that of intraoperative navigation in twenty six hips (86%). Conclusions. The shallow setting of cups caused the instability of cups. Deep setting caused damage of acetabular fossa. The positions of cups on the navigation system tend to be shown shallower than actual positions, so we should take care of deeper setting

One potential limitation with uncemented, hemispherical metal-backed acetabular components is stress shielding of bony structures due to the mismatch in elastic modulus between the metal backing and the peri-prosthetic bone. A proposed substitute is a horseshoe-shaped acetabular component, which replicates the bony anatomy. One such device, the Cambridge cup, has shown successful clinical and radiological outcomes at five years follow-up (Brooks 2004, Field 2005). We conducted a study of the Cambridge cup from a biomechanical perspective, using validated, high-resolution computational models of the bilateral hip. Peri-prosthetic stress and strain fields associated with the Cambridge cup were compared to those for the natural hip and a reconstructed hip with a conventional metal-backed hemispherical cup during peak gait loading. We found that the hemispherical cup caused an unphysiologic distribution of bone stresses in the superior roof and unphysiologic strain transfer around the acetabular fossa. These stress distributions are consistent with bone remodelling. In contrast, the peri-acetabular stresses and strains produced by the Cambridge cup differed from the natural hip but were more physiologic than the conventional hemispherical design. With the Cambridge cup, stresses in the superior acetabular roof, directly underneath the central bearing region, were greater than with the conventional design. Despite the thin bearing, the peak liner stresses in the Cambridge cup (max. tensile stress: 1.2 MPa; yield stress: 4.5 MPa) were much lower than the reported material strengths. Fossa loading by the hemispherical cup has been suggested as a possible mechanism for decreased implant stability (Widmer 2002). Conversely, the Cambridge cup produced semi-lunar peri-prosthetic stress fields, consistent with contact regions measured in natural hips (Widmer 2002). These analyses provide a better understanding of the biomechanics of the reconstructed acetabulum and suggest that a change in component geometry may promote long-term fixation in the pelvis

Aims

Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) patients report exacerbation of hip pain in deep flexion. However, the exact impingement location in deep flexion is unknown. The aim was to investigate impingement-free maximal flexion, impingement location, and if cam deformity causes hip impingement in flexion in FAI patients.

Introduction: Management of Ficat stage III and IV hip osteonecrosis remains a formidable challenge in regards to long term care. We report a case of a hemiresurfacing arthroplasty lasting 23 years in a patient who received the implant for osteonecrosis associated with corticosteroid use following kidney transplantation. In 1981, a moderately obese, 27-year-old man presented with bilateral osteonecrotic collapse of the femoral heads secondary to heavy immunosuppressive corticosteroid therapy associated with a kidney transplant. The patient had suffered a loss of both kidneys after a bout of severe nephritis that resulted in replacement with a cadaver kidney in 1979. A cemented THARIES (total hip articular replacement with internal eccentric shells) metal-on-polyethylene resurfacing (Zimmer, Warsaw, Indiana) was implanted in the right hip in 1981. At 3 years post-operatively, the patient complained of acute, exacerbated pain in his right hip. The THARIES components were removed for acetabular and femoral loosening and replaced with a total hip replacement. Surgery: The acetabular cartilage of the other hip was rated intraoperatively as Grade III (no or minimal acetabular cartilage involvement), and was deemed suitable for hemiresurfacing. A 50 millimeter custom cemented titanium shell (Zimmer, Warsaw, Indiana) was implanted using a lateral incision and a trans-trochanteric approach. The patient continued to be assessed by the surgeon on a regular basis, and returned to an active lifestyle while his kidney function continued to be regulated with corticosteroids and imoran. In 1989, eight years following hemiresurfacing, the left hip radiographs showed a reduced joint space, with further new bone in the acetabular fossa, and the patient continued to do well. UCLA hip scores were 9, 9, 10, and 7 for pain, walking, function and activity, respectively compared with 6, 6, 4, and 4 preoperatively. Radiographs taken at 18 years post-operatively showed further narrowing of the joint space, but the patient continued to be asymptomatic. At the 22-year clinic visit, the patient, now 50 years old, complained of slight groin pain, and some minor limitation in his activities, but was still able to walk without any method of support, and able to participate in recreational exercise including swimming, baseball, and weight lifting. The resurfacing hip was revised to a total hip at 23 years post-op and the specimen was submitted for implant retrieval analysis. This involved sectioning the component into three, 3-millimeter thick coronal slices, which were decalcified and routinely embedded in paraffin. Results: Hematoxylin and Eosin stained sections showed that the bone within the head was osteopenic but viable with areas of healed old necrotic segments of trabeculae which were surrounded by appositional new bone with some focal areas of recently formed woven bone. A fibrous membrane ranging from a few microns to 1.8 millimeters in thickness was present along most of the cement interface and this contained scattered particle-filled macrophages. There were occasional osteoclastic resorption fronts of bone against this membrane, but osteoblasts were also occasionally seen lining the non-membrane surface. The resurfaced head and neck showed remarkable preservation of bone stock. Although there was minimal cement penetration into the bone, either because of lack of initial penetration or from fragmentation of the cement over the years, the component was functionally well fixed. The bone was viable and there were minimal effects of the small amount of titanium metal debris. Discussion: Studies report osteonecrosis of the femoral head developing in approximately 11% of hips and 20% of patients receiving organ transplants and for young patients conservative methods need to be pursued. While the best choice of treatment for osteonecrosis is not universally agreed upon, the options are limited once collapse of the femoral head has occurred. Treatment for these patients should be based on the progression of the disease, the age of the patient, and the patient’s long-term needs. This patient had a hemiresurfacing and a metal-on-polyethylene resurfacing; the latter succumbed to polyethylene induced osteolysis, but the hemiresurfacing provided good clinical function in a young, normally active patient for 23 years. While it is recognized that hemiresurfacing is not suitable for every patient with osteonecrosis, it remains a treatment option for some patients

Developmental dysplasia of the hip is a condition in which the acetabulum provides insufficient coverage of the femoral head in the hip joint. This configuration gives poor biomechanical load distribution, with increased stress at the superior aspect of the joint surfaces, and can often lead to degenerative arthritis. Morphologically, the poor coverage may be due to an acetabulum that is too shallow or oriented in valgus. The dysplastic deformity can be treated surgically with a group of similar procedures, often labeled periacetabular osteotomies or rotational acetabular osteotomies. Each involves separating the acetabulum from the pelvis and fixating the fragment back to the pelvis in an orientation with increased coverage of the femoral head. This redistributes the biomechanical loads relative to acetabulum. Bone remodeling at the level of trabeculae is an accepted concept under research; however, it is unclear whether the hip undergoes gross morphology changes in response to changes in biomechanical loading. An understanding of the degree to which this remodeling occurs (if at all) may have an impact on surgical planning. In this retrospective study, computed tomography (CT) scans of 13 patients (2 male, 11 female, 40 ± 9 years of age) undergoing unilateral periacetabular osteotomies were examined; scans were taken both pre-operatively and at least a year post-operatively with an in-plane resolution of 0.55 mm and a slice thickness of 1.25 mm. Scans were segmented to produce triangulated meshes for the proximal femurs and the pelvis. These scans were manually processed to isolate the articular portions of the femoral heads and acetabulums, respectively; the fovea, acetabular fossa, any osteophytes and any segmentation artifacts were excluded. Post-operative meshes were registered to their pre-operative counterparts for both the femoral head and the acetabulum, for both the operative and non-operative hips, using the iterative closest point (ICP) algorithm to 20 iterations. To account for differences in defining the edges of the articular surfaces in the manual isolation, metrics were only calculated using points that were within 0.3 mm of a normal from the opposing mesh. With the resulting matched data, nearest neighbour distances were calculated to form the remodeling metrics. Select spurious datapoints were removed manually. For the operative femoral heads, the registered post-operative points were 0.24±0.53 mm outside of the pre-operative points. The maximum deviation was on average 1.94 mm with worst-case of 2.99 mm; the minimum deviation was −0.62 mm with worst-case of −2.06 mm. Positive numbers indicate the post-operative points are ‘outside’ of the pre-operative points – that is, farther from the head centre. The non-operative femoral heads have similar deviation values, 0.21±0.46 mm outside, with maximum and minimum deviation averaging to 1.24 mm and −0.74 mm respectively, with worst cases of 2.99mm and −1.80mm. For the operative acetabulums, the post-operative deviations were −0.08±0.43mm. The maximum and minimum deviations averaged to 0.62mm and −0.82mm, with worst cases of 2.14mm and −1.51mm across the set. Again, the non-operative acetabulums were very similar; post-operative deviations were −0.02±0.43mm, maximum and minimum deviations averaged to 1.24mm and −0.65mm, with worst cases of 1.97mm and −2.00mm. These quantitative measurements were reflected in manual examination of the meshes; generally speaking, there were small deviations with no overarching patterns across the anatomy. All metrics were very similar across the same anatomy (that is, femoral head or acetabulum) regardless of whether the hip operative or non-operative. Femurs tended to ‘grow’ slightly post-operatively, but by less than a half voxel in size. Given that the CT voxels are large compared to the measured deviations, it is possible the results may be sensitive to the manual segmentations used as source data. Manual examination of the deviations indicated a few potential trends. Seven operative and eleven non-operative acetabulums had a small patch of positive deviation (1mm to 1.5mm) in the anterosuperior aspect. This can be seen in the plot as the yellow-red area near the top right of the leftmost rendering. Other high-deviation areas included the superior aspect of the acetabulum (both positive and negative) and the superior aspect of the femoral head (generally positive). The edges of the mesh were often a source of high deviation. This is likely an artifact of over-inclusion the manual isolation of the articular surfaces, as joint surfaces become non-articular as they move away from the joint interface. Overall, the superior and anterosuperior aspects of the acetabulum and the superior aspect of the femoral head showed some indication of systemic changes; further study may clarify whether these data represent consistent anatomical changes. However, as the magnitude of the deviations between pre- and post-operative scans are on or below the order of the CT voxel size, we conclude that (in the absence of other strongly compelling evidence) periacetabular osteotomies for adults should be planned without the expectation of gross remodeling of the articular surfaces

Aims

Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) describes abnormal bony contact of the proximal femur against the acetabulum. The term was first coined in 1999; however what is often overlooked is that descriptions of the morphology have existed in the literature for centuries. The aim of this paper is to delineate its origins and provide further clarity on FAI to shape future research.

Objectives

Excessive acetabular coverage is the most common cause of pincer-type femoroacetabular impingement. To date, an association between acetabular over-coverage and genetic variations has not been studied. In this study we investigated the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of paralogous Homeobox (HOX)9 genes and acetabular coverage in Japanese individuals to identify a possible genetic variation associated with acetabular over-coverage.