Aims. Dystrophic calcification (DC) is the abnormal appearance of calcified deposits in degenerating tissue, often associated with injury. Extensive DC can lead to heterotopic ossification (HO), a pathological condition of ectopic bone formation. The highest rate of HO was found in combat-related blast injuries, a polytrauma condition with severe muscle injury. It has been noted that the incidence of HO significantly increased in the residual limbs of combat-injured patients if the final amputation was performed within the zone of injury compared to that which was proximal to the zone of injury. While aggressive limb salvage strategies may maximize the function of the residual limb, they may increase the possibility of retaining non-viable muscle tissue inside the body. In this study, we hypothesized that residual dead muscle tissue at the zone of injury could promote HO formation. Methods. We tested the hypothesis by investigating the cellular and molecular consequences of implanting devitalized muscle tissue into mouse muscle pouch in the presence of muscle injury induced by cardiotoxin. Results. Our findings showed that the presence of devitalized muscle tissue could cause a systemic decrease in circulating transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), which promoted DC formation following muscle injury. We further demonstrated that suppression of TGF-β signalling promoted DC in vivo, and potentiated osteogenic differentiation of muscle-derived stromal cells in vitro. Conclusion. Taken together, these findings suggest that TGF-β1 may play a protective role in dead muscle tissue-induced DC, which is relevant to understanding the pathogenesis of post-traumatic HO. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2020;9(11):742–750

Aims. Ultrasound-guided injection techniques are expected to enhance therapeutic efficacy for skeletal muscle injuries and disorders, but basic knowledge is lacking. The purpose of this study was to examine the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound for abnormal skeletal muscle lesions, and to examine the distribution patterns of solution and cells injected into abnormal muscle lesions under ultrasound guidance. Methods. A cardiotoxin (CTX)-induced muscle injury model was used. Briefly, CTX was injected into tibialis anterior muscle in rats under ultrasound observation. First, the diagnostic accuracy of abnormal muscle lesions on ultrasound was examined by comparing ultrasound findings and histology. Next, Fast Green solution and green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labelled cells were simultaneously injected into the abnormal muscle lesions under ultrasound guidance, and their distribution was evaluated. Results. Evaluation of short-axis ultrasound images and cross-sectional histological staining showed a strong correlation (r = 0.927; p < 0.001) between the maximum muscle damage area in ultrasound and haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining evaluations. Histological analysis showed that ultrasound-guided injection could successfully deliver Fast Green solution around the myofibres at the site of injury. In contrast, the distribution of injected cells was very localized compared to the area stained with Fast Green. Conclusion. This experimental animal study demonstrated the potential of ultrasound to quantitatively visualize abnormalities of skeletal muscle. It also showed that ultrasound-guided injections allowed for highly accurate distribution of solution and cells in abnormal muscle tissue, but the patterns of solution and cell distribution were markedly different. Although future studies using a more clinically relevant model are necessary, these results are important findings when considering biological therapies for skeletal muscle injuries and disorders. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2025;14(1):33–41

1. Transplantations of autografts and of Kiel bone to the iliac bone and to muscle tissue were performed in rabbits. Through labelling with two tetracycline compounds which have different fluorescent colours in ultraviolet light, bone formation between the labelling periods could be followed. 2. It was shown that bone formation between the fifth and the tenth day after transplantation to bone took place in about 50 per cent of the fresh autografts. Storage of the transplants in saline for one hour before replacement had little adverse effect, whereas exposure to air for one hour seemed to reduce the osteogenic effect of the grafts. Bone formation was not observed in grafts of Kiel bone during this period. 3. The fact that new bone formation in fresh autografts could be demonstrated even during the first four days after transplantation to bone indicates that osteogenic cells from the fresh autografts continue their activity under favourable conditions. This is supported by microradiographic and histological evidence. 4. The amount of callus which developed in close contact with the grafts during the first ten days after transplantation to bone was more pronounced both in fresh autografts and in autografts kept in saline than in autografts exposed to air for one hour. Callus developing at a later stage showed no significant difference between the various grafts, including those of Kiel bone. 5. In fresh autografts transplanted to muscle tissue callus formation could be demonstrated in most cases by the tenth day, indicating either survival of osteoblasts or the transformation of more primitive cells from the graft or from the host bone into osteogenic cells. No bone formation was observed when Kiel bone was embedded in muscle tissue

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Rotator cuff (RC) injuries are characterized by tendon rupture, muscle atrophy, retraction, and fatty infiltration, which increase injury severity and jeopardize adequate tendon repair. Epigenetic drugs, such as histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis), possess the capacity to redefine the molecular signature of cells, and they may have the potential to inhibit the transformation of the fibro-adipogenic progenitors (FAPs) within the skeletal muscle into adipocyte-like cells, concurrently enhancing the myogenic potential of the satellite cells.

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Internal hemipelvectomy without reconstruction of the pelvis is a viable treatment for pelvic sarcoma; however, the time it takes to return to excellent function is quite variable. Some patients require greater time and rehabilitation than others. To determine if psoas muscle recovery is associated with changes in ambulatory function, we retrospectively evaluated psoas muscle size and limb-length discrepancy (LLD) before and after treatment and their correlation with objective functional outcomes.

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The aim of this study was to determine the fracture haematoma (fxH) proteome after multiple trauma using label-free proteomics, comparing two different fracture treatment strategies.

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Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent joint disorder with inflammatory response and cartilage deterioration as its main features. Dihydrocaffeic acid (DHCA), a bioactive component extracted from natural plant (gynura bicolor), has demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties in various diseases. We aimed to explore the chondroprotective effect of DHCA on OA and its potential mechanism.

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This study explored the shared genetic traits and molecular interactions between postmenopausal osteoporosis (POMP) and sarcopenia, both of which substantially degrade elderly health and quality of life. We hypothesized that these motor system diseases overlap in pathophysiology and regulatory mechanisms.

Painful neuromas may follow traumatic nerve injury. We carried out a double-blind controlled trial in which patients with a painful neuroma of the lower limb (n = 20) were randomly assigned to treatment by resection of the neuroma and translocation of the proximal nerve stump into either muscle tissue or an adjacent subcutaneous vein. Translocation into a vein led to reduced intensity of pain as assessed by visual analogue scale (5.8 (sd 2.7) vs 3.8 (sd 2.4); p < 0.01), and improved sensory, affective and evaluative dimensions of pain as assessed by the McGill pain score (33 (sd 18) vs 14 (sd 12); p < 0.01). This was associated with an increased level of activity (p < 0.01) and improved function (p < 0.01). Transposition of the nerve stump into an adjacent vein should be preferred to relocation into muscle

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Circular RNA (circRNA) is involved in the regulation of articular cartilage degeneration induced by inflammatory factors or oxidative stress. In a previous study, we found that the expression of circStrn3 was significantly reduced in chondrocytes of osteoarthritis (OA) patients and OA mice. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to explore the role and mechanism of circStrn3 in osteoarthritis.

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To investigate the efficacy of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-normal saline (EDTA-NS) in dispersing biofilms and reducing bacterial infections.

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Osteoporosis is characterized by decreased trabecular bone volume, and microarchitectural deterioration in the medullary cavity. Interleukin-19 (IL-19), a member of the IL-10 family, is an anti-inflammatory cytokine produced primarily by macrophages. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of IL-19 on osteoporosis.

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Fracture-related infection (FRI) is commonly classified based on the time of onset of symptoms. Early infections (< two weeks) are treated with debridement, antibiotics, and implant retention (DAIR). For late infections (> ten weeks), guidelines recommend implant removal due to tolerant biofilms. For delayed infections (two to ten weeks), recommendations are unclear. In this study we compared infection clearance and bone healing in early and delayed FRI treated with DAIR in a rabbit model.

Aims. The aim of this study was to analyse human muscle tissue before and after rotator cuff repair to look for evidence of regeneration, and to characterise the changes seen in the type of muscle fibre. Patients and Methods. Patients were assessed pre-operatively and one year post-operatively using the Oxford Shoulder Score (OSS) and MRI. The cross-sectional area and distribution of the type of muscle fibre were assessed on biopsies, which were taken at surgery and one year post-operatively. Paired samples from eight patients were analysed. There were three men and five women with a mean age of 63 years (50 to 73). Results. All but one patient showed improvement in OSS (p = 0.004). The mean increase in the cross-sectional area of the muscle was 1220 μm. 2. (-801 to 3712; p = 0.03). There was a reduction of type 2a fibres (p = 0.02). A clear relationship could not be seen between the MRI findings and the histological appearances. Conclusion. This is the first study to provide evidence that atrophy of the supraspinatus muscle is reversible. Changes in the types of fibre are discussed. MRI assessment of muscle atrophy may not be fully representative of myofibre atrophy. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:1389–94

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Periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs) are rare, but represent a great burden for the patient. In addition, the incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is increasing. The aim of this rat experiment was therefore to compare the antibiotics commonly used in the treatment of PJIs caused by MRSA.

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Biofilm-related infection is a major complication that occurs in orthopaedic surgery. Various treatments are available but efficacy to eradicate infections varies significantly. A systematic review was performed to evaluate therapeutic interventions combating biofilm-related infections on in vivo animal models.

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The aim of the HIPGEN consortium is to develop the first cell therapy product for hip fracture patients using PLacental-eXpanded (PLX-PAD) stromal cells.

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The aim of this study was to describe a quantitative 3D CT method to measure rotator cuff muscle volume, atrophy, and balance in healthy controls and in three pathological shoulder cohorts.

1. An example of haematogenous tuberculous lesion of striated muscle is described. 2. Its rarity is stressed and pathological details described. 3. Some of the theories for the refractory reaction of muscle tissue to tuberculous infection are discussed, and experimental work is reviewed. 4. The prognosis, treatment, and the relationship of the disease to trauma are considered

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Surgical treatment of young femoral neck fractures often requires an open approach to achieve an anatomical reduction. The application of a calcar plate has recently been described to aid in femoral neck fracture reduction and to augment fixation. However, application of a plate may potentially compromise the regional vascularity of the femoral head and neck. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of calcar femoral neck plating on the vascularity of the femoral head and neck.