Flexor digitorum longus transfer and medial displacement
calcaneal osteotomy is a well-recognised form of treatment for stage
II posterior tibial tendon dysfunction. Although excellent short-
and medium-term results have been reported, the long-term outcome
is unknown. We reviewed the clinical outcome of 31 patients with
a symptomatic flexible flat-foot deformity who underwent this procedure
between 1994 and 1996. There were 21 women and ten men with a mean
age of 54.3 years (42 to 70). The mean follow-up was 15.2 years
(11.4 to 16.5). All scores improved significantly (p <
0.001).
The mean American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score improved
from 48.4 pre-operatively to 90.3 (54 to 100) at the final follow-up.
The mean pain component improved from 12.3 to 35.2 (20 to 40). The
mean function score improved from 35.2 to 45.6 (30 to 50). The mean
visual analogue score for pain improved from 7.3 to 1.3 (0 to 6).
The mean Short Form-36 physical component score was 40.6 ( Cite this article:
The October 2014 Foot &
Ankle Roundup360 looks at: multilayer compression bandaging superior for post-traumatic ankle oedema; compression stockings for ankle fractures; weight bearing ok in Achilles tendon ruptures; MRI findings can predict ankle sprain symptoms; salvage for malreduced ankle fractures; locking fibular plates are more expensive; is fixation better early or late in pilon fractures?; and calcaneal fracture fixation not for subtalar arthropathy
The Bologna–Oxford (BOX) total ankle replacement
(TAR) was developed with the aim of achieving satisfactory pain-free
movement of the ankle. To date, only one single multicentre study
has reported its clinical results. The aim of this study was to
conduct an independent review of its mid-term results. We retrospectively reviewed a total of 60 prospectively followed
patients in whom 62 BOX TARs had been implanted between 2004 and
2008. We used the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS)
score to assess the clinical results. Standardised radiographs taken
at the time of final follow-up were analysed by two observers. The
overall survival was 91.9% at a mean follow-up of 42.5 months (24
to 71). The mean AOFAS score had improved from 35.1 points (
The August 2014 Children’s orthopaedics Roundup360 looks at: Conservative treatment still OK in paediatric clavicular fractures; Femoral anteversion not the usual suspect in patellar inversion; Shoulder dislocation best treated with an operation; Perthes’ disease results in poorer quality of adult life; Physiotherapy little benefit in supracondylar fractures; Congenital vertical talus addressed at the midtarsal joint; Single-sitting DDH surgery worth the effort; and cubitus valgus associated with simple elbow dislocation
Children with congenital vertical talus (CVT)
have been treated with extensive soft-tissue releases, with a high
rate of complications. Recently, reverse Ponseti-type casting followed
by percutaneous reduction and fixation has been described, with
excellent results in separate cohorts of children with CVT, of either
idiopathic or teratological aetiology. There are currently no studies
that compare the outcome in these two types. We present a prospective cohort
of 13 children (21 feet) with CVT of both idiopathic and teratological
aetiology, in which this technique has been used. Clinical, radiological
and parent-reported outcomes were obtained at a mean follow-up of
36 months (8 to 57). Six children (nine feet) had associated neuromuscular
conditions or syndromes; the condition was idiopathic in seven children
(12 feet). Initial correction was achieved in all children, with significant
improvement in all radiological parameters. Recurrence was seen
in ten feet. Modification of the technique to include limited capsulotomy
at the initial operation may reduce the risk of recurrence. The reverse Ponseti-type technique is effective in the initial
correction of CVT of both idiopathic and teratological aetiology.
Recurrence is a problem in both these groups, with higher rates
than first reported in the original paper. However, these rates
are less than those reported after open surgical release. Cite this article:
There have been a few reports of patients with
a combination of lumbar and thoracic spinal stenosis. We describe six
patients who suffered unexpected acute neurological deterioration
at a mean of 7.8 days (6 to 10) after lumbar decompressive surgery.
Five had progressive weakness and one had recurrent pain in the
lower limbs. There was incomplete recovery following subsequent
thoracic decompressive surgery. The neurological presentation can be confusing. Patients with
compressive myelopathy due to lower thoracic lesions, especially
epiconus lesions (T10 to T12/L1 disc level), present with similar
symptoms to those with lumbar radiculopathy or cauda equina lesions.
Despite the rarity of this condition we advise that patients who
undergo lumbar decompressive surgery for stenosis should have sagittal
whole spine MRI studies pre-operatively to exclude proximal neurological
compression. Cite this article:
The December 2013 Research Roundup360 looks at: Inflammation implicated in FAI; Ponseti and effective teaching; Unicompartmental knee design and tibial strain; Bisphosphonates and fracture healing; Antibiosis in cement; Zoledronic acid improves primary stability in revision?; Osteoporotic fractures revisited; and electroarthrography for monitoring of cartilage degeneration
The objective of this study was to evaluate the rotation and
translation of each joint in the hindfoot and compare the load response
in healthy feet with that in stage II posterior tibial tendon dysfunction
(PTTD) flatfoot by analysing the reconstructive three-dimensional
(3D) computed tomography (CT) image data during simulated weight-bearing. CT scans of 15 healthy feet and 15 feet with stage II PTTD flatfoot
were taken first in a non-weight-bearing condition, followed by
a simulated full-body weight-bearing condition. The images of the
hindfoot bones were reconstructed into 3D models. The ‘twice registration’
method in three planes was used to calculate the position of the
talus relative to the calcaneus in the talocalcaneal joint, the
navicular relative to the talus in talonavicular joint, and the cuboid
relative to the calcaneus in the calcaneocuboid joint.Objective
Methods
The December 2012 Children’s orthopaedics Roundup360 looks at: whether arthrodistraction is the answer to Perthes’ disease; deformity correction in tarsal coalitions; ultrasound used to predict pain in Osgood-Schlatter’s disease; acetabular tilt; hip replacement for juvenile arthritis sufferers; whether post-operative radiographs are needed for supracondylar fractures; intra-articular local anaesthetic following supracondylar fracture fixation; and limb deformity.
Achilles tenotomy is a recognised step in the Ponseti technique for the correction of idiopathic congenital talipes equinovarus in most percutaneous cases. Its use has been limited in part by concern that the subsequent natural history of the tendon is unknown. In a study of 11 tendons in eight infants, eight tendons were shown to be clinically intact and ten had ultrasonographic evidence of continuity three weeks after tenotomy. At six weeks after tenotomy all tendons had both clinical and ultrasonographic evidence of continuity.
Deficiency of the abductor mechanism is a well-recognised
cause of pain and limping after total hip replacement (THR). This
can be found incidentally at the time of surgery, or it may arise
as a result of damage to the superior gluteal nerve intra-operatively,
or after surgery owing to mechanical failure of the abductor muscle
repair or its detachment from the greater trochanter. The incidence
of abductor failure has been reported as high as 20% in some studies.
The management of this condition remains a dilemma for the treating
surgeon. We review the current state of knowledge concerning post-THR
abductor deficiency, including the aetiology, diagnosis and management,
and the outcomes of surgery for this condition. Cite this article:
The October 2012 Foot &
Ankle Roundup360 looks at: ankle arthrodesis in young active patients; the Bologna-Oxford total ankle replacements; significant failure and revision rates for total ankle arthroplasty; surgical treatment of Achilles tendon rupture; selective plantar fascia release; whether removal of metalwork can resolve foot pain; allografting of osteochondral lesions; distracting from osteoarthritis; and ultrasound-guided minimally invasive surgery.
The August 2012 Foot &
Ankle Roundup360 looks at: calcaneocuboid distraction arthrodesis with allograft for acquired flatfoot; direct repair of the plantar plate; thromboembolism after fixation of the fractured ankle; weight loss after ankle surgery; Haglund’s syndrome and three-portal endoscopic surgery; Keller’s procedure; arthroscopy of the first MTPJ; and Doppler spectra in Charcot arthropathy.
Although equinus gait is the most common abnormality
in children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP) there is no consistency
in recommendations for treatment, and evidence for best practice
is lacking. The Baumann procedure allows selective fractional lengthening
of the gastrocnemii and soleus muscles but the long-term outcome
is not known. We followed a group of 18 children (21 limbs) with
diplegic CP for ten years using three-dimensional instrumented gait
analysis. The kinematic parameters of the ankle joint improved significantly
following this procedure and were maintained until the end of follow-up.
We observed a normalisation of the timing of the key kinematic and
kinetic parameters, and an increase in the maximum generation of
power of the ankle. There was a low rate of overcorrection (9.5%,
n = 2), and a rate of recurrent equinus similar to that found with
other techniques (23.8%, n = 5). As the procedure does not impair the muscle architecture, and
allows for selective correction of the contracted gastrocnemii and
soleus, it may be recommended as the preferred method for correction
of a mild fixed equinus deformity.
We examined the mechanical properties of Vicryl (polyglactin 910) mesh Mesh fibres were visible at six weeks but had been completely resorbed by 12 weeks, with no evidence of chronic inflammation. The tendon-implant neoenthesis was predominantly an indirect type, with tendon attached to the bone-hydroxyapatite surface by perforating collagen fibres.
We have studied cellular and vascular changes in different stages of full thickness tears of the rotator cuff. We examined biopsies from the supraspinatus tendon in 40 patients with chronic rotator cuff tears who were undergoing surgery and compared them with biopsies from four uninjured subscapularis tendons. Morphological and immunocytochemical methods using monoclonal antibodies directed against leucocytes, macrophages, mast cells, proliferative and vascular markers were used. Histological changes indicative of repair and inflammation were most evident in small sized rotator cuff tears with increased fibroblast cellularity and intimal hyperplasia, together with increased expression of leucocyte and vascular markers. These reparative and inflammatory changes diminished as the size of the rotator cuff tear increased. Marked oedema and degeneration was seen in large and massive tears, which more often showed chondroid metaplasia and amyloid deposition. There was no association between the age of the patient and the duration of symptoms. In contrast, large and massive tears showed no increase in the number of inflammatory cells and blood vessels. Small sized rotator cuff tears retained the greatest potential to heal, showing increased fibroblast cellularity, blood vessel proliferation and the presence of a significant inflammatory component. Tissue from large and massive tears is of such a degenerative nature that it may be a significant cause of re-rupture after surgical repair and could make healing improbable in this group.
We evaluated the incidence of heterotopic ossification
following total ankle replacement to determine whether the degree
of ossification was associated with the clinical outcome. We evaluated
90 ankles in 81 consecutive patients who underwent total ankle replacement,
and heterotopic ossification was assessed according to proportional involvement
of the ankle joint. Correlation analysis was used to investigate
the association between heterotopic ossification and outcome. No significant association was found between the formation of
heterotopic ossification and the clinical outcome. The degree of
heterotopic ossification in the posterior ankle joint was not significantly
correlated with posterior ankle pain (p = 0.929), the American Orthopaedic
Foot and Ankle Society score (p = 0.454) or range of movement (p
= 0.283). This study indicates that caution should be observed in attributing
symptoms and functional limitation to the presence of heterotopic
ossification in the posterior ankle joint when considering excision
of heterotopic bone after total ankle replacement.
Peri-tendinous injection of local anaesthetic,
both alone and in combination with corticosteroids, is commonly performed
in the treatment of tendinopathies. Previous studies have shown
that local anaesthetics and corticosteroids are chondrotoxic, but
their effect on tenocytes remains unknown. We compared the effects
of lidocaine and ropivacaine, alone or combined with dexamethasone,
on the viability of cultured bovine tenocytes. Tenocytes were exposed
to ten different conditions: 1) normal saline; 2) 1% lidocaine;
3) 2% lidocaine; 4) 0.2% ropivacaine; 5) 0.5% ropivacaine; 6) dexamethasone
(dex); 7) 1% lidocaine+dex; 8) 2% lidocaine+dex; 9) 0.2% ropivacaine+dex;
and 10) 0.5% ropivacaine+dex, for 30 minutes. After a 24-hour recovery
period, the viability of the tenocytes was quantified using the
CellTiter-Glo viability assay and fluorescence-activated cell sorting
(FACS) for live/dead cell counts. A 30-minute exposure to lidocaine
alone was significantly toxic to the tenocytes in a dose-dependent
manner, but a 30-minute exposure to ropivacaine or dexamethasone
alone was not significantly toxic. Dexamethasone potentiated ropivacaine tenocyte toxicity at higher
doses of ropivacaine, but did not potentiate lidocaine tenocyte
toxicity. As seen in other cell types, lidocaine has a dose-dependent
toxicity to tenocytes but ropivacaine is not significantly toxic.
Although dexamethasone alone is not toxic, its combination with
0.5% ropivacaine significantly increased its toxicity to tenocytes.
These findings might be relevant to clinical practice and warrant
further investigation.
Chronic infections and ulceration around the tendo Achillis are difficult to manage. Split-skin grafts do not survive even on healthy exposed tendon. Refractory cases may require plastic surgical intervention with the use of free flaps. Patients with significant vascular disease are not suitable for such techniques. Flexor hallucis longus tendon transfer is an established treatment for chronic ruptures of the tendo Achillis. We report the successful treatment of an infected tendo Achillis with excision and reconstruction with flexor hallucis longus transfer. The muscle belly of this tendon allowed later skin grafting while the tendon transfer provided good functional recovery.