Thirty-three children with traumatic dislocation of the hip who had been treated at the Hospital for Sick Children between 1960 and 1977 were reviewed. The amount of trauma causing dislocation of the hip in younger children was less than that for older children. The most frequent complication was soft-tissue interposition which usually required a posterior arthrotomy to clear the interposed tissue. Less frequent complications included avascular necrosis, redislocation of the hip and an irreducible hip. Nineteen children were reviewed with an average follow-up time of 10 years. Clinical examination indicated that 84 per cent of these hips were normal but the radiographs showed that 47 per cent of the dislocated hips had a coxa magna of two millimetres or more. There was no correlation between the development of coxa magna and the clinical result

The results of 276 cemented revision total hip arthroplasties performed for aseptic failure between 1977 and 1986 have been reviewed. The mean time between revision and review was 75 months (range 30 to 144). Of 220 cases available for review, 159 were assessed clinically and radiographically, and 32 by postal questionnaire. Eighteen hips required further revision, 12 for loosening, two for sepsis, two for persistent pain, and one each for fracture and recurrent dislocation. A further six hips were radiologically and symptomatically loose. Pain was mild or absent in 83%. Over half were able to walk a mile or more; 70% flexed more than 70 degrees; 15% had a flexion deformity, but in only 7% was this more than 10 degrees. The mean Harris hip score was 74. Survival at five years was 95% and at 10 years, 77%

Forty patients with tuberculosis of the lower cervical spine (second to seventh cervical vertebrae) have been reviewed. Pain and stiffness were important and dominant symptoms. Two types of disease were recognised. In children under 10 years old involvement was extensive and diffuse with the formation of large abscesses. In patients over 10 the disease was localised and produced less pus, but was associated with a much higher incidence of Pott's paraplegia. The overall incidence of cord compression was 42.5 per cent (17 out of 40); 13 of the 16 patients with the "adult" type of disease had this complication. The commonest method of treatment was with antituberculous drugs, anterior excision of diseased bone and grafting. This regime rapidly relieved pain, compressive respiratory symptoms due to abscesses and Pott's paraplegia. It also corrected kyphotic deformities from an average of 25.5 degrees to 5.4 degrees

We investigated the spines of 15 patients who had significant leg-length inequality as a result of femoral shaft fractures sustained after skeletal maturity but below the age of 21 years. The patients were examined at least 10 years after fracture. The spines were studied clinically and radiographically before and after correction of leg-length inequality with a shoe-raise. Lateral spinal flexion was measured from radiographs. The lumbar scoliosis associated with the leg-length inequality was compensatory: after equalisation of leg-length the overall curve and the axial rotation were corrected completely. There was also an equal range of lateral flexion to either side after correction. Minor malalignments of the whole spine remained despite correction of the compensatory scoliosis, and within the lumbar spine correction of the scoliosis had not occurred equally at all levels. No patients complained of significant discomfort and neither structural abnormalities nor degenerative changes were seen on the radiographs

Thirty-four patients wtih fibrodysplasia (syn., myositis) ossificans progressiva are described. Marked delay in diagnosis was usual, but all had characteristic skeletal malformations and ectopic ossification. The clinical features included: four types of malformation of the big toe, reduction defects of all digits, deafness, baldness of the scalp, and mental retardation. Progression of disability was erratic in all, but severe restriction of movement of the shoulder and spine was usual by the age of 10 years; the hips were usually involved by the age of 20 years; and most patients were confined to a chair by the age of 30 years. Exacerbating factors included trauma to the muscles, biopsy of the lumps, operations to excise ectopic bone, intramuscular injections, careless venepuncture and dental therapy. Progression of disability did not appear to be influenced by any form of medical treatment and therefore management of the patients must concentrate on the avoidance of exacerbating factors

Exchange operation is recommended as the treatment of choice for most deep infections involving a total hip replacement. This revision arthroplasty comprises, in one stage, excision of soft tissue, removal of implant and cement, replacement with an appropriate implant using Palacos R acrylic cement loaded with an appropriate antibiotic and, more recently, systemic antibiotics. During our first 10 years without systemic antibiotics we have achieved an overall 77 per cent success rate from a first attempt in 583 patients and a 90 per cent success rate after subsequent exchange procedures. Morbidity is significant but acceptable. Success is defined as control of infection, no loosening, and useful function. The factors associated with failures include, in particular, specific infections (Pseudomonas group, Streptococcus group D, Proteus group, and Escherichia coli), delay in operation and inadequate antibiotic dosage in the cement

Total hip replacement using an alumina head and socket and a titanium alloy stem is evaluated in a series of patients under 50 years of age. Between April 1977 and December 1986, 86 such replacements were performed in 75 patients, but mainly because patients had difficulty travelling from Africa, only 71 hips were followed up adequately; of these, 56 were primary procedures and 15 revisions. Survivorship analysis showed that 98% of the prostheses were retained for 10 years. On clinical and radiological examination 51 of the 71 hips were stable and acceptable, 15 had radiological changes on the acetabular side, and one on the femoral side; four other cases had clinical and radiological changes suggesting impending failure, possibly because fixation of the socket was inadequate. There were no differences between the results of the primary procedures and those of revisions. In these young patients, the results seem better with alumina-on-alumina hips than with other varieties, possibly because of their remarkably low wear

We have reviewed a series of 94 Chiari pelvic osteotomies carried out from 1966 to 1982. In 83 hips the indication for surgery had been pain, and of these patients 73 (88%) had appreciable relief within one year of operation. The other 11 hips were all in children and were painless; in them the osteotomy had successfully stabilised progressive subluxation of the hip. At review after a mean follow-up of 10 years (range, 2 to 18 years) 68 previously painful hips were reassessed. Although function of the hips had deteriorated slowly with time, four of the seven cases with 18 years' follow-up had good function and only minor symptoms. A detailed analysis of the radiographic changes produced by the Chiari osteotomy was made, using computerised analysis of variance. The beneficial effects of the osteotomy resulted from complex changes, among which the provision of a stable fulcrum for the hip seemed to be the most important

Of 47 patients with spina bifida who had had transplantation of the iliopsoas more than 10 years previously, 32 (68%) were community walkers, 3 were household walkers and 12 were non-walkers. Comparison with other published reports showed that, at the very least, the patients reviewed had not had their walking ability jeopardized by the inevitable loss of hip flexor power. Furthermore, all but three of the community walkers were able to climb and descend stairs. There was a high proportion of non-walkers in those patients whose operation had been performed in the first year of life and such early surgery is no longer recommended. We also found that the pre-operative assessment of muscle power had, in some patients, been inaccurate. Finally, we found that, at review, the power of the transferred muscles was poor, suggesting that transplantation is beneficial because it achieves permanent and major reduction in hip flexor power; this usually prevents recurrent hip flexion deformity and dislocation

A method of analysing the results of knee replacement operations, which makes it possible to estimate the annual failure rate and the proportion of implants which will survive successfully for 10 years, is applied to the post-operative data for 365 operations, using Freeman, Sheehan and Manchester prostheses, carried out from 1972 to 1980 at Harlow Wood Orthopaedic Hospital. Two criteria of success are defined. On both, and for all prostheses, the annual failure rate is found to be much lower in the first two than in the later years. Thus, account must be taken of the period since operation if the success of different prostheses is to be validly compared. This is not possible using conventional statistical methods. But significant trends in annual failure rates and significant differences between prostheses can only be identified from samples larger than are usually available in individual series. Hence it will be necessary for many centres to co-operate in pooling results if reliable conclusions are to be reached and valid comparisons made

From 1970 to 1980 cemented metal-on-plastic total hip replacement was performed on 799 hips with primary osteoarthritis using one surgical technique. At the 10- to 20-year follow-up there had been 97 revisions for mechanical loosening. Univariate survivorship analysis showed that an increased risk of revision was associated with male gender, young age at primary THR, the Brunswik and Lubinus snap-fit prostheses with large femoral heads (as compared with the Charnley prosthesis), and varying experience of the surgeon. Multivariate statistical analysis showed a three-fold increased risk of revision for men (p < 0.0001), an increase in relative risk of 1.8 per 10 years younger at surgery (p < 0.0001), a fivefold increase in risk for the Brunswik prosthesis (p < 0.0001) and a twofold increase for the Lubinus prosthesis (p = 0.0067). Inexperience of the surgeon, however, was not validated as a risk factor. The study shows that the true risk factors for revision can be identified accurately by combining univariate survivorship and multivariate statistical analyses

We treated 37 infants with 53 idiopathic club feet by posterolateral release alone at a mean age of 2.4 months. They were reviewed after a mean follow-up of 10 years 7 months. Both function and appearance were studied. Seventeen feet had required further surgery, at an average of four years after posterolateral release. In all cases hindfoot equinus had been well corrected; the mean ankle dorsiflexion at review was 15 degrees. Most feet showed subtalar joint movement of between 50% and 75% of normal. Four feet showed poor results: one had a stiff subtalar joint, two feet in one child showed fixed forefoot varus, and one foot had required a Dillwyn-Evans operation at 5.5 years. The overall reoperation rate of 32% at ten years suggests that a radical release operation is not necessary in all patients. Of 59 patients who had only a simple posterolateral release 27 (46%) have satisfactory results

We have evaluated two methods of surgical treatment of adolescent idiopathic double major scoliosis in 59 patients. In group 1, 31 patients were treated by fusion of the upper curve only. In group 2, 28 patients had lumbar fusions also including most of the lower curve. The magnitude of the lower curve and the correction obtained in traction were good indicators of the correction achieved postoperatively. Forty-four patients were reviewed at a minimum of 10 years after operation. Those in group 1 showed sustained improvement of the lower curve with minimal stiffness and pain. Group 2 patients had lumbar curves of similar severity at review, but had significantly more low back pain and stiffness. The number of lumbar segments which remained mobile appeared to be a critical factor in determining the outcome. Selective fusion of the upper curve in double major scoliosis produces satisfactory results if the lumbar curve is less than 50 degrees. It may also be appropriate for flexible lumbar curves of larger angle

We reviewed the results of 545 consecutive total hip replacements using a cementless non-coated high-density polyethylene acetabular component combined with a cemented Muller stem at five to 10 years. In all, 421 patients (445 hips) were available for review, 118 by questionnaire and 303 by examination and radiography. Of these, 86% had a good or excellent result. We found a high rate of radiological loosening of the cup after the sixth year, and a high rate of clinical loosening after the eighth year. Loosening was commoner in women, in younger patients and where a smaller size of acetabulum had been used. Calcar resorption was significantly related to loosening of the acetabulum. Loosening appeared to be mainly due to polyethylene debris produced by micro-movement of the acetabulum against the bone, which had resulted in a giant cell foreign body reaction and subsequent bone erosion. We have abandoned the use of this prosthesis and suggest that direct contact between bone and polyethylene should be prevented by a coating of metal or some other material

The results of treating 148 hips in 135 children (aged 7 to 16 at the onset of management) for Perthes' disease are analysed. Cases are classified according to the amount of epiphysial containment and the results assessed according to the degree of preserved sphericity. It is concluded that to obtain satisfactory results in this age group treatment should be prolonged until the restitution of the epiphysis so as to maintain the initially achieved containment throughout the reparative process. Containment should be secured initially as follows: by non-operative treatment, in children aged seven to nine years with contained and also with slightly subluxated epiphyses; by femoral osteotomy, in children aged seven to nine years with severely subluxated epiphyses and also in children aged 10 and more with slightly subluxated epiphyses; by Salter's osteotomy, in children aged 10 years and more with contained epiphyses; by Chiari's osteotomy, in all crushed but smooth epiphyses, and also in children aged 10 and more with severely subluxated epiphyses; and by cheilectomy, in all crushed and saddle-shaped epiphyses, but only during the regenerative stage of the disease

Forty-eight patients with achondroplasia and 24 with hypochondroplasia have been reviewed in order to clarify the differences between the two disorders and establish the height, body proportions and other clinical and radiological variations within each group. Some of the "classical" findings in achondroplasia are not always present, and hypochondroplasia at its most severe is indistinguishable from achondroplasia at its least severe. The frequency of spinal stenosis and neurological complications was established in an unselected group of 27 achondroplastic and 12 hypochondroplastic patients aged 10 years and over. Only three of the former were free of symptoms but only three developed serious complications (11 per cent). Measurement of radiographs of the lumbar canal did not in general correlate well with the severity of spinal stenosis symptoms, but it was found that the ratio of interpedicular distances at the first and fourth lumbar vertebrae had some value. Neurological complications were rare in patients with simple narrowing of the spinal canal or with persistence of a thoracolumbar kyphos but when these occurred together there was a high risk of serious neurological involvement

The incidence of clinically significant avascular necrosis (AVN) following medial open reduction of the dislocated hip in children with developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) remains unknown. We performed a systematic review of the literature to identify all clinical studies reporting the results of medial open reduction surgery. A total of 14 papers reporting 734 hips met the inclusion criteria. The mean follow-up was 10.9 years (2 to 28). The rate of clinically significant AVN (types 2 to 4) was 20% (149/734). From these papers 221 hips in 174 children had sufficient information to permit more detailed analysis. The rate of AVN increased with the length of follow-up to 24% at skeletal maturity, with type 2 AVN predominating in hips after five years’ follow-up. The presence of AVN resulted in a higher incidence of an unsatisfactory outcome at skeletal maturity (55% vs 20% in hips with no AVN; p < 0.001). A higher rate of AVN was identified when surgery was performed in children aged < 12 months, and when hips were immobilised in ≥ 60°of abduction post-operatively. Multivariate analysis showed that younger age at operation, need for further surgery and post-operative hip abduction of ≥ 60° increased the risk of the development of clinically significant AVN. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:279–86

Aims

The primary aim of this study was to compare the knee-specific functional outcome of patellofemoral arthroplasty with total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in the management of patients with patellofemoral osteoarthritis.

From 1975 to 1990 we performed subtalar or triple arthrodesis on 54 patients; 48 of them were reviewed after a mean follow-up of 10 years (6 to 15). There were 17 subtalar fusions in 14 patients and 37 triple arthrodeses in 28 patients. We assessed tibiotalar ankle function using the criteria of Mazur which gives a points score of a maximum of 100. Radiological evidence of degenerative change was graded on a scale of 0 to 4. The mean Mazur score was 85 for the subtalar fusions and 78 for the triple arthrodeses. The radiological score showed no degenerative changes in 36 feet (24 triple and 12 subtalar arthrodeses) and an increase of one grade in 14 feet (10 triple and 4 subtalar), of two grades in three feet (all triple arthrodeses) and of three grades in one foot after a subtalar arthrodesis. We found no statistically significant difference in the radiological score in unilateral fusions between feet with subtalar and triple arthrodeses and the contralateral foot. In all four feet which showed an increase in degenerative changes of two or more grades, there was an abnormality of the tibiotalar joint before the fusion operation. Of the 14 feet which showed an increase of one grade, there was a similar increase on the contralateral side in nine. Our findings show that subtalar or triple arthrodesis has little adverse influence on the function of the tibiotalar joint, even after many years

We present the electromyographic (EMG) results ten years after open decompression of the median nerve at the wrist and compare them with the clinical and functional outcomes as judged by Levine’s Questionnaire. This retrospective study evaluated 115 patients who had undergone carpal tunnel decompression at a mean of 10.47 years (9.24 to 11.36) previously. A positive EMG diagnosis was found in 77 patients (67%), including those who were asymptomatic at ten years. It is necessary to include both clinical and functional results as well as electromyographic testing in the long-term evaluation of patients who have undergone carpal tunnel decompression particularly in those in whom revision surgery is being considered. In doubtful cases or when there are differing outcomes, self-administered scales such as Levine’s Questionnaire should prevail over EMG results when deciding on the need for revision surgery