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The Bone & Joint Journal
Vol. 103-B, Issue 5 | Pages 916 - 922
1 May 2021
Qiao J Xu C Chai W Hao L Zhou Y Fu J Chen J

Aims. It can be extremely challenging to determine whether to perform reimplantation in patients who have contradictory serum inflammatory markers and frozen section results. We investigated whether patients with a positive frozen section at reimplantation were at a higher risk of reinfection despite normal ESR and CRP. Methods. We retrospectively reviewed 163 consecutive patients with periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs) who had normal ESR and CRP results pre-reimplantation in our hospital from 2014 to 2018. Of these patients, 26 had positive frozen sections at reimplantation. The minimum follow-up time was two years unless reinfection occurred within this period. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the association between positive frozen sections and treatment failure. Results. Treatment failure occurred in eight (30.77%) of the 26 PJI patients with positive frozen sections at reimplantation, compared with 13 (9.49%) of 137 patients with negative results. In the multivariate analysis, positive frozen section increased the risk of failure (odds ratio 4.70; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.64 to 13.45). The mean number of months to reinfection was lower in the positive frozen section group than in the control group (p = 0.041). While there were nine (34.62%) patients with positive frozen section and 25 (18.25%) patients with negative frozen section who had prolonged antibiotic use (p = 0.042), the mean duration of antibiotic use was comparable in two groups. Synovial white blood cell count (p = 0.137) and polymorphonuclear leucocyte percentage (p = 0.454) were not associated with treatment failure in logistic regression model. Conclusion. Positive frozen section at reimplantation was independently associated with subsequent failure and earlier reinfection, despite normal ESR and CRP levels pre-reimplantation. Surgeons should be aware of the risk of treatment failure in patients with positive frozen sections and carefully consider benefits of reimplantation. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(5):916–922


The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery British Volume
Vol. 88-B, Issue 4 | Pages 489 - 495
1 Apr 2006
Matthews TJW Hand GC Rees JL Athanasou NA Carr AJ

We have studied cellular and vascular changes in different stages of full thickness tears of the rotator cuff. We examined biopsies from the supraspinatus tendon in 40 patients with chronic rotator cuff tears who were undergoing surgery and compared them with biopsies from four uninjured subscapularis tendons. Morphological and immunocytochemical methods using monoclonal antibodies directed against leucocytes, macrophages, mast cells, proliferative and vascular markers were used. Histological changes indicative of repair and inflammation were most evident in small sized rotator cuff tears with increased fibroblast cellularity and intimal hyperplasia, together with increased expression of leucocyte and vascular markers. These reparative and inflammatory changes diminished as the size of the rotator cuff tear increased. Marked oedema and degeneration was seen in large and massive tears, which more often showed chondroid metaplasia and amyloid deposition. There was no association between the age of the patient and the duration of symptoms. In contrast, large and massive tears showed no increase in the number of inflammatory cells and blood vessels. Small sized rotator cuff tears retained the greatest potential to heal, showing increased fibroblast cellularity, blood vessel proliferation and the presence of a significant inflammatory component. Tissue from large and massive tears is of such a degenerative nature that it may be a significant cause of re-rupture after surgical repair and could make healing improbable in this group


Bone & Joint Research
Vol. 6, Issue 7 | Pages 439 - 445
1 Jul 2017
Sekimoto T Ishii M Emi M Kurogi S Funamoto T Yonezawa Y Tajima T Sakamoto T Hamada H Chosa E

Objectives. We have previously investigated an association between the genome copy number variation (CNV) and acetabular dysplasia (AD). Hip osteoarthritis is associated with a genetic polymorphism in the aspartic acid repeat in the N-terminal region of the asporin (ASPN) gene; therefore, the present study aimed to investigate whether the CNV of ASPN is involved in the pathogenesis of AD. Methods. Acetabular coverage of all subjects was evaluated using radiological findings (Sharp angle, centre-edge (CE) angle, acetabular roof obliquity (ARO) angle, and minimum joint space width). Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes. Agilent’s region-targeted high-density oligonucleotide tiling microarray was used to analyse 64 female AD patients and 32 female control subjects. All statistical analyses were performed using EZR software (Fisher’s exact probability test, Pearson’s correlation test, and Student’s t-test). Results. CNV analysis of the ASPN gene revealed a copy number loss in significantly more AD patients (9/64) than control subjects (0/32; p = 0.0212). This loss occurred within a 60 kb region on 9q22.31, which harbours the gene for ASPN. The mean radiological parameters of these AD patients were significantly worse than those of the other subjects (Sharp angle, p = 0.0056; CE angle, p = 0.0076; ARO angle, p = 0.0065), and all nine patients required operative therapy such as total hip arthroplasty or pelvic osteotomy. Moreover, six of these nine patients had a history of operative or conservative therapy for developmental dysplasia of the hip. Conclusions. Copy number loss within the region harbouring the ASPN gene on 9q22.31 is associated with severe AD. A copy number loss in the ASPN gene region may play a role in the aetiology of severe AD. Cite this article: T. Sekimoto, M. Ishii, M. Emi, S. Kurogi, T. Funamoto, Y. Yonezawa, T. Tajima, T. Sakamoto, H. Hamada, E. Chosa. Copy number loss in the region of the ASPN gene in patients with acetabular dysplasia: ASPN CNV in acetabular dysplasia. Bone Joint Res 2017;6:439–445. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.67.BJR-2016-0094.R1


The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery British Volume
Vol. 85-B, Issue 1 | Pages 126 - 132
1 Jan 2003
Mittlmeier T Vollmar B Menger MD Schewior L Raschke M Schaser K

A major pathway of closed soft-tissue injury is failure of microvascular perfusion combined with a persistently enhanced inflammatory response. We therefore tested the hypothesis that hypertonic hydroxyethyl starch (HS/HES) effectively restores microcirculation and reduces leukocyte adherence after closed soft-tissue injury. We induced closed soft-tissue injury in the hindlimbs of 14 male isoflurane-anaesthetised rats. Seven traumatised animals received 7.5% sodium chloride-6% HS/HES and seven isovolaemic 0.9% saline (NS). Six non-injured animals did not receive any additional fluid and acted as a control group. The microcirculation of the extensor digitorum longus muscle (EDL) was quantitatively analysed two hours after trauma using intravital microscopy and laser Doppler flowmetry, i.e. erythrocyte flux. Oedema was assessed by the wet-to-dry-weight ratio of the EDL. In NS-treated animals closed soft-tissue injury resulted in massive reduction of functional capillary density (FCD) and a marked increase in microvascular permeability and leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction as compared with the control group. By contrast, HS/HES was effective in restoring the FCD to 94% of values found in the control group. In addition, leukocyte rolling decreased almost to control levels and leukocyte adherence was found to be reduced by ~50%. Erythrocyte flux in NS-treated animals decreased to 90 ± 8% (mean . sem. ), whereas values in the HS/HES group significantly increased to 137 ± 3% compared with the baseline flux. Oedema in the HS/HES group (1.06 ± 0.02) was significantly decreased compared with the NS-group (1.12 ± 0.01). HS/HES effectively restores nutritive perfusion, decreases leukocyte adherence, improves endothelial integrity and attenuates oedema, thereby restricting tissue damage evolving secondary to closed soft-tissue injury. It appears to be an effective intervention, supporting nutritional blood flow by reducing trauma-induced microvascular dysfunction


The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery British Volume
Vol. 85-B, Issue 1 | Pages 133 - 141
1 Jan 2003
Kraft CN Diedrich O Burian B Schmitt O Wimmer MA

Wear products of metal implants are known to induce biological events which may have profound consequences for the microcirculation of skeletal muscle. Using the skinfold chamber model and intravital microscopy we assessed microcirculatory parameters in skeletal muscle after confrontation with titanium and stainless-steel wear debris, comparing the results with those of bulk materials. Implantation of stainless-steel bulk and debris led to a distinct activation of leukocytes combined with a disruption of the microvascular endothelial integrity and massive leukocyte extravasation. While animals with bulk stainless steel showed a tendency to recuperation, stainless-steel wear debris induced such severe inflammation and massive oedema that the microcirculation broke down within 24 hours after implantation. Titanium bulk caused only a transient increase in leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction within the first 120 minutes and no significant change in macromolecular leakage, leukocyte extravasation or venular diameter. Titanium wear debris produced a markedly lower inflammatory reaction than stainless-steel bulk, indicating that a general benefit of bulk versus debris could not be claimed. Depending on its constituents, wear debris is capable of eliciting acute inflammation which may result in endothelial damage and subsequent failure of microperfusion. Our results indicate that not only the bulk properties of orthopaedic implants but also the microcirculatory implications of inevitable wear debris play a pivotal role in determining the biocompatibility of an implant


The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery British Volume
Vol. 77-B, Issue 4 | Pages 654 - 656
1 Jul 1995
Tauro B

The appearance and the biochemical, cytological and bacteriological findings were studied in synovial fluid obtained from the knees of 72 patients from south-west India. We report a group of 12 patients with 'eosinophilic synovitis'. In these patients, all below the age of 20 years with an acute onset of severe pain in the knee, there was a large effusion with painful limitation of movement. Their blood leucocyte count averaged 11,200 per mm3 with a mild eosinophilia of 6%. Biochemical examination of synovial fluid was normal, but cytology showed an increase in leucocytes ranging from 1200 to 20,500 (mean 9525) with between 75% and 90% of eosinophils in eight patients and 60% to 75% in four. All the patients responded well to a course of diethylcarbamazine


The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery British Volume
Vol. 86-B, Issue 6 | Pages 906 - 911
1 Aug 2004
Kearns SR Daly AF Sheehan K Murray P Kelly C Bouchier-Hayes D

Compartment syndrome is a unique form of ischaemia of skeletal muscle which occurs despite patency of the large vessels. Decompression allows the influx of activated leucocytes which cause further injury. Vitamin C is a powerful antioxidant which concentrates preferentially in leucocytes and attenuates reperfusion-induced muscle injury. We have evaluated the use of pretreatment with oral vitamin C in the prevention of injury caused by compartment syndrome in a rat cremasteric muscle model. Acute and delayed effects of pretreatment with vitamin C were assessed at one and 24 hours after decompression of compartment syndrome. Muscle function was assessed electrophysiologically. Vascular, cellular and tissue inflammation was assessed by staining of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and by determination of the activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) in neutrophils and tissue oedema. Compartment syndrome impaired skeletal muscle function and increased the expression of ICAM-1, activity of MPO and muscle weight increased significantly. Pretreatment with vitamin C preserved muscle function and reduced the expression of ICAM-1, infiltration of the neutrophils and oedema


The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery British Volume
Vol. 85-B, Issue 5 | Pages 758 - 764
1 Jul 2003
Granchi D Savarino L Ciapetti G Cenni E Rotini R Mieti M Baldini N Giunti A

We aimed to assess whether the immunological abnormalities which have been observed in patients with loose total hip replacements (THRs) are present in patients with a well-fixed prosthesis. We examined blood samples from 39 healthy donors, 22 patients before THR and 41 with well-fixed THRs of different types (15 metal-on-metal, 13 metal-on-polyethylene, 13 ceramic-on-ceramic). Before THR, the patients showed a decrease in leukocytes and myeloid cells in comparison with healthy donors, and a prevalence of type-1 T lymphocytes, which was confirmed by the increase in ratio of interferon-γ to interleukin 4. Moreover, patients with metal-on-metal or metal-on-polyethylene implants showed a significant decrease in the number of T lymphocytes and a significant increase in the serum level of chromium and cobalt, although no significant correlation was observed with the immunological changes. In the ceramic-on-ceramic group, leukocytes and lymphocyte subsets were not significantly changed, but a significant increase in type-2 cytokines restored the ratio of interferon-γ to interleukin 4 to normal values. We conclude that abnormalities of the cell-mediated immune response may be present in patients with a well-fixed THR, and that the immunological changes are more evident in those who have at least one metal component in the articular coupling


The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery British Volume
Vol. 90-B, Issue 3 | Pages 336 - 342
1 Mar 2008
Cuff DJ Virani NA Levy J Frankle MA Derasari A Hines B Pupello DR Cancio M Mighell M

We retrospectively reviewed 21 patients (22 shoulders) who presented with deep infection after surgery to the shoulder, 17 having previously undergone hemiarthroplasty and five open repair of the rotator cuff. Nine shoulders had undergone previous surgical attempts to eradicate their infection. The diagnosis of infection was based on a combination of clinical suspicion (16 shoulders), positive frozen sections (> 5 polymorphonuclear leukocytes per high-power field) at the time of revision (15 shoulders), positive intra-operative cultures (18 shoulders) or the pre-operative radiological appearances. The patients were treated by an extensive debridement, intravenous antibiotics, and conversion to a reverse shoulder prosthesis in either a single- (10 shoulders) or a two-stage (12 shoulders) procedure. At a mean follow-up of 43 months (25 to 66) there was no evidence of recurrent infection. All outcome measures showed statistically significant improvements. Mean abduction improved from 36.1° (. sd. 27.8) pre-operatively to 75.7° (. sd. 36.0) (p < 0.0001), the mean forward flexion from 43.1° (. sd. 33.5) to 79.5° (. sd. 43.2) (p = 0.0003), and mean external rotation from 10.2° (. sd. 18.7) to 25.4° (. sd. 23.5) (p = 0.0037). There was no statistically significant difference in any outcome between the single-stage and the two-stage group


The Bone & Joint Journal
Vol. 96-B, Issue 9 | Pages 1172 - 1177
1 Sep 2014
Lawrence H Deehan D Holland J Kirby J Tyson-Capper A

Abnormal wear of cobalt-containing metal-on-metal joints is associated with inflammatory pseudotumours. Cobalt ions activate human toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), which normally responds to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in sepsis. Activation of TLR4 by LPS increases the expression of chemokines IL-8 and CXCL10, which recruit leukocytes and activated T-cells, respectively. This study was designed to determine whether cobalt induces a similar inflammatory response to LPS by promoting the expression of IL-8 and CXCL10. A human monocytic cell line, derived from acute monocytic leukaemia, was treated with cobalt ions and expression of IL-8 and CXCL10 measured at mRNA and protein levels. Cobalt-treated macrophages showed a 60-fold increase in IL-8 mRNA, and an eightfold increase in production of the mature chemokine (both p < 0.001); expression of the CXCL10 gene and protein was also significantly increased by cobalt (both p < 0.001). Experiments were also performed in the presence of CLI-095, a TLR4-specific antagonist which abrogated the cobalt-mediated increase in IL-8 and CXCL10 expression. . These findings suggest that cobalt ions induce inflammation similar to that observed during sepsis by the simultaneous activation of two TLR4-mediated signalling pathways. These pathways result in increased production of IL-8 and CXCL10, and may be implicated in pseudotumour formation following metal-on-metal replacement. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014; 96-B:1172–7


Bone & Joint Open
Vol. 5, Issue 6 | Pages 479 - 488
6 Jun 2024
Paksoy A Meller S Schwotzer F Moroder P Trampuz A Imiolczyk J Perka C Hackl M Plachel F Akgün D

Aims

Current diagnostic tools are not always able to effectively identify periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs). Recent studies suggest that circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) undergo changes under pathological conditions such as infection. The aim of this study was to analyze miRNA expression in hip arthroplasty PJI patients.

Methods

This was a prospective pilot study, including 24 patients divided into three groups, with eight patients each undergoing revision of their hip arthroplasty due to aseptic reasons, and low- and high-grade PJI, respectively. The number of intraoperative samples and the incidence of positive cultures were recorded for each patient. Additionally, venous blood samples and periarticular tissue samples were collected from each patient to determine miRNA expressions between the groups. MiRNA screening was performed by small RNA-sequencing using the miRNA next generation sequencing (NGS) discovery (miND) pipeline.


The Bone & Joint Journal
Vol. 105-B, Issue 4 | Pages 373 - 381
15 Mar 2023
Jandl NM Kleiss S Mussawy H Beil FT Hubert J Rolvien T

Aims

The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the absolute synovial polymorphonuclear neutrophil cell (PMN) count for the diagnosis or exclusion of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) after total hip (THA) or knee arthroplasty (TKA).

Methods

In this retrospective cohort study, 147 consecutive patients with acute or chronic complaints following THA and TKA were included. Diagnosis of PJI was established based on the 2018 International Consensus Meeting criteria. A total of 39 patients diagnosed with PJI (32 chronic and seven acute) and 108 patients with aseptic complications were surgically revised.


The Bone & Joint Journal
Vol. 104-B, Issue 11 | Pages 1256 - 1265
1 Nov 2022
Keene DJ Alsousou J Harrison P O’Connor HM Wagland S Dutton SJ Hulley P Lamb SE Willett K

Aims

To determine whether platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injection improves outcomes two years after acute Achilles tendon rupture.

Methods

A randomized multicentre two-arm parallel-group, participant- and assessor-blinded superiority trial was undertaken. Recruitment commenced on 28 July 2015 and two-year follow-up was completed in 21 October 2019. Participants were 230 adults aged 18 years and over, with acute Achilles tendon rupture managed with non-surgical treatment from 19 UK hospitals. Exclusions were insertion or musculotendinous junction injuries, major leg injury or deformity, diabetes, platelet or haematological disorder, medication with systemic corticosteroids, anticoagulation therapy treatment, and other contraindicating conditions. Participants were randomized via a central online system 1:1 to PRP or placebo injection. The main outcome measure was Achilles Tendon Rupture Score (ATRS) at two years via postal questionnaire. Other outcomes were pain, recovery goal attainment, and quality of life. Analysis was by intention-to-treat.


Bone & Joint Open
Vol. 4, Issue 11 | Pages 881 - 888
21 Nov 2023
Denyer S Eikani C Sheth M Schmitt D Brown N

Aims

The diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) can be challenging as the symptoms are similar to other conditions, and the markers used for diagnosis have limited sensitivity and specificity. Recent research has suggested using blood cell ratios, such as platelet-to-volume ratio (PVR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), to improve diagnostic accuracy. The aim of the study was to further validate the effectiveness of PVR and PLR in diagnosing PJI.

Methods

A retrospective review was conducted to assess the accuracy of different marker combinations for diagnosing chronic PJI. A total of 573 patients were included in the study, of which 124 knees and 122 hips had a diagnosis of chronic PJI. Complete blood count and synovial fluid analysis were collected. Recently published blood cell ratio cut-off points were applied to receiver operating characteristic curves for all markers and combinations. The area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were calculated.


The Bone & Joint Journal
Vol. 106-B, Issue 9 | Pages 978 - 985
1 Sep 2024
Savoie III FH Delvadia BP Tate JP Winter JE Williams GH Sherman WF O’Brien MJ

Rotator cuff tears are common in middle-aged and elderly patients. Despite advances in the surgical repair of rotator cuff tears, the rates of recurrent tear remain high. This may be due to the complexity of the tendons of the rotator cuff, which contributes to an inherently hostile healing environment. During the past 20 years, there has been an increased interest in the use of biologics to complement the healing environment in the shoulder, in order to improve rotator cuff healing and reduce the rate of recurrent tears. The aim of this review is to provide a summary of the current evidence for the use of forms of biological augmentation when repairing rotator cuff tears.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2024;106-B(9):978–985.


Bone & Joint Research
Vol. 11, Issue 12 | Pages 843 - 853
1 Dec 2022
Cai Y Huang C Chen X Chen Y Huang Z Zhang C Zhang W Fang X

Aims

This study aimed to explore the role of small colony variants (SCVs) of Staphylococcus aureus in intraosseous invasion and colonization in patients with periprosthetic joint infection (PJI).

Methods

A PJI diagnosis was made according to the MusculoSkeletal Infection Society (MSIS) for PJI. Bone and tissue samples were collected intraoperatively and the intracellular invasion and intraosseous colonization were detected. Transcriptomics of PJI samples were analyzed and verified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).


Bone & Joint Research
Vol. 13, Issue 2 | Pages 66 - 82
5 Feb 2024
Zhao D Zeng L Liang G Luo M Pan J Dou Y Lin F Huang H Yang W Liu J

Aims

This study aimed to explore the biological and clinical importance of dysregulated key genes in osteoarthritis (OA) patients at the cartilage level to find potential biomarkers and targets for diagnosing and treating OA.

Methods

Six sets of gene expression profiles were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Differential expression analysis, weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA), and multiple machine-learning algorithms were used to screen crucial genes in osteoarthritic cartilage, and genome enrichment and functional annotation analyses were used to decipher the related categories of gene function. Single-sample gene set enrichment analysis was performed to analyze immune cell infiltration. Correlation analysis was used to explore the relationship among the hub genes and immune cells, as well as markers related to articular cartilage degradation and bone mineralization.


Bone & Joint Research
Vol. 13, Issue 6 | Pages 279 - 293
7 Jun 2024
Morris JL Letson HL McEwen PC Dobson GP

Aims

Adenosine, lidocaine, and Mg2+ (ALM) therapy exerts differential immuno-inflammatory responses in males and females early after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (ACLR). Our aim was to investigate sex-specific effects of ALM therapy on joint tissue repair and recovery 28 days after surgery.

Methods

Male (n = 21) and female (n = 21) adult Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into ALM or Saline control treatment groups. Three days after ACL rupture, animals underwent ACLR. An ALM or saline intravenous infusion was commenced prior to skin incision, and continued for one hour. An intra-articular bolus of ALM or saline was also administered prior to skin closure. Animals were monitored to 28 days, and joint function, pain, inflammatory markers, histopathology, and tissue repair markers were assessed.


Bone & Joint Open
Vol. 5, Issue 11 | Pages 1020 - 1026
11 Nov 2024
Pigeolet M Sana H Askew MR Jaswal S Ortega PF Bradley SR Shah A Mita C Corlew DS Saeed A Makasa E Agarwal-Harding KJ

Aims

Lower limb fractures are common in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and represent a significant burden to the existing orthopaedic surgical infrastructure. In high income country (HIC) settings, internal fixation is the standard of care due to its superior outcomes. In LMICs, external fixation is often the surgical treatment of choice due to limited supplies, cost considerations, and its perceived lower complication rate. The aim of this systematic review protocol is identifying differences in rates of infection, nonunion, and malunion of extra-articular femoral and tibial shaft fractures in LMICs treated with either internal or external fixation.

Methods

This systematic review protocol describes a broad search of multiple databases to identify eligible papers. Studies must be published after 2000, include at least five patients, patients must be aged > 16 years or treated as skeletally mature, and the paper must describe a fracture of interest and at least one of our primary outcomes of interest. We did not place restrictions on language or journal. All abstracts and full texts will be screened and extracted by two independent reviewers. Risk of bias and quality of evidence will be analyzed using standardized appraisal tools. A random-effects meta-analysis followed by a subgroup analysis will be performed, given the anticipated heterogeneity among studies, if sufficient data are available.


Bone & Joint Research
Vol. 13, Issue 8 | Pages 401 - 410
15 Aug 2024
Hu H Ding H Lyu J Chen Y Huang C Zhang C Li W Fang X Zhang W

Aims

This aim of this study was to analyze the detection rate of rare pathogens in bone and joint infections (BJIs) using metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS), and the impact of mNGS on clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was conducted on 235 patients with BJIs who were treated at our hospital between January 2015 and December 2021. Patients were divided into the no-mNGS group (microbial culture only) and the mNGS group (mNGS testing and microbial culture) based on whether mNGS testing was used or not.