Construction of a functional skeleton is accomplished
through co-ordination of the developmental processes of chondrogenesis,
osteogenesis, and synovial joint formation. Infants whose movement Cite this article:
Salubrinal is a synthetic agent that elevates phosphorylation
of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2α) and
alleviates stress to the endoplasmic reticulum. Previously, we reported
that in chondrocytes, Salubrinal attenuates expression and activity
of matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13) through downregulating nuclear
factor kappa B (NFκB) signalling. We herein examine whether Salubrinal
prevents the degradation of articular cartilage in a mouse model
of osteoarthritis (OA). OA was surgically induced in the left knee of female mice. Animal
groups included age-matched sham control, OA placebo, and OA treated
with Salubrinal or Guanabenz. Three weeks after the induction of
OA, immunoblotting was performed for NFκB p65 and p-NFκB p65. At
three and six weeks, the femora and tibiae were isolated and the sagittal
sections were stained with Safranin O.Objectives
Methods
This population-based study investigated the incidence and trends in venous thromboembolic disease after total hip and knee arthroplasty over a ten-year period. Death or readmission for venous thromboembolic disease up to two years after surgery for all patients in Scotland was the primary outcome. The incidence of venous thromboembolic disease, including fatal pulmonary embolism, three months after surgery was 2.27% for primary hip arthroplasty and 1.79% for total knee arthroplasty. The incidence of fatal pulmonary embolism within three months was 0.22% for total hip arthroplasty and 0.15% for total knee arthroplasty. The majority of events occurred after hospital discharge, with no apparent trend over the period. The data support current advice that prophylaxis should be continued for at least six weeks following surgery. Despite the increased use of policies for prophylaxis and earlier mobilisation, there has been no change in the incidence of venous thromboembolic disease.