Aims. The efficacy of saline irrigation for treatment of implant-associated infections is limited in the presence of porous metallic implants. This study evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of antibiotic doped bioceramic (vancomycin/tobramycin-doped polyvinyl alcohol composite (PVA-VAN/TOB-P)) after saline wash in a mouse infection model implanted with titanium cylinders. Methods. Air pouches created in female BalBc mice by subcutaneous injection of air. In the first of two independent studies, pouches were implanted with titanium cylinders (400, 700, and 100 µm pore sizes) and inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus (1 × 10. 3. or 1 × 10. 6. colony-forming units (CFU)/pouch) to establish infection and biofilm formation. Mice were killed after one week for microbiological analysis. In the second study, pouches were implanted with 400 µm titanium cylinders and inoculated with S. aureus (1 × 10. 3. or 1 × 10. 6. CFU/pouch). Four groups were tested: 1) no bacteria; 2) bacteria without saline wash; 3) saline wash only; and 4) saline wash plus PVA-VAN/TOB-P. After seven days, the pouches were opened and washed with saline alone, or had an additional injection of PVA-VAN/TOB-P. Mice were killed 14 days after pouch wash. Results. The first part of the study showed that low-grade infection was more significant in 400 µm cylinders than cylinders with larger pore sizes (p < 0.05). The second part of the study showed that saline wash alone was ineffective in eradicating both low- and high-grade infections. Saline plus PVA-VAN/TOB-P eradicated the titanium cylinder-associated infections, as manifested by negative cultures of the washouts and supported by scanning electron microscopy and histology. Conclusion. Porous titanium cylinders were vulnerable to bacterial infection and biofilm formation that could not be treated by saline irrigation alone. Application of PVA-VAN/TOB-P directly into the surgical site alone or after saline wash represents a feasible approach for prevention and/or treatment of porous implant-related infections. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2024;13(11):622–631

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The optimum type of antibiotics and their administration route for treating Gram-negative (GN) periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) remain controversial. This study aimed to determine the GN bacterial species and antibacterial resistance rates related to clinical GN-PJI, and to determine the efficacy and safety of intra-articular (IA) antibiotic injection after one-stage revision in a GN pathogen-induced PJI rat model of total knee arthroplasty.

Aims. We aimed to determine the concentrations of synovial vancomycin and meropenem in patients treated by single-stage revision combined with intra-articular infusion following periprosthetic joint infection (PJI), thereby validating this drug delivery approach. Methods. We included 14 patients with PJI as noted in their medical records between November 2021 and August 2022, comprising eight hip and seven knee joint infections, with one patient experiencing bilateral knee infections. The patients underwent single-stage revision surgery, followed by intra-articular infusion of vancomycin and meropenem (50,000 µg/ml). Synovial fluid samples were collected to assess antibiotic concentrations using high-performance liquid chromatography. Results. The peak concentrations of vancomycin and meropenem in the joint cavity were observed at one hour post-injection, with mean values of 14,933.9 µg/ml (SD 10,176.3) and 5,819.1 µg/ml (SD 6,029.8), respectively. The trough concentrations at 24 hours were 5,495.0 µg/ml (SD 2,360.5) for vancomycin and 186.4 µg/ml (SD 254.3) for meropenem. The half-life of vancomycin was 6 hours, while that of meropenem ranged between 2 and 3.5 hours. No significant adverse events related to the antibiotic administration were observed. Conclusion. This method can achieve sustained high antibiotic concentrations within the joint space, exceeding the reported minimum biofilm eradication concentration. Our study highlights the remarkable effectiveness of intra-articular antibiotic infusion in delivering high intra-articular concentrations of antibiotics. The method provided sustained high antibiotic concentrations within the joint cavity, and no severe side-effects were observed. These findings offer evidence to improve clinical treatment strategies. However, further validation is required through studies with larger sample sizes and higher levels of evidence. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2024;13(10):535–545

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This study aimed to assess the risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) associated with combined intravenous (IV) and topical antibiotic therapy in patients undergoing treatment for periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs) following total knee arthroplasty (TKA), utilizing the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria for classification.

Aims. This study investigated vancomycin-microbubbles (Vm-MBs) and meropenem (Mp)-MBs with ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) to disrupt biofilms and improve bactericidal efficiency, providing a new and promising strategy for the treatment of device-related infections (DRIs). Methods. A film hydration method was used to prepare Vm-MBs and Mp-MBs and examine their characterization. Biofilms of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Escherichia coli were treated with different groups. Biofilm biomass differences were determined by staining. Thickness and bacterial viability were observed with confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). Colony counts were determined by plate-counting. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observed bacterial morphology. Results. The Vm-MBs and Mp-MBs met the experimental requirements. The biofilm biomass in the Vm, Vm-MBs, UTMD, and Vm-MBs + UTMD groups was significantly lower than in the control group. MRSA and E. coli biofilms were most notably damaged in the Vm-MBs + UTMD group and Mp-MBs + UTMD group, respectively, with mean 21.55% (SD 0.08) and 19.73% (SD 1.25) remaining in the biofilm biomass. Vm-MBs + UTMD significantly reduced biofilm thickness and bacterial viability (p = 0.005 and p < 0.0001, respectively). Mp-MBs + UTMD could significantly decrease biofilm thickness and bacterial viability (allp < 0.001). Plate-counting method showed that the numbers of MRSA and E. coli bacterial colonies were significantly lower in the Vm-MBs + UTMD group and the Mp, Mp-MBs, UTMD, Mp-MBs + UTMD groups compared to the control group (p = 0.031). SEM showed that the morphology and structure of MRSA and E. coli were significantly damaged in the Vm-MBs + UTMD and Mp-MBs + UTMD groups. Conclusion. Vm-MBs or Mp-MBs combined with UTMD can effectively disrupt biofilms and protectively release antibiotics under ultrasound mediation, significantly reducing bacterial viability and improving the bactericidal effect of antibiotics. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2024;13(9):441–451

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This aim of this study was to analyze the detection rate of rare pathogens in bone and joint infections (BJIs) using metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS), and the impact of mNGS on clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Aims. Bacteriophages infect, replicate inside bacteria, and are released from the host through lysis. Here, we evaluate the effects of repetitive doses of the Staphylococcus aureus phage 191219 and gentamicin against haematogenous and early-stage biofilm implant-related infections in Galleria mellonella. Methods. For the haematogenous infection, G. mellonella larvae were implanted with a Kirschner wire (K-wire), infected with S. aureus, and subsequently phages and/or gentamicin were administered. For the early-stage biofilm implant infection, the K-wires were pre-incubated with S. aureus suspension before implantation. After 24 hours, the larvae received phages and/or gentamicin. In both models, the larvae also received daily doses of phages and/or gentamicin for up to five days. The effect was determined by survival analysis for five days and quantitative culture of bacteria after two days of repetitive doses. Results. In the haematogenous infection, a single combined dose of phages and gentamicin, and repetitive injections with gentamicin or in combination with phages, resulted in significantly improved survival rates. In the early-stage biofilm infection, only repetitive combined administration of phages and gentamicin led to a significantly increased survival. Additionally, a significant reduction in number of bacteria was observed in the larvae after receiving repetitive doses of phages and/or gentamicin in both infection models. Conclusion. Based on our results, a single dose of the combination of phages and gentamicin is sufficient to prevent a haematogenous S. aureus implant-related infection, whereas gentamicin needs to be administered daily for the same effect. To treat early-stage S. aureus implant-related infection, repetitive doses of the combination of phages and gentamicin are required. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2024;13(8):383–391

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Serum inflammatory parameters are widely used to aid in diagnosing a periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). Due to their limited performances in the literature, novel and more accurate biomarkers are needed. Serum albumin-to-globulin ratio (AGR) and serum CRP-to-albumin ratio (CAR) have previously been proposed as potential new parameters, but results were mixed. The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of AGR and CAR in diagnosing PJI and to compare them to the established and widely used marker CRP.

Aims. Although low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) combined with disinfectants has been shown to effectively eliminate portions of biofilm in vitro, its efficacy in vivo remains uncertain. Our objective was to assess the antibiofilm potential and safety of LIPUS combined with 0.35% povidone-iodine (PI) in a rat debridement, antibiotics, and implant retention (DAIR) model of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). Methods. A total of 56 male Sprague-Dawley rats were established in acute PJI models by intra-articular injection of bacteria. The rats were divided into four groups: a Control group, a 0.35% PI group, a LIPUS and saline group, and a LIPUS and 0.35% PI group. All rats underwent DAIR, except for Control, which underwent a sham procedure. General status, serum biochemical markers, weightbearing analysis, radiographs, micro-CT analysis, scanning electron microscopy of the prostheses, microbiological analysis, macroscope, and histopathology evaluation were performed 14 days after DAIR. Results. The group with LIPUS and 0.35% PI exhibited decreased levels of serum biochemical markers, improved weightbearing scores, reduced reactive bone changes, absence of viable bacteria, and decreased inflammation compared to the Control group. Despite the greater antibiofilm activity observed in the PI group compared to the LIPUS and saline group, none of the monotherapies were successful in preventing reactive bone changes or eliminating the infection. Conclusion. In the rat model of PJI treated with DAIR, LIPUS combined with 0.35% PI demonstrated stronger antibiofilm potential than monotherapy, without impairing any local soft-tissue. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2024;13(7):332–341

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To explore the clinical efficacy of using two different types of articulating spacers in two-stage revision for chronic knee periprosthetic joint infection (kPJI).

Aims. Fracture-related infection (FRI) is commonly classified based on the time of onset of symptoms. Early infections (< two weeks) are treated with debridement, antibiotics, and implant retention (DAIR). For late infections (> ten weeks), guidelines recommend implant removal due to tolerant biofilms. For delayed infections (two to ten weeks), recommendations are unclear. In this study we compared infection clearance and bone healing in early and delayed FRI treated with DAIR in a rabbit model. Methods. Staphylococcus aureus was inoculated into a humeral osteotomy in 17 rabbits after plate osteosynthesis. Infection developed for one week (early group, n = 6) or four weeks (delayed group, n = 6) before DAIR (systemic antibiotics: two weeks, nafcillin + rifampin; four weeks, levofloxacin + rifampin). A control group (n = 5) received revision surgery after four weeks without antibiotics. Bacteriology of humerus, soft-tissue, and implants was performed seven weeks after revision surgery. Bone healing was assessed using a modified radiological union scale in tibial fractures (mRUST). Results. Greater bacterial burden in the early group compared to the delayed and control groups at revision surgery indicates a retraction of the infection from one to four weeks. Infection was cleared in all animals in the early and delayed groups at euthanasia, but not in the control group. Osteotomies healed in the early group, but bone healing was significantly compromised in the delayed and control groups. Conclusion. The duration of the infection from one to four weeks does not impact the success of infection clearance in this model. Bone healing, however, is impaired as the duration of the infection increases. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2024;13(3):127–135

Aims. Biofilm infections are among the most challenging complications in orthopaedics, as bacteria within the biofilms are protected from the host immune system and many antibiotics. Halicin exhibits broad-spectrum activity against many planktonic bacteria, and previous studies have demonstrated that halicin is also effective against Staphylococcus aureus biofilms grown on polystyrene or polypropylene substrates. However, the effectiveness of many antibiotics can be substantially altered depending on which orthopaedically relevant substrates the biofilms grow. This study, therefore, evaluated the activity of halicin against less mature and more mature S. aureus biofilms grown on titanium alloy, cobalt-chrome, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), devitalized muscle, or devitalized bone. Methods. S. aureus-Xen36 biofilms were grown on the various substrates for 24 hours or seven days. Biofilms were incubated with various concentrations of halicin or vancomycin and then allowed to recover without antibiotics. Minimal biofilm eradication concentrations (MBECs) were defined by CFU counting and resazurin reduction assays, and were compared with the planktonic minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs). Results. Halicin continued to exert significantly (p < 0.01) more antibacterial activity against biofilms grown on all tested orthopaedically relevant substrates than vancomycin, an antibiotic known to be affected by biofilm maturity. For example, halicin MBECs against both less mature and more mature biofilms were ten-fold to 40-fold higher than its MIC. In contrast, vancomycin MBECs against the less mature biofilms were 50-fold to 200-fold higher than its MIC, and 100-fold to 400-fold higher against the more mature biofilms. Conclusion. Halicin is a promising antibiotic that should be tested in animal models of orthopaedic infection. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2024;13(3):101–109

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Continuous local antibiotic perfusion (CLAP) has recently attracted attention as a new drug delivery system for orthopaedic infections. CLAP is a direct continuous infusion of high-concentration gentamicin (1,200 μg/ml) into the bone marrow. As it is a new system, its influence on the bone marrow is unknown. This study aimed to examine the effects of high-concentration antibiotics on human bone tissue-derived cells.

Aims. To investigate the efficacy of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-normal saline (EDTA-NS) in dispersing biofilms and reducing bacterial infections. Methods. EDTA-NS solutions were irrigated at different durations (1, 5, 10, and 30 minutes) and concentrations (1, 2, 5, 10, and 50 mM) to disrupt Staphylococcus aureus biofilms on Matrigel-coated glass and two materials widely used in orthopaedic implants (Ti-6Al-4V and highly cross-linked polyethylene (HXLPE)). To assess the efficacy of biofilm dispersion, crystal violet staining biofilm assay and colony counting after sonification and culturing were performed. The results were further confirmed and visualized by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We then investigated the efficacies of EDTA-NS irrigation in vivo in rat and pig models of biofilm-associated infection. Results. When 10 mM or higher EDTA-NS concentrations were used for ten minutes, over 99% of S. aureus biofilm formed on all three types of materials was eradicated in terms of absorbance measured at 595 nm and colony-forming units (CFUs) after culturing. Consistently, SEM and CSLM scanning demonstrated that less adherence of S. aureus could be observed on all three types of materials after 10 mM EDTA-NS irrigation for ten minutes. In the rat model, compared with NS irrigation combined with rifampin (Ti-6Al-4V wire-implanted rats: 60% bacteria survived; HXLPE particle-implanted rats: 63.3% bacteria survived), EDTA-NS irrigation combined with rifampin produced the highest removal rate (Ti-6Al-4V wire-implanted rats: 3.33% bacteria survived; HXLPE particle-implanted rats: 6.67% bacteria survived). In the pig model, compared with NS irrigation combined with rifampin (Ti-6Al-4V plates: 75% bacteria survived; HXLPE bearings: 87.5% bacteria survived), we observed a similar level of biofilm disruption on Ti-6Al-4V plates (25% bacteria survived) and HXLPE bearings (37.5% bacteria survived) after EDTA-NS irrigation combined with rifampin. The in vivo study revealed that the biomass of S. aureus biofilm was significantly reduced when treated with rifampin following irrigation and debridement, as indicated by both the biofilm bacterial burden and crystal violet staining. EDTA-NS irrigation (10 mM/10 min) combined with rifampin effectively removes S. aureus biofilm-associated infections both in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion. EDTA-NS irrigation with or without antibiotics is effective in eradicating S. aureus biofilm-associated infection both ex and in vivo. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2024;13(1):40–51

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This study aimed to evaluate the clinical application of the PJI-TNM classification for periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) by determining intraobserver and interobserver reliability. To facilitate its use in clinical practice, an educational app was subsequently developed and evaluated.

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The management of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) remains a major challenge in orthopaedic surgery. In this study, we aimed to characterize the local bone microstructure and metabolism in a clinical cohort of patients with chronic PJI.

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This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the induced membrane technique for treating infected bone defects, and to explore the factors that might affect patient outcomes.

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This study was designed to characterize the recurrence incidence and risk factors of antibiotic-loaded cement spacer (ALCS) for definitive bone defect treatment in limb osteomyelitis.

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Dead-space management, following dead bone resection, is an important element of successful chronic osteomyelitis treatment. This study compared two different biodegradable antibiotic carriers used for dead-space management, and reviewed clinical and radiological outcomes. All cases underwent single-stage surgery and had a minimum one-year follow-up.

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The aim of this investigation was to compare risk of infection in both cemented and uncemented hemiarthroplasty (HA) as well as in total hip arthroplasty (THA) following femoral neck fracture.