The Australia and New Zealand Sarcoma Association established the Sarcoma Guidelines Working Party to develop national guidelines for the management of Sarcoma. We asked whether surgery at a specialised centre improves outcomes. A systematic review was performed of all available evidence pertaining to paediatric or adult patients treated for bone or soft tissue sarcoma at a specialised centre compared with non-specialised centres. Outcomes assessed included local control, limb salvage rate, 30-day and 90-day surgical mortality, and overall survival. Definitive surgical management at a specialised sarcoma centre improves local control as defined by margin negative surgery, local or locoregional recurrence, and local recurrence free survival. Limb conservation rates are higher at specialised centres, due in part to the depth of surgical experience and immediate availability of multidisciplinary and multimodal therapy. A statistically significant correlation did not exist for 30-day and 90-day mortality between specialised centres and non-specialised centres. The literature is consistent with improved survival when definitive surgical treatment is performed at a specialised sarcoma centre. Evidence-based recommendation: Patients with suspected sarcoma to be referred to a specialised sarcoma centre for surgical management to reduce the risk of local recurrence, surgical complication, and to improve limb conservation and survival. Practice point: Patients with suspected sarcoma should be referred to a specialised sarcoma centre early for management including planned biopsy

The NZ Standards of Service Provision for Sarcoma patients were developed by the NZ Sarcoma working group and published by the Ministry of Health (MOH) in 2013. Although not formally enacted by the MOH we aimed to determine the impact of these published standards and referral pathways on disease-specific survival of patients with soft-tissue sarcoma in NZ. The Middlemore Musculoskeletal Tumour Unit database was searched. Patients referred for treatment in our centre with a diagnosis of soft tissue sarcoma in the five-year period before (n=115) and after (n=155) were included. We excluded patients with bone sarcomas and retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcomas. The rate of referral after inappropriate treatment reduced after implementation of the Standards (24% vs 12%, p=0.010). The number of patients referred with tumours larger than 50mm decreased (74.8% vs 72.3%, p=0.021) and fewer had metastases at diagnosis (11.3% vs 3.2%, p=0.017). Mortality was lower in the group after introduction of the Standards (45% vs 30%, p=0.017). The estimated disease-specific survival curve between the two groups shows a trend towards increased survival in the post-standards group, although not reaching statistical significance. Local recurrence rate and metastasis rate after definitive treatment were similar between the two groups. Patients had a shorter duration of symptoms before referral in the post-Standards group although this was not statistically significant. Since implementation of the Standards, patients have been referred more promptly, with fewer inappropriate treatments. The time to mortality curve indicates a trend towards improved disease-specific survival. We conclude that the pathway for investigation and referral for this condition has become clearer, supporting the ongoing use of the Sarcoma Standards, and that these should be formally implemented by the MOH

Wide resection, with or without adjuvant therapy, is the mainstay of treatment for soft tissue sarcoma of the extremities. The surgical treatment of soft tissue sarcoma can portend a prolonged course of recovery from a functional perspective. However, data to inform the expected course of recovery following sarcoma surgery is lacking. The purpose of this study was to identify time to maximal functional improvement following sarcoma resection and to identify factors that delay the expected course of recovery. A retrospective chart review was performed of all patients undergoing surgical treatment of a soft tissue sarcoma of the extremities between January 1st, 1985 and November 15, 2020 with a minimum of 1 follow up. The primary outcome measure was time to maximal functional improvement, defined as failure to demonstrate improvement on two consecutive follow up appointments, as defined by the functional outcome measures of Toronto Extremity Salvage Score (TESS) and Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) Score or by achieving 90% of maximum outcome score. We identified 1188 patients who underwent surgical resection of a soft tissue sarcoma of the extremities. Patients typically achieved a return to their baseline level of function by 1 year and achieved “maximal” functional recovery by 2 year's time postoperatively. Patient and tumor factors that were associated with worse functional outcome scores and a delayed return to maximal functional improvement included older age (p=0.007), female sex (p-0.004), larger tumor size (p < 0 .001), deep tumor location (p < 0 .001), pelvic location (p < 0 .001), higher tumor grade (p < 0 .001). Treatment factors that were associated with worse functional outcome scores and a delayed return to maximal functional improvement included use of radiation therapy (p < 0 .001), perioperative complications (p < 0 .001), positive margin status (p < 0 .001) and return of disease, locally or systemically (p < 0 .001). Most patients will recover their baseline function by 1 year and achieve “maximal” recovery by 2 years’ time following surgical resection for soft tissue sarcoma of the extremities. Several patient, tumor and treatment factors should be used to counsel patients as to a delayed course of recovery

Aims. Delays to diagnosis and management of soft tissue sarcomas are preventable but still occur. The introduction of a referral proforma to the Thames Valley Cancer Network in 2005 and National guidelines in 2006 aimed to decrease the incidence of partially and inadequately managed soft tissue sarcomas. This study aims to assess referrals for partially or inadequately managed soft tissue sarcomas and their subsequent management. Methods. A prospective analysis of all patients referred to the Oxford Sarcoma Service following inadvertent excision of a soft tissue sarcoma between January 2010 and August 2011 was carried out. Pre-operative investigation and subsequent secondary managements were recorded. Patients with a diagnosis of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans were excluded. Results. 24 patients (17 male) with a mean age of 54.3 (6–96), representing 14.5% of all soft tissue sarcomas during this time period were followed up following incomplete or inadvertent excision. 66% were referred from secondary care, 54% had no pre-operative imaging, with the remainder having incomplete imaging. 79% of lesions were found in the extremities, with 12.5 % presenting with metastatic disease. 79% required further surgery, with 8% requiring amputation. The most common pathologies were leiomyosarcoma (29.1%), fibromyxoid sarcoma (12.5%), spindle cell sarcoma (12.5 %) and liposarcoma (8.3%). Conclusion. The consequences of incomplete initial management of soft tissue sarcomas are a cause of significant morbidity and demand on health care services. The introduction of referral guidelines has not prevented the partial management of these lesions

Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are rare, aggressive malignancies derived from connective tissues such as muscle and fat. Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS) is one of the most common STS in adults. UPS is an aggressive, highly metastatic sarcoma, and is resistant to chemotherapy. New therapies for UPS are desperately needed. STS have an immune desert tumour immune microenvironment (TIME), characterized by a paucity of tumour infiltrating lymphocytes and subsequent resistance to immunotherapies such as immune checkpoint inhibitors. Strategies capable of creating an immune-rich, inflamed TIME may improve immunotherapy efficacies for sarcoma. Activation of the STING (stimulator of interferon genes) receptor can induce potent innate and adaptive immune responses within immunogenic solid tumours. However, this approach has never been attempted in immune-inert sarcomas. Purpose: To determine the therapeutic anti-tumour effects of STING activation in UPS tumours. We have developed an inducible, immune-competent mouse model of UPS. We evaluated intra-tumoural injection of the murine STING receptor agonist, DMXAA, into UPS-bearing immune-competent mice. DMXAA was injected into palpable UPS tumours of the hindlimb. Tumour volume and bioluminescence imaging was recorded bi-weekly. DMXAA treated UPS tumours were also evaluated for necrosis and immune infiltration at defined time points. UPS tumours developed necrosis and lymphocytic infiltration 72 hours after DMXAA treatment. A single intra-tumoural dose of DMXAA into UPS tumours resulted in durable cure in 50% of mice. All survivors rejected a re-challenge of the UPS tumours in both the contralateral hindlimb and lung, suggesting adaptive immunity. The therapeutic effects of DMXAA were mitigated in lymphocyte deficient Rag2 knockout mice. STING therapy is a promising immunotherapeutic opportunity for immune-inert sarcomas. Our data warrants further preclinical investigations in other sarcoma models and in combination with other immune-based therapies

Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS) is one of the most common and aggressive adult soft tissue sarcomas (STS). Once metastatic, UPS is rapidly fatal. Most STS, including UPS, are resistant to conventional immunotherapies as these tumours have low numbers of spontaneous tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and are densely populated with immune suppressive macrophages. Intra-tumoural activation of the STimulator of INterferon Genes (STING) pathway is a novel immunotherapeutic strategy to recruit anti-tumour TILs into the tumour microenvironment. In a murine model of UPS, we have demonstrated that intra-tumoural injection of a murine-specific STING agonist, DMXAA, results in profound immune mediated tumour clearance. Recently, molecules capable of activating both human and mouse STING pathways have been developed. In pursuit of clinically relevant therapeutic opportunities, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the anti-tumour potential of two agonists of the human and murine STING receptors: ADU-S100 and MSA-2 as monotherapies and in combination with the immune checkpoint inhibitor, anti-PD1 in a murine model of UPS. Immune competent mice were engrafted with murine UPS cells in the hindlimb muscle. Once palpable, mice in the monotherapy group were treated with a single intra-tumoural dose of 1) ADU-S100 or 2) MSA-2 or 3) DMXAA. In additional experimental groups, mice were treated with the different STING agonists and monoclonal anti-PD1. Tumour volume measurements and tumour bioluminescence were measured over time. To quantify dynamic changes in immune populations and in the tumour immune microenvironment, STING treated UPS tumours were evaluated using flow cytometry and mRNA quantification at various timepoints after therapy. DMXAA monotherapy produced complete tumour eradication in 50% of mice, whereas both ADU-S100 or MSA-2 monotherapy only extended survival but did not result in complete tumour clearance. Flow cytometry and transcriptional profiling of tumours at multiple timepoints post-treatment showed similar inflammatory changes and increased TILs numbers across all STING agonists. The addition of anti-PD1 treatment to STING therapy significantly extended survival times with both ADU-S100 and MSA-2, and resulted in 14% complete tumour clearance with ADU-S100. No complete survivors were observed with MSA-2-anti-PD1 combinations therapy. STING activation is a promising immunotherapeutic strategy for UPS. Recently developed human STING agonists are not as effective as DMXAA despite similar immunologic responses to treatment. STING and anti-PD-1 treatment were therapeutically synergistic for both human STING agonists. These results justify further research around STING activation as a therapeutic modality for STS. DMXAA may possess additional off-target therapeutic properties beyond STING activation which warrants further investigation. Elucidating these differences may be critical to further optimize STING therapy for human STS

Sarcomas generally metastasize to the lung, while extra-pulmonary metastases are rare. However, they may occur more frequently in certain histological sub-types. Bone metastases from bone and soft tissue sarcomas account for a significant number of extra-pulmonary disease. Resection of lung metastases is widely accepted as therapeutic option to improve the survival of oligometastatic patients but there is currently no literature supporting curative surgical management of sarcoma bone metastases. Most are treated on a case-by-case basis, following multidisciplinary tumour boards recommendations. One study reported some success in controlling bone metastases using radiofrequency ablation. Our goal was to assess the impact of curative resection of bone metastases from soft tissue and bone sarcomas on oncologic outcomes. Extensive review of literature was done to evaluate epidemiological and outcomes of bone metastases in sarcoma. We examined our prospective database for all cases of bone metastases from sarcoma treated with surgical resection between 1990 and 2016. Epidemiology, pathology, metastatic status upon diagnosis, type of secondary relapses and their treatments were recorded. Overall survival and disease-free survival were calculated and compared to literature. Thirty-five patients were included (18 men, 17 women) with a mean age of 46 years. Fifteen were soft tissue (STS) and 20 were bone (BS) sarcomas. Most STS were fibrosarcomas, leiomyosarcomas or UPS while chondrosarcomas and osteosarcomas were the most frequent BS. Nine (60%) STS were grade 3, 4 (27%) grade 2 and one grade 1 (3%). Eight (23%) were metastatic upon diagnosis (6 lungs, 3 bone). Treatment of the primary tumour included wide excision with reconstruction and (neo)-adjuvant therapies as required. Margins were negative in 32 cases and micro-positive in 3 cases. Amputation occurred in 6 (17%) cases. Primary lung metastases were treated by thoracotomy and primary bone metastases by wide excision. First relapse occurred in bone in 19 cases (54%), lungs and bone in 7 cases, 5 in lungs and 4 in soft-tissues. Lung metastases were treated by thoracotomy and chemotherapy in 3 cases, chemotherapy alone in the remaining cases. Bone metastases were treated by wide resection-reconstruction in 24 cases, extensive curettage in 4. Soft tissue relapses were re-excised in 4 patients. Two amputations were required. All margins were negative except for the 4 treated by curettage. Fourteen second relapses occurred in bone, 7 were radically-excised and 2 curetted. At last follow-up, 6 patients were alive (overall survival of 17%), with a mean survival of 57 months, a median overall survival of 42.5 months and a median disease-free survival (DFS) of 17 months. Overall survival was 17%, compared to an 11% 10-year survival previously reported in metastatic sarcomas. Median disease-free survival was better in this study, compared to 10 months in literature, so as median OS (42.5 months vs 15). Three patients were alive with no evidence of disease. DFS, OS and median survival seemed to be improved by bone metastases wide excision and even if several recurrences occur, curative surgery with adjuvant therapies should be considered

For soft tissue sarcoma patients receiving preoperative radiation therapy, wound complications are common and potentially devastating; they may result in multiple subsequent surgeries and significant patient morbidity. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of intraoperative indocyanine green fluorescent angiography (ICGA) as a predictor of wound complications in resections of irradiated soft tissue sarcoma of the extremities. A consecutive series of patients of patients with soft tissue sarcoma of the extremities or pelvis who received neoadjuvant radiation and a subsequent radical resection received intraoperative ICGA with the SPY PHI device (Stryker Inc, Kalamazoo MI) at the time of closure. Three fellowship trained Orthopaedic Oncologic Surgeons were asked to prospectively predict likelihood of wound complications based on fluorescence. Retrospective analysis of fluorescence signal along multiple points of the wound length was performed and quantified. The primary endpoint was wound complication, defined as delayed wound healing or wound dehiscence, within 3 months of surgery. An a priori power analysis demonstrated that 5 patients were necessary to achieve statistical significance. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were performed to identify predictors of wound complications. 14 patients were consecutively imaged. The diagnosis was undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma in 9 (64.3%) of patients; 11 (78.6%) tumors were high grade. There were 6 patients with wound complications classified as “aseptic” in 5 cases and secondary to hematoma in 1 case. Using the ICGA, blinded surgeons correctly predicted wound complications in 75% of cases. In the area of wound complication, the mean % of maximal signal for wound complications was 49% during the inflow phase and 48% during the peak phase. The mean % maximal signal for peri-incisional tissue without wound complications was 77% during the inflow phase and 83% during the peak phase (p=0.003 and p<0.001). During the inflow phase, a mean ratio of normal of 0.62 maximized the area under the curve (AUC=0.90) for predicting wound complications with a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 77.4%. During the peak phase, a mean ratio of normal of 0.55 maximized the area under the curve (AUC=0.95) for predicting wound complications with a sensitivity of 88.9% and a specificity 100%. Intraoperative use of indocyanine green fluorescent angiography may help to predict wound complications in patients undergoing resection of preoperatively irradiated soft tissue sarcomas of the extremities and pelvis. Future studies are necessary to validate this technology in a prospective manner and to determine if interventions can be instituted to prevent predicted wound complications

Myxofibrosarcoma (MFS) is the second most common subtype of soft tissue sarcoma (STS) and is associated with a high rate of local recurrence after resection. These tumours frequently present with peri-lesional edema, termed “tumour tails” on staging MRI scans [1]. Tumour tails(TT) may contain satellite neoplastic cells or can represent benign reactive edema. There are no clear radiological features to distinguish malignant from reactive peri-lesional edema which limits accurate surgical planning, resulting in either high rates of inadvertently positive resection margins and local recurrences or overly-aggressive resections which negatively impact function and increase morbidity [2]. The objective of this pilot study was to prospectively study a cohort of MFS patients with TTs in an attempt to identify radiological features that predict which type of edema is malignant and requires resection together with the main tumour mass. Patients diagnosed with MFS on biopsy at an orthopaedic oncology referral centre between January 1-December 31 2018 who also had TTs on staging MRI scans were prospectively recruited for the study. Tumours were treated with wide surgical excision, including the TTs, and (neo)adjuvant radiotherapy as per institutional protocol. Staging MRI scans were reviewed in a blinded fashion by two musculoskeletal radiologists to distinguish malignant from reactive TTs. The main tumour mass underwent standard histological evaluation while the regions encompassing the TTs were photographed and sectioned into grids. Each tissue section was examined histologically for the presence of satellite neoplastic cells based on morphological criteria. Radiological and histological findings were compared. Six patients met the inclusion criteria and underwent analysis. All tumours were located in the extremities and were deep to fascia. Mean age at presentation was 67 years (range 51 – 85), with a male:female ratio of 4:2. All patients received radiotherapy (50 Gy), either pre- (n=4) or post-operatively (n=2) based on multidisciplinary tumor board discussion or enrolment in a prospective clinical trial. Radiologically, TTs were labelled as malignant in four patients (66.7%) and as benign TTs in two others. The tails were recognised to be malignant due to the differing signal characteristics to reactive edema on mixed MRI sequences. The radiological evaluation correlated exactly with histological analysis, as satellite neoplastic cells were identified microscopically in the same four cases in which the TTs were designated to be malignant by MRI (specificity&sensitivity=100%). Surgical resection margins were microscopically positive in 50% of cases in the TTs themselves, and 75% of cases in which TTs were designated as malignant on staging MRI. “The malignant nature of peri-lesional edema in MFS, also known as the TT, was accurately predicted in this small pilot study based on specific radiological features which correlated exactly with histologic identification of isolated tumor cells. These findings validate development of a larger prospective study to recruit additional patients with tumor tails beyond just MFS, in order to more robustly study the correlation between the MRI appearance and histological distribution of satellite sarcoma cells in peri-lesional edema in STS. We are already recruiting to this expanded radiological-histological investigation including evaluation of additional novel MRI sequences

The undergraduate curricula in the UK have no designated modules on sarcomas. Lumps and bumps are commonly presented to surgeons, hence awareness of sarcoma is important. The aim of this study was to identify the awareness and knowledge of orthopaedic and surgical trainees relating to the presentation, referral and management of sarcomas. Participants were invited to take part and complete an online questionnaire. Sarcoma knowledge was assessed using a variety of questions. Key resources were provided to improve knowledge at the end of the questionnaire. There were 250 respondents, which included medical students (n=49), foundation doctors (n=37), core surgical trainees (n=58), registrars (n=73), post-CCT surgeons (n=9) and academic fellows (n=4). Both UK and international trainees were included. 45% did not recall receiving sarcoma teaching at undergraduate level, with 61% stating they did not have adequate training to identify sarcoma “red flags”. 58% did not have sufficient background knowledge of sarcomas whilst 38% were unable to identify sarcoma red flags. 64% and 25% of trainees had insufficient knowledge of the correct referral process and management for sarcomas respectively. There appears to be a deficiency in training regarding sarcoma identification and management within trainees. “Red flags” for lumps are not widely known who may be asked to review these patients. Many trainees are not aware of the national guidelines for referral and management. The large sample of respondents is likely to be representative of the larger trend and may lead to inappropriate management, poor outcomes and litigation

Ewing Sarcoma is the second most common primary bone sarcoma in young patients, however, there remains geographical variation in the treatment of these tumours. All patients receive neoadjuvant chemotherapy and, in most cases, the soft tissue mass diminishes significantly in volume. Controversy surrounds whether to then treat the pre- or post-chemotherapy tumour volume. Many centres advocate either (1) resection of the pre-chemotherapy volume or (2) treatment of the pre-chemotherapy volume with radiation followed by resection of the post-chemotherapy volume. These approaches increase both the short and long-term morbidity for this young patient population. In this study, we retrospectively reviewed our experience resecting only the post-chemotherapy volume without the use of (neo)adjuvant radiotherapy. A retrospective analysis of all patients with Ewing Sarcoma treated at a tertiary orthopaedic oncology centre was conducted. All patients were treated as per the consensus opinion of the multidisciplinary tumour board. Demographic and oncological variables were collected from our institutional database. Presentation and re-staging MRI scans were reviewed to evaluate pre- and post-chemotherapy tumour volumes. Operative and pathology reports were utilized to determine the extent of the surgical resection. Outcome variables included local recurrence free-, metastasis free- and overall survival. Sixty-five patients were identified in our institutional database of which 56 did not receive (neo)adjuvant radiotherapy. Median age at diagnosis was 24 years (range 13–64), 60% of patients were male and 67.6% of tumours were located in the appendicular skeleton. All 56 patients not treated with radiotherapy had resection of the post-chemotherapy tumour volume. There were 3 local recurrences in this group with a mean follow-up of 70.8 months (range 2 to 328). The median overall survival was 47 months and the mean of 70.8months. The rate of local recurrence is comparable to reports in the literature in which patients had their entire pre-chemotherapy tumour volume treated by radiation and/or surgery. Similarly, two-year overall survival for our patient cohort is not significantly different from previous studies in which more aggressive local control measures were employed. Resecting the post-chemotherapy tumour volume in Ewing Sarcoma without the use of (neo)adjuvant radiotherapy does not appear to increase the risk of local recurrence or negatively impact overall survival. This approach should be studied further as it reduces the risk of short and long-term complications for this patient population.”

Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) have not demonstrated favourable clinical responses to emerging immunotherapies such as checkpoint inhibitors. Studies in carcinomas and melanoma have demonstrated that tumours lacking T-cell infiltrates are associated with poor responses to immunotherapies. It is postulated that STS lack tumour asscoiated lymphocytes which renders these tumours insensitive to checkpoint inhibitors. Our objective was to develop a novel syngeneic mouse model of STS and characterize the immune phenotype of these tumours. Additionally, we sought to evaluate the therapeutic responses of these sarcomas to checkpoint inhibitors and a Type I interferon agonist. K-ras mutagenesis and p53 deletion was induced using a Lenti-Cre-recombinase injection into the hindlimb of 3 week old C57BL/6 mice. Tumours were harvested and characterized using standard histopathology techniques and whole trascriptome sequencing (RNAseq). Full body necrospy and histopathology was performed to identify metastases. Flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate tumour immune phenotypes. Tumours were implanted into syngeneic C57BL/6 mice and the therapeutic responses to anti-CTLA4, anti-PD1 and DMXAA (Type I interferon agonist) were performed. Tumour responses were evaluated using bioluminescent imaging and caliper measurements. Soft tissue sarcomas developed in mice within 2–3 months of Lenti-Cre injection with 90% penetrance. Histologic analyses of tumours was consistent with a high-grade myogenic sarcoma characterized by smooth muscle actin, Desmin and Myogenin D positive immunostaining. Using crossplatform normalization protocols, geneexpression signatures of the mouse tumours most closely correlated with human undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS). Collectively, gene expression signatures of this murine sarcoma correlated with all muscle-derived human sarcomas (ERMS, ARMS, Synovial sarcoma, UPS). No lung or other visceral metastases were observed in all mice who developed spontaneous tumours. Immune phenotyping demonstrated a paucity of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs, (TAMs). 50% of identified TILs in these murine sarcomas expressed PD-1, yet tumours were not responsive to anti-PD1 therapy or anti-CTLA4 therapy. A single intra tumoural (i.t.) injection of the Type I interferon agonist, DMXAA resulted in 80–90% tumour necrosis 72 hrs post-injection, decreased tumour viability up to 2 weeks post-injection and a marked infiltration of CD8+ T-cells and anitgen presenting dendritic cells and macrophages. Additional longitudinal experiments demonstrate a sustained and progressive anti-tumour effect in 83% (5/6) mice up to 6weeks following a single i.t. injection of DMXAA. All control treated mice (6/6) reached humane endpoint within 14 days. At 3 months post-DMXAA treatment, 4/6 mice were free of disease. We re-injected UPS tumours into these mice and tumours did not grow, suggesting abscopal effects after DMXAA treatment of primary tumours. We have characterized a new orthotopic and syngeneic mouse model of a myogenic soft tissue sarcoma. Like most human STS sub-types, these tumours have an immune inert tumour microenvironment and are not sensitive to checkpoint inhibitors. This model, syngeneic to C56BL/6 mice will enable future opportunities to investigate how various branches of the immune system can be targetted or manipulated to unearth new immunotherapeutic strategies for sarcoma. Using this model we have demonstrated that a single, intra-tumoural injection of a Type I interferon agonist can result in anti-tumour effects, recruit cytotoxic lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells with into the the tumour microenvironment. Abscopal tumour rejection after DMXAA treatement suggest adaptive T-cell responses against UPS are active in this model. Future work is needed to determine if upregulation of Type I inferferon pathways can be used as a therapeutic strategy for sarcoma or as a sensitization strategy for checkpoint inhibitors

The patient's subjective experience of disease is an increasing focus in health care delivery. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is defined as a “functional effect of a medical condition and its consequent treatment”; it is both self-reported and multi-dimensional. While functional outcome is well researched among the soft tissue sarcoma (STS) population, few studies have focused on HRQoL, which gives a broader understanding of the psychological, somatic, social and physical toll of cancer and its treatment from the patient's viewpoint. The biologic and anatomic heterogeneity of sarcomas are considerable, just as the treatments are diverse, we surmise that the indicators of patient HRQoL differ and are not captured in existing generic HRQoL tools for cancer. The study objectives were to explore the domains of HRQoL and functioning in adult patients diagnosed with extremity STS from the patient's perspective from active care through survivorship through qualitative inquiry, so as to form the basis for the development of a patient-derived, sarcoma-specific, preference based HRQoL tool. Study design is a sequential exploratory mixed methods study of patient experience in localized or metastatic adult extremity STS (2007 and 2017). The study was conducted at a high-volume sarcoma centre. Qualitative descriptive design was grounded in an integrated knowledge translation approach and aimed at identifying HRQoL domains through in-person and electronic focus groups, and individual semi-structured interviews in both English and French (N=28). The interview guide topics were selected based on existing knowledge about PROs and HRQoL life, including (a) impact of diagnosis on employment or acquisition of academic/vocational skills; (b) physical and psychological functioning; (c) symptom burden; (d) treatment preferences; (e) knowledge of and use of existing resources; (f) impact on family time and resources; and (g) overall experience. Data was analyzed using inductive thematic networks approach using the qualitative software N-Vivo 12. Codes were generated by 2 independent qualitative experts capturing key concepts of HRQoL that is impacted by STS. Basic themes were clustered into organizing themes, and merged into global domains. Attention was paid to deviant cases and within-group dynamics during focus group discussion analysis. Discrepancies or inconsistencies in coding were resolved in consensus meetings. Final sample size was determined when data saturation was reached and no new themes emerged. Qualitative reduction of identified items to reach a consensus framework was facilitated by a moderator during multi-disciplinary panel meetings comprised of sarcoma experts, patient partners, allied health staff and other stakeholders. Twenty-nine patients with biopsy-proven localized or metastatic STS of the extremity participated (69% lower extremity STS; mean age 56 years, 25% with local recurrence, 21% metastatic, 18% amputation). Inductive thematic network analysis revealed five function-related domains HRQoL for patients with STS. The functional domains were mapped to the Wilson & Cleary Model and experience domains were mapped to the Picker Institute's Through Patient's Eyes model. This is a critical step toward developing disease specific outcome measures. Patient-centered research is crucial to understanding the impact of surgery, adjuvant therapy and the associated complications for patients with extremity STS, and thereby improving the quality of care provision. This study offers a unique perspective on what domains and sub domains are most impactful on HRQoL and provides the basis for our on-going development of a disease-specific, preference-based HRQoL measure

Hindquarter amputations for bone or soft tissue sarcoma cause a high degree of disability in patients and are associated with high morbidity rates. The goal of this study is to determine prognostic factors for outcome and analyse quality of life after resection, in order to better select patients who are more likely to benefit from a hindquarter amputation. Our prospectively collected database was searched for all patients treated with a hindquarter amputation between 1989 and 2015. Clinical and histopathological features were analysed for their prognostic value using Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazard analysis. Endpoints were set at recurrent disease and death. Also, functional and social outcome as well as pain was assessed from the hospital charts in the patients that are still alive. 82 patients underwent a hindquarter resection in the given time frame. Of these patients, 63 were treated with a curative intent. The median hospital stay was 25 days, and 49% of the patients had wound complications. The in-hospital mortality was 6%. The 5-year overall survival in the whole group was 31%, while disease free survival was 26%. As expected, patients with metastases at presentation had a significantly worse outcome, while patients with locally recurrent sarcoma had the same outcome as patients with primary sarcoma. For those patients treated with curative intent, younger age was correlated with better survival, while higher histological grade was correlated with worse disease free survival. The functional and social outcome for patients who survived more then one year varied widely, with about 50% of the patients living an acceptable social life with reasonable pain levels and mobility status. Hindquarter amputations for sarcoma patients are still indicated for a select group of patients. Younger patients and/or patients with low grade sarcomas are more likely to benefit form this resection in terms of survival and long term function. However, for patients with less favourable prognostic factors a hindquarter operation might be an unreasonable palliative option

Population-based studies from the United States have reported that sarcoma patients living in rural areas or belonging to lower socioeconomic classes experience worse overall survival; however, the evidence is not clear for universal healthcare systems where financial resources should theoretically not affect access to standard of care. The purpose of this study was to determine the survival outcomes of soft-tissue sarcoma (STS) patients treated in Ontario, Canada over 23 years and determine if the patient's geographic location or income quintile are associated with survival. We performed a population-based cohort study using linked administrative databases of patients diagnosed with STS between 1993 – 2015. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate 2, 5, 10, 15 and 20-year survival stratified by age, stage and location of tumor. We estimated survival outcomes based on the patient's geographic location and income quintile. The Log-Rank test was used to detect significant differences between groups. If groups were significantly different, a Cox proportional hazards model was used to test for interaction effects with other patient variables. We identified 8,896 patients with biopsy-confirmed STS during the 23-year study period. Overall survival following STS diagnosis was 70% at 2 years, 59% at 5 years, 50% at 10 years, 43% at 15 years, and 38% at 20 years. Living in a rural location (p=0.0028) and belonging to the lowest income quintile (p<0.0001) were independently associated with lower overall survival following STS diagnosis. These findings were robust to tests of interaction with each other, age, gender, location of tumor and stage of disease. This population-based cohort study of 8,896 STS patients treated in Ontario, Canada over 23 years reveals that patients living in a rural area and belonging to the lowest income quintile are at risk for decreased survival following STS diagnosis. We extend previous STS survival reporting by providing 15 and 20-year survival outcomes stratified by age, stage, and tumor location

Aims. To evaluate the incidence, patient demographics, primary tumour characteristics and treatment modalities of patients with radiation induced soft tissue sarcoma (RISTS) presenting to the East Midlands Sarcoma Service at Nottingham City Hospital. Methods. All consecutive patients with histologically proven RISTS were identified from our pathology database. Case notes were retrospectively reviewed to identify patient demographics, oncological features and treatment outcome. Results. From 1998 to 2011, 24 patients were identified to have RISTS. 17 were female, 7 male. The mean age at time of diagnosis is 67 years (range 40–85 years). The average latency period is 12.8 years (range 1–50). The most common primary oncological diagnosis were breast carcinoma 11 (11, 45.8%) and endometrial carcinoma and testicular tumours (both 3, 12.5%). The sarcoma subtypes were 9 angiosarcomas (37.5%), 6 pleomorphic sarcomas (29.1%), 3 leiomyosarcomas (12.5%), 2 myofibroblastic sarcomas (8.4%), 1 MPNST (4.2%) 1 soft-tissue osteosarcoma (4.2%) 1 dedifferentiated liposarcoma (4.2%) and 1 myxoid liposarcoma (4.2%). At the time of this study, 8 patients died of disease, 13 were alive and disease free, 1 alive with disease, 1 discharged from follow-up disease free and 1 lost to follow-up. Discussion. RISTS are rare sarcomas with poor prognosis. An aggressive surgical approach with multi-disciplinary team involvement is of paramount importance

Abstract. Background. Extracorporeal radiation therapy (ECRT) has been reported as an oncologically safe and effective reconstruction technique for limb salvage in diaphyseal sarcomas with promising functional results. Factors affecting the ECRT graft-host bone incorporation have not been fully investigated. Methods. In our series of 51 patients of primary bone tumors treated with ECRT, we improvised this technique by using a modified V-shaped osteotomy, additional plates and intra-medullary fibula across the diaphyseal osteotomy in an attempt to increase the stability of fixation, augment graft strength and enhance union at the osteotomy sites. We analyzed our patients for various factors that affected union time and union rate at the osteotomy sites. Results. On univariate analysis, age <20 years, metaphyseal osteotomy site, V-shaped diaphyseal osteotomy, extramedullary plate fixation and use of additional plate at diaphyseal ostetomy had a significantly faster time to union while gender, tumor type, resection length, chemotherapy and use of intra-medullary fibula did not influence union time. In multivariate analysis, metaphyseal ostoeotomy, V-shaped diaphyseal osteotomy and use of additional plate at diaphyseal ostetomy were the independent factors with favourable time to union. Although the rate of union was higher with V-shaped diaphyseal osteotomy and use of additional plate and intra-medullary fibula at diaphyseal ostetomy, this difference could not be established statistically. None of the analyzed factors apparently affected the union rate in univariate analysis. Conclusion. Judicious choice of osteosynthesis and augmentation of ECRT graft can enhance incorporation with reduced complications and good functional outcome

High grade sarcoma present a systemic metastatic progression in approximaly 50% of cases. The effectiveness of palliative chemotherapy as a treatment of systemic metastases is still controversed. The main objectif of this study is to assess disease progression and survival of patients diagnosed with metastatic soft tissue sarcomas treated with palliative chemotherapy, analyse chemotherapy treatment patterns and response to different lines of treatment. Retrospective chart review of 75 patients treated with palliative chemotherapy for metastatic soft tissue sarcomas between 2003 and 2013 at Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital. Data for control group of 40 patients with metastatic soft tissue sarcomas not treated with chemotherapy was collected retrospectively. Collected data include demographic data, overall survival, time free survival, type of chemotherapy treatment, surgical treatment and adverse reaction to palliative chemotherapy. Overall survival was analysed with Kaplan-Meier test. Categorial variable were compared with Log-Rank test. Seventy-five patients (37% female; mean age 50.4 years) received minimally one line of chemotherapy for their metastatic sarcomas. The regimens most commonly used in first-line were doxorubicin (48%) and doxorubicin combined with ifosfamide (21.3%). Favorable response was achieved by 38.7% in first-line and 27.9% in second-line therapy. Median overall survival with chemotherapy treatments was more than two times overall survival without treatments. Median overall survival was 19 months with chemotherapy treatments and 7 months without chemotherapy (p<0.0001). There was no statistically significant difference between survivals for treated and untreated patients with chemotherapy when analysed in term of the histological subtype, age and monotherapy versus combined treatment. Event-free survival was statistically longer during the first year for the group of patients treated with combined chemotherapy (p=0.0125). Results have shown a significantly improved overall survival in all histological groups, resulting in an OS of 19 vs 7 months for the chemotherpy and non chemotherapy group respectively. Nevertheless, patients with favorable response to chemotherapy have poor outcomes. Additional treatment options are needed

Navigation-assisted surgery has been reported to enhance resection accuracy in bone sarcoma surgery. Patient-specific instruments (PSIs) have been proposed as a simpler alternative with fewer setup facilities. We investigated the use of 3D surgical planning and PSI in realising computer planning of complex resections in bone sarcoma patients with regards to surgical accuracy, problems, and early clinical results. We retrospectively studied twelve patients with bone sarcoma treated surgically by PSIs with 3D planning. The procedure was planned using engineering software. The resection accuracy was accessed by comparing CT images of tumour specimens with the planned in seven patients. Mean age was 30.9 (9 – 64). Mean follow-up was 3.1 year (0.5 – 5.3). 31 planes of bone resections were successfully performed using the technique and were considered accurate. The mean time required for placing PSIs was 5.7 minutes (1 – 10) and performing bone osteotomies with the assistance of PSIs was 4.7 minutes (2 – 7). The mean maximum deviation error was 1.7mm (0.5 – 4.4). One PSI was broken during bone resection, and one patient needed re-resection using the same PSI. One pelvic patient died of local recurrence and lung metastases six months postoperatively. One patient developed a soft tissue local recurrence and lung metastasis at 20 months after surgery. The mean MSTS functional score was 27.9 (21 – 30). There were no complications related to 3D planning and PSIs. In selected patients, 3D surgical planning and PSIs replicate complex bone resections and reconstructions in bone sarcoma surgery. Comparative studies with conventional or navigation- assisted resections are required

Aims. Present the outcomes of those patients diagnosed with Ewing's Sarcoma of the foot within the past 10 years and treated at the Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital's Bone Tumour Unit, Stanmore. Methods. Retrospective study of the cases identified from the pathology database. Notes reviewed for presentation, treatment and follow up. TESS (Toronto Extremity Salvage Score) and MSTS (Musculoskeletal tumour score) were calculated. Results. 6 patients identified with positive diagnosis of Ewing's Sarcoma of the Foot. Male:Female ratio of 5:1. Age range 15–31 (Mode 25). 4 cases skeletal, 2 extra skeletal. All cases reviewed by supra-regional MDT and received adjuvant and neo-adjuvant chemotherapy. All except one patient underwent limb-salvage surgery. The MDT decision for the remaining patient was that amputation was the only viable surgical option but the patient and his parents requested radiotherapy without surgical treatment. Mean survival 40 months (15–107 months). All patients survive at time of submission. Mean MSTS/TESS scores 93% (80–100%) and 94.6% (85–100) respectively. Discussion. All patients reported a delay between first presentation and referral to the sarcoma unit. This experience is common across the literature for this rare pathology. Lowest scores were submitted by the two patients who had amputation of their great toe. All patients are happy with their outcome and decision to salvage their limb. All patients scored themselves as “not at all disabled” and two stated this would not have been their response if they had lost their foot. Conclusion. Amputation is psychologically difficult to accept and patients are more receptive to limb salvage surgery. Our patients demonstrate good functional outcome. Our experience at Stanmore suggests that limb salvage surgery with adequate MDT surveillance for Ewing's Sarcoma of the Foot can be a viable alternative to amputation