The use of shorter humeral stems in reverse shoulder arthroplasty has been reported as safe and effective. Shorter stems are purported to be bone preserving, easy to revise, and have reduced surgical time. However, a frequent radiographic finding with the use of uncemented short stems is stress shielding. Smaller stem diameters reduce stress shielding, however, carry the risk of varus or valgus malalignment in the metadiaphyseal region of the proximal humerus. The aim of this retrospective radiographic study was to measure the true post-operative neck-shaft (N-S) angle of a curved short stem with a recommended implantation angle of 145°. True anteroposterior radiographs of patients who received RTSA using an Ascend Flex short stem at three specialized shoulder centres (London, ON, Canada, Lyon, France, Munich, Germany) were reviewed. Radiographs that showed the uncemented stem and humeral tray in orthogonal view without rotation were included. Sixteen patients with proximal humeral fractures or revision surgeries were excluded. This yielded a cohort of 124 implant cases for analysis (122 patients, 42 male, 80 female) at a mean age of 74 years (range, 48 – 91 years). The indications for RTSA were rotator cuff deficient shoulders (cuff tear arthropathy, massive cuff tears, osteoarthritis with cuff insufficiency) in 78 patients (63%), primary osteoarthritis in 41 (33%), and rheumatoid arthritis in 5 (4%). The humeral component longitudinal axis was measured in degrees and defined as neutral if the value fell within ±5° of the humeral axis. Angle values >5° and < 5 ° were defined as valgus and varus, respectively. The filling-ratio of the implant within the humeral shaft was measured at the level of the metaphysis (FRmet) and diaphysis (FRdia). Measurements were conducted by two independent examiners (SA and TW). To test for conformity of observers, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated. The inter- and intra-observer reliability was excellent (ICC = 0.965, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.911– 0.986). The average difference between the humeral shaft axis and the humeral component longitudinal axis was 3.8° ± 2.8° (range, 0.2° – 13.2°) corresponding to a true mean N-S angle of 149° ± 3° in valgus. Stem axis was neutral in 70% (n=90) of implants. Of the 34 malaligned implants, 82% (n=28) were in valgus (mean N-S angle 153° ± 2°) and 18% (n=6) in varus position (mean N-S angle 139° ± 1°). The average FRmet and FRdiawere 0.68 ± 0.11 and 0.72 ± 0.11, respectively. No association was found between stem diameter and filling ratios (FRmet, FRdia) or cortical contact with the stem (r = 0.39). Operative technique and implant design affect the ultimate positioning of the implant in the proximal humerus. This study has shown, that in uncemented short stem implants, neutral axial alignment was achieved in 70% of cases, while the majority of malaligned humeral components (86%) were implanted in valgus, corresponding to a greater than 145° neck shaft angle of the implant. It is important for surgeons to understand that axial malalignment of a short stem implant does influence the true neck shaft angle

Introduction. Traditionally, conventional radiographs of the hip are used to assist surgeons during the preoperative planning process, and these processes generally involve two-dimensional X-ray images with implant templates. Unfortunately, while this technique has been used for many years, it is very manual and can lead to inaccurate fits, such as “good” fits in the frontal view but misalignment in the sagittal view. In order to overcome such shortcomings, it is necessary to fully describe the morphology of the femur in three dimensions, therefore allowing the surgeon to successfully view and fit the components from all possible angles. Objective. The objective of this study was to efficiently describe the morphology of the proximal femur based on existing anatomical landmarks for use in surgical planning and/or forward solution modeling. Methods. Seven parameters are needed to fully define femoral morphology: head diameter, head center, neck shaft axis, femoral canal, proximal shaft axis, offset, and neck shaft angle. A previous algorithm has been developed in-house to automatically locate anatomical landmarks of patient specific bone models. Once the bone model has been aligned and scaled based on these landmarks, the femoral head diameter and center are calculated by iteratively fitting a sphere to the corresponding femoral head point cloud. An iterative cylindrical fitting algorithm is used to describe the neck shaft axis. The femoral canal is determined using three steps: 1) the femur is sliced at 10mm increments below the lesser trochanter, 2) the femoral canal boundary is determined at each slice, and 3) the largest circle is fit within each slice's canal boundary. The proximal shaft axis is described by fitting a line to the canal circle center locations. Offset is defined as the distance from the head center to the proximal shaft axis. Finally, the neck shaft angle is the angle between the neck shaft axis and the proximal shaft axis. Results. The goal pertaining to femoral component morphology is to provide meaningful information that can be used to determine how the femoral stem fits within the canal. Regardless of differences in bone sizes and geometries, the algorithm has proven to be successful in describing the femoral morphology of a patient-specific bone model. Discussion. These results lay the groundwork for an automatic stem fitting algorithm, which is described in a subsequent abstract. The morphology knowledge of the femoral head, femoral neck, femoral canal, and various axes can be coupled with known THA component parameters (such as offset, neck length, neck shaft angle, etc.) to allow our algorithms to predict the “best selection” and “best fit” for the femoral stem. This can also be applied to the acetabulum and can then be used as a surgical planning tool as well as a parameter when modeling postoperative predictions. For any figures or tables, please contact authors directly

Background. Dynamic Hip Screw (DHS) is the most frequently used implant in management of intertrochanteric femoral fractures. There is a known statistical relationship between a tip-apex distance (TAD) >25mm and higher rate of implant failure. Our aim was to analyse all DHS procedures performed in our trust from seventeen months and compare their TAD values to the acceptable standard of ≤25mm. Methods. All patients undergoing DHS between April 2020-August 2021 were identified from our theatre system. Additionally, those presenting to hospital with implant failures were included. Patient demographics, date of surgery, fracture classification (AO) and date/mode of failure were recorded. Intraoperative fluoroscopy images were reviewed to calculate TAD, screw location and neck shaft angles by two independent observers. Results. 215 patients were identified, five of which were excluded due to inadequate fluoroscopy. Failure was seen in 3.3% of the cohort (n=7), of which 71.4% had an unacceptable TAD. In total, 21 patients (10%) had TAD >25mm, of whom 12 had superiorly and 15 had posteriorly placed screws. There were no failures in patients with a TAD of <20mm whereas a TAD >30mm had 50% failure rate. Conclusion. This audit reinforces the importance of aiming for a low TAD (preferably <20mm) intraoperatively. It is also desirable to avoid superiorly and significantly posteriorly placed screws. Implications. Complex hip revision surgery in the elderly bears substantial financial implications to the NHS and, more importantly, causes prolonged morbidity to the patient. Adhering to established standards will ensure reduced implant failure and best patient care

Children with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) frequently present with coxa vara (CV). Skeletal fragility, severe deformity and limited fixation options make this a challenging condition to correct surgically. Our study aimed to determine the efficacy of the Fassier technique to correct CV and determine the complication rate. Retrospective, descriptive case series from a tertiary hospital. We retrospectively reviewed records of a cohort of eight children (four females, 12 hips) with OI (6/8 Sillence type III, 2/8 type IV) who had surgical treatment with Fassier technique for CV between 2014 and 2020. Inclusion Criteria: All patients with CV secondary to OI treated surgically with Fassier technique. Exclusion Criteria: Patients older than 18 years; Patients with CV treated non-operatively or by surgical technique different to Fassier technique. Data relating to the following parameters was collected and analyzed: demographic data, pre- and postoperative neck shaft angle (NSA), complications and NSA at final follow-up. The mean age at operation was 5.8 years (range 2–10). The mean NSA was corrected from 96.8° preoperatively to 137º postoperatively. At a mean follow-up of 38.6 months, the mean NSA was maintained at 133°, and 83% (10/12) of hips had an NSA that remained greater than 120°. There was a 42% (5/12) complication rate: three Fassier–Duval rods failed to expand after distal epiphyseal fixation was lost during growth; one Rush rod migrated through the lateral proximal femur cortex with recurrent coxa vara; and one Rush rod migrated proximally and required rod revision. The Fassier technique effectively corrected CV in children with moderate and progressively deforming OI. The deformity correction was maintained in the short term. The complication rate was high, but mainly related to the failed expansion of the Fassier–Duval rods

Proximal femoral deformity is common in children with cerebral palsy (CP), contributing to hip instability and ambulation difficulties. This population-based cohort study investigates the prevalence and significance of these deformities in relation to Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) level. Children with a confirmed diagnosis of CP born within a three-year period were identified from a statewide register. Motor type, topographical distribution and GMFCS level were obtained from clinical notes. Neck Shaft Angle (NSA) and Migration Percentage (MP) were measured from an anteroposterior pelvis x-ray with the hips internally rotated. Measurement of FNA was by the Trochanteric Palpation Test (TPAT) or during fluoroscopic screening of the hip with a guide wire in the centre of the femoral neck. Linear regression analysis was performed for FNA, NSA and MP according to GMFCS level. 292 children were eligible. FNA was increased in all GMFCS levels. The lowest measurements were at GMFCS levels I and II p<0.001. GMFCS levels III, IV, and V were uniformly high p<0.001. Neck shaft angle increased sequentially from GMFCS levels I to V (p<0.001). This study confirms a very high prevalence of increased FNA in children with CP in all GMFCS levels. In contrast, NSA and MP progressed step-wise with GMFCS level. We propose that increased FNA in children with CP represents failure to remodel normal fetal alignment because of delay in ambulation and muscle imbalance across the hip joint. In contrast, coxa valga is an acquired deformity and is largely related to lack of weight bearing and functional ambulation. The high prevalence of both deformities at GMFCS levels IV and V explain the high rate of displacement in these hips and the need for proximal femoral realignment surgery in the prevention and management of hip displacement

Introduction. Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty continues to have a high complication rate, specifically with component instability and scapular notching. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to quantify the effects of humeral component neck angle and version on impingement free range of motion. Methods. A total of 13 cadaveric shoulders (4 males and 9 females, average age = 69 years, range 46 to 96 years) were randomly assigned to two studies. Study 1 investigated the effects of humeral component neck angle (n=6) and Study 2 investigated the effects of humeral component version (n=7). For all shoulders, Tornier Aequalis® Reversed Shoulder implants (Edina, MN) were used. For study 1, the implants were modified to 135, 145 and 155 degree humeral neck shaft angles and for Study 2 a custom implant that allowed control of humeral head version were used. For biomechanical testing, a custom shoulder testing system that permits independent loading of all shoulder muscles with six degree of freedom positioning was used. (Figure 1) Internal control experimental design was used where all conditions were tested on the same specimen. Study 1. The adduction angle and internal/external humeral rotation angle at which impingement occurred were measured. Glenohumeral abduction moment was measured at 0 and 30 degrees of abduction, and anterior dislocation forces were measured at 30 degrees of internal rotation, 0 and 30 degrees of external rotation with and without subscapularis loading. Study 2. The degree of internal and external rotation when impingement occurred was measured at 0, 30 and 60 degrees of glenohumeral abduction in the scapular plane with the humeral component placed in 20 degrees of anteversion, neutral version, 20 degrees of retroversion, and 40 degrees of retroversion. Statistical analysis was performed with a repeated measures analysis of variance with a Tukey post-hoc test with a significance level of 0.05. Results. Study 1. Adduction deficit angles for 155, 145, and 135 degree neck-shaft angle were 2 ± 5 degrees of abduction, 7 ± 4 degrees of adduction, and 12 ± 2 degrees of adduction (P <0.05), respectively. Impingement-free angles of humeral rotation and abduction moments were not statistically different between the neck-shaft angles. The anterior dislocation force was significantly higher for the 135degree neck-shaft angle at 30 degrees of external rotation and significantly higher for the 155 degree neck shaft angle at 30 degrees of internal rotation (P<.01). The anterior dislocation forces were significantly higher when the subscapularis was loaded (P <0.01). Study 2. Maximum external rotation was the limiting position for impingement particularly at 0 degrees of abduction. Maximum external rotation before impingement occurred increased significantly with increasing humeral retroversion (p < 0.05) (Figure 2). No impingement or subluxation occurred at any humeral version in 60 degrees of glenohumeral abduction. Conclusion. In reverse shoulder arthroplasty, 155 degree neck-shaft angle was more prone to impingement with adduction but had the advantage of being more stable. In addition, 40 degrees of retroversion has the largest range of humeral rotation without impingement

Opinions about the treatment of Perthes' disease vary widely. However there is no disagreement about the need for containment during fragmentation stage to create an optimum biomechanical environment for remodelling of femoral head. Types of containment may vary. Younger children do well irrespective of the method of containment. Older children usually require surgical containment. The present study was aimed at evaluating the results of different methods of surgical containment in different age group and identifying specific factors that alter the final outcome and prognosis. 107 cases were reviewed retrospectively. 21 cases were excluded due to lack of records. 86 hips were available for clinical and radiological evaluation. 31 patients were under 7 years and required Varus osteotomy (VO). 55 patients were above 7 years. VO was performed in 30 hips and Shelf containment was done in 25. Case notes were reviewed for demographic details, surgical details and clinic letters. Radiographs were reviewed for Herring's grading, Stulberg staging, containment indices, centre edge angle, lateral pillar height, Mose index, neck shaft angle and shelf width. In all patients, there was an improvement in pre-operative symptoms and summated range of motion, especially abduction. Good functional and radiological outcome was seen in age group < 7 years. In older children, outcome was good to satisfactory with Herring grade B. Stulberg grading worsened with advancing age and Herring grade C, irrespective of the method of containment. Persistence of varus neck shaft angle and trochanteric overgrowth were significant problems with VO. Although all containment indices improved with Shelf group, Stulberg grading remained poor in most patients. The lateral pillar classification and age strongly correlate with final outcome. Herring group C had the least favourable result. Stulberg staging remained poor in older children irrespective of the method of containment

Introduction. Conventional hip radiographs allow surgeons, during preoperative planning, to make important decisions. Size and location of implants are routinely measured by overlaying schematics of the implanted components onto preoperative radiographs. Most currently available planning tools are in two-dimensions (2D), using X-ray images and 2D templates of the implants. Determination of the ideal component size requires two radiographic views of the femur: the anterior-posterior (AP) and the lateral direction. The surgeon uses this information to determine component sizes. Even though this approach has been used for many years leading to very good results, this manual process potentially carries multiple shortcomings. The biggest issue with the AP X-ray image is the fact that it is 2D in nature while the measurement's objective is to obtain three-dimensional (3D) parameters. Objective. The objective of this study is to derive a methodology to automatically select correct THA implant sizes while keeping the anatomical center of each specific patient within a forward solution model (FSM) that predicts post-operative outcomes. Methods. The femoral components in our process contain five parameters: stem length, neck offset, neck length, neck shaft angle, and component width. There are many steps to measure the morphologic parameters of a femoral component. (1)Preparation of training implant database, (2)defining multi-plane intersection, (3)determining circumcircles for all intersected femoral component contours, (4)finding centers and radii of circumcircles, (5)measuring distances from each circumcircle to the femoral component head center, and (6)determining the stem shaft axis. The FSM fits specific femoral canal using a 3D mesh model of the femur. The femoral component and canal morphology of a femur model are compared to the training femoral component database. For each femoral component morphology, the algorithm determines how far distally the femoral component fits within the canal before collision between the stem and cortical bone. Once the defined position is confirmed, the relative distance from the anatomical femoral head center to the femoral component head center is calculated. This process is repeated for all femoral component morphology. The best fitting femoral component is determined when the distance from its head center to the femoral head center is minimized, Figure 1. Results. Three intensive validation tools have been developed: (1) cross-sectional analysis, (2) slice analysis, and (3) contact map analysis. Cross-sectional analysis is a graphic interaction program where users can freely view the anatomy at any orientation, Figure 2. The slice analysis enhances the user visualization by providing a static view of the fit between chosen femoral component and femoral canal, Figure 3. Finally, the contact map analysis allows for visualization of contact area through the bone-stem interface. Conclusion and Discussion. This is a powerful tool with the FSM that allows surgeons to get a “best fit” implant in 3D, based on canal fit and distance from anatomical femoral head center. Surgeons may want to manually size up or down, but the program will pick best fit sizes based on anatomical morphology. Future iterations will consider the reaming depth each surgeon uses to improve implant selection for each surgeon's technique. For any figures or tables, please contact authors directly

Introduction. Coxa vara is an uncommon orthopaedic condition. Problems associated with the definition, radiological appearance, classification and surgical treatment are discussed. Methods. A clinical and radiological review of 11 patients (14 hips) treated with a LCP plate (Synthes) in our paediatric orthopaedic unit from 2010 to 2013 was performed. These hips were classified as congenital (6), developmental (3) and acquired (5). The Hilgenreiner Epiphyseal (HE) angle, the head/shaft angle and the neck/shaft angle were all assessed and examples shown why one measurement does not address every case. Results. A mean radiological improvement of 45 degrees (20–75 +/−16.5 degrees) was obtained. There was no loss of position in any of our patients from initial surgery until union. Complications included over-correction (1 case), under-correction (2 cases) and a peri-prosthetic fracture in a patient with Osteogenesis imperfecta. Conclusions. Limitations of the LCP system include a demanding surgical technique and, in South Africa at least, a limited plate selection. Advantages include excellent proximal control with precise correction, and in our experience provide the best fixation for valgizing proximal femoral osteotomies in the paediatric coxa vara patient. NO DISCLOSURES

Introduction. Internal fixation of pertrochanteric fractures is evolving as newer implants are being developed. Proximal Femoral Nail Antirotation (PFNA) is a recently introduced implant from AO/ASIF designed to compact the cancellous bone and may be particularly useful in unstable and osteoporotic hip fractures. This study is a single and independent centre experience of this implant used in management of acute hip fractures. Methods. 68 patients involving 68 PFNA nailing procedures done over a period of 2 years (2007–09) were included in the study. Average follow-up period of patients was 1 year. AO classification for trochanteric fractures was used to classify all the fractures. Radiological parameters including tip-apex distance and neck shaft angle measurement were assessed. Results. Average age of patients included in the study was 80 years. 18 patients died during the follow up period due to non-procedure related causes. Average tip-apex distance was 12.7 mm and radiological fracture union time was 5 months. Revision of short to a long PFNA was needed for periprosthetic fracture of shaft of femur in two patients. Two patients needed a complex total hip replacement eventually and further two patients had removal of the implant due to PFNA blade penetration through the femoral head. Discussion. PFNA is a technically demanding procedure and has a learning curve. Our experience shows that it is a useful implant in unstable pertrochanteric fracture fixation. A close radiological and clinical follow up is recommended due to the risk of late fracture and implant related complications

Introduction. Range of motion (ROM) simulation of the hip is useful to understand the maximum impingement free ROM in total hip arthroplasty (THA). In spite of a complex multi-directional movement of the hip in daily life, most of the previous reports have evaluated the ROM only in specific directions such as flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, and internal - external rotation at 0° or 90° of hip flexion. Therefore, we developed ROM simulation software (THA analyzer) to measure impingement free ROM in any positions of the hip. Recent designs of the hip implants give a wider ROM by increasing the head diameter and then, bone to bone impingement can be a ROM limit factor particularly in a combination of deep flexion, adduction and internal rotation of the hip. Therefore, the purpose of this study were to observe an individual variation in the pattern of the bone impingement ROM in normal hip bone models using this software, to classify the bone impingement ROM mapping types and to clarify the factors affecting the bone impingement type. Methods. The subjects were 15 normal hips of 15 patients. Three dimensional surface models of the pelvis and femur were reconstructed from Computer tomography (CT) images. We performed virtual hip implantation with the same center of rotation, femoral offset, and leg length as the original hips. Subsequently, we created the ROM mapping until bone impingement using THA analyzer. We measured the following factors influenced on the bone impingement map patterns; the neck shaft angle, the femoral offset, femoral anteversion, pelvic tilt, acetabular anteversion, sharp angle, and CE angle. These factors were compared between the two groups. Statistical analysis was performed with Mann-Whitney U test, and statistical significance was set at P<0.05. Results. According to the borderline of ROM at the flexion-internal rotation corner on the bone impingement map, the hips were classified into two groups; group-A showed more than 45° of the borderline slope at the flexion-internal rotation corner and the remaining hips were group-B. (Fig.1). There were 7 hips in group-A and 8 hips in group-B. Femoral offset was 36.8±2.2 mm in group-A and 30±2.7 mm in group-B. Femoral anteversion was 32±6.4° in-group A and 43 ±4.8° in group-B. There were statistically significant differences in the femoral offset and femoral anteversion between the groups. There were no significant differences in the other factors. Discussion. The results of this study showed various ROM map patterns even in normal hips and we classified them into two groups. An increased femoral offset or a decreased femoral anteversion revealed an early impinge in internal rotation. ROM until bone impingement is affected by the individual bone morphology. However, it is not easy to evaluate bony ROM in complex hip positions. THA analyzer shows the impingement position visually on the map and it is easy to understand the hip positions with reduced ROMs. Conclusion. There are two patterns on the bony ROM map in normal hips, and an early impinge in internal rotation occurred by increasing the femoral offset or decreasing the femoral anteversion. For figures/tables, please contact authors directly.

Introduction. Through the paediatric LCP Hip plating system, the highly successful technique of the locking compression plate used in adult surgery, has been incorporated in a system dedicated to paediatrics. The purpose of this study was to review the outcome of the paediatric LCP Hip plate use in children, both with and without neuromuscular disease, for fixation of proximal femoral osteotomy for a variety of indications. Materials and methods. We retrospectively reviewed the notes and radiographs of all those children who have had Paediatric LCP Hip Plate for the fixation of proximal femoral osteotomy and proximal femur fractures in our institution, between October 2007 and July 2010, for their clinical progress, mobilization status, radiological healing and any complications. Results. Forty-three Paediatric LCP hip plates were used in forty patients for the fixation of proximal femoral osteotomies (n=40) and proximal femur fractures (n=3). The osteotomies were performed for a variety of indications including Perthes disease, DDH, Cerebral Palsy, Down's syndrome, coxa vara, Leg length discrepancy and previous failed treatment of SUFE. Twenty-five children were allowed touch to full weight bearing post operatively. Two were kept non-weight bearing for 6 weeks. The remaining 13 children were treated in hip spica due to simultaneous pelvic osteotomy or multilevel surgery for cerebral palsy. All osteotomies and fractures radiologically healed within 6 months (majority [n=40] within 3 months). There was no statistically significant difference (p = 0.45) in the neck shaft angle between the immediately postoperative and final x-rays after completion of bone healing. There were no implant related complications. Conclusion. The Paediatric LCP Hip Plate provides a stable and reliable fixation of the proximal femoral osteotomy performed for a variety of paediatric hip conditions in children with and without neuromuscular disease

Sugioka trans-trochanteric valgus osteotomy (TVO) has originally been described for advanced osteoarthritis of hip. This has many advantages over conventional subtrochanteric osteotomies such as early union with simple fixation and preserving proximal femoral geometry to enable standard femoral components for a future hip replacement. Lateral displacement and distalisation of the greater trochanter increases the lever arm and improves abductor limp. The use of TVO has never been reported in children. We report our experience of TVO for hinge abduction in children (mostly in Perthes' disease). Twenty four patients of mean age 10.2 years at surgery, (range 7- 17 years) underwent TVO between 1998 and 2007. The diagnosis was Perthes' disease in 19 and avascular necrosis from other causes in the remaining five. Average follow-up was 4.4 years (18 months to 11 years). All patients had pre-operative confirmation of hinge abduction by arthrogram. Osteotomies were performed at inter-trochanteric level and fixed with screws and wire. The neck shaft angle increased by mean 11.75 degrees (range 6 to 23). Migration index increased by mean 3.88% (-14% to + 29%). Average limb length discrepancy at final follow-up was 10.8 mm (range -30 to +10mm). Final articulo-trochanteric distance was 4.5mm (range -15 to +21 mm) less than the opposite side. Functional assessment was carried out using the Modified IOWA hip scores. The mean hip score was 75.1 (range 38.8 to 97.6). Complications were one case of trochanteric non-union requiring further surgery, one case of stiffness which responded to manipulation under anaesthesia. Our results indicate that Sugioka TVO is a successful procedure for hinge abduction of the hip

Introduction. The success of knee replacement surgery depends, in part, on restoration of the correct alignment of the leg with respect to the load-bearing vector passing from the hip to the ankle (the mechanical axis). Conventional thinking is that the correct angle of resection of the distal femur (Valgus Cut Angle, VCA) depends on femoral length or femoral offset, though femoral bowing, in addition to length and medial offset, may also have a significant influence on the VCA. We hypothesized that femoral bowing has a strong effect on the VCA necessary to restore physiologic alignment after arthroplasty or osteotomy. Methods. A total of 102 long-leg radiographs were obtained from patients scheduled for primary total knee arthroplasty. The patients on average were 41% male 59% female, 67.9 ± 11.1 years, 67.0 ± 4.7 in, 192 ± 43 lbs, and had a BMI of 29.7 ± 4.8. All radiographs were prepared with the feet placed in identical rotation and the patellae pointing forward, and were excluded if there was evidence of malrotation, as defined by (i) a difference in the medial head offsets of the right and left femur of >3mm, (ii) a difference in the width of the tibiofibular syndesmoses, or (iii) a difference in the rotation of one foot compared to the other. The following anatomic variables were measured on each radiograph: (i) the neck shaft angle (NSA) of the femur, (ii) the length of the femur, (iii) the length of the femoral shaft, (iv) the medial head offset, (v) the medial-lateral bow of the distal femur, (vi) the hip- knee axis angle, (vii) the mechanical axis deviation of the extremity at the knee, (viii) the medio-lateral bow of the tibia, and (ix) the valgus cut angle required to restore the mechanical axis to the center of the knee during surgery (VCA). Bivariate plots were constructed using the measurements thought to influence the VCA: femoral bowing, femoral offset, and length of femur. Multivariate regression was then used to find the variable that had the strongest effect on the VCA. Results. The bivariate plot of offset and VCA yielded an R2 of 0.02544 (p = 0.11) was not statistically significant. However, the bivariate plot of femoral length and VCA yielded an R2 of 0.1294 (p = 0.0002) showing significant correlation. Lastly, the bivariate plot of femoral bowing and VCA yielded an R2 of 0.59136 (p < 0.00001) demonstrating significant correlation (Figure 3). Multivariate analysis revealed that femoral bowing was the best predictor of VCA: VCA = 5.46–0.363 femoral bowing (°) + 0.106 Femoral offset (mm) − 0.010 femoral length (mm). Discussion. While clinicians performing knee replacements typically do not consider femoral bowing when selecting the valgus angle appropriate for each patient, our findings demonstrate that femoral bowing has a potent effect on VCA. The multivariate regression indicated that femoral bowing had the highest effect on VCA followed by offset and femoral length. These findings suggest that surgeons should consider measuring long alignment radiographs before performing a total knee arthroplasty

Most studies about hemi-arthroplasty of hip have focused on clinical aspects. Design features of various implants of hemi-arthroplasty have not been studied extensively. The aim was to investigate the relationships between radiological variables and possible mode of failure in various hemiarthroplasty implants in intracapsular neck of femur fractures. A retrospective review of 42 hemi hip arthroplasties, Austin Moore and Thompson prosthesis by Biomet, Medical Product Service (Tipsan) and Smit Medimed (SMPL) used in our hospital. Controversy exists between indication for a particular design in an unselected series of patients once excluding the choice of cementing or uncementing the prosthesis. In monoblock prosthesis not only the head-neck region affects the stability but also the stem fit in proximal femur. Surgeon preference to technique and approach excluded. Premorbidly all patients were mobilising independently. 5 criteria reviewed. 1) head size of prosthesis 2) neck length 3) prosthesis stem shaft angle 4) stem-cortical distance ratio and 5) shape of the femoral canal as classified by Dorr. Head size compared in AP views of involved hip and normal head size compared with that of prosthesis. A difference <2 mm or >3 mm indicative of incorrect size. Neck length measured by the vertical distance from center of head to superior aspect greater trochanter was zero. A range of +/− 5 mm was acceptable. Neck shaft angle with a difference of >5 degrees was indicative of varus position of the stem. Canals of the proximal femoral categorized as a) stove pipe b) champagne c) fluted varieties radiologically. X-ray magnification corrected. All measurements were done on immediate postoperative radiographs. Stability of various design features of straight stemmed and curved implants are dependant on the anterior bowing angle and canal ratio of femur to prosthesis. A prospective study with CT from selected shapes of the proximal femoral is being carried out. Inappropriate head size as reported by Thompson or neck length was related to incidence of dislocation resulting in failure. Our findings emphasise importance of careful selection of a particular implant design towards the morphology of the femoral canal

Introduction. Femoro-acetabular impingement (FAI) is a common source of impaired motion of the hip, often attributed to the presence of an aspherical femoral head. However, other types of femoral deformity, including posterior slip, retroversion, and neck enlargement, can also limit hip motion. This study was performed to establish whether the “cam” impinging femur has a single deformity of the head/neck junction or multiple abnormalities. Materials and Methods. Computer models of 71 femora (28 normal and 43 “cam” impinging) were prepared from CT scans. Morphologic parameters describing the dimensions of the head, neck, and medullary canal were calculated for each specimen. The anteversion angle, alpha angle of Notzli, beta angle of Beaulé, and normalized anterior heads offset were also calculated. Average dimensions were compared between the normal and impinging femora. Results. Compared to the normal controls, the impinging femora had wider necks (AP: 15.2 vs 13.3 mm, p<0.0001), larger heads (diameter: 48.3mm vs 46.0mm, p=0.032) and decreased head/neck ratios (1.60 vs 1.74, p=0.0002). However, there was no difference in neck/shaft angle (125.7° vs 126.5°, p=0.582) or anteversion angle (8.70 vs 8.44°, p=0.866). Most significantly, 53% of impinging femora also had a significant posterior slip (>2mm), compared to only 14% of normal controls. Average head displacements for the two groups were: FAI: 1.93mm vs Normals: 0.78mm (p<0.0001). Conclusions. The CAM impinging femur has many abnormalities apart from the “bump” at the head/neck junction. These femora have increased neck width and head/neck ratio, a smaller spherical bearing surface, and reduced neck offset from the medullary canal. Therefore, surgical treatment limited to localized re-contouring of the head–neck profile may fail to address significant components of the underlying abnormality

Through the paediatric LCP Hip plating system (Synthes GmBH Eimattstrasse 3 CH- 4436 Oberdorff), the highly successful technique of the locking compression plate used in adult surgery, has been incorporated in a system dedicated to pediatrics. We are presenting the outcome of the paediatric LCP hip plating system used for a variety of indications in our institution. We retrospectively reviewed the notes and radiographs of all those children who have had Paediatric LCP Plate for the fixation of proximal femoral osteotomy and proximal femur fractures in our institution, between October 2007 and July 2010, for their clinical progress, mobilization status, radiological healing and any complications. Forty-three Paediatric LCP hip plates were used in forty patients (24 males and 13 females) for the fixation of proximal femoral osteotomies (n=40) and proximal femur fractures (n=3). The osteotomies were performed for a variety of indications including Perthes disease, developmental dysplasia of hip, Cerebral Palsy, Down's syndrome, coxa vara, Leg length discrepancy and previous failed treatment of Slipped Upper Femoral Epiphysis. Twenty-five children were allowed touch to full weight bearing post operatively. Two were kept non-weight bearing for 6 weeks. The remaining 13 children were treated in hip spica due to simultaneous pelvic osteotomy or multilevel surgery for cerebral palsy. All osteotomies and fractures radiologically healed within 6 months (majority [n=40] within 3 months). There was no statistically significant difference (p= 0.45) in the neck shaft angle between the immediately postoperative and final x-rays after completion of bone healing. Among the children treated without hip spica, 1 child suffered a periprosthetic fracture. Of the children treated in hip spica, 2 had pressure sores, 3 had osteoporotic distal femur fractures and 2 had posterior subluxations requiring further intervention. There were no implant related complications. The Paediatric LCP Hip Plate provides a stable and reliable fixation of the proximal femoral osteotomy performed for a variety of paediatric orthopaedic conditions

Purpose. The ultimate goal in total hip arthroplasty is not only to relieve the pain but also to restore original hip joint biomechanics. The average femoral neck-shaft angle(FNSA) in Korean tend to have more varus pattern. Since most of conventional femoral stems have relatively high, single, fixed neck shaft angle, it's not easy to restore vertical and horizontal offset exactly especially in Korean people. This study demonstrates the advantages of dual offset(especially high-offset) stem for restoring original biomechanics of hip joint during the total hip arthroplasty in Korean. Materials and Methods. 180 hips of 155 patients who underwent total hip arthroplasty using one of the standard(132°) or extended(127°) offset Accolade cementless stems were evaluated retrospectively. Offset of stem was chosen according to the patient's own FNSA in preoperative templating. In a morphometric study, neck-shaft angle of proximal femur, vertical offset and horizontal offset, abductor moment arm were measured on preoperative and postoperative both hip AP radiographs and the differences and correlation of each parameters, between operated hip and original non-operated hip which had no deformity (preoperative ipsilateral or postoperative contralateral hip), were analyzed. Results. The standard stems were used in 34 hips and extended offset stems were used in 146 hips. The FNSA of non-operated hip was an average of 129.8°(127.2°□135.8°) in standard group and mean 125.4°(122.7°□129.9°) in extended offset group. The FNSA of operated hip was an average of 131.6° and 127.1° in each group. In the statistical analysis, there was no significant difference of mean horizontal and abductor moment arm between operated hip and non-operated hip in both groups and the restoration of horizontal offset and abductor moment arm showed(p=0.217, p=0.093) significant positive correlation(R=0.870, R=0.851) to the original value. However, vertical offset was increased an average of 1.4mm in operated hip and there was statistical significance. Restoration of vertical offset showed positive correlation to original value (R=0.845). Conclusion. Dual- or multi-offset stem, especially extended offset stem can provide easy restoration of hip biomechanics and soft tissue tension without significant alteration of leg length especially in Korean with more varus femoral neck compared to Caucacian. Precise radiographic measurements of original hip and application of proper-offset stem should be taken in order to restore ideal hip biomechanics successfully and easily. A use of a proper offset stem can afford to enhance joint stability and implant longevity by improving soft-tissue tension and reducing resultant force, and it will guarantee a successful results after total hip arthroplasty in the aspect of function and longevity

Introduction. A new conservative hip stem has been designed to address the complex problem of total hip arthroplasty in the younger population. Objectives. To assess the stability and strain distribution of a new conservative hip stem. Materials and Methods. The prosthesis is tapered and collared and made from titanium (Ti6Al4V) with a titanium porous plasma spray to encourage bony ingrowth (Figure.1). It is circular-trapezoidal in cross-section to provide optimal ‘fit and fill’ in the femoral neck. (i) Finite Element Analysis (FEA). Computed tomography scans of an intact femur were modelled using MARC software and consisted of 161390 elements and 174881 nodes. The implant was modelled (Unigraphics) as a titanium alloy stem with a cobalt-chrome alloy head and consisted of 93440 hexahedral elements and 101133 nodes. This study compared the strains in the femoral calcar of an intact femur with a stem ‘implanted’ in neck shaft angles of 125°, 135°, and 145°. The head of all models received a load of 2.3KN at 7 degrees medially. (ii) Photoelastic Coating. A photoelastic coating was moulded around the medial cortices of ten third generation femora Sawbones. Strain before and after prosthesis insertion was measured at one-centimetre intervals down the medial cortex of the bones using a polariscope. The bones were positioned in a simplified single leg stance (7° physiological alignment), and loaded at 2.3 KN with strain recorded. (iii) Linear Variable Differential Transducers (LVDT's). Micromotion and migration of the prosthesis was measured using LVDT's. The femoral heads were cyclically loaded with 2.3KN at 1Hz for 2,500 cycles and held in a single leg stance. The bones were then repositioned at 70° of flexion to produce torsional (stair climbing) forces and loaded with 0.5KN for 2,500 cycles. Statistical analysis of non-parametric data was performed using a two-tailed Wilcox signed rank test (p<0.05). Results. The FEA analysis revealed strains in the neutral position most closely resembled that of an intact femur (Figure.2). Photoelastic strain readings for intact bone and following insertion were paired and statistically analysed using the Wilcox signed rank test (two tailed). The composite bones with prostheses inserted at 125° and 145° demonstrated a significant difference to the intact bones, whereas those at 135° showed no significant difference in the surface strain pattern of the femur following prosthetic insertion (Figure.3). Under single leg stance loading all prostheses produced axial micromotion of less than 200 µm and 50 µm in the varus-valgus direction. Implants inserted at 135° and 125° produced the least micromotion, the implants inserted at 145° had the greatest magnitude of motion and may be more susceptible to loosening. Under torsional load the same was true with the 135° and 125° producing the least micromotion while with the angulation of 145° micromotion increased over the test period – again suggesting loosening. Conclusion. This design transfers load in a physiological manner and the prosthesis is most stable in the neutral position. The findings from this study have been translated into clinical practice with the prosthesis implanted into two patients with promising results

Introduction:. Given that factors like center of rotation (COR), neck shaft angle, glenosphere diameter and component tilt alter the biomechanics of reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (rTSA), the performance of the total rTSA system is of interest. This study compared the composite performance of two rTSA systems that were designed around a medialized or lateralized glenohumeral COR. The objective was to quantify the following outcome measures: 1) COR & humeral position; 2) range of glenohumeral abduction; 3) force to abduct; and 4) range of internal (IR)/external (ER) rotation. Methods:. Seven pairs of shoulders were tested with a biomechanical shoulder simulator. Beads were implanted in the scapula and humerus to quantify bone positions with a fluoroscope. Spectra lines simulated the deltoid and the rotator cuff. Linear actuators simulated muscle excursion while load cells recorded applied force. Diode arrays were used to quantify arm position and calculate the humeral center of rotation. Native specimens were tested where a motion path was recorded from resting to peak glenohumeral abduction in the scapular plane. The trajectory was replayed and deltoid force vs. arm position was recorded. With the elbow flexed, the arm was articulated to maximal internal and external rotation to determine ROM limits due to impingement or soft tissue constraint. Specimens were implanted with a Tornier Aequalis Reversed Shoulder prosthesis (“A,” 36 mm glenosphere, 10° humeral retroversion, 9 mm poly insert – “medial”) or a DJO Surgical Reverse Shoulder Prosthesis (“R,” 32 mm, 30° retroversion, neutral insert/shell – “lateral”). Implants were randomized between shoulders in a pair. After implantation the test protocol was repeated. Paired-t tests (p ≤ 0.050) were adjusted with Holm's step-down correction for multiple comparisons. Results:. Joint COR shifted inferiorly (A = 7 ± 3 mm, R = 4 ± 2 mm) and medially (A = 19 ± 4 mm, R = 12 ± 3 mm) for both systems with respect to native (p≤0.007, between systems p≤0.037). All humeri shifted inferiorly with respect to native (Fig. 1, p = 0.000, between systems p = 0.718). The RSP maintained a nearly anatomic medial/lateral humerus position, whereas the Aequalis medialized the humerus (p = 0.007). Both rTSA systems showed adduction deficit versus native arms (Fig. 2, p ≤ 0.046). Peak passive abduction, IR and ER were not significantly different between systems (p ≥ 0.113) or with respect to native (p ≥ 0.085). Deltoid force required to elevate the arm decreased ∼25% after rTSA (p ≤ 0.049), but did not differ between systems (p ≥ 0.117). Discussion:. Understanding the implications of implant configuration is imperative to improving implant design and optimizing patient outcomes. As tested, the configurations represent over 70% of respective clinical cases. The systems varied in COR offset, humeral component version/tilt, glenosphere placement, and insert thickness, yet few kinematic differences arose. The RSP COR was more lateral than the Aequalis, yet both were medial to native. Accordingly, both systems provided a similar mechanical advantage by reducing the abduction forces. The RSP had the least adduction deficit, which could indicate increased inferior clearance around the more lateral COR. Inferior and medial humerus shift could negatively impact external rotation capability by moving the posterior cuff line of action below the COR and reducing muscle tension (Fig. 3)