Aims. We aimed to determine the effect of dementia and Parkinson’s disease on one, three and 12-month mortality following surgery for fracture of the hip in elderly patients from an Asian population. Patients and Methods. Using a random sample of patients taken from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database, this retrospective cohort study analyzed the data on 6626 elderly patients who sustained a fracture of the hip between 1997 and 2012 who had ICD-9 codes within the general range of hip fracture (820.xx). We used Cox regression to estimate the risk of death associated with dementia, Parkinson’s disease or both, adjusting for demographic, clinical, treatment, and provider factors. Results. Among 6626 hip fracture patients, 10.20% had dementia alone, 5.60% had Parkinson’s disease alone, and 2.67% had both. Corresponding one-year mortality rates were 15.53%, 11.59%, and 15.82%, compared with 9.22% for those without neurological illness. Adjusted hazard ratio for one-year mortality was 1.45 (95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.17 to 1.79) for those with dementia, and 1.57 (95% CI 1.07 to 2.30) with both dementia and Parkinson’s disease versus patients with neither. There was no significant association with death for Parkinson’s disease alone. Age, male gender and comorbidities were also associated with a higher risk of mortality. Conclusion. Dementia, with or without Parkinson’s disease, is an independent predictor of mortality following surgery for fractures of the hip. Age, male gender and comorbidities also increase the risk of death. Parkinson’s disease alone has no significant effect. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2018;100-B:1220–6

Aims. The aim of this study to compare 30-day survival and recovery of mobility between patients mobilized early (on the day of, or day after surgery for a hip fracture) and patients mobilized late (two days or more after surgery), and to determine whether the presence of dementia influences the association between the timing of mobilization, 30-day survival, and recovery. Methods. Analysis of the National Hip Fracture Database and hospital records for 126,897 patients aged ≥ 60 years who underwent surgery for a hip fracture in England and Wales between 2014 and 2016. Using logistic regression, we adjusted for covariates with a propensity score to estimate the association between the timing of mobilization, survival, and recovery of walking ability. Results. A total of 99,667 patients (79%) mobilized early. Among those mobilized early compared to those mobilized late, the weighted odds ratio of survival was 1.92 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.80 to 2.05), of recovering outdoor ambulation was 1.25 (95% CI 1.03 to 1.51), and of recovering indoor ambulation was 1.53 (95% CI 1.32 to 1.78) by 30 days. The weighted probabilities of survival at 30 days post-admission were 95.9% (95% CI 95.7% to 96.0%) for those who mobilized early and 92.4% (95% CI 92.0% to 92.8%) for those who mobilized late. The weighted probabilities of regaining the ability to walk outdoors were 9.7% (95% CI 9.2% to 10.2%) and indoors 81.2% (95% CI 80.0% to 82.4%), for those who mobilized early, and 7.9% (95% CI 6.6% to 9.2%) and 73.8% (95% CI 71.3% to 76.2%), respectively, for those who mobilized late. Patients with dementia were less likely to mobilize early despite observed associations with survival and ambulation recovery for those with and without dementia. Conclusion. Early mobilization is associated with survival and recovery for patients (with and without dementia) after hip fracture. Early mobilization should be incorporated as a measured indicator of quality. Reasons for failure to mobilize early should also be recorded to inform quality improvement initiatives. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(7):1317–1324

Introduction. Patients with pre-existing dementia are more susceptible to hip fracture due to various risk factors such as age, decreased activity leading to sarcopenia and osteoporosis, Vitamin D deficiency and presence of Apolipoprotein gene. The mortality associated with dementia and fracture neck of femurs was thought to be 2.3 times more than that of patients with intact cognitive function. The aim of this study is to assess the mortality of patients at 28 days, 4 months and one year after undergoing surgery for fracture neck of femurs. Methods. A retrospective study of 184 patients admitted with fracture neck of femur and had dementia for a period from April 2014 to August 2016 were carried out. The patient demographics, AMT score, pre-operative co-morbidities, perioperative mortality and one year mortality were analysed. Results. A total no. of 1007 patients was admitted with fracture neck of femurs during the study period. 184 patients were found to have pre fracture dementia. The mean age was87.088 years (Range 64–101). There was 42 males and 142 females. The average ASA grade was 2–3. 99 patients (53.8%) had Alzheimer's disease, 50 patients (27%) had vascular dementia and 35 patients (19.2%) had other types of dementia.94 patients (51%) had more than one co-morbidity. The average AMT score was 0.66(normal range 0–10). The total number of patients died was 114(62%). The overall mortality at 28 days was 24 %(44 patients=0.0001), 4 months was 46 %(84 patients) and one year was 62 %(114 patients, p=0.0001). In 90(49%) patients who had only dementia and no other co-morbidities(ASA grade 1–2) the mortality at 28 days was 20% (p=0.0051), 4 months was 40% and at one year 61%(p=0.0001). Conclusion. In our study we found that the overall mortality in patients with dementia and fracture neck of femurs is 62% and the perioperative mortality rate was 24%. The peri-operative mortality rate was 20% in patients with pure dementia. The mortally rate in dementia with fracture neck of femurs patients was far more than what is noted in the literature

Femoral neck fractures are the second cause of hospitalization in elderly patients. Nowadays it is still not clear whether surgical treatment may provide better clinical outcome than conservative treatment in patients affected by mental disorders, such as senile dementia. The aim of this study was to retrospectively assess mortality and clinical and functional outcome after hemi arthroplasty operation following intracapsular neck fractures in patients with senile dementia. Between 2008 and 2014, 819 patients were treated at our Orthopaedic Institute for neck fracture of the femur (mean age: 83.8 years old). Eighty-four of these showed clear signs of cognitive impairment at time of admission in the Emergency Department. Mental state of patients was assessed in all cases, as routine, at the Emergency Room with the Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire (Sh-MMT) and the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). Patients were divided in two groups depending whether they were surgically treated with hemiarthroplasty (Group B, 46 patients; 35 females, 11 males; mean age: 88.5 y.o.) or conservatively treated (Group C, 38 patients; 28 females, 10 males; mean age: 79.5 y.o.). These two groups were compared with a matched case-control group of patients surgically treated with no mental disorders (Group A, 40 patients; 34 females, 6 males; mean age: 81.5 y.o.). Incidence of mortality, systemic or local complications and functional clinical outcomes were evaluated with the ADL score and the Barthel index. Mortality rate was 35% (14 patients) for Group A, 50% (21 patients) for Group B and 95% (22 patients) for Group C. Paired t-test, with significance rate set at 0.05, showed significant higher mortality rate in Group A compared to both Group B (p:0.02) and Group C (p:0.001), and also between Group B and Group C (p:0.01). Three orthopaedic complications were found in Group B (two cases of infection and one dislocation of the prosthesis) while none in Group A (p<0.001). There have been 14 overall general complication in Group A (33%), 16 in group B (38%) and 15 in Group C (65%), with significant higher rate in Group B vs. Group A (p:0.02) and in group C vs. Group B (p: 0.001). Activity daily living scale and Barthel Index results showed higher results in Group B than Group C both in terms of recovery of walking ability and daily living (hairdressing, wearing clothes, eating). For any figures or tables, please contact authors directly (see Info & Metrics tab above).

Aims. The new COVID-19 variant was reported by the authorities of the UK to the World Health Organization (WHO) on 14 December 2020. We aim to describe the clinical characteristics and nosocomial infection rates in major trauma and orthopaedic patients comparing the first and second wave of COVID-19 infection. Methods. A retrospective analysis of a prospectively collected trauma database was reviewed at a level 1 major trauma centre from 1 December 2020 to 18 February 2021 looking at demographics, clinical characteristics, and nosocomial infections and compared to our previously published first wave data (26 January 2020 to 14 April 2020). Results. From 1 December 2020 to 18 February 2021, 522 major trauma patients were identified with a mean age of 54.6 years, and 53.4% (n = 279) were male. Common admissions were falls (318; 60.9%) and road traffic accidents (RTAs; 71 (13.6%); 262 of these patients (50.2%) had surgery. In all, 75 patients (14.4%) tested positive for COVID-19, of which 51 (68%) were nosocomial. Surgery on COVID-19 patients increased to 46 (61.3%) in the second wave compared to 13 (33.3%) in the first wave (p = 0.005). ICU admissions of patients with COVID-19 infection increased from two (5.1%) to 16 (20.5%), respectively (p = 0.024). Second wave mortality was 6.1% (n = 32) compared to first wave of 4.7% (n = 31). Cardiovascular (CV) disease (35.9%; n = 14); p = 0.027) and dementia (17.9%; n = 7); p = 0.030) were less in second wave than the first. Overall, 13 patients (25.5%) were Black, Asian and Minority ethnic (BAME), and five (9.8%) had a BMI > 30 kg/m. 2. The mean time from admission to diagnosis of COVID-19 was 13.9 days (3 to 44). Overall, 12/75 (16%) of all COVID-19 patients died. Conclusion. During the second wave, COVID-19 infected three-times more patients. There were double the number of operative cases, and quadruple the cases of ICU admissions. The patients were younger with less dementia and CV disease with lower mortality. Concomitant COVID-19 and the necessity of major trauma surgery showed 13% mortality in the second wave compared with 15.4% in the first wave. In contrast to the literature, we showed a high percentage of nosocomial infection, normal BMI, and limited BAME infections. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2021;2(8):661–670

Aims. This study aimed to describe practice variation in the use of total hip arthroplasty (THA) for older patients with femoral neck fracture and to determine the association between patient, surgeon, and institution factors and treatment with THA. Methods. We performed a cross-sectional analysis of 49,597 patients aged 60 years and older from Ontario, Canada, who underwent hemiarthroplasty or THA for femoral neck fracture between 2002 and 2017. This population-based study used routinely collected healthcare databases linked through ICES (formerly known as the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences). Multilevel logistic regression modelling was used to quantify the association between patient, surgeon, and institution-level variables and whether patients were treated with THA. Variance partition coefficient and median odds ratios were used to estimate the variation attributable to higher-level variables and the magnitude of effect of higher-level variables, respectively. Results. Over the study period, 9.4% of patients (n = 4,638) were treated with THA. Patient factors associated with higher likelihood of treatment by THA included: younger age, male sex, and diagnosis with rheumatoid arthritis. Long-term care residence, use of home care services prior to hip fracture, diagnosis of dementia, higher comorbidity burden, and the most marginalized group were negatively associated with treatment by THA. Treating surgeon and institution accounted for 54.2% and 17.8% of the total variation in treatment with THA, respectively. Surgeon volume of THA procedures in the 365 days prior to surgery was the strongest higher-level predictor of treatment with THA. Specific treating surgeons and institutions still accounted for significant proportions of the variability in treatment with THA (40.3% and 19.5% of total observed variation, respectively) after controlling for available patient, surgeon, and institution-level variables. Conclusion. The strongest predictors for treatment of patients with femoral neck fracture with THA were patient age, treating surgeon, and treating institution. This practice variation highlights differential access to care for patients. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2023;105-B(2):180–189

Aims. The aim of this study was to compare the early postoperative mortality and morbidity in older patients with a fracture of the femoral neck, between those who underwent total hip arthroplasty (THA) and those who underwent hemiarthroplasty. Methods. This nationwide, retrospective cohort study used data from the Japanese Diagnosis Procedure Combination database. We included older patients (aged ≥ 60 years) who underwent THA or hemiarthroplasty after a femoral neck fracture, between July 2010 and March 2022. A total of 165,123 patients were included. The THA group was younger (mean age 72.6 (SD 8.0) vs 80.7 years (SD 8.1)) and had fewer comorbidities than the hemiarthroplasty group. Patients with dementia or malignancy were excluded because they seldom undergo THA. The primary outcome measures were mortality and complications while in hospital, and secondary outcomes were readmission and reoperation within one and two years after discharge, and the costs of hospitalization. We conducted an instrumental variable analysis (IVA) using differential distance as a variable. Results. The IVA analysis showed that the THA group had a significantly higher rate of complications while in hospital (risk difference 6.3% (95% CI 2.0 to 10.6); p = 0.004) than the hemiarthroplasty group, but there was no significant difference in the rate of mortality while in hospital (risk difference 0.3% (95% CI -1.7 to 2.2); p = 0.774). There was no significant difference in the rate of readmission (within one year: risk difference 1.3% (95% CI -1.9 to 4.5); p = 0.443; within two years: risk difference 0.1% (95% CI -3.2 to 3.4); p = 0.950) and reoperation (within one year: risk difference 0.3% (95% CI -0.6 to 1.1); p = 0.557; within two years: risk difference 0.1% (95% CI -0.4 to 0.7); p = 0.632) after discharge. The costs of hospitalization were significantly higher in the THA group than in the hemiarthroplasty group (difference $2,634 (95% CI $2,496 to $2,772); p < 0.001). Conclusion. Among older patients undergoing surgery for a femoral neck fracture, the risk of early complications was higher after THA than after hemiarthroplasty. Our findings should aid in clinical decision-making in these patients. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2024;106-B(9):986–993

Aims

Hip fracture patients have high morbidity and mortality. Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) assess the quality of care of patients with hip fracture, including those with chronic cognitive impairment (CCI). Our aim was to compare PROMs from hip fracture patients with and without CCI, using the Norwegian Hip Fracture Register (NHFR).

We compared the length of hospitalisation, rate of infection, dislocation of the hip and revision, and mortality following primary hip and knee arthroplasty for osteoarthritis in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (n = 1064) and a matched control group (n = 3192). The data were collected from nationwide Finnish health registers. Patients with Alzheimer’s disease had a longer peri-operative hospitalisation (median 13 days vs eight days, p < 0.001) and an increased risk for hip revision with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.76 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03 to 3.00). Dislocation was the leading indication for revision. There was no difference in the rates of infection, dislocation of the hip, knee revision and short-term mortality. In long-term follow-up, patients with Alzheimer’s disease had a higher mortality (HR 1.43; 95% CI 1.22 to 1.70), and only one third survived ten years post-operatively. Increased age and comorbidity were associated with longer peri-operative hospitalisation in patients with Alzheimer’s disease.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:654–61.

Abstract. Background. Dislocation of a hip hemiarthroplasty is a devastating complication with a high mortality rate in elderly patients. Previous studies have suggested a higher dislocation rate in patients with neuromuscular conditions. In this study, we have reviewed our larger cohort of patients to identify whether there is any association between neuromuscular disorders and prosthetic dislocation in patients treated with hip hemiarthroplasty for femoral neck fractures. Patients and Methods. Our study is a retrospective analysis of data collected over 34 years for patients with intracapsular neck of femur fracture who underwent hip hemiarthroplasty. The study population is composed of four groups: patients with no neuromuscular disorders, patients with Parkinson's disease, patients with previous stroke, and patients with dementia. Results. A total of 3827 patients were treated with hip hemiarthroplasty. For the 3371 patients with no neuromuscular condition (Group I) the dislocation rate was 1.1%. 219 patients had Parkinsonism (Group II) with a dislocation rate of 3.2%, 104 patients had a previous stroke with weakness on the fracture side with a dislocation rate of 1.0% (Group III), and 984 patients had severe dementia with a dislocation rate of 1.8% (Group IV). The increased dislocation rate for those with Parkinson's disease was statistically significant (p=0.02) while none of the other neuromuscular conditions were statistically significant. Conclusion. Our study demonstrates an increased risk of dislocation after hemiarthroplasty for patients with Parkinson's disease in comparison to other groups. No increase was apparent for those with dementia or weakness from a previous stroke

Aims. The first death in the UK caused by COVID-19 occurred on 5 March 2020. We aim to describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of major trauma and orthopaedic patients admitted in the early COVID-19 era. Methods. A prospective trauma registry was reviewed at a Level 1 Major Trauma Centre. We divided patients into Group A, 40 days prior to 5 March 2020, and into Group B, 40 days after. Results. A total of 657 consecutive trauma and orthopaedic patients were identified with a mean age of 55 years (8 to 98; standard deviation (SD) 22.52) and 393 (59.8%) were males. In all, 344 (approximately 50%) of admissions were major trauma. Group A had 421 patients, decreasing to 236 patients in Group B (36%). Mechanism of injury (MOI) was commonly a fall in 351 (52.4%) patients, but road traffic accidents (RTAs) increased from 56 (13.3%) in group A to 51 (21.6%) in group B (p = 0.030). ICU admissions decreased from 26 (6.2%) in group A to 5 (2.1%) in group B. Overall, 39 patients tested positive for COVID-19 with mean age of 73 years (28 to 98; SD 17.99) and 22 (56.4%) males. Common symptoms were dyspnoea, dry cough, and pyrexia. Of these patients, 27 (69.2%) were nosocomial infections and two (5.1%) of these patients required intensive care unit (ICU) admission with 8/39 mortality (20.5%). Of the patients who died, 50% were older and had underlying comorbidities (hypertension and cardiovascular disease, dementia, arthritis). Conclusion. Trauma admissions decreased in the lockdown phase with an increased incidence of RTAs. Nosocomial infection was common in 27 (69.2%) of those with COVID-19. Symptoms and comorbidities were consistent with previous reports with noted inclusion of dementia and arthritis. The mortality rate of trauma and COVID-19 was 20.5%, mainly in octogenarians, and COVID-19 surgical mortality was 15.4%. Cite this article: Bone Joint Open 2020;1-7:330–338

Introduction. Hindfoot intramedullary nail fixation (HFN) or fibula pro-tibial screw fixation (PTS) are surgical options for ankle fractures in patients with multiple co-morbidities; we compared their outcomes. Methods. A retrospective review of 135 patients who underwent HFN fixation (87 patients) or PTS fixation (48 patients) for ankle fractures (AO/OTA A/B/C) from 5 major trauma centres. Patient demographic data, co-morbidities, Charlson Co-morbidity Index Score (CCIS), weight-bearing, and post-operative complications were recorded. Radiographs were assessed for non-union and anatomical reduction. Results. HFN estimated 10-year survival was 27±31% and was 48±37% for PTS (p<0.001). Average time to full weightbearing (FWB) in the HFN group was 1.7±3.3 weeks compared to 7.8±3.8 weeks in the PTS group (p<0.001). Despite this, HFN fixation carried a greater VTE risk (p=0.02). HFN accompanied by joint preparation had greater risk of infection (p=0.01), metalwork failure (p=0.02) and wound breakdown (p=0.01). The overall complication rate in diabetic patients was 56%, but 76% in HFN patients. In the HFN group 17 (20%) patients died at 1 year. Patients with open fractures(p=0.01), dementia (p<0.05), and a higher CCIS (p=0.04) were more likely to die after HFN surgery. Age and co-morbidity matched data showed a higher rate of complications and mortality in those above 75 years fixed with a HFN, irrespective of CCIS. In those between 60–75 years, there was a greater risk of superficial infection and mortality after HFN, irrespective of CCIS. These complications were not seen after PTS. Conclusion. HFN carries a greater risk of superficial infections, VTE and mortality compared to PTS, independent of age and CCIS. Diabetes leads to a greater comparative risk of deep infections, wound breakdown and non-union in HFN. Alternative methods of fixation (e.g. PTS) should be considered before HFN. HFN may be suitable in selective indications where other methods are not appropriate

Aims. Social determinants of health (SDOHs) may contribute to the total cost of care (TCOC) for patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The aim of this study was to investigate the association between demographic data, health status, and SDOHs on 30-day length of stay (LOS) and TCOC after this procedure. Methods. Patients who underwent TKA between 1 January 2018 and 31 December 2019 were identified. A total of 234 patients with complete SDOH data were included. Data were drawn from the Chesapeake Regional Information System, the Centers for Disease Control social vulnerability index (SVI), the US Department of Agriculture, and institutional electronic medical records. The SVI identifies areas vulnerable to catastrophic events with four themed scores: socioeconomic status; household composition and disability; minority status and language; and housing and transportation. Food deserts were defined as neighbourhoods located one or ten miles from a grocery store in urban and rural areas, respectively. Multiple regression analyses were performed to determine associations with LOS and costs after controlling for various demographic parameters. Results. Divorced status was significantly associated with an increased LOS (p = 0.043). Comorbidities significantly associated with an increased LOS included chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/asthma and congestive heart failure (p = 0.043 and p = 0.001, respectively). Communities with a higher density of tobacco stores were significantly associated with an increased LOS (p = 0.017). Comorbidities significantly associated with an increased TCOC included chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (p = 0.004), dementia (p = 0.048), and heart failure (p = 0.007). Increased TCOCs were significantly associated with patients who lived in food deserts (p = 0.001) and in areas with an increased density of tobacco stores (p = 0.023). Conclusion. Divorced marital status was significantly associated with an increased LOS following TKA. Living in food deserts and in communities with more tobacco stores were significant risk factors for increased LOS and TCOC. Food access and ease of acquiring tobacco may both prove to be prognostic of outcome after TKA and an opportunity for intervention. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(6 Supple A):113–118

Aims. Hip fracture is a common condition of the older, frailer person. This population is also at risk from SARS-CoV-2 infection. It is important to understand the impact of coexistent hip fracture and SARS-CoV-2 for informed decision-making at patient and service levels. Methods. We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies of older (> 60 years) people with fragility hip fractures and outcomes with and without SARS-CoV-2 infection during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. The primary outcome was early (30-day or in-hospital) mortality. Secondary outcomes included length of hospital stay and key clinical characteristics known to be associated with outcomes after hip fracture. Results. A total of 14 cohort and five case series studies were included (692 SARS-CoV-2 positive, 2,585 SARS-CoV-2 negative). SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with an overall risk ratio (RR) for early mortality of 4.42 (95% confidence interval (CI) 3.42 to 5.82). Early mortality was 34% (95% CI 30% to 38%) and 9% (95% CI 8% to 10%) in the infected and noninfected groups respectively. Length of stay was increased in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients (mean difference (MD) 5.2 days (3.2 to 7.2)). Age (MD 1.6 years (0.3 to 2.9)); female sex (RR 0.83 (95% CI 0.65 to 1.05)); admission from home (RR 0.51 (95% CI 0.26 to 1.00)); presence of dementia (RR 1.13 (95% CI 0.94 to 1.43)); and intracapsular fracture (RR 0.89 (95% CI 0.71 to 1.11)) were not associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. There were statistically, but not clinically, significantly greater Nottingham Hip Fracture Scores in infected compared with non-infected patients (MD 0.7 (0.4 to 0.9)). Conclusion. SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with worse outcomes after hip fracture. This is not explained by differences in patient characteristics. These data can be used to support informed decision-making and may help track the impact of widespread adoption of system-level and therapeutic changes in management of the COVID-19 pandemic. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2021;2(5):314–322

Based on Ilizarov's law of tension-stress principle, distraction histogenesis technique has been widely applied in orthopaedic surgery for decades. Derived from this technique, cranial bone transport technique was mainly used for treating cranial deformities and calvarial defects. Recent studies reported that there are dense short vascular connections between skull marrow and meninges for immune cells trafficking, highlighting complex and tight association between skull and brain. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease and the most common cause of dementia without effective therapy. Meningeal lymphatics have been recognized as an important mediator in neurological diseases. The augmentation of meningeal lymphatic drainage might be a promising therapeutic target for AD. Our proof-of-concept study has indicated that cranial bone transport can promote ischemic stroke recovery via modulating meningeal lymphatic drainage function, providing a rationale for treating AD using cranial bone maneuver (CBM). This study aims to investigate the effects of CBM on AD and to further explore the potential mechanisms. Transgenic 5xFAD mice model was used in this study. After osteotomy, a bone flap was used to perform CBM without damaging the dura. Open filed test, novel object recognition test and Barn's maze test were used to evaluate neurological functions of 5xFAD mice after CBM treatment. Congo red and immunofluorescence staining were used to evaluate amyloid depositions and Aβ plaques in different brain regions. Lymphangiogenesis and the level of VEGF-C were examined after CBM treatment. OVA-A647 was intra-cisterna-magna injected to evaluate meningeal lymphatic drainage function after CBM treatment. CBM significantly improved memory functions and reduced amyloid depositions and Aβ plaques in the hippocampus of 5xFAD mice. A significant increase of meningeal lymphatic vessels in superior sagittal sinus and transverse sinus, and the upregulation of VEGF-C in meninges were observed in 5xFAD mice treated with CBM. Moreover, CBM remarkably enhanced meningeal lymphatic drainage function in 5xFAD mice (n=5-16 mice/group for all studies). CBM may promote meningeal lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic drainage function through VEGF-C-VEGFR3 pathway, and further reduce amyloid depositions and Aβ plaques and alleviate memory deficits in AD

Prosthetic joint infections (PJI) are devastating complications. Our knowledge on hip fractureassociated hemiarthroplasty PJI (HHA-PJI) is limited compared to elective arthroplasty. The goal of this study was to describe the epidemiology, risk factors, management, and outcomes for HHA-PJI. A population-based (465,000) multicentre retrospective analysis of HHAs between 2006-2018 was conducted. PJI was defined by international consensus and treatment success as no return to theatre and survival to 90 days after the initial surgical management of the infection. Univariate, survival and competing risk regression analyses were performed. 1852 HHAs were identified (74% female; age:84±7yrs;90-day-mortality:16.7%). Forty-three (2.3%) patients developed PJI [77±10yrs; 56% female; 90-day-mortality: 20.9%, Hazard-Ratio 1.6 95%CI 1.1-2.3,p=0.023]. The incidence of HHA-PJI was 0.77/100,000/year and 193/100,000/year for HHA. The median time to PJI was 26 (IQR 20-97) days with 53% polymicrobial growth and 41% multi-drug resistant organisms (MDRO). Competing risk regression identified younger age [Sub-Hazard-Ratio(SHR) 0.86, 95%CI 0.8-0.92,p<0.001], chronic kidney disease (SHR 3.41 95%CI 1.36-8.56, p=0.01), body mass index>35 (SHR 6.81, 95%CI 2.25-20.65, p<0.001), urinary tract infection (SHR 1.89, 95%CI 1.02-3.5, p=0.04) and dementia (SHR 9.4, 95%CI 2.89-30.58,p<0.001) as significant risk factors for developing HHA-PJI. When infection treatment was successful (n=15, 38%), median survival was 1632 days (IQR 829-2084), as opposed to 215 days (IQR 20-1245) in those who failed, with a 90-day mortality of 30%(n=12). There was no significant difference in success among debridement, excision arthroplasty or revision arthroplasty. HHA PJI is uncommon but highly lethal. All currently identified predictors are non-modifiable. Due to the common polymicrobial and MDRO infections our standard antibiotic prophylaxis may not be adequate HHA-PJI is a different disease compared to elective PJI with distinct epidemiology, pathogens, risk factors and outcomes, which require targeted research specific to this unique population

For some years, there has been vast international interest in creating models for joint efforts between geriatricians and orthopedic surgeons. We present data from two such models. For the first time in Denmark, the Department of Orthopedics Bispebjerg University Hospital (BUP) recruited two full-time geriatricians in September 2009. They were assigned an independent unit meant for severely ill orthopaedic patients with high comorbidity and polypharmacy. These two geriatricians had, during the previous two years, consulted another orthopaedic department at Gentofte University Hospital (GUH) in a neighbouring community three times a week. The aim of their intervention was then to optimize treatment for comorbidity, to clarify indication of acute fall-assessment, osteoporosis diagnosis and treatment, presence of delirium and dementia. Methods. A total of 1344 hip fracture patients (age 70 years) divided into three populations were included in this study. Mortality data were collected from the Danish Civil Registry. Population 1 (P1), n = 645 was included at GUH from January 1, 2006 to December 31, 2007. During the entire period, the patients had access to a senior consultant in geriatric medicine three times a week. In this population, the majority of patients were assessed for dementia (n = 636), delirium (n = 627) and Barthel Index (Barthel100) at admission (n = 394). Population 2 (P2), n = 381 included at BUH from September 1, 2009 until July 8, 2010 with orthogeriatric access. Population 3 (P3), n = 318 were included at BUH from September 28, 2008 until August 31, 2009 with no orthogeriatric access. Age mean (SD): P1 84.7 (6.8), P2 85.5 (7.3), P3 85.3 (14.3) P = 0.1(ANOVA) Sex ratio: females/males: P1 0.73/0.27, P2 0.80/0.20, P3 0.75/0.25 P = 0.09 Chi square). Results. In-hospital mortality rate: P1 4.8%, P2 6.3%, P3 9.1% P = 0.03 (Chi square). Three month mortality: In P1 dementia, delirium and Barthel Index (below 50 versus above 50) were all strong predictors: No dementia: 53/383 (13.8%) versus dementia present 68/253 (26.9%) died, P = 0001 (log-rank test). No delirium 69/456 (15.1%) versus delirium present 47/171 (27.5%) died F = 0.0004 (log-rank test) Barthel Index 50 38/372 (10.2%) versus Barthel<50 7/22 (31.8%) died P = 0.0004. Conclusion. This paper reports data from two different models with orthogeriatric service. Our data present delirium, dementia and Barthel Index to be very strong predictors for three month mortality (P1). Despite the time needed to implement a new orthogeriatric unit and the fact that the geriatricians only assessed a proportion of hip fracture patients, in-hospital mortality was reduced significantly for the total hip-fracture population (P2) within the first 10 months

Introduction. There has been a paradigm shift in orthopaedic research, it is now recognized that the extent to which interventions really make a difference to a patient's overall life is indicated by measuring one's general health status. The primary aim of this study was to report how the methodology of current evidence in hip fracture research can improve if studies included patients with cognitive impairment. Materials and methods. Using multiple databases inclusive from 1990 to May 2009, we performed a systematic review of all hip fracture observational cohorts and randomized studies (RCTs). Results. We compared the screening and outcome measures in 190 studies: 79 unique RCTs and 111 cohorts were included (kappa, 0.83; 95% CI: 0.79 − 0.87). In RCTs, 24 (30.4%) trials screened for co-morbidities, 19 (24.1%) trials screened for cognitive impairment, and only 14 (17.7%) trials included patients with dementia. In the cohort studies, 27 (24.3%) screened for co-morbidities, 47 (42.3%) screened for cognitive impairment, and only 33 (29.7%) included patients with dementia. In the 7 cohorts that used proxy responders to assess functional outcomes, only one measured health status and two measured utility. Discussion and Conclusion. Studies would be more relevant to surgeons and patients if researchers measured health status and utilized screening methods for dementia to promote better treatment strategies

Introduction. Social determinants of health (SDOH) may contribute markedly to the total cost of care (COC) for patients undergoing elective total knee arthroplasty (TKA). This study investigated the association between demographics, health status, and SDOH on lengths of stay (LOS) and 30-day COC. Methods. Patients who underwent TKA between January 2018 and December 2019 were identified. Those who had complete SDOH data were utilized, leaving 234 patients. Data elements were drawn from the Chesapeake Regional Information System, the Center for Disease Control social vulnerability index (SVI), the Food Access Research Atlas (FARA). The SVI identifies areas vulnerable to catastrophic events, with 4 themed scores including: (1) socioeconomic status; (2) household composition and disability; (3) minority status and language; and (4) housing and transportation. Food deserts were defined as neighborhoods located 1 or 10 miles from a grocery store in urban and rural areas, respectively. Multiple regression analyses were performed to determine an association with LOS and cost, after controlling for demographics. Results. Increased 30-day COC associated with SVI theme 3, (3.074 days; p=0.001) and patients who lived in a food desert ($53,205; p=0.001), as well as those who had anemia ($16,112; P = 0.038), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ($32,570, P = 0.001), congestive heart failure ($30,927, P = 0.003), and dementia ($33,456, P = 0.008). Longer hospital lengths of stay were associated with SVI theme 3. In addition, patients who had anemia and congestive heart failure were at risk for longer hospital lengths of stay (P < 0.001, P = 0.001, respectively). Conclusion. Higher SVI theme 3 scores and living in food deserts were risk factors for increased LOS and costs, respectively. Identifying social factors including a patient's transportation options, living situation and access to healthy foods may prove to be both prognostic of outcomes and an opportunity for intervention

Purpose: We reviewed major amputations of the lower limbs in geriatric patients. Material and method: This retrospective study was conducted in patient treated between January 1990 and December 1999. A total of 265 amputations in 209 patients, including 24 revisions and 32 bilateral amputations, were included in the study. Inclusion criteria were the major nature of the amputation requiring prosthetic fitting and patient age (greater than 65 years). Results: The incidence of amputation in our geriatric population was 4 per 10 000. Mean age at amputation was 78 ± 7.5 years. Mean follow-up was 27.8 months. Tibial amputations predominated (123/264, 46.4%). Aetiology factors were basically diabetes mellitus (99/209, 47.4%), and atherosclerosis (85/209, 40.7%). Overall survival at one year was 61.7%, 47.9% at two years and 13.7% at ten years. Survival was better for tibial amputations (p = 0.023). Analysis of 12 comorbiditties revealed that amputated patients had significantly higher mortality when they also had heart failure (p = 0.001), dialysis (p = 0.001), rhythm disorders (p = 0.003), dementia (p = 0.008). Rhythm disorders (p = 0.01) and dementia (p = à.02) usually predicted a femoral level of amputation. The number of surgical revisions required for amputation at a higher level was 9.1% (24/265). Amputations of the contralateral limb were required in 34/209 patients (16.3%) after a mean delay of 19.7 months. Half of our patients were fitted with a prosthesis (53.6%, 112/209). Discussion: We did not find any predominant aetiological factors by level of amputation. Statistical analysis demonstrated that survival depended on the low level of the amputation. Preservation of the knee was an important factor not only for rehabilitation but also for mortality. Survival after femoral amputation and after desarticulation of the knee was the same. Prosthesis fitting was difficult at the femoral level. Mortality depends on four basic comorbidities, heart failure, dialysis, rhythm disorders and dementia. Addition of comorbidities for a given patient has a significant effect and is not compatible with survival greater than five years