Distal radius fractures are among the most common fractures seen in the emergency department. Closed reduction can provide definitive management when acceptable radiographic parameters are met. Repeated attempts of closed reduction are often performed to improve the alignment and avoid operative management. However, multiple reduction attempts may worsen dorsal comminution and lead to eventual loss of reduction, resulting in no demonstrable benefit. We hypothesize that compared to one closed reduction attempt, repeated closed reduction of extra-articular, dorsally angulated, displaced distal radius fractures has a low success rate in the prevention of operative fixation and improvement of radiographic parameters. Initial and post reduction radiographs for all distal radius fractures managed at Vancouver General Hospital between 2015 and 2018 were reviewed. Inclusion criteria were based on the AO fracture classification and included types 23-A2.1, 23-A2.2 and 23-A3. Exclusion criteria included age less than 18, intra-articular involvement with more than two millimeters of displacement, volar or dorsal Barton fractures, fracture-dislocations, open fractures and volar angulation of the distal segment. Distal radius fractures that met study criteria and underwent two or more attempts of closed reduction were matched by age and gender with fractures that underwent one closed reduction. Radiographic parameters including radial height and inclination, ulnar variance and volar tilt were compared between groups. Sixty-eight distal radius fractures that met study criteria and underwent multiple closed reduction attempts were identified. A repeated closed reduction initially improved the radial height (p = 0.03) and volar tilt (p < 0.001). However, by six to eight weeks the improvement in radial height had been lost (p = 0.001). Comparison of radiographic parameters between the single reduction and multiple reduction groups revealed no difference in any of the radiographic parameters at one week of follow up. By six to eight weeks, the single reduction group had greater radial height (p = 0.01) ulnar variance (p = 0.05) and volar tilt (p = 0.02) compared to the multiple reduction group. With respect to definitive management, 38% of patients who underwent a repeated closed reduction subsequently received surgery, compared to 13% in the single reduction group (p = 0.001). Repeated closed reduction of extra-articular, dorsally angulated, displaced distal radius fractures did not improve alignment compared to a single closed reduction and was associated with increased frequency of surgical fixation. The benefit of repeating a closed reduction should be carefully considered when managing distal radius fractures of this nature

Distal radius fractures are among the most common fractures seen in the emergency department. Closed reduction can provide definitive management when acceptable radiographic parameters are met. Repeated attempts of closed reduction are often performed to improve the alignment and avoid operative management. However, multiple reduction attempts may worsen dorsal comminution and lead to eventual loss of reduction, resulting in no demonstrable benefit. We hypothesize that compared to one closed reduction attempt, repeated closed reduction of extra-articular, dorsally angulated, displaced distal radius fractures has a low success rate in the prevention of operative fixation and improvement of radiographic parameters. Initial and post reduction radiographs for all distal radius fractures managed at Vancouver General Hospital between 2015 and 2018 were reviewed. Inclusion criteria were based on the AO fracture classification and included types 23-A2.1, 23-A2.2 and 23-A3. Exclusion criteria included age less than 18, intra-articular involvement with more than two millimeters of displacement, volar or dorsal Barton fractures, fracture-dislocations, open fractures and volar angulation of the distal segment. Distal radius fractures that met study criteria and underwent two or more attempts of closed reduction were matched by age and gender with fractures that underwent one closed reduction. Radiographic parameters including radial height and inclination, ulnar variance and volar tilt were compared between groups. Sixty-eight distal radius fractures that met study criteria and underwent multiple closed reduction attempts were identified. A repeated closed reduction initially improved the radial height (p = 0.03) and volar tilt (p < 0.001). However, by six to eight weeks the improvement in radial height had been lost (p = 0.001). Comparison of radiographic parameters between the single reduction and multiple reduction groups revealed no difference in any of the radiographic parameters at one week of follow up. By six to eight weeks, the single reduction group had greater radial height (p = 0.01) ulnar variance (p = 0.05) and volar tilt (p = 0.02) compared to the multiple reduction group. With respect to definitive management, 38% of patients who underwent a repeated closed reduction subsequently received surgery, compared to 13% in the single reduction group (p = 0.001). Repeated closed reduction of extra-articular, dorsally angulated, displaced distal radius fractures did not improve alignment compared to a single closed reduction and was associated with increased frequency of surgical fixation. The benefit of repeating a closed reduction should be carefully considered when managing distal radius fractures of this nature

Purpose of the study. This study aims to evaluate the use of closed reduction of hips with developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) and medial open reduction of these hips as a subsection of closed reduced hips. Methods. The study was a retrospective analysis of treatment of 30 children with developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). These children were taken from a consecutive series of children treated over a period from June 2000 to 2011 with closed reduction by a single surgeon. The ages at the time of diagnosis were between 1 day and 13 months (mean 5.25 weeks). Included in this series are 7 patients treated with medial open reduction, all done with the Ludloff approach. Follow up of these patients was from 8 months to 12 years (mean 5 years). All patients needing secondary procedures were noted. The X- rays were evaluated for percentage acetabulum cover in patients over the age of 8 and improvement of the acetabular index in all these patients. Results. 4 children needed secondary procedures. 1 child of the closed reduction group developed avascular necrosis of the femoral head that was treated with a Salter osteotomy and a further 2 needed secondary open reductions after redislocation following initial closed reduction. One child with bilateral open medial reductions had a Salter osteotomy 6 years after the initial treatment was done. 26 of the children had good outcomes with improvement of the acetabular angles, percentage acetabular cover and pain free independent ambulation. The average acetabular index improved from 37.5° to 23.3°. Conclusion. Closed reduction of DDH hips is a good treatment modality. Early treatment allows for acetabular and femoral development. There are minimal secondary procedures necessary after closed reduction, and open medial reduction does not increase the complication rate. NO DISCLOSURES

We report a rare case of Hip Resurfacing dislocation three years after a bilateral Hip Resurfacing in a very strong patient and show the maneuver to do a closed reduction on a film done at the surgical theatre under general anesthesia. Hip resurfacing dislocation is a very rare entity described in the literature and more rare after three years. With conventional total hip replacement the dislocation rate is 2–5%. In the international literature the dislocation rate with resurfacing is 0.21%. We describe a case of a 47 years old male patient who was submitted to a biltateral 54 × 60 mm Hip Resurfacing in November 16 th and 18th, 2011 (two separate days). He had a normal post op and returned to his work after six weeks and recreational activities after four months. Three years later, on November 8th, 2014 he did an extreme movement of hip flexion, adduction and internal rotation when he was gardening and planting a tree seedling suffering a left hip dislocation. Hopefully we could reduce the dislocated hip in a closed manner in the following morning. Patient went home next day but on that same night had important abominal pain needing to return to hospital when numerous gallbladder stones where found being submitted to a total laparoscopic colecistectomy two days later. It was really a bad luck week. Metal ions are still normal and patient is symptomless until today having returned to his recreational activities. We will show in a movie the maneuver to do this closed reduction and hope by showing this maneuver that our colleagues do not have to do an open dislocation in the future in case they face a Hip Resurfacing dislocation

Aim. To determine the outcome, the need for revision surgery, quality of life (QOL) of patients and the financial implications of instability following successful closed reduction of dislocation after primary total hip arthroplasty (THA). Methods. Retrospective study. Parameters studied include indications for primary hip replacement, femoral head size, outcome in terms of the rate of recurrent dislocation, time to second dislocation and the need for revision surgery. QOL assessment was made cross-sectionally at a minimum follow-up of 1 year using the Oxford Hip Score (OHS) and the EuroQol-5 Dimension (EQ-5D) questionnaire. Results. Over a 6-year period, 99 patients presented with 101 first time dislocated primary total hip replacements. Mean patient age was 71 years. Head size used was 28mm or smaller in all the hips. All the dislocations underwent successful closed reduction. 61 (60.4%) hips re-dislocated and the median time to the second episode was 103 days. At one-year follow up, 7 patients had died. Of the remaining 94 hips in 92 patients, 48 (51%) THAs have undergone revision procedures. Post-revision, 15% of the hips re-dislocated and more than half of those needed a further surgical procedure to correct the instability. The mean OHS and the EQ-5D health state was observed to get worse with recurrent dislocation and revision surgery and the difference between the mean Oxford hip scores of the revision surgery group and the other 2 groups was statistically significant. The total cost of instability exceeded well over half a million pounds in our series. Discussion. Dislocation following primary THA continues to be a problem and recurrent dislocation presents a significant management challenge. Revision surgery is expensive, has a high failure rate when performed for instability and significantly worsens the QOL of these patients. The financial impact of the burden of revision surgery continues to increase

Paediatric wrist fractures are routinely managed with closed reduction and a molded cast. Gap(GI) and Cast indices(CI) are useful in predicting re-displacement following application of cast. Over 6 months we audited the efficacy of molded cast application following closed reduction of distal radial fractures in paediatric patients. The standard was that proposed by Malviya et al where GI >0.15 and CI >0.8 indicate an increased risk of re-displacement. Age, date and time of operation and surgeon's grade were collected. Pre-op displacement, post-reduction GI and CI and subsequent re-displacement were measured using imaging. Post audit intended changes to practice were presented to all surgeons, a “one-pager” was placed above scrub sinks. Re-audit was conducted at 1 year. The audit and re-audit included 28 and 24 patients respectively. Cast molding (CI) improved minimally following intervention (32% to 29%). Cast padding (GI) improved significantly (82% to 63%). Loss of reduction decreased slightly (14% to 12%), this was not accurately predicted by GI and CI in the re-audit. Audit demonstrated that casts were loose, over-padded and did not hold reduction adequately. Re-audit demonstrated that tighter, less padded but still inadequately molded casts were being applied with minimal change in loss of reduction

We have previously reported on the medium-term outcomes following a non-operative protocol of a short period of splinting followed by early movement to treat simple dislocations of the elbow.

We undertook extended follow up of our original patient study group to determine whether the excellent results previously reported were maintained in the very long-term. A secondary question was to determine the rate and need for any late surgical intervention.

We attempted to contact all patients in the original patient study group. Patients were requested to complete the Oxford elbow score (OES), the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire and a validated patient satisfaction questionnaire. Patients were requested to attend a face-to-face assessment where they underwent a clinical examination including neurovascular assessment, range-of-motion and an assessment of ligamentous stability.

Seventy-one patients (65%) from the original patient study group agreed to participate in the study.

The mean duration of follow-up was 19.3 years. At final follow-up patients reported excellent functional outcome scores and a preserved functional range of movement in the injured elbows. The mean DASH score was 5.22 points and the mean Oxford Elbow Score was 91.6 points. The mean satisfaction score was 90.9 points.

Our study shows that the excellent outcomes following treatment with a protocol of a short period of splinting and early movement remain excellent and are maintained into the very long term. These findings support our hypothesis that this treatment protocol is appropriate and suitable for most patients with simple dislocations of the elbow. The role for primary ligamentous repair for this patient group should be carefully considered. Work to more clearly define the anticipated benefits of surgery for specific patient groups or injury patterns would help to support informed decision making.

Purpose of study:

The treatment goals in diaphyseal radius fractures are to regain and maintain length and rotational stability. Open reduction and plating remains the gold standard but carries the inherent problems of soft tissue disruption and periosteal stripping. Intramedullary nailing offers advantages of minimally invasive surgery and minimal soft tissue trauma. The purpose of this study is to describe the results of locked intramedullary nailing for adult gunshot diaphyseal radius fractures.

Introduction

To investigate if the gap index measured in the follow-up X-rays predicts the reduction of swelling in the plaster cast thereby increasing the risk of re-displacement of fracture treated by manipulation alone.

Proximal humerus fracture dislocations are amongst the most severe proximal humerus injuries, presenting a challenging management problem. The aim of this study was to report on the long-term outcomes of the management of proximal humerus fracture dislocations. Patients with a proximal humerus fracture dislocation managed at a Level 1 trauma centre from January 2010 to December 2018 were included. Patients with an isolated tuberosity fracture dislocation or a pathological fracture were excluded. Outcome measures were the Oxford Shoulder Score (OSS), EQ-5D-5L, return to work, and radiological outcomes. Complications recorded included further surgery, loss of position/fixation, non-union/malunion, and avascular necrosis. A total of 69 patients were included with a proximal humerus fracture dislocation in the study period; 48 underwent surgical management and 21 were managed with closed reduction alone. The mean (SD) age of the cohort was 59.7 (±20.4), and 54% were male. Overall patients reported a mean OSS of 39.8 (±10.3), a mean EQ-5D utility score of 0.73 (±0.20), and 78% were able to return to work at a median of 1.2 months. There was a high prevalence of complications in both patients managed operatively or with closed reduction (25% and 38% respectively). In patients undergoing surgical management, 21% required subsequent surgery. Patient reported outcome measures post proximal humerus fracture dislocations do not return to normal population levels. These injuries are associated with a high prevalence of complications regardless of management. Appropriate patient counselling should be undertaken before embarking on definitive management

This study aimed to determine if multiple failed closed reductions (CRs) prior to fixation of distal radius fracture is associated with the odds of complication-related reoperation up to two years post fracture. We identified all distal radius fracture patients aged 18 or older between the years of 2003-2016 in Ontario, Canada from linked administrative databases. We used procedural and fee codes to identify patients who underwent primary outpatient surgical fixation between 8 and 14 days post fracture, and grouped patients by the number of CRs they underwent prior to definitive fixation. We excluded patients who underwent fixation within 7 days of their fracture to exclude more complex fracture types and/or patients who required more immediate surgery. We grouped patients according to the number of CRs they underwent prior to definitive fixation. We used intervention and diagnostic codes to identify reoperations within two years of fixation. We used multi-level multivariable logistic regression to compare the association between the number of CRs and reoperation while accounting for clustering at the surgeon level and adjusting for other relevant covariables. We performed an age-stratified analysis to determine if the association between the number of CRs and reoperation differed by patient age. We identified 5,464 patients with distal radius fractures managed with outpatient fixation between 8 and 14 days of their fracture. A total of 1,422 patients (26.0%) underwent primary surgical fixation (mean time to fixation 10.6±2.0 days), while 3,573 (65.4%) underwent secondary fixation following one failed CR (mean time to fixation 10.1±2.2 days, time to CR 0.3±1.2 days), and 469 (8.6%) underwent fixation following two failed CRs (mean time to fixation 10.8±2.2 days, time to first CR 0.0±0.1 days, time to second CR 4.7±3.0 days). The CR groups had higher proportions of female patients compared to the primary group, and patients who underwent two failed CRs were more likely to be fixed with a plate (vs. wires or pins). The unadjusted proportion of reoperations was significantly higher in the group who underwent two failed CRs (7.5%) compared to those who underwent primary fixation (4.4%), and fixation following one failed CR (4.9%). Following covariable adjustment, patients who underwent two failed CRs had a significantly higher odds of reoperation (odds ratio [OR] 1.72 [1.12-2.65]) compared to those who underwent primary fixation. This association appeared to worsen for patients over the age of 60 (OR 3.93 [1.76-8.77]). We found no significant difference between the odds of reoperation between patients who underwent primary fixation vs. secondary fixation following one failed CR. We found that patients with distal radius fractures who undergo multiple CRs prior to definitive fixation have a significantly higher odds of reoperation compared to those who undergo primary fixation, or fixation following a single CR. This suggests that surgeons should offer fixation if indicated following a single failed CR rather than attempt multiple closed reductions. Prospective studies are required to confirm these findings

Introduction. Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) can be managed through a variety of different surgical approaches from closed reduction to simple tenotomies of the adductors and through to osteotomies of the femur and pelvis. The rate of redislocation following open reduction for the treatment of DDH may be affected by the number of intraoperative surgeons. Materials and methods. We performed a retrospective cohort analysis of 109 patients who underwent open reduction with or without bony osteotomies as a primary intervention between 2013 and 2023. We measured the number of redislocations and number of operating surgeons (either 1 or 2 operating surgeons) to assess for any correlation. 109 patients were identified and corresponded to 121 primary hip operations, the mean age at operation was 82.2 months (range 6 to 739 months). During the 10-year period 7 hip redislocations were identified. Results. Of the 7 redislocated hips, the rate of redislocation was found to be higher in patients who had undergone surgery via a single surgeon (5 redislocations) compared to the dual surgeon cohort (2 redislocations), though this did not reach statistical significance. Redislocation was more common in female patients and right laterality 7.2% and 8.7% respectively, though this again did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions. We conclude that a single surgeon approach, female gender and right laterality are potential risk factors for redislocation following open reduction. Further investigation utilising a larger sample size would be required to appropriately explore these potential risk factors further

Technology within medicine has great potential to bring about more accessible, efficient, and a higher quality delivery of care. Paediatric supracondylar fractures are the most common elbow fracture in children and at our institution often have high rates of unnecessary long term clinical follow-up, leading to an inefficient use of healthcare and patient resources. This study aims to evaluate patient and clinical factors that significantly predict necessity for further clinical visits following closed reduction and percutaneous pinning. A total of 246 children who underwent closed reduction and percutaneous pinning following supracondylar humerus fractures were prospectively enrolled over a two year period. Patient demographics, perioperative course, goniometric measurements, functional outcome measures, clinical assessment and decision making for further follow up were assessed. Categorical and continuous variables were analyzed and screened for significance via bivariate regression. Significant covariates were used to develop a predictive model through multivariate logistical regression. A probability cut-off was determined on the Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) curve using the Youden index to maximize sensitivity and specificity. The regression model performance was then prospectively tested against 22 patients in a blind comparison to evaluate accuracy. 246 paediatrics patients were collected, with 29 cases requiring further follow up past the three month visit. Significant predictive factors for follow up were residual nerve palsy (p < 0 .001) and maximum active flexion angle of injured elbow (p < 0 .001). Insignificant factors included other goniometric measures, subjective evaluations, and functional outcomes scores. The probability of requiring further clinical follow up at the 3 month post-op point can be estimated with the equation: logit(follow-up) = 11.319 + 5.518(nerve palsy) − 0.108(maximum active flexion). Goodness of fit of the model was verified with Nagelkerke R2 = 0.574 and Hosmer & Lemeshow chi-square (p = 0.739). Area Under Curve of the ROC curve was C = 0.919 (SE = 0.035, 95% CI 0.850 – 0.988). Using Youden's Index, a cut-off for probability of follow up was set at 0.094 with the overall sensitivity and specificity maximized to 86.2% and 88% respectively. Using this model and cohort, 194 three month clinic visits would have been deemed medically unnecessary. Preliminary blind prospective testing against the 22 patient cohort demonstrates a model sensitivity and specificity at 100% and 75% respectively, correctly deeming 15 visits unnecessary. Virtual clinics and automated clinical decision making can improve healthcare inefficiencies, unclog clinic wait times, and ultimately enhance quality of care delivery. Our regression model is highly accurate in determining medical necessity for physician examination at the three month visit following supracondylar fracture closed reduction and percutaneous pinning. When applied correctly, there is potential for significant reductions in health care expenditures and in the economic burden on patient families by removing unnecessary visits. In light of positive patient and family receptiveness toward technology, our promising findings and predictive model may pave the way for remote health care delivery, virtual clinics, and automated clinical decision making

There is no agreement as to the superiority or specific indications for cast treatment, percutaneous pinning or open fracture fixation for Bennett's fractures of the thumb metacarpal. We undertook this study to compare the outcomes of treatment for patients treated for Bennett's fracture in the medium term. We reviewed 33 patients treated in our unit for a bennett's fracture to the thumb metacarpal with closed reduction and casting. Each patient was matched with a patient treated surgically. Patients were matched for sex, age, Gedda grade of injury and hand dominance. Patients were reviewed at a minimum of 5-years and 66-patients were reviewed in total. Patients were examined clinically and also asked to complete a DASH questionnaire score and the brief Michigan hand questionnaire. Follow up plain radiographs were taken of the thumb and these were reviewed and graded for degenerative change using the Eaton-Littler score. Sixty-six patients were included in the study, with 33 in the surgical and non-surgical cohorts respectively. The average age was 39 years old. In each cohort, 12/33 were female, 19/33 were right-handed with 25% of individuals injuring their dominant hand. In each coort there were 16 Grade 1 fractures, 4 Grade 2 and 13 Grade 3 fractures. There was no difference between the surgically treated and cast-treatment cohorts of patients when radiographic arthritis, pinch grip, the brief Michigan Hand Questionnaire and pain were assessed at final review. The surgical cohort had significantly lower DASH scores at final follow-up. There was no significant difference in the normalised bMHQ scores. Our study was unable to demonstrate superiority of either operative or non-operative fracture stabilization. Patients in the surgical cohort reported superior satisfaction and DASH scores but did not demonstrate any superiority in any other objectively measured domain

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare the outcome of operative and non-operative management in adults with distal radius fractures, with an additional elderly subgroup analysis. The main outcome was 12-month PRWE score. Secondary outcomes included DASH score, grip strength, complications and radiographic parameters. Randomised controlled trials of patients aged ≥18yrs with a dorsally displaced distal radius fractures were included. Studies compared operative intervention with non-operative management. Operative management included open reduction and internal fixation, Kirschner-wiring or external fixation. Non-operative management was cast/splint immobilisation with/without closed reduction. Version 2 of the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool was used. After screening 1258 studies, 16 trials with 1947 patients (mean age 66yrs, 76% female) were included in the meta-analysis. Eight studies reported PRWE score and there was no clinically significant difference at 12 weeks (MD 0.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] −0.75 to 1.07, p=0.73) or 12 months (mean difference [MD] 3.30, 95% CI −5.66 to −0.94, p=0.006). Four studies reported on scores in the elderly and there was no clinically significant difference at 12 weeks (MD 0.59, 95% CI −0.35 to 1.53, p=0.22) or 12 months (MD 2.60, 95% CI −5.51 to 0.30, p=0.08). There was a no clinically significant difference in DASH score at 12 weeks (MD 10.18, 95% CI −14.98 to −5.38, p<0.0001) or 12 months (MD 3.49, 95% CI −5.69 to −1.29, p=0.002). Two studies featured only elderly patients, with no clinically important difference at 12 weeks (MD 7.07, 95% CI −11.77 to −2.37, p=0.003) or 12 months (MD 3.32, 95% CI −7.03 to 0.38, p=0.08). There was no clinically significant difference in patient-reported outcome according to PRWE or DASH at either timepoint in the adult group as a whole or in the elderly subgroup

Aim. The treatment of fracture-related infections (FRI) focuses on obtaining fracture healing and eradicating infection to prevent osteomyelitis. Treatment guidelines include removal, exchange, or retention of the implants used according to the stability of the fracture and the time from the infection. Infection of a fracture in the process of healing with a stable fixation may be treated with implant retention, debridement, and antibiotics. Nonetheless, the retention of an intramedullary nail is a potential risk factor for failure, and it is recommended to exchange or remove the nail. This surgical approach implies additional life-threatening risks in elderly fragile hip fracture patients. Our study aimed to analyze the results of implant retention for the treatment of infected nails in elderly hip fracture patients. Methods. Our retrospective analysis included patients 65 years of age or older with an acute fracture-related infection treated with implant retention from 2012 to 2020 in 6 Spanish hospitals with a minimum 1-year follow-up. Patients that required open reduction during the initial fracture surgery were excluded. Variables included in our analysis were patient demographics, type of fracture, date of FRI diagnosis, causative microorganism, and outcome. Treatment success was defined as fracture healing with infection eradication without the need for further hospitalization. Results. A total of 48 patients were identified. Eight patients with open reduction were excluded and 11 did not complete a 1-year follow-up. Out of the 29 remaining patients, the mean age was 81.5 years, with a 21:9, female to male ratio. FRI was diagnosed between 10 and 48 days after initial surgery (mean 26 days). Treatment success was achieved in 24 patients (82.7%). Failure was objectivated in polymicrobial infections or infections caused by microorganisms resistant to antibiofilm antibiotics. Seven patients required more than one debridement with a success rate of 57%. Twelve patients had an infection diagnosed after 21 days from the initial surgery and implant retention was successful in all of them. Conclusion. Our results suggest implant retention is a valid therapeutic approach for fracture-related infection in elderly hip fracture patients treated by closed reduction and intramedullary nailing

Distal radius fractures (DRFs) are common injuries that represent 17% of all adult upper extremity fractures. Some fractures deemed appropriate for nonsurgical management following closed reduction and casting exhibit delayed secondary displacement (greater than two weeks from injury) and require late surgical intervention. This can lead to delayed rehabilitation and functional outcomes. This study aimed to determine which demographic and radiographic features can be used to predict delayed fracture displacement. This is a multicentre retrospective case-control study using radiographs extracted from our Analytics Data Integration, Measurement and Reporting (DIMR) database, using diagnostic and therapeutic codes. Skeletally mature patients aged 18 years of age or older with an isolated DRF treated with surgical intervention between two and four weeks from initial injury, with two or more follow-up visits prior to surgical intervention, were included. Exclusion criteria were patients with multiple injuries, surgical treatment with fewer than two clinical assessments prior to surgical treatment, or surgical treatment within two weeks of injury. The proportion of patients with delayed fracture displacement requiring surgical treatment will be reported as a percentage of all identified DRFs within the study period. A multivariable conditional logistic regression analysis was used to assess case-control comparisons, in order to determine the parameters that are mostly likely to predict delayed fracture displacement leading to surgical management. Intra- and inter-rater reliability for each radiographic parameter will also be calculated. A total of 84 age- and sex-matched pairs were identified (n=168) over a 5-year period, with 87% being female and a mean age of 48.9 (SD=14.5) years. Variables assessed in the model included pre-reduction and post-reduction radial height, radial inclination, radial tilt, volar cortical displacement, injury classification, intra-articular step or gap, ulnar variance, radiocarpal alignment, and cast index, as well as the difference between pre- and post-reduction parameters. Decreased pre-reduction radial inclination (Odds Ratio [OR] = 0.54; Confidence Interval [CI] = 0.43 – 0.64) and increased pre-reduction volar cortical displacement (OR = 1.31; CI = 1.10 – 1.60) were significant predictors of delayed fracture displacement beyond a minimum of 2-week follow-up. Similarly, an increased difference between pre-reduction and immediate post reduction radial height (OR = 1.67; CI = 1.31 – 2.18) and ulnar variance (OR = 1.48; CI = 1.24 – 1.81) were also significant predictors of delayed fracture displacement. Cast immobilization is not without risks and delayed surgical treatment can result in a prolong recovery. Therefore, if reliable and reproducible radiographic parameters can be identified that predict delayed fracture displacement, this information will aid in earlier identification of patients with DRFs at risk of late displacement. This could lead to earlier, appropriate surgical management, rehabilitation, and return to work and function

Background:. While reverse shoulder arthroplasty has shown successful outcomes for a variety of shoulder pathologies, postoperative instability continues to be one of the most common complications limiting outcomes. In the literature, reports of instability range from 2.4%–31%. Many authors recommend an initial attempt at closed reduction followed by a period of immobilization for management of the initial dislocation episode while others may seek to rule out infection or other secondary causes; however there is little data to support either practice. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of patients with postoperative dislocation following reverse shoulder arthroplasty managed with closed reduction. Methods:. A retrospective review of all reverse shoulder arthroplasties performed by a single surgeon (MF) from 2002-present was performed to identify all patients treated for postoperative dislocation treated with closed reduction, either in the office setting or under anesthesia in the operating room. A total of 21 patients were identified. Preoperative patient characteristics, implant selection, and time to initial dislocation episode were recorded. Final outcomes including recurrent instability need for revision surgery, ASES outcome score, and range of motion were evaluated. Results:. There were 9 male and 12 female patients. Nearly 50% (10/21) cases had previous surgery, with the vast majority of these being previous arthroplasty (8/10). The average time to first dislocation was 200 days (range: 2 days–961 days), with 62% (13/21) occurring in the first 90 days. At average follow-up of 28 months following the dislocation episode, 62% of these shoulders remained stable (13/21). Six shoulders (29%) required revision surgery for recurrent instability. The revision procedure included a larger glenosphere and socket in all cases. All of these patients remained stable at final follow-up (Ave 25.5 months). In those cases successfully treated with closed reduction the average time to dislocation was 188 days, whereas the average time to initial dislocation in cases requiring revision surgery was 224 days (p = 0.82). All of these patients remained stable at final follow-up. Two shoulders (9%) remained unstable and either declined or were medically unfit to undergo revision surgery. The average ASES score in patients treated with closed reduction for instability was 68.0, and 62.7 for those treated with revision surgery (p = 0.64). Conclusion:. This study shows that an initial dislocation episode following reverse shoulder arthroplasty can be successfully managed with closed reduction and temporary immobilization in over half of cases. The time to dislocation is not related to the likelihood of a successful closed reduction. Given that outcomes following revision surgery are not different from closed treatment we would continue to recommend an initial attempt at closed reduction in all cases of postoperative reverse shoulder arthroplasty dislocation

Instability is the most common reason for revision after total hip arthroplasty (THA). Since THA requires arthrotomy of the hip and replacement with a femoral head that is smaller than the normal hip, instability following THA is always a potential concern. Many factors contribute to the development of instability after THA including: restoration of normal anatomy, implant design, component position, surgical approach and technique, and numerous patient related factors. Recently, the role of spinal mobility and deformity has been shown to have a significant effect on risk of dislocation after THA. The long held guidelines for component positioning or so called “safe zone” described by Lewinnek have also been questioned since most dislocations have been shown to occur in patients whose components are positioned within this “safe” range. In the early post-operative period, dislocation can occur prior to capsular and soft tissue healing if the patient exceeds their peri-operative range of motion limits. Closed reduction and abduction bracing for 6 weeks may allow for soft tissue healing and stabilization of the hip. It is important to try and identify the mechanism of dislocation since this can affect the technique of closed reduction, how the patient is braced following reduction and what may need to be addressed at the time of revision if dislocation recurs. Closed reduction and bracing may be effective in patients who have a previously well-functioning, stable THA who suffer a traumatic dislocation after the peri-operative period. Despite successful closed reduction, recurrent dislocation occurs in many patients and can be secondary to inadequate soft tissue healing, patient noncompliance or problems related to component positioning. Patients who incur more than 2 dislocations should be considered for revision surgery. Prior to revision surgery, an appropriate radiographic evaluation of the hip should be performed to identify any potential mechanical/kinematic issues that need to be addressed at the time of revision. Typically this involves plain radiographs, including a cross table lateral of the involved hip to assess acetabular version, but may also involve cross-sectional imaging to assess femoral version. Patients with soft tissue pseudotumors frequently have significant soft tissue deficiencies that are not amenable to component repositioning alone and require use of constrained or dual mobility components. In general, “limited revisions” consisting of modular head and liner exchange with insertion of a lipped liner and larger, longer femoral head rarely correct the problem of recurrent instability, since component malposition that frequently contributes to the instability is not addressed. Similarly, insertion of a constrained liner in a malpositioned cup is associated with a high rate of implant failure and recurrent dislocation since impingement contributing to the instability is not addressed. In patients who fail closed management and have a history of recurrent instability, we have found the treatment paradigm described by Wera, et al. to be very helpful in the management of the unstable THA. Several studies have shown that tripolar type constrained liners appear to perform considerably better than locking ring type constrained liners. As a result, dual mobility implants are becoming more widely utilised in patients with abductor and other soft tissue deficiencies, hip instability of uncertain etiology and patients with increased risk factors for instability undergoing primary THA. Early results with dual mobility components have been shown to have a low rate of failure in high instability risk revision THAs. These devices do have several unique potential complications and their use should be limited to patients with significantly increased risk of dislocation and instability

Purpose. To determine whether MRI done prior to reduction altered the surgeon's choice of reduction method. Method. One hundred and four patients were included in this retrospective review. The first component of this study identified the presence of uncontained, herniated discs in this patient group. The MRI scans were reviewed by two teams including a radiology team and orthopaedic team. These scans were assessed without clinical information and the teams did not have access to the patient notes. An Interrater agreement assessment was applied to the data and the most reliable inter-observer variables of disc injury were chosen to identify the presence of a herniated uncontained intervertebral disc. The second part of this study entailed a detailed clinical note review specifically looking at type of reduction, whether it was intended and the reason why a certain type of reduction was chosen. These naturally divided the 104 patients into 5 cohorts including; closed reduction, Intended open reduction due to the documented presence of a ‘dangerous disc’, open reduction following failed closed reduction, open reduction with no documented reason and open reduction due to delay in presentation. Since closed reduction would not be considered in delayed presentations this cohort was removed from data analysis. Additionally the pre and post reduction neurological status was noted. Results. The cohort that included ‘Intended open reduction due to presence of an uncontained disc’ included 11.5% of patients in this data subset. These cases all had MRI's that were documented to have influenced the type of reduction (p=0.006). However 57% of patients with uncontained discs had had attempted closed reduction; 31% were successful and 27% failed. Using the binomial exact test we calculate the 95% confidence interval showing .054 and .208; thus the reduction method was significantly changed by performing MRI. One patient developed neurological compromise after failed closed reduction. This formed 3.6% of 28 uncontained discs that had attempted closed reduction. Conclusion. The risk of neurological deterioration with closed reduction in the presence of an uncontained disc the risk is 3.6% with an overall risk of 2.2% for this cohort. This study confirms pre-reduction MRI to significantly affect surgeon's decision making. Therr is a significant cost to MRI investigation and the incidence of neurological deterioration of 2.2% needs to be seen against this. ONE DISCLOSURE