Abstract. Objectives. Non-technical skills including teamwork play a pivotal role in surgical outcomes. Virtual reality is effective at improving technical skills, however there is a paucity of evidence on team-based virtual reality (VR) training. This study aimed to assess if multiplayer virtual reality training was superior to solo training for acquisition of both technical and non-technical skills in learning the complex
Evidence supporting the use of virtual reality (VR) training in orthopaedic procedures is rapidly growing. However, the impact of the timing of delivery of this training is yet to be tested. We aimed to investigate whether spaced VR training is more effective than massed VR training. 24 medical students with no hip arthroplasty experience were randomised to learning the direct
A complete cement mantle is important for the longevity of a total hip replacement. In the minimally-invasive direct
Current evidence suggests that superior surgical team performance is linked to fewer intra-operative errors, reductions in mortality and even improved patient outcomes. Virtual reality has demonstrated excellent efficacy in training surgeons and scrub nurses individually, however its impact on training teams is currently unknown. This study aimed to assess if training together (scrub nurse and surgeon) in an innovative multiplayer virtual reality program was superior to single player training for novices learning
Introduction and Objective. Posterior and transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF, TLIF) represent the most popular techniques in performing an interbody fusion amongst spine surgeons. Pseudarthrosis, cage migration, subsidence or infection can occur, with subsequent failed surgery, persistent pain and patient’ bad quality of life. The goal of revision fusion surgery is to correct any previous technical errors avoiding surgical complications. The most safe and effective way is to choose a naive approach to the disc. Therefore, the
Introduction and Objective. Interest for direct
Range of Motion (ROM) assessments are routinely used during joint replacement to evaluate joint stability before, during and after surgery to ensure the effective restoration of patient biomechanics. This study aimed to quantify axial torque in the femur during ROM assessment in total hip arthroplasty to define performance criteria against which hip instruments can be verified. Longer term, this information may provide the ability to quantitatively assess joint stability, extending to quantitation of bone preparation and quality. Joint loads measured with strain-gaged instruments in five cadaveric femurs prepared using posterior approach were analysed. Variables such as surgeon-evaluator, trial offset and specimen leg and weight were used to define 13 individual setups and paired with surgeon appraisal of joint tension for each setup. Peak torque loads were then identified for specific motions within the ROM assessment. The largest torque measured in most setups was observed during maximum extension and external rotation of the joint, with a peak torque of 13Nm recorded in a specimen weighing 98kg. The largest torque range (19.4Nm) was also recorded in this specimen. Other motions within the trial reduction showed clear peaks in applied torque but with lower magnitude. Relationships between peak torque, torque range and specimen weight produced an R2 value greater than 0.65. The data indicated that key influencers of torsional loads during ROM were patient weight, joint tension and limb motion. This correlation with patient weight should be further investigated and highlights the need for population representation during cadaveric evaluation. Although this study considered a small sample size, consistent patterns were seen across several users and specimens. Follow-up studies should aim to increase the number of surgeon-evaluators and further vary specimen size and weight. Consideration should also be given to alternative surgical approaches such as the Direct
There is controversy regarding the effect of different approaches on recovery after THR. Collecting detailed relevant data with satisfactory compliance is difficult. Our retrospective observational multi-center study aimed to find out if the data collected via a remote coaching app can be used to monitor the speed of recovery after THR using the anterolateral (ALA), posterior (PA) and the direct
Talar neck fractures are associated with high complication rates with significant associated morbidity. Adequate exposure and stable internal fixation remains challenging. We investigated the anterior extensile approach for exposure of these fractures and their fixation by screws introduced through the talo-navicular articulation. We also compared the quality and quantity of exposure of the talar neck obtained by this approach, with the classically described medial/lateral approaches. An
Dual mobility (DM) bearing implants reduce the incidence of dislocation following total hip arthroplasty (THA) and as such they are used for the treatment of hip instability in both primary and revision cases. The aim of this study was to compare lower limb muscle activity of patients who underwent a total hip arthroplasty (THA) with a dual mobility (DM) or a common cup (CC) bearing compared to healthy controls (CON) during a sit to stand task. A total of 21 patients (12 DM, 9 CC) and 12 CON were recruited from the local Hospital. The patients who volunteered for the study were randomly assigned to either a DM or a CC cementless THA after receiving informed consent. All surgeries were performed by the same surgeon using the direct
Fusion is the main goal in the surgical management of the injured and unstable spine. A wide variety of implants is available to enhance this. Our study was performed to evaluate the stabilising characteristics of several anterior, posterior and combined systems of fixation. Six thoracolumbar (T11 to L2) spines from 13-week-old calves were first tested intact. Then the vertebral body of T13 was removed and the defect replaced and supported by a wooden block to simulate bone grafting. Dorsal implants consisting of a Universal Spine System (USS) fracture system and an AO Fixateur interne (AOFI), and ventral implants comprising of a Kaneda Classic, a Kaneda SR, a prototype of the VentroFix single clamp/single rod construct (SC/SR) and the VentroFix single clamp/double rod construct (SC/DR) were first implanted individually to stabilise the removal of the vertebral body. Simulating the combined anteroposterior stabilisations, all ventral implants were combined with the AOFI. The range of motion (ROM) was measured under loads of up to 7.5 Nm. The load was applied in a custom-made spine tester in the three primary directions while measuring the intervertebral movements using a goniometric linkage system. The dorsal systems limited ROM in flexion below 0.9° and in extension between 3.3° and 3.6° (median values). The improved Kaneda System SR yielded a mean ROM of 1.8° in flexion and in extension. The median rotation found with the VentroFix (SC/DR) was 3.2° for flexion and 2.8° for extension. Reinforcement of the ventral constructs with a dorsal system reduced the ROM in flexion and extension in all cases to 0.4° and lower. In rotation, the median ROM of the anterior systems ranged from 2.7° to 5.1° and for the posterior systems from 3.9° to 5.7°, while the combinations provided a ROM of 1.2° to 1.9°. In lateral bending, the posterior implants restricted movement to 1.1°, whereas the anterior implants allowed up to 5.2°. The combined systems provided the highest stability at less than 0.6°. Our study revealed distinct differences between posterior and
We studied subchondral intraosseous pressure (IOP) in an animal model during loading, and with vascular occlusion. We explored bone compartmentalization by saline injection. Needles were placed in the femoral condyle and proximal tibia of five anaesthetized rabbits and connected to pressure recorders. The limb was loaded with and without proximal vascular occlusion. An additional subject had simultaneous triple recordings at the femoral head, femoral condyle and proximal tibia. In a further subject, saline injections at three sites were carried out in turn.Objectives
Materials and Methods
Using the transverse processes of fresh porcine lumbar spines as an experimental model we evaluated the heat generated by a rotating burr of a high-speed drill in cutting the bone. The temperature at the drilled site reached 174°C with a diamond burr and 77°C with a steel burr. With water irrigation at a flow rate of 540 ml/hr an effective reduction in the temperature was achieved whereas irrigation with water at 180 ml/hr was much less effective. There was a significant negative correlation between the thickness of the residual bone and the temperature measured at its undersurface adjacent to the drilling site (p <
0.001). Our data suggest that tissues neighbouring the drilled bone, especially nerve roots, can be damaged by the heat generated from the tip of a high-speed drill. Nerve-root palsy, one of the most common complications of cervical spinal surgery, may be caused by thermal damage to nerve roots arising in this manner.
In order to determine the potential for an internervous safe zone, 20 hips from human cadavers were dissected to map out the precise pattern of innervation of the hip capsule. The results were illustrated in the form of a clock face. The reference point for measurement was the inferior acetabular notch, representing six o’clock. Capsular branches from between five and seven nerves contributed to each hip joint, and were found to innervate the capsule in a relatively constant pattern. An internervous safe zone was identified anterosuperiorly in an arc of 45° between the positions of one o’clock and half past two. Our study shows that there is an internervous zone that could be safely used in a capsule-retaining anterior, anterolateral or lateral approach to the hip, or during portal placement in hip arthroscopy.
We describe a lateral approach to the distal humerus based on initial location of the superficial branches of the radial nerve, the inferior lateral cutaneous nerve of the arm and the posterior cutaneous nerve of the forearm. In 18 upper limbs the superficial branches of the radial nerve were located in the subcutaneous tissue between the triceps and brachioradialis muscles and dissected proximally to their origin from the radial nerve, exposing the shaft of the humerus. The inferior lateral cutaneous nerve of the arm arose from the radial nerve at the lower part of the spiral groove, at a mean of 14.2 cm proximal to the lateral epicondyle. The posterior cutaneous nerve of the forearm arose from the inferior lateral cutaneous nerve at a mean of 6.9 cm (6.0 to 8.1) proximal to the lateral epicondyle and descended vertically along the dorsal aspect of the forearm. The size and constant site of emergence between the triceps and brachioradialis muscles constitute a readily identifiable landmark to explore the radial nerve and expose the humeral shaft.
Although success has been achieved with implantation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (bMSCs) in degenerative discs, its full potential may not be achieved if the harsh environment of the degenerative disc remains. Axial distraction has been shown to increase hydration and nutrition. Combining both therapies may have a synergistic effect in reversing degenerative disc disease. In order to evaluate the effect of bMSC implantation, axial distraction and combination therapy in stimulating regeneration and retarding degeneration in degenerative discs, we first induced disc degeneration by axial loading in a rabbit model. The rabbits in the intervention groups performed better with respect to disc height, morphological grading, histological scoring and average dead cell count. The groups with distraction performed better than those without on all criteria except the average dead cell count. Our findings suggest that bMSC implantation and distraction stimulate regenerative changes in degenerative discs in a rabbit model.
We studied the effect of vitamin C on fracture healing in the elderly. A total of 80 elderly Osteogenic Disorder Shionogi rats were divided into four groups with different rates of vitamin C intake. A closed bilateral fracture was made in the middle third of the femur of each rat. Five weeks after fracture the femora were analysed by mechanical and histological testing. The groups with the lower vitamin C intake demonstrated a lower mechanical resistance of the healing callus and a lower histological grade. The vitamin C levels in blood during healing correlated with the torque resistance of the callus formed (