Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) formerly known as “acute renal failure” results in rapid reduction in kidney function associated with a failure to maintain fluid, electrolyte and acid-base homeostasis. The UK NCEPOD published a report in 2010 on AKI that revealed many deficiencies in the care of patients with AKI. The UK Renal Association has published the final draft of Clinical Practice Guidelines for Acute Kidney Injury on the 08/01/2011. In our study we determined retrospectively the occurrence of this problem in a District General Hospital and its impact on recovery after lower limb arthroplasty. Data was collected retrospective study over 3 months between Oct to Dec 2010 from theatre registers and the hospital database system. 359 patients were identified. Preoperative (baseline) and postoperative blood investigations included Creatinine, Urea, K+, Na+, GFR, Haemoglobin were analysed. Data collection also included type of anaesthesia, timing of operation, duration of procedure and estimated blood loss. From the hospital database system and clinic letters we collected length of stay and time required for blood results to come back to baseline. A diagnosis of Acute Kidney Injury was based on the International Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) staging classification as recently recommended by UK Renal Association. Stage I Creatinine increase by ≥ 26 μmol/L from baseline, Stage II Creatinine increase by 200-300% and Stage III Creatinine increase ≥ 300%. In our study 11.97% (43/359) of patients developed acute kidney injury following lower limb Arthroplasty. 18 patients (42%) developed Stage I (Cre increase ≥ 26 μmol/L), 17(39%) developed Stage II (Cre increase 200-300%) and 8 patients (19%) developed Stage III (Cre increase ≥ 300%) AKI. Most of these patients were operated during the afternoon session. Patients with acute kidney injury stayed longer in hospital (11.7days) compared to similar age group of patients (6.35days) admitted during the same period. 25% of patients took more than a month for renal parameters to come down to normal. AKI is a new definition and the incidence in our hospital is higher than the 1% expected nationally. Patients with AKI are often complex to treat and specialist timely referral and transfer to renal services if appropriate should be considered. The etiology of Acute Renal Injury is very complex and includes gentamicin antibiotic prophylactic, rapid blood loss in elderly frail patients, non-steroidal pain killers and preexisting cardiac and renal pathology. The need for careful postoperative observation cannot be overemphasised together with judicious blood replacement as required. Acute Kidney Injury following lower limb arthroplasty is a sensitive marker of postoperative care. A successful surgical outcome may not mean a successful renal outcome. Patients with AKI are often complex to treat the new AKI definition and staging system allows an earlier detection and management of this condition. Further prospective audit with large number of patients are required

Abstract. Introduction. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common post-operative complication which, in turn, significantly increases risk of other post-operative complications and mortality. This quality improvement project (QIP) aimed to evaluate and implement measures to decrease the incidence of AKI in post-operative Trauma and Orthopaedics (T&O) patients. Methods. Three data collection cycles were conducted using all T&O patients admitted to a single UK West Midlands NHS trust across three six-month periods between December 2018 and December 2020 (n=8215). Patients developing a post-operative AKI were identified using the Acute Kidney Injury Network criteria. Data was collected for these patients including demographic details and AKI risk factors such as ASA grade, hypovolaemia and use of nephrotoxic medications. Results. The percentage of post-operative AKI decreased from 2% (71 patients from 5899 operations) in the first cycles to 1.5% (19 from 1273 operations) by the final cycle. There was a high prevalence of modifiable risk factors for AKI, including post-operative hypovolaemia (50%) and use of nephrotoxic aminoglycosides (81%). Measures implemented between cycles included a pre-operative medication review identifying nephrotoxic medications, early post-operative assessment for consideration of intravenous fluids and junior doctor teaching on fluid therapy. There was a substantial decrease in use of multiple nephrotoxic medications (98% to 59%) and in use of aminoglycosides (88% to 42%) between the final cycles which may explain the reduction in observed AKI incidence. Conclusion. This QIP highlights the benefits of a multifaceted approach in the peri-operative period, through targeting of risk factors in preventing post-operative AKI

BACKGROUND. High-dose antibiotic cement spacers are commonly used to treat prosthetic joint infections following knee arthroplasties. Several clinical studies have shown a high success rate with antibiotic cement spacers, however there is little data on the systemic complications of high-dose antibiotic spacers, particularly acute kidney injury (AKI). This study aims to determine the incidence of AKI and identify risk factors predisposing patients undergoing staged revision arthroplasty with antibiotic cement spacers. METHODS. A single-institution, retrospective review was used to collect and analyze clinical and demographic data for patients who underwent staged revision total knee arthroplasty with placement of an antibiotic-impregnated cement spacer from 2006 to 2016. A search was made through specific procedure (DRG) and diagnostic (CD) codes. Baseline descriptive data were collected for all patients including age, sex, medical comorbidities, type and quantity of antibiotics used in the cement spacer, pre- and postoperative hemoglobin (Hg), BMI, smoking status, peak creatinine levels, and random vancomycin levels. Acute kidney injury was defined as a more than 50% rise in serum creatinine from a preoperative baseline within 90 days postoperatively. RESULTS. A total of 54 staged revision TKA surgeries performed by 5 different surgeons between 2006 and 2016. The total incidence of AKI was 31% (n=17). There was a significant positive association between change in creatinine level and use of oral/intravenous antibiotics (p=0.03, Spearman's rho=0.33) and a significant positive association between AKI and the use of tobramycin cement (p=0.01, Spearman's rho=0.38). Factors that were not significantly associated with AKI include presence of preexisting hypertension (p = 0.26), hyperlipidemia (p = 0.83), coronary artery disease (p = 0.86), chronic kidney disease (p=0.56), and smoking status (p=.35). There was a trend towards increased risk of AKI in patients with diabetes mellitus (p= 0.12), however this was not significant. CONCLUSION. In single staged revision knee arthroplasty there is a significant association between acute kidney injury and type of oral/intravenous antibiotic used in the treatment. Both the use of intravenous vancomycin and tobramycin cement are independently associated with higher rates of AKI. Preexisting medical comorbidities are not independent risk factors for development of AKI. Serum creatinine and measurement of serum aminoglycoside and vancomycin levels should be performed after placement of an aminoglycoside-containing antibiotic cement spacer in a staged revision arthroplasty

Purpose. There are concerns with regard to the physiological effects of reamed intramedullary femoral fracture stabilisation in patients who have received a pulmonary injury. This large animal study used invasive monitoring techniques to obtain sensitive cardiopulmonary measurements and compared the responses to Early Total Care (reamed intramedullary femoral fracture fixation) to Damage Control Orthopaedics (external fixation), after the induction of acute lung injury. We hypothesised a greater cardiopulmonary response to intramedullary fracture fixation. Method. Acute lung injury (PaO2/FiO2 < 200 mmHg) was induced in 12 invasively monitored and terminally anaesthetised male sheep via the infusion of oleic acid into the right atrium. Each animal underwent surgical femoral osteotomy and fixation with either reamed intramedullary (n=6) or external fixation (n=6). Simultaneous haemodynamic and arterial blood-gas measurements were recorded at baseline and at 5, 30 and 60 minutes after fracture stabilisation. Results. The mean (S.E.) PaO2/FiO2 fell significantly (p<0.05) from 359(37) to 107 (23) and 382 (33) to 128 (18) in the externally fixated and intramedullary nailed groups respectively as a result of the acute lung injury. The further combined effect of surgical osteotomy and subsequent fracture fixation produced a mean (+/− S.E.) PaO2/FiO2 of 114 (21) and 113 (12), in the externally fixated and intramedullary nailed groups respectively, immediately after surgery. This was not significantly different either within or between groups. Similarly the pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) measured at 4.7 (0.9) and 4.2 (0.5) in the externally fixated and intramedullary nailed groups respectively after lung injury changed to 4.9 (0.7) and 4.3 (0.6) after surgical osteotomy and subsequent fracture fixation which, again was not significantly different either within or between groups. No significant difference in either PaO2/FiO2 or PVR was detected at the monitored 5, 30 and 60 minute intervals that followed fracture stabilisation. Conclusion. Against a background of standardised acute lung injury, there appeared to be no further deterioration produced by the method of isolated femoral fracture fixation in two sensitive physiological parameters commonly used by intensive care physicians

INTRO. Two-stage revision arthroplasty for PJI may make use of an antibiotic-loaded cement spacer (ACS), as successful long- term prevention of reinfection have been reported using this technique.[i] However, there is little data on systemic complications of high-dose antibiotic spacers. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is of clinical significance, as the drugs most commonly utilized, vancomycin and aminoglycosides, can be nephrotoxic. We intended to determine the incidence of AKI in patients that underwent staged revision arthroplasty with an ACS, as well as to identify potential predisposing risk factors for the disease. METHODS. Local databases of six different orthopaedic surgeons were retrospectively reviewed for insertion of either a static or articulating antibiotic cement spacer by from 2007–2017. Dose of antibiotic powder implanted, as well as IV antibiotic used, was collected from operative records. Demographics, comorbidities, and preoperative and postoperative creatinine and hemoglobin values were recorded from the EHR. AKI was defined by a more than 50% rise in serum creatinine from preoperative baseline to at least 1.4 mg/dL, as described by Menge et al.[ii] Variables were analyzed for the primary outcome of AKI within the same hospital stay as insertion of the ACS. Categorical variables were analyzed with Chi-Square test, and continuous variables with univariate logistic regression. RESULTS. 75 patients (39 M, 36 F) receiving an ACS were identified, with a mean age of 70.0 (SD=10.6) and a mean BMI of 31.3 (SD=7.3). Incidence of in-hospital AKI was 13.3%. Patients reached AKI at a mean 6.7 days (SD=4.5), during a median length of stay of 13.5 days (IQR=21.8). No significant correlation was found between AKI and the variables of age (p=.430), BMI (p=.569) or gender (p=.181). AKI was also not associated with increased dose of vancomycin (p=.416), tobramycin (p=.440), or gentamycin (p=.846) within the cement spacer, or the comorbidities of hypertension (p=.094), diabetes (p=.146), coronary artery disease (p=1.00) and renal disease (p=.521). However, decreased baseline hemoglobin showed significantly increased risk for AKI (OR=1.67, p =.049), and increased creatinine showed a trend (OR=2.9, p=.059). Percentage of hemoglobin decrease (preoperative to postoperative) did not increase odds for AKI (p=.700). CONCLUSION. The incidence of acute kidney injury in patients that receive antibiotic cement spacers is relatively high when compared to the data reported in primary TKA. ii,[iii]. Our results suggest that patient related risk factors, such as low preoperative hemoglobin, may be involved in the etiology of AKI in this population. Therefore, it may be clinically appropriate to monitor anemic patients for AKI when implanting an ACS

In September 2011 our departmental protocol for peri-operative prophylactic antibiotic administration was altered from cefuroxime to gentamicin/flucloxacillin, in response to reported links between cephalosporin use and Clostridium difficile (C. diff) infection. As both gentamicin and flucloxacillin are known to be nephrotoxic in some patients, we investigated whether the new regimen increases the risk of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) in patients undergoing elective and trauma hip and knee surgery, classified by severity (AKI Network criteria). The incidence of C. diff was noted. 10 out of 202 (5%) patients receiving cefuroxime (group A) developed AKI, compared with 23 of 210 (11%) patients receiving gentamicin and flucloxacillin (group B) (p=0.012). The severity of the renal injury was higher in the group B patients with 16 sustaining stage II/III AKI, whereas in Group A only one patient sustained a stage II injury and none stage III. The increased AKI rate in group B was observed equally in hip fracture patients and elective hip/knee replacement patients. However, 3 of 80 (4%) patients with hip fractures who received doses of cefuroxime developed C. diff, with none in the other groups (p=0.04). The choice of prophylactic antibiotics depends on a careful assessment of benefits and risks. Our data suggests that whereas hip fracture patients may have benefitted from the protocol change with reduced C. diff incidence, elective hip and knee replacement patients sustained additional harm. Different antibiotic regimens may be appropriate for these two groups

In late 2011 there was a change in antimicrobial policy in orthopaedic surgery to reduce the Clostridium difficile (C. diff) rate, this was inducted top down from government, to PCT, to hospital trust. The previous antimicrobial policy was Cefuroxime, this was changed to Flucloxacillin and Gentimicin. Following this change it was noticed an increased number of patients appeared to suffer from acute kidney injury (AKI). This led us to evaluate the incidence of AKI pre and post antibiotic change and look at the causes behind this. In this retrospective study all patients admitted with fracture neck of femurs were identified from the National Hip Fracture database and data pulled. The degree of AKI was classified according to the validated RIFILE criteria. Evaluation showed 2–4 fold increase in AKI since antibiotic change. Although mortality was decreased in these patients, the incidence of AKI had increased significantly. However, C. difficile has been obliterated by this change. The investigation highlights potential problems with increased rates of AKI amongst NOF patients, since antibiotic change. Flucloxacillin may have significant impact on this patient group. Dose dependent antibiotics will now be given based on weight and eGFR. Further analysis of this new change needs to be evaluated

In 2011 health policy dictated a reduction in iatrogenic infections, such as Clostridium difficile (C. diff), this resulted in local change to antimicrobial policy in orthopaedic surgery. Previous antimicrobial policy was Cefuroxime, this was changed to Flucloxacillin and Gentimicin. Following this change an increased number of patients appeared to suffer from acute kidney injury (AKI). We initially evaluated the incidence of AKI pre and post antibiotic change and found a correlation between the Flucloxacillin and AKI. We then made changes to antibiotic policy to mitigate the increased rates of AKI and proceeded to evaluate the outcomes. In this prospective study all patients admitted with fracture neck of femurs were identified from the National Hip Fracture database and data obtained. The degree of AKI was classified according to the validated RIFILE criteria. Evaluation showed a 4 fold decrease, from 13% to only 3%, in AKI after introduction of the modified antibiotic policy. C.difficile continues to be non-existent since this change. Flucloxacillin obviously had a significant impact on this patient group. However, we have shown that with appropriate changes to antibiotic policy AKI associated morbidity can be significantly reduced. Dose dependent antibiotics will now be given based on weight and eGFR

Objective

To assess the usefulness of radiographs alone to evaluate acute midfoot/forefoot injuries. We believe that foot injuries are often under-estimated and that CT scans should be routinely obtained to aid in their management and avoid additional morbidity for patients.

Surfing has rapidly grown in popularity as the sport made its debut at the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games. Surfing injuries are becoming more relevant with the globalisation and increasing risks of the sport, but despite this, little is known about surfing injuries or prevention strategies in either the competitive or recreational surfer. We reviewed the literature for the incidence, anatomical distribution, type and underlying mechanism of acute and overuse injuries, and discuss current preventative measures. Four online databases, including MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library were searched from inception to March 2020. This review finds that skin injuries represent the highest proportion of total injuries. Acute injuries most frequently affect the head, neck and face, followed by the lower limbs. Being struck by one's own board is the most common mechanism of injury. Surfers are injured at a frequency of 0.30–6.60 injuries per 1000 hours of surfing. Most prior studies are limited by small sample sizes, poor data collection methodology and geographical constraints. The scientific literature on surfing injuries under-represents overuse musculoskeletal injuries and the efficacy of prevention strategies for surfing-related overuse musculoskeletal injuries has not been studied. Injuries to the head and neck pose greater risks to a surfer's morbidity and mortality, yet there is no consensus on the management protocol of spinal injuries that occur in open water. Non-contact acute ligament injuries have increased as surfing manoeuvres have become more acrobatic, and overuse musculoskeletal injuries are highly correlated with paddling. Further research is needed to establish preventative measures for both acute and overuse surfing injuries and to ensure the increasing popularity of surfing is met with an improved understanding of sport risks and safety. Specifically, we recommend research be prioritised regarding the efficacy of training programmes to prevent surfing-related overuse musculoskeletal injuries

Despite advances in treating acute spinal cord injury (SCI), measures to mitigate permanent neurological deficits in affected patients are limited. Augmentation of mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) to promote blood flow and oxygen delivery to the injured cord is one of the only currently available treatment options to potentially improve neurological outcomes after acute spinal cord injury (SCI). However, to optimize such hemodynamic management, clinicians require a method to measure and monitor the physiological effects of these MAP alterations within the injured cord in real-time. To address this unmet clinical need, we developed a series of miniaturized optical sensors and a monitoring system based on multi-wavelength near-infrared spectroscopy (MW-NIRS) technique for direct transdural measurement and continuous monitoring of spinal cord hemodynamics and oxygenation in real-time. We conducted a feasibility study in a porcine model of acute SCI. We also completed two separate animal studies to examine the function of the sensor and validity of collected data in an acute experiment and a seven-day post-injury survival experiment. In our first animal experiment, nine Yorkshire pigs underwent a weight-drop T10 vertebral level contusion-compression injury and received episodes of ventilatory hypoxia and alterations in MAP. Spinal cord hemodynamics and oxygenation were monitored throughout by a transdural NIRS sensor prototype, as well as an invasive intraparenchymal (IP) sensor as a comparison. In a second experiment, we studied six Yucatan miniature pigs that underwent a T10 injury. Spinal cord oxygenation and hemodynamics parameters were continuously monitored by an improved NIRS sensor over a long period. Episodes of MAP alteration and hypoxia were performed acutely after injury and at two- and seven-days post-injury to simulate the types of hemodynamic changes patients experience after an acute SCI. All NIRS data were collected in real-time, recorded and analyzed in comparison with IP measures. Noninvasive NIRS parameters of tissue oxygenation were highly correlated with invasive IP measures of tissue oxygenation in both studies. In particular, during periods of hypoxia and MAP alterations, changes of NIRS-derived spinal cord tissue oxygenation percentage were significant and corresponded well with the changes in spinal cord oxygen partial pressures measured by the IP sensors (p < 0.05). Our studies indicate that a novel optical biosensor developed by our team can monitor real-time changes in spinal cord hemodynamics and oxygenation over the first seven days post-injury and can detect local tissue changes that are reflective of systemic hemodynamic changes. Our implantable spinal cord NIRS sensor is intended to help clinicians by providing real-time information about the effects of hemodynamic management on the injured spinal cord. Hence, our novel NIRS system has the near-term potential to impact clinical care and improve neurologic outcomes in acute SCI. To translate our studies from bench to bedside, we have developed an advanced clinical NIRS sensor that is ready to be implanted in the first cohort of acute SCI patients in 2022

BACKGROUND. Injuries of the both menisci and complete ACL tear is quite common. In the literature, functional outcome in these patients is often variable and less than satisfactory. We studied the functional outcome of this group of patients (retrospective study of prospectively followed case series). MATERIAL AND METHODS. All patients who were diagnosed with ACL injury by arthroscopy at an tertiary hospital in southern India between January2013 and june2017 were enrolled in the study. From the total of 189 consecutive patients who had ACL tears with either one meniscus or both meniscus tear, 41 patients had injuries of both menisci of the same knee with ACL tear. 6 patients were lost to follow up. All patients underwent repair/balancing of one/both meniscus and reconstruction of ACL. There were 29 males and 6 females with age ranging from 18 – 60yrs (mean 25.2) years available for final analysis. RESULTS. In 45.71% of patients (n=16) both meniscal tear was diagnosed by arthroscopic examination only. Bucket handle tear was observed in 5 knees (medial: 4 knees, lateral: 1 knee) in fresh group, and 4 knees (medial: 3 knees, lateral: 1 knees) in delayed presentation. PMMRT was noted in 6 patients and PLMRT was noted in 3 patients. All patients were evaluated using lysholm score. CONCLUSION. The incidence of both meniscal tear associated with ACL injury has significant effect on the post operative management and the overall functional outcome. The incidence of injuries of both menisci is higher in acute injuries in our series

Introduction. The treatment of chronic bone infection often involves excision of dead bone and implantation of biomaterials which elute antibiotics. Gentamicin is a preferred drug for local delivery, but its systemic use carries a well-established risk of nephrotoxicity. We aim to establish the risk of renal injury with local delivery in a ceramic carrier. Materials and Methods. 163 consecutive patients with Cierny-Mader Type 3 or 4 chronic osteomyelitis were treated with a single-stage operation which included filling of the osseous defect with a calcium sulphate-hydroxyapatite carrier containing gentamicin. The mean carrier volume used was 10.9mls, leading to a mean implanted gentamicin dose of 191.3mg (maximum 525mg). Serum creatinine levels were collected pre-operatively and during the first seven days post-operatively. Renal impairment was graded using the Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Staging system, and AKI was assessed using the RIFLE criteria. Results. 155 cases had adequate data to allow calculation of pre- and post-operative GFR. 7 patients had pre-existing renal disease. 70 patients (45.2%) had a temporary eGFR drop post-operatively, with the greatest decrease occurring a mean 3.06 days following surgery. Twenty cases had a >10% decline in eGFR, but 12 resolved within 7 days. 7 patients transiently fell into the “Risk” category according to RIFLE criteria, but no patient had a change consistent with “Injury”, “Failure” or “Loss” of renal function and none had clinical signs of new acute renal impairment post-operatively. Conclusions. The implantation of up to 525mg of gentamicin contained within Cerament G, as part of the surgical treatment of osteomyelitis, is safe and carries minimal risk of significant acute kidney injury. A small, transient increase in serum creatinine may be observed in the early post-operative period, and attention should be paid to limit patients exposure to other nephrotoxic agents. The majority of patients will return to their baseline renal function within 7 days following the operation. The presence of pre-existing renal disease is not a contraindication to local gentamicin therapy

Aim. The use of piperacillin/tazobactam with vancomycin as empirical antimicrobial therapy (EAT) for prosthetic joint infection (PJI) has been associated with an increased risk of acute kidney injury (AKI), leading to propose cefepim as an alternative since 2017 in our reference center. The present study compared microbiological efficacy and tolerance of these two EAT strategies. Method. All patients with PJI empirically treated by vancomycin-cefepim (n=90) were prospectively enrolled in an observational study, and compared with vancomycin-piperacillin/tazobactam-treated historical controls (n=117), regarding: i) the proportion efficacious empirical regimen (i.e., at least one of the two molecules active against the identified organism(s) based on in vitro susceptibility testing); and ii) the incidence of empirical therapy-related adverse events (AE), classified according to the Common terminology criteria for AE (CTCAE). Results. Among the 146 (67.3%) documented infections, the EAT was considered as efficacious in 99 (99.0%) and 66 (98.5%) in the piperacillin-tazobactam and cefepim-treated patients, respectively (p=0.109). The rate of adverse events, and in particular AKI, was significantly higher in the vancomycin-piperacillin/tazobactam (n=38 [32.5%] and 32 [27.6%]) compared to the vancomycin-cefepim (n=13 [14.4%] and 5 [5.7%]) group (p=0.003 and <0.001, respectively). Of note, sex, age, and the proportion of patients receiving other nephrotoxics were similar among piperacillin/tazobactam- and cefepim-treated patients. However, in comparison with patients receiving cefepim, a higher modified Charlson's comorbitidy index (4 [IQR, 3–5] versus 2 [IQR, 2–4], p<0.001) has to be acknowledged, mainly related to a higher prevalence of baseline chronic renal injury (n=62, 53.4% versus n=34, 38.6%; p=0.035). Conclusions. The empirical use of vancomycin-cefepim in PJI was as efficient as vancomycin-piperacillin/tazobactam, and was associated with a significantly lower incidence of AKI

Acetabular fractures, particularly in the geriatric population are on the rise. A recent study indicated a 2.4-fold increase in the incidence of acetabular fractures, with the fastest rising age group, those older than the age of 55. Controversy exists as to the role and indications for total hip arthroplasty (THA), particularly in the acute setting. Three common scenarios require further evaluation and will be addressed. 1.) What is the role of THA in the acute setting for young patients (< 55 years old)? 2.) What is the role and indications for THA in the older patient population (>55 years) and what are surgical tips to address these complex issues? 3.) What are the outcomes of THA in patients with prior acetabular fractures converted to THA?. Acetabular fractures in young patients are often the result of high energy trauma and are a life changing event. In general, preservation of the native hip joint and avoidance of arthroplasty as the first line treatment should be recommended. A recent long-term outcome study of 810 acetabular fractures treated with Open Reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF) demonstrated 79% survivorship at 20 years with need for conversion to THA as the endpoint. Risk factors for failure were older age, degree of initial fracture displacement, incongruence of the acetabular roof and femoral head cartilage lesions. In selected younger patients, certain fracture types with concomitant injuries to articular surfaces may best be treated by acute THA. In the elderly patient population, acetabular fractures are more likely the result of low energy trauma but often times result in more displacement, comminution and damage to the articular surface. Osteoporosis and generalised poor bone quality make adequate reduction and fixation a challenge in these acute injuries. As such, the role of acute arthroplasty is becoming more widespread. Consideration should be given to delayed arthroplasty in certain patients to allow time for fracture healing followed by THA. However, early mobilization and weight bearing is important in the elderly population and consideration should be given to acute THA. The challenge remains gaining appropriate acetabular fixation in the fractured, osteoporotic bone. Early results showed high complication rates with acetabular fixation. However, newer fixation surfaces and advances in ORIF techniques have led to improved results. In addition, the need for complex acetabular reconstruction with the use of cages or cup cage constructs may be required in this setting. Appropriate 3-D imaging is essential to evaluate the extent of involvement of the anterior and posterior columns as well as the acetabular walls. Mears et al. reported on 57 patients who underwent THA for acute acetabular fracture and reported results at a mean of 8.1 years. 79% of patient reported good or excellent results and no acetabular cups were revised for loosening. One of the more common scenarios is the patient that presents with a prior ORIF of an acetabular fracture that has developed post-traumatic arthritis or avascular necrosis of the hip and requires conversion to THA. Challenges in this patient population include dealing with prior hardware that may interfere with THA component fixation, severe stiffness of the joint making exposure difficult and prior heterotopic ossification that may put neurovascular structures at risk. Previous studies have demonstrated lower long-term survivorship of the acetabular component (71% at 20 years) compared to primary THA for osteoarthritis. New acetabular fixation surfaces should mitigate the risk of aseptic loosening in this challenging patient population

Certain acetabular fractures involve impaction of the weight-bearing dome and medialisation of the femoral head. Intra-operative fracture reduction is made easier by traction on the limb, ideally in line with the femoral neck (lateral traction). However, holding this lateral traction throughout surgery is very difficult for a tiring assistant. We detail a previously undescribed technique of providing intra-operative lateral femoral head traction via a pelvic reduction frame, to aid fixation of difficult acetabular fractures. The first 10 consecutive cases are reviewed (Group 1) and compared with a retrospective control (Group 2, n=18) of case-matched patients, treated prior to introducing the technique. The post-operative X-rays and CT scans were assessed to identify quality of fracture reduction according to the criteria of Tornetta and Matta. Operative time, blood loss and early complication rates were also compared. All cases in both groups were acute injuries with medial and/or superior migration of the femoral head. The majority were either associated both column or anterior column posterior hemi-transverse. There was no statistical difference between the groups in age, time to surgery, BMI or ASA grade. Fracture reduction was assessed as excellent in seven, good in three and poor in one. This was not significantly different from the control group (p=0.093). The mean operative time was 232 minutes in Group 1 and 332.78 minutes in Group 2 (p = 0.0015). There was no difference between the groups for blood loss or complication rates. We conclude that this new technique is at least equivalent to using manual traction and early results suggest it reduces operative time and technical difficulty in treating these complex acetabular fractures

Introduction. Infection following traumatic injury of the tibia is challenging, with surgical debridement and prolonged systemic antibiotic therapy well established. Local delivery via cement beads has shown improved outcome, but these often require further surgery to remove. Osteoset-T is a bone-graft substitute composed of calcium sulphate and 4%-Tobramycin, available in pellets that are packed easily into bone defects. Concerns remain regarding the sterile effluent produced as it resorbs, along with the risk of acute kidney injury following systemic absorption. Purpose. We present outcomes of 22 patients treated with Osteoset-T. Methods. Medical notes were reviewed of every case of osteomyelitis of the tibia over a 30-month period, in which Osteoset-T had been used. Excision of infected soft tissue and tibial debridement was performed. Metalwork whenever present removed, before Osteoset-T pellets were packed into any cortical defects or the intra-medullary canal. Further stabilisation (n=9) and soft tissue reconstruction (n=7) was undertaken as required. Intravenous vancomycin and meropenem was administered after sampling. Meropenem discontinued after 3 days if no gram negatives cultured, and vancomycin continued for 1 week. Thereafter targeted antibiotic therapy given for 6 weeks, or ciprofloxacin and rifampicin orally if no growth. Results. Average follow-up was 16 months, with wound complications encountered in 50%. A wound discharge in the early post-operative period was noted in 8 patients (36%) independent of site of Osteoset-T placement, with 6 demonstrating wound healing complications. Whereas only 5 of 14 patients without wound leak developed wound complications, but the difference did not reach significance (p=0.18, Fisher exact test). Union rate and infection eradication was 100%, with only one patient developing a transient acute kidney injury. Conclusion. Despite a high incidence of wound discharge that may promote healing complications, Osteoset-T is an effective adjunct in treatment of chronic tibial osteomyelitis following trauma, with nephrotoxicity concerns not warranted

The aim of the study was to assess the medium term outcome for complex proximal humeral fractures treated with the long proximal humeral internal locking system (PHILOS) plate fixation. All patients who had long PHILOS plate fixation of proximal humerus fractures with metaphyseal or diaphyseal extension over a three year period at our institution were included in the study. Patients had their case notes and radiographs reviewed. Patients were also contacted to assess functional outcome using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain, DASH, Oxford shoulder score (OSS) and Stanmore Percentage of Normal Shoulder Assessment (SPONSA). Out of an initial cohort of 34 patients, 1 died, 2 patients had unrelated illnesses resulting in them being unable to complete the assessment and 6 were lost to follow-up, leaving 25 patients (74%) for review. All patients had proximal humeral fractures with metaphyseal or diaphyseal extension requiring long plate osteosynthesis. One patient had the procedure for non union following initial treatment with an intra medullary nail and the rest were acute injuries. The patients were followed up after a mean of 27 months (range 11–60). The length of plate used varied from 5 to 12 holes for the shaft region. There was 1 wound infection. 3 patients had non unions which required bone grafting and revision internal fixation. At final follow-up, mean pain was 3.6 (95% Confidence Interval 2.5–4.8) with only 4 patients having residual pain greater than 5 on the VAS scale. Mean DASH score was 41.2 (95% CI 32.0–50.4), mean OSS was 29.1 (95% CI 24.3–33.9) and mean SPONSA was 63.9% (95% CI 50.8–77.2). The long PHILOS plate appears to represent a good treatment option for complex proximal humerus fractures with favourable medium term results and few complications

The treatment of Grade III acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) dislocations has been a subject of much controversy, even as early as Hippocrates. We hypothesized that this surgical technique would improve patient functional outcome. Methods and Results. We present a case series of 17 patients all of whom have had grade III dislocations of the ACJ. The patient population was young active adults. Surgery was performed within four weeks in all cases. One Surgeon in the Queen Elizabeth hospital, University of Birmingham, performed the same procedure on all 17 patients. A standard technique was used for tight rope fixation. The fixation device is comprised of no. 5 fibrewire suture and 2 metal buttons, joined by a continuous loop. This is a low-profile double-metallic button technique. Postoperatively all patients remained in a polysling for three weeks and postoperative rehabilitation was commenced after that point including physiotherapy supervised pendular exercises and gentle passive movements. They were all seen six weeks and three months post operatively. Clinical and radiographic assessment was performed to assess the fixation. Of our cohort of patients, one required revision open stabilization after sustaining a mechanical fall on the affected operated side. There was a failure of fixation in a patient who was non-compliant with postoperative instructions. At three months postoperatively all patients were satisfied with the functional outcome and were able to return to pre injury level of activity. Bar the two failures the average OSS was 45.2 (range 40–48). 14 patients returned to their pre injury occupation and sports fitness. Conclusion. This technique provides a simple, reproducible, minimally invasive technique for acute ACJ dislocation, which expedites a functional recovery of this acute injury. It is a non-rigid fixation of the AC joint that maintains reduction yet allowing for normal movement at the joint

Purpose. The timing of definitive fixation for major fractures in polytrauma patients is controversial. To clarify this aspect of trauma management, we randomised patients with blunt multiple injuries to either initial definitive stabilisation of the femur shaft with an intramedullary nail or an external fixator which was converted to an intramedullary nail at a secondary procedure and documented the post-operative clinical condition. Methods. Multiply injured patients with femoral shaft fractures were randomised to either initial (<24 hours) intramedullary femoral nailing or to initial external fixation and conversion to an intramedullary nail at a later phase. Inclusion criteria: New Injury Severity Score >16 points, or 3 fractures and Abbreviated Injury Scale score >2 points and another injury (Abbreviated Injury Scale score >2 points), and age 18 to 65 years. Exclusion criteria: unstable or patients in extremis. Patients were graded as stable or borderline (increased risk of systemic complications). OUTCOMES: Incidence of acute lung injuries. Results. Ten European Centres, 165 patients, mean age 32.7 ±11.7 years. Group of intramedullary nailing, n = 94; Group of external fixation, n = 71. Pre-operatively, 121 patients were stable and 44 patients were in borderline condition. After adjusting for differences in initial injury severity, the odds of developing acute lung injury were 6.69 times greater in borderline patients who underwent intramedullary nailing in comparison to the external fixation group, P < 0.05. Conclusion. Intramedullary stabilisation of the femur fracture can affect the outcome in patients with multiple injuries. In stable patients, primary femoral nailing is associated with shorter ventilation time. In borderline patients, it is associated with a higher incidence of lung dysfunctions when compared to those that underwent initially external fixation. Therefore, the pre-operative condition should be when deciding on the type of initial fixation to perform in patients with multiple blunt injuries