Introduction

Fusion represents an effective treatment option in patients affected by end-stage arthritis. To minimise the risk of non-union following fusion, biological preparations such as bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC) are commonly used intra-operatively. Mechanotransduction represents an emerging field of research whereby physical stimuli can be used to modulate the behaviour and differentiation of cells. Blast waves (a subtype of shock waves) are one such physical stimulus. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the osteogenic potential of BMAC can be enhanced using a blast wave, and thus improve its efficacy in fusion surgery.

Introduction. Operative fixation of ankle fractures is often deferred due to swelling to avoid the risk of wound problems. The routine practice is to admit the patient and operate once the swelling has subsided. We introduced a new pathway to manage these ankle fractures at home preoperatively to improve service efficiency. We studied the impact of home therapy on length of inpatient stay and associated problems. Methods. A control group was studied from December 2009 to March 2010, where patients were treated normally. The home therapy ankle pathway was then introduced in August 2010. Patients presenting with excess ankle swelling were placed in a back slab following reduction of ankle to a satisfactory position. The patients were provided limb care advice, thromboprophylaxis, an emergency contact number and discharged home on crutches with a predetermined operative slot, usually 6 days following injury. Patients were also contacted by a member of staff to ensure they were coping with the injured limb at home. Patients who are unsafe to be discharged on home therapy were admitted. This cohort of patients was studied between August 2010 and December 2011. Results. In the control group, 49 ankle fractures required operative intervention. The mean pre-operative length of stay and post op length of stay were 5 days and 2.88 days respectively. Between August 2010 and December 2011, following implementation of the pathway, 195 ankle fractures required operative treatment. Of these, 107 patients were eligible for home therapy. The average pre-op length of stay was 0.17 days. Home therapy was carried out for an average of 6.63 days. There were no soft tissue or home therapy complications. The average post op length of stay was 1.72 days (P<0.001). Conclusion. The home therapy ankle pathway is a safe and cost-effective method of initial management of ankle fractures

Background. Ankle fractures are extremely common but unfortunately, over 20% fail to obtain good to excellent recovery. For those requiring surgical fixation, usual-care post-surgery has included six-weeks cast immobilisation and non-weightbearing. Disuse atrophy and joint stiffness are detrimental sequelae of this management. While rehabilitation, starting at two-weeks post-surgery is viewed as safe, the literature contains methodological flaws and a lack of focus on early exercise, perpetuating the controversy over the effectiveness of early exercise interventions. Objectives. Our objectives were to determine if following operative fixation for Weber B fracture, the physiotherapy intervention, early motion and directed exercise (EMADE), applied in the clinical setting, were superior to Usual-care at 12-weeks (primary outcome) and 24-weeks. Design and Methods. We undertook a pragmatic-RCT, recruiting 157 surgically fixed Weber B ankle fracture patients, to establish if EMADE was superior to the Usual-care of 6-weeks immobilisation. The EMADE physiotherapy intervention (between week-2 and 4 post-surgery) utilised a removable cast and combined non-weightbearing progressive home exercises with manual therapy, advice and education. The primary outcome measure was the OMAS at 12-weeks. Results. 130 participants returned their 12-weeks post-surgery data, exceeding the 60/group threshold set by the a-priory power calculation. Group OMAS means were; 62.0 and 48.8 (SD 21, 22.5) EMADE, Usual-care respectively, yielding a clinically meaningful mean difference of 13.2 on the OMAS and a statistical difference (95% CI p< 0.001, 5.66 to 20.73). Both clinically meaningful and statistically significant findings were maintained at week-24. There were no intervention related or unexpected adverse events, including instability. Conclusions. This clinic set pragmatic-RCT yielded both clinical and statistical outcomes at week-12 in favour of the EMADE physiotherapy intervention over the Usual-care of 6-weeks immobilisation, in surgically fixed Weber B ankle fracture patients. These positive findings were maintained at week-24 and justify EMADE physiotherapy as a viable treatment option

Introduction. Diabetic foot disease is a major public health problem with an annual NHS expenditure in excess of £1 billion. Infection increases risk of major amputation fivefold. Due to the polymicrobial nature of diabetic foot infections, it is often difficult to isolate the correct organism with conventional culture techniques, to deliver appropriate narrow spectrum antibiotics. Rapid DNA-based technology using multi-channel arrays presents a quicker alternative and has previously been used effectively in intensive care and respiratory medicine. Methods. We gained institutional and Local Ethics Committee approval for a prospective cohort study of patients with clinically infected diabetic foot wounds. They all had deep tissue samples taken in clinic processed with conventional culture and real-time PCR TaqMan array. Results. 50 samples were taken from 39 patients between October 2020 and March 2022. 84% of patient were male, 88% had type 2 diabetes. The ulcers were of variable chronicity prior to sampling (range 1–113 weeks) and mean HbA1c was 67.2mmol/mol. Ulcers were on the heel (3), midfoot (6) and forefoot (41). Minimum follow up was 3 months. 6 ulcers healed, 24 patients were admitted due to foot disease, there were 2 major amputations and 4 deaths. TaqMan array results were available a mean of 4.3 days earlier than culture results. 9 patients had negative conventional cultures and 8 were negative onarray testing. 17 patients had the same organisms detected on culture and array. 16 of these 17 had additional organisms detected by array. The most frequent organisms detected on array that were not detected by culture were Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter, Pseudomonas and fungi. Conclusion. TaqMan array shows promise in detecting infecting organisms from diabetic foot wounds and providing earlier results than standard culture, which may enable appropriate and timely antibiotic therapy

Objectives. The incidence of acute Achilles tendon rupture appears to be increasing. The aim of this study was to summarize various therapies for acute Achilles tendon rupture and discuss their relative merits. Methods. A PubMed search about the management of acute Achilles tendon rupture was performed. The search was open for original manuscripts and review papers limited to publication from January 2006 to July 2017. A total of 489 papers were identified initially and finally 323 articles were suitable for this review. Results. The treatments of acute Achilles tendon rupture include operative and nonoperative treatments. Operative treatments mainly consist of open repair, percutaneous repair, mini-open repair, and augmentative repair. Traditional open repair has lower re-rupture rates with higher risks of complications. Percutaneous repair and mini-open repair show similar re-rupture rates but lower overall complication rates when compared with open repair. Percutaneous repair requires vigilance against nerve damage. Functional rehabilitation combining protected weight-bearing and early controlled motion can effectively reduce re-rupture rates with satisfactory outcomes. Biological adjuncts help accelerating tendon healing by adhering rupture ends or releasing highly complex pools of signalling factors. Conclusion. The optimum treatment for complete rupture remains controversial. Both mini-open repair and functional protocols are attractive alternatives, while biotherapy is a potential future development. Cite this article: X. Yang, H. Meng, Q. Quan, J. Peng, S. Lu, A. Wang. Management of acute Achilles tendon ruptures: A review. Bone Joint Res 2018;7:561–569. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.710.BJR-2018-0004.R2

Aims

Although absorbable sutures for the repair of acute Achilles tendon rupture (ATR) have been attracting attention, the rationale for their use remains insufficient. This study prospectively compared the outcomes of absorbable and nonabsorbable sutures for the repair of acute ATR.

Aims. Hindfoot arthrodesis with retrograde intramedullary nailing has been described as a surgical strategy to reconstruct deformities of the ankle and hindfoot in patients with Charcot arthropathy. This study presents case series of Charcot arthropathy patients treated with two different retrograde intramedullary straight compression nails in order to reconstruct the hindfoot and assess the results over a mid-term follow-up. Patients and Methods. We performed a retrospective analysis of 18 consecutive patients and 19 operated feet with Charcot arthropathy who underwent a hindfoot arthrodesis using a retrograde intramedullary compression nail. Patients were ten men and eight women with a mean age of 63.43 years (38.5 to 79.8). We report the rate of limb salvage, complications requiring additional surgery, and fusion rate in both groups. The mean duration of follow-up was 46.36 months (37 to 70). Results. The limb salvage rate was 16 of 19 limbs. Three patients had to undergo below-knee amputation due to persistent infection followed by osteomyelitis resistant to parenteral antibiotic therapy and repeated debridement. Complications including infection, hardware removal, nonunion, and persistent ulcers requiring further intervention were also observed. Postoperative functional scores revealed significant improvement compared with preoperative scores on American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) – Hindfoot scale, Foot Function Index (FFI), visual analogue scale (VAS), and Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS). Conclusion. The use of retrograde intramedullary compression nail results in good rates of limb salvage when used for hindfoot reconstruction in patients with Charcot arthropathy. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2018;100-B:190–6

Aims

This study reports updates the previously published two-year clinical, functional, and radiological results of a group of patients who underwent transfibular total ankle arthroplasty (TAA), with follow-up extended to a minimum of five years.

Aim. We describe a case series using adjuvant calcium sulphate bio composites with antibiotics in treating infected metalwork in the foot and ankle. Method. 11 patients aged 22–81 (9 males, 2 females) were treated with clinical evidence of infected limb metal work from previous orthopaedic surgery. Metal work removal with intra osseous application of either cerement in 8 cases (10–20ml including 175mg–350mg gentamycin) or stimulan in 3 cases (5–12ml including 1g vancomycin) into the site was performed. Supplemental systemic antibiotic therapy (oral/intravenous) was instituted based on intraoperative tissue culture and sensitivity. Results. 7 patients had infected ankle metalwork, 2 had infected foot metalwork and 2 had infected external fixators. Metal work was removed in all cases. Mean pre operative CRP was 25.4 mg/l (range 1–137mg/l). Mean postoperative CRP at 1 week was 15.4mg/l (range 2–36mg/l) and at 1 month was 16.1mg/l (range 2–63mg/l). Mean pre op WCC was 8.5×10. 9. (range 6.2–10.6×10. 9. ). Mean post op WCC at 1 week was 8.8×10. 9. (range 5.1–12.7×10. 9. ) and 1 month was 7.1×10. 9. (range 3.7–10.4×10. 9. ). Organisms cultured included enterobacter, staphylococcus species, stenotrophomonas, acinetobacter, group B streptococcus, enterococcus, escherichia coli, pseudomonas, morganella morganii and finegoldia magna. Infection eradication as a single stage procedure with primary would closure and healing was achieved in 10 out of 11 cases (90.9%). No additional procedures were required in these cases. Conclusions. Our results support the use of a calcium sulphate bio composite with antibiotic as an adjuvant for effective local infection control in cases with implant related bone sepsis. The technique is well tolerated with no systemic or local side effects. Our results show that a single stage implant removal, debridement and local antibiotic delivery can achieve over 90% success rates. We theorise that it could minimise the need for prolonged systemic antibiotic therapy in such cases

Aims

In our unit, we adopt a two-stage surgical reconstruction approach using internal fixation for the management of infected Charcot foot deformity. We evaluate our experience with this functional limb salvage method.

Aims

A multicentre, randomized, clinician-led, pragmatic, parallel-group orthopaedic trial of two surgical procedures was set up to obtain high-quality evidence of effectiveness. However, the trial faced recruitment challenges and struggled to maintain recruitment rates over 30%, although this is not unusual for surgical trials. We conducted a qualitative study with the aim of gathering information about recruitment practices to identify barriers to patient consent and participation to an orthopaedic trial.

Aim. To evaluate the clinical outcome of a new absorbable, gentamycin loaded calcium sulfate/hydroxyapatite biocomposite (CERAMENT. ™. /G) as cavity filler after debridement and removal of infected metalwork in chronic osteomyelitis. Methods. We report the retrospective study of prospectively collected data from 36 patients with chronic osteomyelitis from implant infection. Treatment included a single stage protocol with removal of the metalwork, debridement augmented with application of CERAMENT. ™. /G, stabilization, culture-specific antibiotics and primary skin closure or flap. The biocomposite was used for dead space filling after resection of Cierny-Mader (C-M) stage III and IV chronic osteomyelitis. Data were collected on patient age, comorbidities, operation details, microbiology, postoperative complications and type of fixation or plastic surgery. Primary measure of outcome was recurrence rate. Results. According to the C-M classification 22 patients (63%) were defined as Type III and 13 (37%) as Type IV. A total of 26 (72%) patients were Class B hosts. In 9 cases (25%), there was an infected non-union and 1 patient had septic arthritis. Mean age was 52 years (range 22 to 81). Patients were followed for a mean of 20 months (range 6 to 36). Infection was eradicated in 32 patients. There were three (8.3%) recurrences (two cases of osteomyelitis and one of soft tissue/flap infection). Two of them were successfully managed with repeat surgery (one Class B and one Class A host) and one (Class B host) with suppressive antibiotic therapy as per patient's choice. In one infected nonunion the infection was eradicated but the nonunion persisted. Thirteen patients (36.6%) had a local or free fascio-cutaneus flap. Staphylococci (50%) and Enterococci (15%) were the most common microorganisms. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was more common in polymicrobial infection usually with Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusions. A multidisciplicary approach including augmented debridement with CERAMENT. ™. /G is effective for treatment of chronic osteomyelitis with infected metalwork

Body Image is defined as our internalised sense of what we look like. For most of us, there is a relatively good match between what we think we look like and how we appear to other people. Body image can also be studied in terms of what you look like in the eyes of an observer and the pressures that occur to look a certain way. Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) is the most extreme type of body image problem and consists of a preoccupation with one or more features that is not noticeable to others or the person's concern is markedly excessive. The preoccupation is associated with many time consuming rituals such as mirror gazing or constant comparing. It is associated with a poor quality of life, social isolation, depression and a high risk of committing suicide. Any part of the body may be involved but the foot is an uncommon focus for people with BDD. Such individuals often have needless dermatological treatment and cosmetic surgery. Body image problems and especially BDD is easily trivialised and stigmatised. People with BDD can benefit from cognitive behaviour therapy and certain types of medication. Speaker. David Veale is Consultant Psychiatrist in Cognitive Behaviour Therapy at the South London and Maudsley Trust and The Priory Hospital North London and an Honorary Senior Lecturer at the Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London. He runs a national specialist service for people with BDD and obsessive-compulsive disorder. He has published about 70 articles and co-authored five books including “Overcoming Body Image Problems (including Body Dysmorphic Disorder” published by Robinson and a treatment manual for BDD. He is a past President of The British Association of Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies. His website is . www.veale.co.uk

It has been suggested that extracorporeal shockwave therapy is a safe and effective treatment for pain relief from recalcitrant plantar fasciopathy (PF). However, the changes in gait and associated biomechanical parameters have not been well characterised. We recruited 12 female patients with recalcitrant PF who had a mean age of 59 years (50 to 70) and mean body mass index of 25 kg/m. 2. (22 to 30). The patients reported a mean duration of symptoms of 9.3 months (6 to 15). Shockwave therapy consisting of 1500 impulses (energy flux density 0.26 mJ/mm. 2. ) was applied for three sessions, each three weeks apart. A pain visual analogue scale (VAS) rating, plantar pressure assessment and motion analysis were carried out before and nine weeks after first shock wave therapy. It was demonstrated that patients increased their walking velocity and cadence as well indicating a decrease in pain after shockwave therapy. In the symptomatic foot, the peak contact pressure over the forefoot increased and the contact area over the digits decreased. The total foot impulse also decreased as did stance duration. The duration the centre of pressure remained in the hindfoot increased in the symptomatic foot after shockwave therapy. The differences in centre of pressure trajectory at baseline decreased at final follow-up. In conclusion, shockwave therapy not only decreased the pain VAS rating but also improved the gait parameters of the symptomatic foot in PF patients. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:1088–93

Background. Diabetes is bad, common and diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) once established lead to high rates of amputation. In Nottingham our standard management for infected diabetic foot ulcers is surgical debridement, microbiological sampling, packing with gentamicin beads and targeted antibiotic therapy. Recently we have switched to packing with Stimulan, which is a purified synthetic calcium sulphate compound that can be mixed with patient appropriate antibiotics, is biodegradable and delivers better elution characteristics compared to gentamicin beads. Aim. To assess the efficacy of Stimulan compared to Gentamicin beads in the surgical management of infected diabetic foot ulcers. Methods. In 2012/13 the department audited its results of DFU surgical management with gentamicin beads. In 2014/5 the audit was repeated but Stimulan was used instead due to the perceived advantages Patients with infected DFU that could comply with treatment were included. Patients who had other sources of sepsis, non-compliant or moribund were excluded. Treatment pathways were identical apart for the use of Stimulan in 2014/5. The primary outcome measure was ulcer healing. The secondary outcome measure was length of stay and recurrence. Results. Each group had 23 patients. The gentamicin group had a DFU for 12.3 months(3weeks-5 years) before presentation for surgery compared to the Stimulan group 6.1 months(2weeks-5years). Both groups had failed non-surgical management. The majority of the ulcers were located on the forefoot. In the stimulan group 70% (16/23) of ulcers had healed with an average of 4 months(2–7 months) compared to 57% (13/23) in the Gentamicin group within 6months(1–12). The length of stay was shorter in the Stimulan group 7 days (1–70) compared to 28days(1–70) in the Gentamicin group. Conclusion. In our review Stimulan was superior to Gentamicin beads in the management of infected diabetic foot ulcers. We believe it has a role to play in limb salvage

Aims

In the context of tendon degenerative disorders, the need for innovative conservative treatments that can improve the intrinsic healing potential of tendon tissue is progressively increasing. In this study, the role of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) in improving the tendon healing process was evaluated in a rat model of collagenase-induced Achilles tendinopathy.

Background:. Avascular necrosis (AVN) of the talus is a painful condition caused by trauma, steroids, alcoholism and haematological disorders. It is difficult to treat and at present there is insufficient evidence in favour of any particular strategy. The aim of operative therapy should be to relieve symptoms, maintain the normal architecture of the talus and treat associated arthritis. Small case series have described early core decompression, retrograde tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesies and open tibio-calcaneal arthrodesis. Open procedures risk further talar collapse by disrupting its blood supply, and tibiotalocalcanal fusion sacrifices both the ankle and subtalar joints. The hypothesis is that arthroscopic ankle fusion relieves symptoms of AVN talus while preserving the subtalar joint and preventing further collapse. Methods:. A case study was performed of 16 patients with AVN who underwent arthroscopic ankle fusion at the Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford, UK between 1998 and 2012. Clinical notes, radiographs and MRI was used to investigate the cause, co-morbidities and treatment outcomes following arthroscopic ankle fusion. Our primary outcome was fusion rate. Secondary outcomes included peri-operative complications, ongoing pain and subsequent operative intervention. Results:. The average age at the time of operation was 53.5 years (range 17 to 69). The presumed causes of AVN talus were steroids (3 patients), trauma (3 patients), haematological (2 patients), and alcoholism. The aetiology was unknown in 7 patients. Clinical and radiological fusion at the ankle joint was confirmed in 14/16 patients (2 were followed elsewhere). 11 patients were satisfied with the result at discharge, reporting no post operative complications. 3 patients had ongoing pain. 2 patients reported metalware irritation. 2 patients underwent a subsequent subtalar fusion. Conclusions:. Arthroscopic ankle fusion is a safe and reliable treatment of symptomatic AVN talus. It is a minimally invasive procedure potentially improving blood supply to the the talus and sparing the subtalar joint

Introduction:. Plantar Fasciitis is an extremely common and challenging problem that presents itself to foot and ankle practitioners. Many different treatment modalities are available for this condition, with little proven benefit. ECSWT was approved for use by the FDA for the treatment of chronic proximal plantar fasciitis in 2002 and NICE published guidance in 2009 recommending its use in refractory cases. Methods:. Patients who diagnosed with ultrasound scan, and for whom other treatments were unsuccessful, underwent treatment on an outpatient basis. They had three 4–5 minute sessions, once a week. A Spectrum machine was used delivering 10 Hz waves in 500 preset pulses at 2 bar pressure, followed by 2000 preset pulses at 2.5 bar pressure. Pre- and 3 month post-treatment pain levels were recorded using a 10 point Visual Analogue Scale. Results:. 210 courses of treatment have been performed on 181 feet belonging to 135 patients. 46 patients have had treatment to both feet. 121 treatments have paired pre and postoperative VAS scores. 79 had a reduced score post treatment (65.2%), 17 had an increased score (14%), and 24 had a score which remained unchanged (19.8%). 65.8% subjectively felt they had improved. Overall there was an average reduction in VAS score from 7 to 4.975, a reduction of 2.025 points (p=0.000000000151). Discussion:. The majority of patients show a benefit in terms of an overall reduction in pain score, though it is not clear how many patients would have improved spontaneously in that time. However, there is further work to do in terms of a more detailed evaluation of the effect on foot function: anecdotally the treatment may significantly improve start up pain. We would also like to see if we can establish a benefit for the therapy earlier in the disease process

Introduction. Uncontrolled deep sepsis in the diabetic foot often leads to below knee amputation (BKA). However, for deep sepsis in the forefoot, a transmetatarsal amputation can be curative while preserving the native ankle and hindfoot and allowing mobility without a prosthesis. We critically examined the outcome of transmetatarsal amputation in our diabetic patients with forefoot ulceration and proven osteomyelitis. Materials and Methods. Data were collected prospectively at the multidisciplinary diabetic foot clinic. We recorded demographic details, duration of diabetes, comorbidities, nature of ulceration, radiological findings, Texas wound score and details of surgery. Patients were followed up regularly in the diabetes clinic. Medical records were reviewed and complications recorded. Results. Between January 2005 and December 2008, eleven patients (nine male, two female) underwent transmetatarsal amputation for osteomyelitis resistant to antibiotic therapy. Mean age was 58.5 years. Of the ten followed up, six had an intact hindfoot stump in Feburary 2010 (mean 36 months, range 32-46). One patient died with the stump intact at 21 months. Five patients remained ambulatory, while two had already been using a wheelchair. Three patients required BKA for continued sepsis and ischaemia. Discussion. Given the high comorbidities of our patients, it is encouraging that 7 out of 10 patients had successful transmetatarsal amputations. Numbers are small, as the procedure has a relatively narrow indication (severe sepsis confined to the forefoot). In retrospect, pre-operative MRI might have helped to delineate the extent of necrosis, and might have led to better patient ion and a lower re-operation rate. Conclusions. BKA is not necessary for all diabetic feet with uncontrolled deep sepsis. Transmetatarsal amputation can preserve the hindfoot and maintain ambulatory function for three years or more, even in complex patients with comorbidities. Decision-making and perioperative care are challenging and require a dedicated multidisciplinary team

Introduction. Calcaneal osteotomy is often performed together with other procedures to correct hindfoot deformity. There are various methods of fixation ranging from staples, headed or headless screws or more recently stepped locking plates. It is not clear if one method is superior to the other. In this series we compare the outcome of various methods of fixation with particular attention to the need for subsequent hardware removal. Patients and Methods. A retrospective review of the records of a consecutive series of patients who had a calcaneal osteotomy performed in our unit within the last 5 years was undertaken. All patients had had their osteotomy through an extended lateral approach to their calcaneous. The subsequent fixation was performed using one of three methods; a lateral plate placed through the same incision; a ‘headless’; or a ‘headed’ screw through a separate stab incision inserted through the infero-posterior heel. Records were kept of subsequent symptoms from the hardware and need for metalwork removal as well as any complications. When screws were inserted the entry point in relation to the weight-bearing surface of the calcaneous was also recorded. Results. Sixty-three osteotomies were investigated of which 15 were fixed using a headed screw, 18 using a headless screw (acutrak TM) and the remaining 30 were fixed using a lateral plate. There was a 100% union rate regardless of method of fixation, no patient was investigated or subject to revision surgery for a suspected non-union. Overall 47% of the headed screws, 10% of the headless screws and 9% of the lateral plates were removed to address symptoms that were suspected to arise from the hardware. There was a 10% (3 from 30) rate of wound complication in the lateral plate cohort. In all these cases there was persisting discharge from the extended lateral wound that resolved with dressing and antibiotic therapy alone. Conclusions. Calcaneal osteotomies have a high union rate regardless of fixation method. Fixation using a headed screw is associated with a high rate of secondary screw removal and this is unrelated to the position of the screw in relation to the weight-bearing surface of the calcaneous. Hardware problems are less frequent in the ‘headless’ screw or the lateral plate groups; however in this series, the incidence of local wound complications was higher in the group fixed with a lateral plate