The primary aim of this study was to identify the rate of osteoarthritis in scaphoid fracture non-union. We also aimed to investigate whether the incidence of osteoarthritis correlates with the duration of non-union(interval), and to identify the variables that influence the outcome. We retrospectively reviewed 273 scaphoid fracture non-union presented between 2007 and 2016. Data included patient demographics, interval, fracture morphology, grade of osteoarthritis (Kellgren-Lawrence) and scaphoid non-union advanced collapse (SNAC), and overall health-related quality of life. Patients were divided into two groups (SNAC and Non-SNAC). Group differences were analysed using Mann-Whitney U test and association with Pearson's correlations. A two-sided p-value of <0.05 was considered significant. The scaphoid fracture non-union were confirmed on CT scans (n=243) and plain radiographs (n=35). The subjects were 32 females and 260 males with the mean age of 33.8 years (SD, 13.2). The average interval was 3.1 years (range, 0–45 years). Osteoarthritis occurred in 58% (n=161) of non-unions, and 42% (n=117) had no osteoarthritis. In overall, 38.5% (n=107) had SNAC-1, 9% (n=25) with SNAC-2, and 10.4% (n=29) presented with SNAC-3. The mean interval in the non-SNAC group was 1.2 years, and in SNAC 1,2, and 3 were 2.6, 6.8, and 11.1 years, respectively. The average summary index in SNAC and non- SNAC groups was 0.803 and 0.819, respectively. Our results also showed a significant correlation between advanced osteoarthritis and proximal fracture non-unions(P<0.05). We concluded that there is no clear correlation between the interval and the progression of osteoarthritis. SNAC was more likely to occur in fractures aged 2 years or older

Background. Scaphoid fracture malunion with flexion and shortening results in the ‘humpback deformity’. This is thought to be associated with poor clinical results when assessed with the lateral intra-scaphoid angle and the Green and O'Brien wrist evaluation scale. This method of deformity measurement is now considered unreliable and the functional score has not been validated in the setting of scaphoid fractures. Aims & objectives. To assess the outcome of scaphoid malunion at one year using the height to length ratio, a reliable measure of deformity, and the Patient Evaluation Measure (PEM), a functional assessment validated specifically for scaphoid fracture outcome. Material & methods. Forty-two consecutive patients with a united scaphoid fracture were prospectively evaluated one year following injury. All had been treated in a below elbow colles plaster for up to 12 weeks. Fracture union was confirmed at 12-18 weeks post-injury with longitudinal CT scans. Scaphoid malunion was quantified with the height to length ratio measured on CT images by two observers. A blind clinical assessment was made and all patients completed the PEM questionnaire. The group consisted of 38 males and 4 females with a mean age of 31 years at the time of injury. Results. 23 out of 42 patients were judged to have scaphoid malunion. Grip strength, range of motion and PEM scores were not significantly different between the malunited fractures and those fractures that united without deformity (Grip Strength: 95% vs. 100% of the normal side; ROM: 98% vs. 99% and PEM: 7% vs. 10% respectively, p>0.066). Conclusions. We found scaphoid fractures that had united with a humpback deformity resulted in a 5% reduction in hand grip strength, but no significant reduction in range of motion or functional impairment using the validated PEM

Purpose. Knowing the morphology of any fracture, including scaphoid fractures, is important in order to determine the fracture stability and the appropriate fixation technique. Scaphoid fractures are classified according to their radiographic appearance, and simple transverse waist fractures are considered the most common. There is no description in the literature of the 3-dimensional morphology of scaphoid fractures. Our hypothesis was that most scaphoid fractures are not perpendicular to its long axis, i.e. they are not simple transverse fractures. Methods. A 3-dimensional analysis was performed of CT scans of acute scaphoid fractures, conducted at two medical centres during a period of 6 years. A total of 124 scans were analysed (Amira Dev 5.3, Visage Imaging Inc). Thirty of the fractures were displaced and virtually reduced. Anatomical landmarks were marked on the distal radius articular surface in order to orient the scaphoid in the wrist. Shape analysis of the scaphoids and a calculation of the best fitted planes to the fractures were carried out implementing principal component analysis. The angles between the scaphoid's first principal axis to the fracture plane, articular plane and to the palmar-dorsal direction were measured. The fractures were analysed both for location (proximal, waist and distal) and for displacement. Results. There were 86 fractures of the waist (76 percent), 13 of the distal third and 25 of the proximal third. The average angle between the first principal axis of the scaphoid and the fracture plane was 52.6 degrees (SD 17) for all fractures, 55.6 degrees (SD 17.2) for the waist fractures, both differing significantly from a right angle (p<0.001). The majority of fractures were found to be horizontal oblique. We found no difference between the angles of the waist fractures which were displaced and those that were not displaced. In contrast, a significant difference was found between the displaced and non-displaced fractures when evaluating the orientation of the scaphoid long axis in relation to the articular plane (139.8 degrees with reduction versus 148.2 without; p=0.036). Conclusions. Most waist fractures were found to be horizontal oblique in relation to the long axis of the scaphoid and not transverse. Although the fracture angle could not explain displacement of the fracture, we found that the orientation of the scaphoid's long axis in relation to the radial articular surface was correlated with fracture displacement. According to these findings, fixation of all fractures along the long axis of the scaphoid should not be the optimal mode of fixation. Optimal fixation of acute scaphoid fractures may call for better analysis of each fracture configuration and the fixation should be guided by this analysis

Purpose. Knowing the morphology of any fracture, including scaphoid fractures, is important in order to determine the fracture stability and the appropriate fixation technique. Scaphoid fractures are classified according to their radiographic appearance, and simple transverse waist fractures are considered the most common. There is no description in the literature of the 3-dimensional morphology of scaphoid fractures. Our hypothesis was that most scaphoid fractures are not perpendicular to its long axis, i.e. they are not simple transverse fractures. Methods. A 3-dimensional analysis was performed of CT scans of acute scaphoid fractures, conducted at two medical centers during a period of 6 years. A total of 124 scans were analysed (Amira Dev 5.3, Visage Imaging Inc). Thirty of the fractures were displaced and virtually reduced. Anatomical landmarks were marked on the distal radius articular surface in order to orient the scaphoid in the wrist. Shape analysis of the scaphoids and a calculation of the best fitted planes to the fractures were carried out implementing principal component analysis. The angles between the scaphoid's first principal axis to the fracture plane, articular plane and to the palmar-dorsal direction were measured. The fractures were analysed both for location (proximal, waist and distal) and for displacement. Results. There were 86 fractures of the waist (76 percent), 13 of the distal third and 25 of the proximal third. The average angle between the first principal axis of the scaphoid and the fracture plane was 52.6 degrees (SD 17) for all fractures, 55.6 degrees (SD 17.2) for the waist fractures, both differing significantly from a right angle (p<0.001). The majority of fractures were found to be horizontal oblique. We found no difference between the angles of the waist fractures which were displaced and those that were not displaced. In contrast, a significant difference was found between the displaced and non-displaced fractures when evaluating the orientation of the scaphoid long axis in relation to the articular plane (139.8 degrees with reduction versus 148.2 without; p=0.036). Conclusions. Most waist fractures were found to be horizontal oblique in relation to the long axis of the scaphoid and not transverse. Although the fracture angle could not explain displacement of the fracture, we found that the orientation of the scaphoid's long axis in relation to the radial articular surface was correlated with fracture displacement. According to these findings, fixation of all fractures along the long axis of the scaphoid should not be the optimal mode of fixation. Optimal fixation of acute scaphoid fractures may call for better analysis of each fracture configuration and the fixation should be guided by this analysis

Background. In suspected scaphoid fracture the initial scaphoid series plain radiographs are 84-94% sensitive for scaphoid fractures. Patients are immobilised awaiting diagnosis. Unnecessary lengthy immobilisation leads to lost productivity and may leave the wrist stiff. Early accurate diagnosis would improve patient management. Although Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has come to be regarded as the gold standard in identifying occult scaphoid injury, recent evidence suggests Computer Tomography (CT) to be more accurate in identifying scaphoid cortical fracture. Additionally CT and USS are frequently a more available resource than MRI. We hypothesised that 16 slice CT is superior to high spatial resolution Ultrasonography (USS) in the diagnosis of radiograph negative suspected cortical scaphoid fracture and that a 5 point clinical examination will help to identify patients most likely to have sustained a fracture within this group. Methods. 100 patients with two negative scaphoid series and at least two out of five established clinical signs of scaphoid injury (anatomical snuffbox tenderness (AST), scaphoid tubercle tenderness (STT), effusion, pain on circumduction and pain on axial loading) were prospectively investigated with CT and USS. MRI was arranged for patient with persistent symptoms but negative CT/USS. Results. CT demonstrated 8 scaphoid fractures. 17 other fractures (1st metacarpal, trapezium, trapezoid, distal radius, hook of hammate and triquetral) were also found. USS diagnosed 2/8 scaphoid fractures, raised suspicion in 5/8 and completely missed 1/8. Combining AST, STT with pain on circumduction improved accuracy (sensitivity 87.5% and Specificity 36%). No further fractures were identified on MRI. Conclusions. - CT remains superior to USS for the exclusion of cortical scaphoid fracture. There remains a role for USS if resources are limited. - Combining signs of ASB and tubercle tenderness with pain on circumduction assists in the identification of a ‘fracture likely’ subgroup

Introduction. Up to 16% of scaphoid fractures are radiologically occult; failure to diagnose scaphoid fractures may lead to delayed union, nonunion or avascular necrosis. Fractures may take weeks to be excluded and many patients are unnecessarily immobilised increasing work absence, clinical reviews and cost. The use of CT early in the management of suspected occult scaphoid fractures has been evaluated. Methods. The radiology and clinical notes of all patients that had scaphoid CT scans over the preceding 3 years were retrospectively reviewed. 84 patients that had CT scans within 14 days from injury were identified. Results. 64% of CTs excluded fracture (N=54) and these patients were mobilised promptly and reviewed within six weeks. No patients returned with any complications, such as carpal instability, from this management strategy. Mean number of clinic appointments for this group was 2.34 (range 2–6). 36% of CTs were abnormal (N=30). 7% revealed occult scaphoid fractures; 18% revealed occult carpal fractures of the triquetrum, capitate and lunate respectively and 5% distal radius fractures. All patients diagnosed with fractures were successfully managed with plaster immobilisation, with one case of regional pain syndrome. Conclusions. Early CT immediately alters therapeutic decision making in suspected occult fractures preventing unnecessary immobilisation. Early CT also reduces clinic attendances for clinical and radiological review without increase in cost

Introduction. Scaphoid fracture is the most common undiagnosed fracture. Occult scaphoid fractures occur in 20-25 percent of cases where the initial X-rays are negative. Currently, there is no consensus as to the most appropriate investigation to diagnose these occult frctures. At our institution MRI has been used for this purpose for over 3 years. We report on our experience and discuss the results. Materials and methods. All patients with occult scaphoid fractures who underwent MRI scans over a 3 year period were included in the study. There was a total of 619 patients. From the original cohort 611 (98.7%) agreed to have a scan, 6 (0.97%) were claustrophobic and did not undergo the investigation and 2 (0.34%) refused an examination. 86 percent of the cases were less than 30 years of age. Imaging was performed on a one Tiesla Siemen's scanner using a dedicated wrist coil. Coronal 3mm T1 and STIR images were obtained using a 12cm field of view as standard. Average scanning time was 7 minutes. Results. The majority of the scans were performed within 2 weeks of the request. The breakdown of results is as follows: Normal 45%; Scaphoid bruise 10%; Scaphoid fracture 9%; Distal radius fracture 8%; Distal radius bruise 7%; TFCC tear 4%; Wrist ganglion 3%; Basal thumb arthritis 3%; Miscellaneous 12%. We did not have any missed scaphoid fractures during this period. Conclusions. Patients with a clinically suspected scaphoid fracture could have a wide range of possible diagnoses. Almost half the patients had a negative scan and therefore did not require further immobilisation/activity restriction. It is possible to perform MRIs within a reasonable timeframe in a DGH setting. Patient acceptance was very high (99%). There were no missed diagnoses. Scaphoid bruising could be picked up and consequently unnecessary immobilisation avoided. In patients with other diagnoses a reliable prognosis could be given

Percutaneous fixation of scaphoid fractures has become popular in recent years, mainly due to its reduced complexity compared to open surgical approaches. Fluoroscopy is currently used as guidance for this percutaneous approach, however, as a projective imaging modality, it provides only a 2D view of the complex 3D anatomy of the wrist during surgery, and exposes both patient and physician to harmful X-ray radiation. To avoid these drawbacks, 3D ultrasound has been suggested to provide imaging for guidance as a widely available, real-time, radiation-free and low-cost modality. However, the blurred, disconnected, weak and noisy bone responses render interpretation of the US data difficult so far. In this work, we present the integration of 3D ultrasound with a statistical wrist model to allow development of an improved ultrasound-based guidance procedure. For enhancement of bone responses in ultrasound, a phase symmetry based approach is used to exploit the symmetry of the ultrasound signal around the expected bone location. We propose an improved estimation of the local phase symmetry by using the local spectrum variation of the ultrasound image. The statistical wrist model is developed through a group-wise registration based framework in order to capture the major modes of shape and pose variations across 30 subjects at different wrist positions. Finally, the statistical wrist model is registered to the enhanced ultrasound bone surfaces using a probabilistic registration approach. Feasibility experiments are performed using two volunteer wrists, and the results are promising and warrant further development and validation to enable ultrasound guided percutaneous scaphoid fracture reduction

Introduction. Scaphoid fractures are commonly treated with a single headless screw. There are different recommendations regarding the optimal location of this screw. The purpose of this study was to compare the location of screws placed for the treatment of acute scaphoid fractures with theoretical and virtual screw locations. Materials and Methods. 10 patients with acute scaphoid fractures treated surgically and with available pre- and postoperative CT scans were included. The scans were analysed using a 3D software model (Amira Dev 5.3, Mercury Computer Systems, Chelmsford, MA). On the preoperative CTs the displaced fractures were virtually reduced. Possible screw locations for fracture fixation were examined including one along the central third of the proximal fragment (central base screw), the scaphoid longitudinal axis calculated mathematically (PCA screw) and a screw placed perpendicular to the fracture plane (90 degree screw). The angle between the axes and fracture plains were measured. The angle and distance between the actual screw on the postoperative CT and the different virtual screw locations were measured as well. Results. The angles between the actual and virtual screws to the fracture plane were between a mean of 67 to 69 degrees. The angle between the axes was greatest between the 90 degree screws to the PCA and actual screws (mean 23 degrees both; p=0.034) and smallest between the central base screws and PCA to the actual screws (mean of 12.1 and 12.5 degrees, respectively; p=0.034). The difference between the entrance and exit points between the axes was between 3.1 to 4.8 mm other than the 90 degree screws which were 5.3 to 7.1 mm to the other axes (p=0.002). The PCA (mean 28.3 mm) were found to be longer than the actual screws (mean 25.4) or the 90 degree screws (mean 23.5) (p=0.034 and p=0.008 respectively). The 90 degree screws were shorter than the PCA or central base screws (p=0.008, p=0.034 respectively), but not the actual screws. Discussion. There were no significant differences in the angles between actual and virtual optimal screws other than the 90 degree screws. The PCA was found to be the longest screw and at a similar angle to the fractures as the other virtual screw options, other than the shorter 90 degree screw. Virtual reduction and preplanning of the screw location, using standard software, may enable the surgeon to place the longest screw along the PCA longitudinal axis. If placing a 90 degree screw is considered, this may be technically difficult or may necessitate a trans-trapezial approach

Objective. To compare the ability of a new composite bio-absorbable screw and two conventional metal screws to maintain fixation of scaphoid waist-fractures under dynamic loading conditions. Methods. Fifteen porcine radial carpi, with morphology comparable to human scaphoids, were osteotomised at the waist. Specimens were randomised in three groups: Group I were fixed with a headed metal screw, group II with a headless tapered metal screw and group III with a bio-absorbable composite screw. Each specimen was oriented at 45° and cyclically loaded using four blocks of 1000 cycles, with peak loads of 40, 60 (normal load), 80 and 100 N (severe load) respectively. Permanent displacement and translation (step-off) at the fracture site was measured after each loading block from a standardised high-magnification photograph using image analysis software (Roman v1.70, Institute of Orthopaedics, Oswestry). Statistical analysis was by ANOVA and tolerance limits. Results. No gross failure or fracture gap displacement occurred. Average translations (step-off) at the fracture site after 4000 cycles up to 100N were 0.05mm±0.02SD (headed metal), 0.14mm±0.14SD (headless metal) and 0.29mm±0.11SD (composite) and differed significantly (p<0.01). Using tolerance limits, the data allowed us to predict that, with 95% certainty, the maximum average translation (step-off) following severe loading in 95% of any sample fixed with a headed metal screw will be below 0.17mm, headless metal screw below 0.74mm, and composite screw below 0.76mm. Conclusion. We observed only small average translations (step-off) for all three screws. Moreover, translations of more than 1mm that would predispose to non-union were highly unlikely for any of the screws, even after severe cyclic loading. We therefore conclude that a new bio-absorbable composite screw can serve as an alternative to conventional screws when fixing scaphoid fractures

True scaphoid fractures of the wrist are difficult to diagnose in children. In 5–40% of cases, a scaphoid fracture may not be detectable on initial X-ray, some fractures may take up to six weeks to become evident. Since missing a scaphoid fracture may have serious implications, many children with a suspected or “clinical” scaphoid fracture, but normal radiographs, may be over-treated. The purpose of this study was to identify predictors of true scaphoid fractures in children. A retrospective cohort study was performed using electronic medical records for all patients over a two-year period presenting to a tertiary paediatric hospital with hand or wrist injury. Charts were identified by ICD-10 diagnostic codes and reviewed for pre-specified inclusion and exclusion criteria. Patients with either a clinical or true scaphoid fracture were included. When a scaphoid fracture was suspected, but imaging was negative for fracture, the diagnosis of a clinical scaphoid fracture was made. True scaphoid fractures were diagnosed when a fracture was evident on any modality of medical imaging (X-ray, CT, MRI) at any time post-injury. Over the two-year study period, 148 patients (60 scaphoid fractures, 88 non-fractures) met inclusion and exclusion criteria for review. Mean (±SD) age was 13±2 years and 52% were male. The left wrist was injured in 61% of cases. Of the 60 true scaphoid fractures, mean age was 14±2 years, and 69% were male. Fracture location was primarily at the waist (48%) or distal pole (45%) of the scaphoid. Sports were the prevailing mechanism of injury. Six (11%) underwent surgery. Multivariate logistic regression demonstrated that older age, male gender, and right-sided injury were predictors of scaphoid fracture with odds ratios of 1.3 (95% CI: 1.1–1.6, p=0.005), 2.8 (95% CI: 1.3–6, p=0.007), and 2.4 (95% CI: 1.1–5.2, p=0.025). Older age, male gender, and right-sided injury may be predictors of scaphoid fractures in children. Further evidence to support this may enable the formulation of clinical guidelines or rules to reduce the overtreatment of children presenting with a clinical scaphoid fracture

The diagnosis of a clinical scaphoid fracture is made when a scaphoid fracture is suspected, but radiographs are normal. Standard treatment in this scenario involves immobilization and repeat x-rays in 10–14 days. When repeat x-rays are also normal but a scaphoid fracture is still suspected clinically, the optimal management in children is unknown. Our objective was to characterize these patients and evaluate their management and outcomes. A retrospective study was performed of all patients presenting to a tertiary paediatric center over a two year period with a diagnosis of wrist or hand pain. Charts were identified by ICD-10 diagnostic codes and reviewed for inclusion and exclusion criteria. Patients were included if they had clinical suspicion of a scaphoid fracture but two sets of x-rays negative for fracture within 14 days of injury. Ninety-one children (mean age 13.2 years, SD: 2.2) were identified with a clinical scaphoid fracture. Mean follow-up was 7.1 weeks. Most patients (60%) were injured either from a fall while ambulating or from sports. Sixteen (18%) patients received CT or MRI at an average of 8.4 weeks post-injury (95%CI:5–15.3). All patients were immobilized for a mean of 5.4 weeks. No patients underwent surgery. Five patients (5.5%) were found to have a scaphoid fracture diagnosed by X-ray or CT at a mean of 5.7 weeks post-injury (range 4.3–6.6). Other carpal fractures or ligamentous injuries were identified in three patients (3%) by MRI or CT. Seventy percent of patients healed within 6 weeks of injury. The majority of children presenting with clinical suspicion of a scaphoid fracture but 2 sets of X-rays negative for fracture healed with immobilization. While the incidence of true scaphoid fracture may be low in children, MRI or CT may be warranted for patients where clinical suspicion persists

Scaphoid fractures are a common injury accounting for more than 58% of all carpal bone fractures(1,2). Biomechanical studies have suggested that scaphoid mal-union may lead to altered carpal contact mechanics causing decreased motion, pain and arthritis(1,2). The severity of mal-union required to cause deleterious effects has yet to be established. This limits the ability to define surgical indications or impacts on prevention of posttraumatic arthritis. Computed tomography has been shown to be a useful in determining the 3D implications of altered bony alignment on the joint contact mechanics of surrounding joints. The objective of this study was to report mid-term follow-up image-based outcomes of patients with scaphoid mal-unions to determine the extent to which arthritic changes and decreased joint space is present after a minimum of 4 years following fracture. Participants (n=14) who had previously presented with a mal-united scaphoid fracture (indicated by a Height:Length Ratio >0.6) between November 2005 and November 2013 were identified and contacted. A short-arm thumb spica case was used to treat X patients and X required surgical management. Baseline and follow-up CT images, were performed with the wrist in radial deviation and positioned such that the long axis of the scaphoid was perpendicular to the axis of the scanner. Three-dimensional inter-bone distance (joint space), a measure of joint congruency and 3D alignment, was quantified from reconstructed CT bone models of the distal radius, scaphoid, lunate, capitate, trapezium and trapezoid from both the baseline and follow-up scans(3). Repeated measures ANOVA was used to detect differences in contact area (mm2) between baseline and follow-up CT's for the radioscaphoid, scaphocapitate and scaphotrapezium-trapezoid joint. The average age of participants was 43.1 years (16–64 years old). There was significant loss of joint space, indicated by a greater joint contact area 3–4 years post fracture, between baseline and follow-up reconstruction models, at the scaphocapitate (mean difference: 21.5±146mm2, p=0.007) and scaphotrapezoid joints (mean difference: 18.4 ±28.6mm2, 0.042). Significant differences in the measured contact area was not found for the radioscaphoid (0.153) and scaphotrapezium joints (0.72). Additionally, the scaphoid, qualitatively, appears to track in the vorsal direction in the majority of patients following fracture. Increased joint contact area in the scaphocapitate and scaphotrapezoid joint 3–4 years following fracture results from decreased 3D joint space and overall narrowing. Joint space narrowing, while not significantly different for all joints examined, was reduced for all joints surrounding the scaphoid. Decreased joint space and increased contact area detectable within this short interval might be suggestive of a trajectory for developing arthritis in the longer term, and illustrates the potential value of these measures for early detection. Longer term follow-up and correlation to clinical outcomes are needed to determine the importance of early joint space narrowing, and to identify those most at risk

Background. Scaphoid fractures with displacement have a higher incidence of nonunion and unite in a humpback position that can cause pain and reduced movement, strength and function. The aim of this study is to review the evidence available and establish the risk of nonunion associated with management of displaced scaphoid fractures in a plaster cast. Methods. Electronic databases were searched using the MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) controlled vocabulary (scaphoid fractures, AND'd with explode displaced, or explode nonunion, or explode non-healing or explode cast immobilisation, or explode plaster, or explode surgery). As no randomised or controlled studies were identified, the search was limited to observational studies based on consecutive cases with displaced scaphoid fractures treated in a plaster cast. The criterion for displacement was limited to gap or step of more than 1mm. The ‘random effects’ calculation was used to allow for the possibility that the results from the separate studies differ more than would be expected by chance. Results. Of the 27 articles identified, seven studies were eligible for the meta-analysis with a total of 1401 scaphoids. 93% (1311 scaphoids) of these scaphoid fractures healed in a plaster cast. 207 (15%) of all scaphoid fractures showed displacement of at least 1mm (Gap/step) between fracture fragments. Nonunion was identified in 18% (37/207) of displaced scaphoid fractures treated in a plaster cast. The pooled odds ratio of fracture nonunion between the displaced and undisplaced groups was five times higher with fracture displacement (pooled odds ratio: 5.5, 95%CI: 2.5–12.3; p=0.00, I. 2. =54.6%). The pooled relative risk of fracture nonunion was 4.4 (95%CI: 2.3–8.7; p=0.00 I. 2. =54.3%). Conclusions. Displaced fractures of scaphoid have a four times higher risk of nonunion when treated in a plaster cast and the patients should be advised of this potential risk

Scaphoid fractures accounts for approximately 15% of all fractures of hand and wrist. Proximal pole fractures represent 10–20% of scaphoid fractures. Non –operative treatment shows high incidence of non-union and avascular necrosis. Surgical intervention with bone graft is associated with better outcome. The aim of this study was to evaluate the radiological and functional outcome of management of proximal pole scaphoid non-union with internal fixation and bone grafting. We included 35 patients with proximal pole scaphoid non-union (2008–2015). All patients underwent antegrade headless compression screw fixation and bone grafting at King's College Hospital, London (except one, who was fixed with Kirschner wire). 33 patients had bone graft from distal radius and two from iliac crest. Postoperatively patients were treated in plaster for 6–8 weeks, followed by splinting for 4–6 weeks and hand physiotherapy. All the patients were analysed at the final follow-up using DASH score and x-rays. Mean age of the patients was 28 years (20–61) in 32 men and 3 women. We lost three patients (9%) to follow up. At a mean follow up of 16 weeks (12–18) twenty three patients (66%) achieved radiological union. All patients but three (91%) achieved good functional outcome at mean follow up of 14 weeks (10–16). A good functional outcome can be achieved with surgical fixation and bone graft in proximal pole scaphoid fractures non-union. Pre-operative fragmentation of proximal pole dictates type of fixation (screw or k wire or no fixation). There was no difference in outcome whether graft was harvested from distal radius or iliac crest

A retrospective review of 51 consecutive patients undergoing fixation of Scaphoid fractures by two surgeons in a single institution was conducted. Twenty-four patients were treated with a Herbert screw and twenty-seven with an Acutrak screw. This included six patients who underwent acute fixation, three in each group. The remaining cases were for the treatment of non-union and delayed union. There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of age, side of injury, and mechanism of injury. Fractures were classified as proximal, middle and distal thirds of the Scaphoid and there was no significant difference between the groups regarding the types of fractures treated. The only significant difference between the groups was the time from injury to fixation when considering the cases of delayed union and non union which was greater in the Herbert screw group (7.5 months vs 4 months p=<0.05). There was no significant difference in outcome between the two methods of fixation. Union rates for all cases were 79% for Herbert screws and 81% for Acutrak screws and 82% and 83% respectively when only considering the delayed union/non-union procedures. There was no difference in terms of time to union, further surgery or clinical outcome between the two groups. The Acutrak screw required removal in five patients and the Herbert screw in two due to symptoms from screw prominence. This was not statistically significant. In conclusion there is no significant difference in surgical outcome between these two methods of fixation for Scaphoid fractures. The authors feel that this supports the view that biological factors are more important than the method of fixation in obtaining union of Scaphoid fractures

Acute scaphoid fractures are commonly treated with cast for 8–12 weeks. With this prolonged period of immobilisation patients can encounter joint stiffness and muscle wasting requiring extensive physiotherapy. Despite best practice, these fractures also pose a risk of non-union and suboptimal function. Fracture location, duration of time lost from work and impairment in activities of daily living are key factors in scaphoid fracture management. The aim of our study was to compare percutaneous screw fixation of the scaphoid with other operative fixation techniques. Parameters documented were length of conservative treatment, mechanism of injury, post-op complications and patient satisfaction levels with each technique using a standardised questionnaire. Economic benefit was also measured by examining time to return to work, number of x-rays and outpatient visits required per treatment group. In this study, 76 patients requiring operative scaphoid fixation were evaluated. 27 patients underwent percutaneous fixation. Waist fractures accounted for 66% (n= 18), proximal pole fractures 33% (n=8) and distal pole fractures 4% (n=1). There were 16 non-displaced fractures (59%) and 11 displaced fractures (41%). The average length of conservative treatment was 77 days (range: 2–256 days). Within the percutaneous group 2 patients developed non-union. We did not encounter any wound infection or superficial radial nerve damage. Patients treated with early percutaneous fixation had highest satisfaction levels, returned to work earlier and required less follow-up (P< 0.001). In conclusion percutaneous screw fixation provides earlier bone union and avoids the need for prolonged immobilisation when compared to other treatment modalities. The economic benefit of early percutaneous fixation must also be considered when managing patients with scaphoid fractures

Purpose. The surgical treatment of scaphoid fractures consists of reduction of the fracture followed by stable internal fixation using a headless compression screw. Proper positioning of the screw remains technically challenging and therefore computer assisted surgery may have an advantage. Navigation assisted surgery requires placement and registration of stable reference markers which is technically impossible in a small bone like the scaphoid. Custom made wrist-positioning devices with built-in reference markers have been developed for this purpose. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a different method of navigation assisted scaphoid fracture fixation. Temporary stabilisation with a pin of the scaphoid to the radius enables placement of the reference markers on the radius. Our hypothesis was that this method will achieve precise fracture fixation, superior to the standard free hand technique. Methods. In 20 identical saw bone models with mobile scaphoids, the scaphoid was stabilised to the radius using one Kirschner wire (KW). An additional KW representing the fixating screw was placed either using the Mazor Renaissance Robotic System (MAZOR Surgical Technologies, Israel) or standard free hand technique. CT scans were performed prior to fixation and after fixation in order to plan the location of the KW and compare this planned location with the final result. Results. No significant difference was found between the measures of KW location between groups and in comparison with the planned location, including entry and exit points of the KW, length of KW through the scaphoid (mean axis length of 28.7 mm [SD 1.5] with the robot system versus 29.6 mm [SD 2.1] with the free hand technique) and difference in angle of fixation with the planned axis of fixation (mean of 1.7 degrees [SD 5.5] with the robot versus 3.8 degrees [SD 5.6] free hand). Significant differences were found between exposure to radiation (mean of 0.07 Rad [SD 0.04] with the robot system versus 13.9 Rad [SD 18.4] with the free hand technique; p=0.04) and the number of attempts in placing the KW (mean of 1.1 attempts [SD 0.32] with the robot versus 8 attempts [SD 6.65] free hand; p=0.01). Conclusion. Computer assisted fixation of a scaphoid fracture was found to be as accurate as the free hand technique, after fixation of the scaphoid to the radius, without the need for a custom splint. It was also shown to be superior by decreasing the exposure to radiation and number of attempts of KW placement

Introduction and Aims:. The surgical treatment of fractures of the scaphoid with delayed presentation or with established non-union pose a formidable challenge with reported failure rates between 15% and 45%. The aim of this study is to report the results of percutaneous versus open fixation with bone grafting of these fractures. Method:. 34 Consecutive patients who underwent surgery between 2009 and 2013 for delayed presentation and established non-union of scaphoid fractures have been reviewed retrospectively. There were 27 males and 7 females with a mean age of 31 years (15 to 66). The mean delay from time of injury to operation was 12 weeks (4 weeks to 11 months) in the percutaneous fixation group and 19 months (5 months to 6 years) in the open fixation group. 19 Patients were treated with percutaneous screw fixation alone and 15 patients underwent open reduction and internal fixation supplemented with autogenous corticocancellous iliac bone graft. The classification of Slade and Dodds (2009) was used as a guide for surgical treatment and the Mini-Acutrak headless compression screw was used as the fixation device in all cases. Results:. Patients underwent final clinical and radiological assessment with plain radiographs 6 months following their surgery. There was one failed union in the percutaneous fixation group and there was one failed union in the open fixation group. One patient in the open fixation group was lost to follow up. No serious complications were recorded in either group. Conclusion:. The success of percutaneous internal fixation for acute fractures of the carpal scaphoid may be extended to include scaphoid fractures with delayed presentation and fractures of the scaphoid with established nonunion. However, appropriate patient selection is necessary to ensure optimal outcomes

Longstanding un-united scaphoid fractures or scapholunate insufficiency can progress to degenerative wrist osteoarthritis (termed scaphoid non-union advanced collapse (SNAC) or scapho-lunate advanced collapse (SLAC) respectively). Scaphoid excision and partial wrist fusion is a well-established procedure for the surgical treatment of this condition. In this study we present a novel technique and mid-term results, where fusion is reserved for the luno-capitate and triquetro-hamate joints, commonly referred to as bicolumnar fusion. The purpose of this study was to report functional and radiological outcomes in a series of patients who underwent this surgical technique. This was a prospective study of 23 consecutive patients (25 wrists) who underwent a bicolumnar carpal fusion from January 2014 to January 2017 due to a stage 2 or 3 SNAC/SLAC wrist, with a minimum follow-up of one year. In all cases two retrograde cannulated headless compression screws were used for inter-carpal fixation. The clinical assessment consisted of range of motion, grip and pinch strength that were compared with the unaffected contralateral side where possible. Patient-reported outcome measures, including the DASH and PRWE scores were analysed. The radiographic assessment parameters consisted of fusion state and the appearance of the radio-lunate joint space. We also examined the relationship between the capito-lunate fusion angle and wrist range of motion, comparing wrists fused with a capito-lunate angle greater than 20° of extension with wrists fused in a neutral position. The average follow-up was 2.9 years. The mean wrist extension was 41°, flexion 36° and radial-ulnar deviation arc was 43° (70%, 52% and 63% of contralateral side respectively). Grip strength was 40 kg and pinch strength was 8.9 kg, both 93% of contralateral side. Residual pain for activities of daily living was 1.4 (VAS). The mean DASH and PRWE scores were 19±16 and 29±18 respectively. There were three cases of non-union (fusion rate of 88%). Two wrists were converted to total wrist arthroplasty and one partial fusion was revised and healed successfully. Patients with an extended capito-lunate fusion angle trended toward more wrist extension but this did not reach statistical significance (P= 0.07). Wrist flexion did not differ between groups. Radio-lunate joint space narrowing progressed in 2 patients but did not affect their functional outcome. After bicolumnar carpal fusion using retrograde headless screws, patients in this series maintained a functional flexion-extension arc of motion, with grip-pinch strength that was close to normal. These functional outcomes and fusion rates were comparable with standard 4-corner fusion technique. A capito-lunate fusion angle greater than 20° may provide more wrist extension but further investigation is required to establish this effect. This technique has the advantage that compression screws are placed in a retrograde fashion, which does not violate the proximal articular surface of the lunate, preserving the residual load-bearing articulation. Moreover, the hardware is completely contained, with no revision surgery for hardware removal required in this series