Osteoarthritis (OA), the most prevalent chronic joint disease, represents a relevant social and economic burden worldwide. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (HUCMSCs) have been used for injection into the joint cavity to treat OA. The aim of this article is to clarify whether Huc-MSCs derived exosomes could inhibit the progression of OA and the mechanism in this process. A rabbit OA model was established by the transection of the anterior cruciate ligament. The effects of HUCMSCs or exosomes derived from HUCMSCs on repairing articular cartilage of knee osteoarthritis was examined by micro-CT. Immunohistochemical experiments were used to confirm the expression of relevant inflammatory molecules in OA. In vitro experiments, Transwell assay was used to assess the migration of macrophages induced by TNF-a. Results showed that a large number of macrophages migrated in arthcular cavity in OA model in vivo, while local injection of HUCMSCs and exosomes did repair the articular cartilage. Immunohistochemical results suggested that the expression of CCL2 and CD68 in the OA rabbit model increased significantly, but was significantly reduced by HUCMSCs or exosomes. Transwell assay showed that both HUCMSCs and exosomes can effectively inhibit the migration of macrophage. In conclusion, the exosomes derived by HUCMSCs might might rescue cartilage defects in rabbit through its anti-inflammatory effects through inhibiting CCL2

Objectives. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) on mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) proliferation in vitro and to determine whether pre-microfracture systemic administration of G-CSF (a bone marrow stimulant) could improve the quality of repaired tissue of a full-thickness cartilage defect in a rabbit model. Methods. MSCs from rabbits were cultured in a control medium and medium with G-CSF (low-dose: 4 μg, high-dose: 40 μg). At one, three, and five days after culturing, cells were counted. Differential potential of cultured cells were examined by stimulating them with a osteogenic, adipogenic and chondrogenic medium. A total of 30 rabbits were divided into three groups. The low-dose group (n = 10) received 10 μg/kg of G-CSF daily, the high-dose group (n = 10) received 50 μg/kg daily by subcutaneous injection for three days prior to creating cartilage defects. The control group (n = 10) was administered saline for three days. At 48 hours after the first injection, a 5.2 mm diameter cylindrical osteochondral defect was created in the femoral trochlea. At four and 12 weeks post-operatively, repaired tissue was evaluated macroscopically and microscopically. Results. The cell count in the low-dose G-CSF medium was significantly higher than that in the control medium. The differentiation potential of MSCs was preserved after culturing them with G-CSF. Macroscopically, defects were filled and surfaces were smoother in the G-CSF groups than in the control group at four weeks. At 12 weeks, the quality of repaired cartilage improved further, and defects were almost completely filled in all groups. Microscopically, at four weeks, defects were partially filled with hyaline-like cartilage in the G-CSF groups. At 12 weeks, defects were repaired with hyaline-like cartilage in all groups. Conclusions. G-CSF promoted proliferation of MSCs in vitro. The systemic administration of G-CSF promoted the repair of damaged cartilage possibly through increasing the number of MSCs in a rabbit model. Cite this article: T. Sasaki, R. Akagi, Y. Akatsu, T. Fukawa, H. Hoshi, Y. Yamamoto, T. Enomoto, Y. Sato, R. Nakagawa, K. Takahashi, S. Yamaguchi, T. Sasho. The effect of systemic administration of G-CSF on a full-thickness cartilage defect in a rabbit model MSC proliferation as presumed mechanism: G-CSF for cartilage repair. Bone Joint Res 2017;6:123–131. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.63.BJR-2016-0083

Objectives. This study aimed to evaluate the histological and mechanical features of tendon healing in a rabbit model with second-harmonic-generation (SHG) imaging and tensile testing. Materials and Methods. A total of eight male Japanese white rabbits were used for this study. The flexor digitorum tendons in their right leg were sharply transected, and then were repaired by intratendinous stitching. At four weeks post-operatively, the rabbits were killed and the flexor digitorum tendons in both right and left legs were excised and used as specimens for tendon healing (n = 8) and control (n = 8), respectively. Each specimen was examined by SHG imaging, followed by tensile testing, and the results of the two testing modalities were assessed for correlation. Results. While the SHG light intensity of the healing tendon samples was significantly lower than that of the uninjured tendon samples, 2D Fourier transform SHG images showed a clear difference in collagen fibre structure between the uninjured and the healing samples, and among the healing samples. The mean intensity of the SHG image showed a moderate correlation (R. 2. = 0.37) with Young’s modulus obtained from the tensile testing. Conclusion. Our results indicate that SHG microscopy may be a potential indicator of tendon healing. Cite this article: E. Hase, K. Sato, D. Yonekura, T. Minamikawa, M. Takahashi, T. Yasui. Evaluation of the histological and mechanical features of tendon healing in a rabbit model with the use of second-harmonic-generation imaging and tensile testing. Bone Joint Res 2016;5:577–585. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.511.BJR-2016-0162.R1

Aims. Animal models have been developed that allow simulation of post-traumatic joint contracture. One such model involves contracture-forming surgery followed by surgical capsular release. This model allows testing of antifibrotic agents, such as rosiglitazone. Methods. A total of 20 rabbits underwent contracture-forming surgery. Eight weeks later, the animals underwent a surgical capsular release. Ten animals received rosiglitazone (intramuscular initially, then orally). The animals were sacrificed following 16 weeks of free cage mobilisation. The joints were tested biomechanically, and the posterior capsule was assessed histologically and via genetic microarray analysis. Results. There was no significant difference in post-traumatic contracture between the rosiglitazone and control groups (33° (standard deviation (. sd. ) 11) vs 37° (. sd. 14), respectively; p = 0.4). There was no difference in number or percentage of myofibroblasts. Importantly, there were ten genes and 17 pathways that were significantly modulated by rosiglitazone in the posterior capsule. Discussion. Rosiglitazone significantly altered the genetic expression of the posterior capsular tissue in a rabbit model, with ten genes and 17 pathways demonstrating significant modulation. However, there was no significant effect on biomechanical or histological properties. Cite this article: M. P. Abdel. Effectiveness of rosiglitazone in reducing flexion contracture in a rabbit model of arthrofibrosis with surgical capsular release: A biomechanical, histological, and genetic analysis. Bone Joint Res 2016;5:11–17. doi: 10.1302/2046-3758.51.2000593

Summary Statement. Intra-articular injection of humanised monoclonal anti-VEGF antibody (Bevacizumab, Avastin®) in a osteoarthritis rabbit model is related to positive restorative effects in terms of histopathologic evaluation. Introduction. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is generally undetectable in adult human articular cartilage under physiological conditions. Upon exposure to pathological stimulation such as inflammation, hypoxia or accumulating mechanical stress, VEGF would be up regulated in hypertrophic chondrocytes of arthritic cartilage leading to osteophyte formation, disregulation of chondrocyte apoptosis and induction of catabolic factors, including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). This in vivo study aims to investigate the potential role of VEGF inhibition to treat Osteoarthritis (OA), through intra-articular injection of Bevacizumab, a humanised monoclonal anti-VEGF antibody, in a OA rabbit model. Methods. OA was induced in twelve adult male New Zealand rabbits surgically by monolateral Anterior Cruciate Ligament Transection (ACLT). The rabbits were randomly divided into two equal groups (experimental and control). Intra-articular injections of Bevacizumab or saline (control) were given 4 weeks after ACLT and were administered once a week for 4 time. Animal were sacrificed at 2 and 3 month time point an knee analyzed histologically and grossly. Histopathological variables such as the number of fibroblasts and inflammatory cells, collagenous matrix deposition, synovial hyperplasia, granulation tissue formation, vascular proliferation were evaluated. Results:The macroscopic evaluation of the knee in the experimental group revealed smooth joint surfaces of articular cartilage and no osteophyte formation compared to the control group that showed marked arthritis including synovial hypertrophy and osteophyte formation. Histologic assessment demonstrated, in the experimental group, significantly higher scores concerning number of microvessels, synovial hyperplasia, macrophage infiltration, collagenous matrix deposition, chondrocytes proliferation and apoptosis compared to the control group. Conclusion. In conclusion, VEGF modulation via intra-articular injection of Bevacizumab in a rabbit model of knee OA, resulted in reduction of articular cartilage degeneration through setting up an appropriate environment that prevent chondrocyte hypertrophy, apoptosis and osteophytes formation by blocking the intrinsic VEGF catabolic pathway, endochondral ossification, and the extrinsic VEGF-induced vascular invasion. VEGF-signaling inhibtion through Bevacizumab represent a potential way to treat OA

Chronic osteomyelitis (OM) is a progressive, inflammatory infection of bone caused predominantly by S. aureus and requires treatment through surgical debridement and systemic antibiotic administration. We have previously reported the fabrication of an antibiotic-eluting scaffold which is responsive to microbial activity for the treatment of OM. Herein, we ventured to assess the capacity of this antibiotic-eluting scaffold to treat infection in a rabbit model of chronic OM. Infections were established in the radii of New Zealand White rabbits using inoculations of 2×10. 6. CFUs S. aureus JAR 060131 over a period of 4 weeks. Following surgical debridement (6mm), rabbits underwent treatment for a period of 8 weeks until euthanasia. The treatment groups were; 1) empty, 2) antibiotic-eluting scaffold (collagen/hydroxyapatite scaffold loaded with vancomycin) and 3) commercially available antibiotic-eluting fleece (Septocoll E®, collagen fleece loaded with gentamicin). During the treatment period, all groups received systemic antibiotics (Cefazolin 25mg/kg) administered subcutaneously twice daily for 4 weeks. Inoculation of the radius resulted in the development of a sequestrum containing S. aureus, demonstrating the successful establishment of OM. After the 8-week treatment period, 4/5 rabbits in the empty group were still infected, indicating that systemic antibiotic administration following debridement was insufficient to treat the infection. Fewer rabbits in both the antibiotic-eluting scaffold group (2/4) and the antibiotic-eluting fleece group (1/3) were infected. This work demonstrates that the implantation of an antibiotic-eluting biomaterial into a defect following debridement enhances bacterial clearance in conditions of chronic OM

We investigated the effect of locally administered bisphosphonate on distraction osteogenesis in a rabbit model and evaluated its systemic effect. An osteotomy on the right tibia followed by distraction for four weeks was performed on 47 immature rabbits. They were divided into seven equal groups, with each group receiving a different treatment regime. Saline and three types of dosage of alendronate (low, 0.75 μg/kg; mid, 7.5 μg/kg and high 75 μg/kg) were given by systemic injection in four groups, and saline and two dosages (low and mild) were delivered by local injection to the distraction gap in the remaining three groups. The injections were performed five times weekly during the period of distraction. After nine weeks the animals were killed and image analysis and mechanical testing were performed on the distracted right tibiae and the left tibiae which served as a control group. The local low-dose alendronate group showed a mean increase in bone mineral density of 124.3 mg/cm. 3. over the local saline group (analysis of variance, p < 0.05) without any adverse effect on the left control tibiae. The findings indicate that the administration of local low-dose alendronate could be an effective pharmacological means of improving bone formation in distraction osteogenesis

Introduction. Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressively debilitating disease that affects mostly cartilage, with associated changes in the bone. The increasing incidence of OA and an ageing population, coupled with insufficient therapeutic choices, has led to focus on the potential of stem cells as a novel strategy for cartilage repair. Methods. In this study, we used scaffold-free mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) obtained from bone marrow in an experimental animal model of OA by direct intra-articular injection. MSCs were isolated from 2.8 kg white New Zealand rabbits. There were ten in the study group and ten in the control group. OA was induced by unilateral transection of the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee joint. At 12 weeks post-operatively, a single dose of 1 million cells suspended in 1 ml of medium was delivered to the injured knee by direct intra-articular injection. The control group received 1 ml of medium without cells. The knees were examined at 16 and 20 weeks following surgery. Repair was investigated radiologically, grossly and histologically using haematoxylin and eosin, Safranin-O and toluidine blue staining. Results. Radiological assessment confirmed development of OA changes after 12 weeks. Rabbits receiving MSCs showed a lower degree of cartilage degeneration, osteophyte formation, and subchondral sclerosis than the control group at 20 weeks post-operatively. The quality of cartilage was significantly better in the cell-treated group compared with the control group after 20 weeks. Conclusions. Bone marrow-derived MSCs could be promising cell sources for the treatment of OA. Neither stem cell culture nor scaffolds are absolutely necessary for a favourable outcome. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2014;3:32–7

We have previously shown that joint distraction and movement with a hinged external fixation device for 12 weeks was useful for repairing a large articular cartilage defect in a rabbit model. We have now investigated the results after six months and one year. The device was applied to 16 rabbits who underwent resection of the articular cartilage and subchondral bone from the entire tibial plateau. In group A (nine rabbits) the device was applied for six months. In group B (seven rabbits) it was in place for six months, after which it was removed and the animals were allowed to move freely for an additional six months. The cartilage remained sound in all rabbits. The areas of type II collagen-positive staining and repaired soft tissue were larger in group B than in group A. These findings provide evidence of long-term persistence of repaired cartilage with this technique and that weight-bearing has a positive effect on the quality of the cartilage

Treatment of bone infection often includes a burdensome two-stage revision. After debridement, contaminated implants are removed and replaced with a non-absorbable cement spacer loaded with antibiotics. Weeks later, the spacer is exchanged with a bone graft aiding bone healing. However, even with this two-stage approach infection persists. In this study, we investigated whether a novel 3D-printed, antibiotic-loaded, osteoinductive calcium phosphate scaffold (CPS) is effective in single-stage revision of an infected non-union with segmental bone loss in rabbits.

A 5 mm defect was created in the radius of female New Zealand White rabbits. The bone fragment was replaced, stabilized with cerclage wire and inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). After 4 weeks, the infected bone fragment was removed, the site debrided and a spacer implanted. Depending on group allocation, rabbits received: 1) PMMA spacer with gentamycin; 2) CPS loaded with rifampin and vancomycin and 3) Non-loaded CPS. These groups received systemic cefazolin for 4 weeks after revision. Group 4 received a loaded CPS without any adjunctive systemic therapy (n=12 group1-3, n=11 group 4). All animals were euthanized 8 weeks after revision and assessed by quantitative bacteriology or histology. Covariance analysis (ANCOVA) and multiple regression were performed.

All animals were culture positive at revision surgery. Half of the animals in all groups had eliminated the infection by end of study. In a historical control group with empty defect and no systemic antibiotic treatment, all animals were infected at euthanasia. There was no significant difference in CFU counts between groups at euthanasia.

Our results show that treating an osteomyelitis with segmental bone loss either with CPS or PMMA has a similar cure rate of infection. However, by not requiring a second surgery, the use of CPS may offer advantages over non-resorbable equivalents such as PMMA.

Our aim was to investigate vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression after lacerations of a meniscus in a rabbit model. Specimens of meniscus were examined using immunohistochemistry, enzyme-linked immunoassay and the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction after one, two, five or ten weeks. In the periphery of the meniscus 90% of the lacerations had healed after five and ten weeks, but no healing was observed in the avascular area. Expression of VEGF protein and VEGF mRNA was found in the meniscus of both the operated and the contralateral sites but both were absent in control rabbits which had not undergone operation. The highest expression of VEGF was found in the avascular area after one week (p < 0.001). It then lessened at both the vascular and avascular areas, but still remained greater in comparison with the control meniscus (p < 0.05). Despite greater expression of VEGF, angiogenesis failed at the inner portion. These findings demonstrated the poor healing response in the avascular area which may not be caused by an intrinsic cellular insufficiency to stimulate angiogenesis

Introduction. Recently, oxidative stress has been implicated in the development of osteonecrosis. Here we focused on vitamins with marked antioxidant potency to see whether their use might prevent the development of osteonecrosis associated with corticosteroid administration. Methods. Fifteen male Japanese white rabbits weighing about 3.5 kg were injected once into the right gluteal muscle with methylprednisolone (MPSL) 40 mg/kg (S Group). Ten other rabbits, in addition, received consecutive daily intravenous injections of vitamin E 50 mg/kg starting from the day of MPSL administration (E Group), and 10 other animals similarly received consecutive daily intravenous injections of vitamin C 30 mg/kg (C Group). All animals were euthanized 2 weeks after MPSL administration, and femurs were extracted, and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Blood levels of glutathione (GSH) were also measured. Results. In S Group, the osteonecrosis development rate was 93%, in contrast to 60% in C Group, and none in E Group (P<0.05). Also, GSH levels in both S and C Groups abruptly decreased from the 1st day after MPSL administration, whereas, in E Group, the decline in GSH levels was significantly suppressed on days 1 and 3 after MPSL administration (P<0.05). Conclusion. Vitamin E significantly inhibited the decrease in blood GSH levels noted in the groups not receiving it. Since GSH reflects oxidative stress in vivo, vitamin E administration may be preventative in the setting of this kind of corticosteroid-induced osteonecrosis rabbit model

Healing after bone fracture is assessed by frequent radiographs, which expose patients to radiation and lacks behind biological healing. This study aimed to investigate whether the electrical impedance using electrical impedance spectroscopy correlated to quantitative scores of bone healing obtained from micro-CT and mechanical bending test.

Eighteen rabbits were subjected to tibial fracture that was stabilized with external fixator. Two electrodes were positioned, one electrode placed within the medullary cavity and the other on the lateral cortex, both three millimeters from the fracture site. Impedance was measured daily across the fracture site at a frequency range of 5 Hz to 1 MHz. The animals were divided into three groups with different follow-up time: 1, 3 and 6 weeks for micro-CT (Bone volume/tissue volume (BV/TV, %)) and mechanical testing (maximum stress (MPa), failure energy (kJ/cm3), young modulus (Mpa)).

There was a statistically significant correlation between last measured impedance at 5 Hz frequency immediately prior to euthanasia and BV/TV of callus (−0.68, 95%CI: (−0.87; −0.31)). Considering the mechanical testing with three-point bending, no significant correlation was found between last measured impedance at 5 Hz frequency immediately prior to euthanasia and maximum stress (−0.35, 95%CI: (−0.70; 0.14)), failure energy (−0.23, 95%CI: (−0.63; 0.26)), or young modulus (−0.28, 95%CI: (−0.66; 0.22)).

The significant negative correlation between impedance and BV/TV might indicate that impedances correlate with the relative bone volume in the callus site. The lack of correlation between impedance and mechanical parameters when at the same time observing a correlation between impedance and days since operation (0-42 days), might indicate that the impedance can measure biological changes at an earlier time point than rough mechanical testing.

Summary Statement. ASTM therapy is commonly used to treat Achilles tendinopaty. However, there was no report to evaluate the biomechanical effects, especially the dynamic viscoelasticity. We have shown that ASTM treatment was biomechanically useful for chronic Achilles tendinopathy in an animal model. Introduction. Achilles tendinopathy is a common chronic overuse injury. Because Achilles tendon overuse injury takes place in sports and there has been a general increase in the popularity of sports activities, the number and incidence of Achilles tendon overuse injury has increased. Augmented Soft Tissue Mobilization (ASTM) therapy is a modification of traditional soft tissue mobilization and has been used to treat a variety of musculoskeletal disorders. ASTM therapy is thought to promote collagen fiber realignment and hasten tendon repair. It might also change the biomechanical behavior of the injured tendon, especially the dynamic viscoelasticity. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of ASTM therapy in a rabbit model of Achilles tendinopathy by quantifying dynamic biomechanical properties and histologic features. Patients & Methods. The hind limbs of 12 rabbits were used, and 24 Achilles tendons were injected with collagenase to produce tendon injury. One hind limb of each animal was then randomly allocated to receive ASTM therapy, while the other received no treatment and served as a control. ASTM was performed on the Achilles tendon for 3 minutes on postoperative days 21, 24, 28, 31, 35, and 38. The Achilles tendons were harvested 10 days after the last treatment. Specimens were examined with dynamic viscoelasticity and light microscopy. Results. The mean±SD cross-sectional area for the treated and untreated tendons was 12.30±5.47 mm. 2. and 9.57±8.36 mm. 2. , respectively. The difference between the treated and untreated tendons was statistically significant (P<.01). At all dynamic loading frequencies, the storage modulus in the untreated tendons tended to be higher than that in the treated tendons. At 0.1 Hz and 10 Hz, in the untreated tendons was significantly higher than that in the treated tendons (P=.05). The loss modulus was significantly lower in the treated tendons than in the untreated tendons (P<.05). There was no significant difference in tan δ between the treated and untreated tendons. HE stain showed that the untreated tendon fiber was wavy and kinking and displayed a disordered collagen arrangement. In contrast, the tendon fiber was well aligned in the treated tendons. In the immunohistochemically stained specimens, the type III collagen showed higher color intensity in the untreated tendons than in the treated tendons. Discussion/Conclusion. We have shown that ASTM was a biomechanically useful treatment for chronic Achilles tendinopathy. Biomechanical and histologic data showed the treated Achilles tendons had better biomechanical function and histologic outcomes than the untreated tendons

Introduction and Objective

Home-based monitoring of fracture healing has the potential of reducing routine follow-up and improve personalized fracture care. Implantable sensors measuring electrical impedance might detect changes in the electrical current as the fracture heals. The aim was to investigate whether electrical impedance correlated with radiographic fracture healing.

In chronically infected fracture non-unions, treatment requires extensive debridement to remove necrotic and infected bone, often resulting in large defects requiring elaborate and prolonged bone reconstruction. One approach includes the induced membrane technique (IMT), although the differences in outcome between infected and non-infectious aetiologies remain unclear. Here we present a new rabbit humerus model for IMT secondary to infection, and, furthermore, we compare bone healing in rabbits with a chronically infected non-union compared to non-infected equivalents.

A 5 mm defect was created in the humerus and filled with a polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) spacer or left empty (n=6 per group). After 3 weeks, the PMMA spacer was replaced with a beta-tricalcium phosphate (chronOs, Synthes) scaffold, which was placed within the induced membrane and observed for a further 10 weeks. The same protocol was followed for the infected group, except that four week prior to treatment, the wound was inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus (4×10⁶ CFU/animal) and the PMMA spacer was loaded with gentamicin, and systemic therapy was applied for 4 weeks prior to chronOs application.

All the animals from the infected group were culture positive during the first revision surgery (mean 3×10⁵ CFU/animal, n= 12), while at the second revision, after antibiotic therapy, all the animals were culture negative. The differences in bone healing between the non-infected and infected groups were evaluated by radiography and histology. The initially infected animals showed impaired bone healing at euthanasia, and some remnants of bacteria in histology. The non-infected animals reached bone bridging in both empty and chronOs conditions.

We developed a preclinical in vivo model to investigate how bacterial infection influence bone healing in large defects with the future aim to explore new treatment concepts of infected non-union.

Summary Statement. Supercritical fluid (SCF) sterilization produces clean and osteoconductive allograft bone capable of healing a critical-sised bony defect. SCF treated graft induces an increased anabolic response and decreased catabolic reponse compared to gamma irradiated graft. Introduction. Clinically, allogeneic bone graft is used extensively because it avoids the donor site morbidity associated with autograft. However, there are concerns over the optimal sterilization method to eliminate immunological risks whilst maintaining the biological efficacy of the graft. This study compared the effect of Supercritical fluid (SCF) sterilization and gamma irradiation on the osteoconductivity of allograft bone in a bilateral critical-sised defect rabbit model. Methods. Cortical-cancellous allograft bone was milled, defatted and terminally sterilised with either gamma irradiation at 25kGy or SCF treatment. The graft was then implanted bilaterally into a critical-sised metaphyseal defect in 10 New Zealand White rabbits (n=5 sites per time point per group). Osteoconductivity was evaluated at 2 and 4 weeks to measure the early inflammatory response and early new bone formation respectively, using X-ray, CT, and both qualitative and quantitative histology and immunohistochemistry (Alkaline Phosphatase and Cathepsin-K). Results. Both grafts were well tolerated and osteoconductive. At 2 weeks, there were significant reductions in bone volume and density in the gamma irradiated graft compared to the SCF treated graft as measured by CT. Inside the defect this corresponded with a greater inflammatory response in the gamma irradiated graft, with a less organised fibrous tissue infiltration and mild granuloma reaction. Conversely, the SCF group had a highly organised and densely packed fibrous tissue infiltration around the allograft chips. Immunohistochemistry results supported these findings with an up-regulation in the expression and distribution of Cathepsin-K in the gamma irradiation group; while Alkaline Phosphatase expression was higher in the SCF group. At 4 weeks, resorptive behavior predominated in both groups. Radiographic and CT results detected no significant difference between groups. Histology at 4 weeks showed larger bone chips were undergoing substantial remodeling with areas of simultaneous osteoclastic resorption and osteoblastic new bone formation. Smaller allograft chips and areas of new bone formation were infiltrated by fibrous tissue and undergoing osteoclastic resorption. Quantitative immunohistochemistry showed an up-regulation of Cathepsin-K expression in both groups from 2 to 4 weeks. At both time points Cathepsin-K expression was higher in the gamma irradiated graft compared to the SCF group. This was greatest at 2 weeks where there was a substantial 82% increase in expression which was reduced to a 38% discrepancy at 4 weeks. Alkaline Phosphatase expression was greater in the SCF group at both time-points. Discussion/Conclusion. Allograft bone sterilised with either gamma irradiation or SCF treatment was osteoconductive and capable of healing a critical-sised defect in a rabbit. Gamma irradiated allografts elicited an acute inflammatory reaction when implanted which increased the amount graft resorption compared to the SCF treated bone. Increased osteoclastic resorption may be a concern for structural graft applications leaving the graft more susceptible to premature failure. SCF sterilization produced a clean, highly biocompatible graft with increased anabolic activity compared to gamma irradiation which may facilitate earlier healing clinically. These results suggest that SCF sterilization has considerable expediency for allograft processing and may facilitate more optimal extraction of the inherent properties of the graft compared to current practices

Cartilage neoangiogenesis holds a key role in the development of osteoarthritis (OA) by promoting cartilage degradation with proteoglycan loss, subchondral bone sclerosis, osteophyte formation and synovial hyperplasia. This study aimed to assess the in vivo efficacy of bevacizumab, an antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in an OA animal model.

24 New Zealand white rabbits underwent anterior cruciate ligament transection in order to spontaneously develop knee OA. Animals were divided into four groups: one receiving a sham intraarticular knee injection (saline) and three groups treated with 5, 10, and 20 mg intraarticular bevacizumab injections. The biological effect of the antibody on cartilage and synovium was evaluated through histology and quantified with the Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) scores. Immunohistochemical analysis was conducted to investigate type 2 collagen, aggrecan, and matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13) expression in both cartilage and synovium.

Intraarticular bevacizumab led to a significant reduction of cartilage degeneration and synovial OA alterations. Immunohistochemistry showed a significantly reduced MMP-13 expression in all experimental groups, with the one receiving 20 mg bevacizumab showing the lowest. Furthermore, the antibody showed to increment the production of aggrecan and type 2 collagen after administration of 5, 10, and 20 mg. The group treated with 20 mg showed the highest levels of type 2 collagen expression, while aggrecan content was even higher than in the healthy cartilage.

Intraarticular bevacizumab has demonstrated to effectively arrest OA progression in our model, with 20 mg being the most efficacious dose. By inhibiting cartilage and synovial neoangiogenesis, bevacizumab may serve as a possible disease-modifying osteoarthritis drug (DMOAD) in the next future.

There is no optimal therapy to stop or cure chondral degeneration in osteoarthritis (OA). Beside cartilage, subchondral bone is involved. The often sclerotic bone is mechanically less solid which in turn influences negatively chondral quality. Microfracturing as therapeutic technique aims to enhance bone quality but is applied only in smaller cartilage lesions. The osteoproliferative properties of Magnesium (Mg) have been shown repeatedly^1-3. The present study examined the influence of micro-scaled Mg cylinders compared to sole drilling in an OA model.

Ten New Zealand White rabbits underwent anterior crucial ligament transection. During 12 weeks after surgery, the animals developed OA as previously described⁴. In a second surgery, half of the animals received 20 drill holes (ø 0.5mm) and the other half received 20 drill holes, which were additionally filled with one Mg cylinder each. Extracapsular plication was performed in all animals. During the follow-up of 8 weeks three µ-computed tomographic (µCT) scans were performed: immediately after surgery and after four and eight weeks. Changes of bone volume, trabecular thickness and bone density were calculated and compared.

µCT evaluation showed an increase in bone volume and trabecular thickness in both groups. This increase was significantly higher in rabbits which received Mg cylinders showing thrice as high values for both parameters (bone volume: Mg group +44.5%, drilling group +15.1%, p≤0.025; trabecular thickness: Mg group +53.2%, drilling group +16.9%, p≤0.025). Also bone density increased in both groups, but on a distinctly lower level and with no significant difference.

Although profound higher bone volume was found after implantation of Mg cylinders, µCT showed similar levels of bone density indicating adequate bone quality in this OA model. Macroscopic and histological evaluation of cartilage condition have to reveal possible impact on OA progression. Additionally, current examination implement different alloys and influence on lameness.

Introduction and Objective

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common inflammatory and degenerative joint disease. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs), with their chondro-protective and immune-regulatory properties, have been considered as a new approach to treat OA. Considering the risk of cell leakage outside the articular space and the poor survival rate after intra-articular (IA) injection, we hypothesized that cell encapsulation in cytoprotective hydrogels could overcome these limitations and provide cells with a suitable 3D microenvironment supporting their biological activity. We previously generated micromolded alginate particles (diameter 150 μm) and demonstrated the long-term viability of microencapsulated MSCs isolated from human adipose tissue (hASCs). Encapsulated cells maintained their in vitro ability to sense and respond to a pro-inflammatory environment (IFN-γ/TNF-α or synovial fluids from OA patients) by secreting PGE₂, IDO, HGF and TGF-β. In this study, we evaluated the anti-OA efficacy of these microencapsulated hASCs in a post-traumatic OA model in rabbits.