The purpose of the study was to investigate the incidence of surgical site infection following elective paediatric orthopaedic surgery. A pro forma adopted from a pilot study was filled out preoperatively for each elective operation performed during the study period. Each patient was then followed up for six weeks postoperatively to record any SSI that developed. Data collected included patient demographics, type of operation, grade of Surgeon, type of procedure, wound length, skin preparations, use of tourniquet, any antibiotic prophylaxis and length of operation. This study collated data on 334 operations with 410 procedural sites over a six month period. Infection were recorded in 19 sites equivalent to a SSI rate of 4.63%. None of the patients developed long-term complications. The mean age of the participants in the study was 11 years (range 0.5 to 17 years), 57% were males and 43% were females. The infection were detected between 1 and 38 days after surgery. The outcome was not compromised in any of the patients as none of them required long-term treatment. Statistical analysis was undertaken. The study proves that the surgical site infection after elective paediatric orthopaedic surgery is low and serve as a bases for consenting patients for surgery

The aim of our survey was to study the current practice to manage DDH in UK by the members of the British Society for Children's Orthopaedic Surgery. An online questionnaire link to ask about the management of DDH was emailed to 204 members of the British Society for Children's Orthopaedic Surgery. The response rate was 39%. 73% respondents have a local screening programme, 19% screen only high risk children and 8% had no screening programme. Pavlik harness was used by 87% respondents for Graf Type 2, 96% for Graf type 3 and 90% for Graf type 4. 14% respondents will only observe for Graf Type 2. 36% respondents will follow up children every week, 45% every 2 weeks, 3% every 3 weeks, 9% every 4 weeks, 4% every 6 weeks and 3% will decide the follow up according to severity of DDH and treatment.1.3% respondents will follow up these patients for 6 months, 13% for 12 months, 10.5% each for 24 months, 36 months, 48 months and 50% until skeletal maturity. After the failure of initial splintage, 7% respondents will consider surgery immediately, 13.5% at 3 months, 36.5% at 6 months, 4% at 9 months, 28% at 12 months, 5.4% according to HIP-OP Trial and 5.6% according to the situation. There was no consensus about the treatment of DDH. 73% respondents have a local screening programme. The most common splintage method used was Pavlik harness. 45% respondents will follow up children every 2 weeks following the start of treatment. 50% respondents will follow up these patients until skeletal maturity. 36% respondents will consider surgery at 6 months following the failure of splintage. This survey highlights the fact that the management of DDH is an art based on the scientific evidence, parent's choice and personal expertise

Aim. The use of intraoperative cell salvage as a tool for reducing allogenic transfusion has been demonstrated in pelvic osteotomies. The aims of this audit were to identify any problems or complications with cell salvage, reduction in allogenic transfusion and identify procedures that would benefit. Methods. The use of cell salvage and allogenic transfusions were prospectively recorded over a 27-month period for all those who had major non spinal surgery looking at whether cell-salvage reduced allogenic transfusions and where cell salvage was used it was matched to procedure, diagnosis and age with cases where it was not used over the same time period. Results. Cell salvage was used in 61 cases. For these, average blood loss was 624mls and re-transfused volume 176mls (range=0-888mls). There were no complications. 4 problems occurred, 2 where suction became desterilised and 2 with insufficient sample to process. Of those that were matched, 3/55 cases required allogenic transfusion versus 11/55 that did not have cell salvage (p=0.03). Sub group analysis according to procedure did not reach significance. Excluding those with osteogenesis imperfecta, no isolated femoral osteotomy required allogenic transfusion (total number=48). Conclusion. Overall its use has reduced the number of children receiving allogenic blood and negates the need to cross match preoperatively. Group and save sample is probably sufficient for most major paediatric orthopaedic surgery with cell salvage. The specific indications for cell salvage have not been identified by this study, though useful in OI

Most children with spastic hemiplegia have high levels of function and independence but fixed deformities and gait abnormalities are common. The classification proposed by Winters et al is widely used to interpret hemiplegic gait patterns and plan intervention. However, this classification is based on sagittal kinematics and fails to consider important abnormalities in the transverse plane. Using three-dimensional gait analysis, we studied the incidence of transverse-plane deformity and gait abnormality in 17 children with group IV hemiplegia according to Winters et al before and after multilevel orthopaedic surgery. We found that internal rotation of the hip and pelvic retraction were consistent abnormalities of gait in group-IV hemiplegia. A programme of multilevel surgery resulted in predictable improvement in gait and posture, including pelvic retraction. In group IV hemiplegia pelvic retraction appeared in part to be a compensating mechanism to control foot progression in the presence of medial femoral torsion. Correction of this torsion can improve gait symmetry and function

Aims

The aim of this study was to evaluate the epidemiology and treatment of Perthes’ disease of the hip.

Aims

The aim of this study was to inform the epidemiology and treatment of slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE).

The aim was to assess contemporary management of slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) by surveying members of the British Society of Children's Orthopaedic Surgery (BSCOS). A questionnaire with 5 case vignettes was used. Two questions examined the timing of surgery for an acute unstable SCFE in a child presenting at 6 hours and at 48 hours after start of symptoms. Two further questions explored the preferred method of fixation in mild and severe stable SCFE. The final question examined the management of the contralateral normal hip. Responses were entered into an Excel spreadsheet and the data w analysed using a chi-squared test. The response rate was 56% (110/196). 88.2% (97/110) responded that if a child presented with an acute unstable SCFE within 6 hours, they would treat it within 24 hours of presentation, compared with 40.9% (45/110) for one presenting 48 hours after the onset of symptoms (P<0.0001). 52.6% (58/110) of surveyed BSCOS members would offer surgery for an unstable SCFE between 1 and 7 days after onset of symptoms. Single screw fixation in situ was advocated by 96.4% (106/110) and 70.9% (78/110) while corrective osteotomy was preferred by 1.8% (2/110) and 26.4% (29/110) of respondents for the mild and the severe stable slips respectively (P<0.0001). Surgeons preferring osteotomy are more likely to perform an intracapsular technique. Prophylactic fixation of the contralateral normal hip was performed by 27.3% (30/110) of participants. There are significant differences in opinions between BSCOS members as to the optimal management of SCFE in children. This reflects the variable recommendations and quality in the current scientific literature. Further research is therefore required to determine best practice and enable consensus to be reached

Purpose of the study

To determine the consistency with which specialist orthopaedic surgeons rate the importance of criteria for the diagnosis of DDH which had previously been generated in a BSCOS and EPOS multi national study.

Aim

Differing reports about the surgical management of the supracondylar humeral fracture make evidence-based practice very difficult, so knowledge of the contemporary practices and opinions of an expert body can provide a useful benchmark for appraisal; the aim of this study was to obtain this information.

Aims. A national screening programme has existed in the UK for the diagnosis of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) since 1969. However, every aspect of screening and treatment remains controversial. Screening programmes throughout the world vary enormously, and in the UK there is significant variation in screening practice and treatment pathways. We report the results of an attempt by the British Society for Children’s Orthopaedic Surgery (BSCOS) to identify a nationwide consensus for the management of DDH in order to unify treatment and suggest an approach for screening. Methods. A Delphi consensus study was performed among the membership of BSCOS. Statements were generated by a steering group regarding aspects of the management of DDH in children aged under three months, namely screening and surveillance (15 questions), the technique of ultrasound scanning (eight questions), the initiation of treatment (19 questions), care during treatment with a splint (ten questions), and on quality, governance, and research (eight questions). A two-round Delphi process was used and a consensus document was produced at the final meeting of the steering group. Results. A total of 60 statements were graded by 128 clinicians in the first round and 132 in the second round. Consensus was reached on 30 out of 60 statements in the first round and an additional 12 in the seond. This was summarized in a consensus statement and distilled into a flowchart to guide clinical practice. Conclusion. We identified agreement in an area of medicine that has a long history of controversy and varied practice. None of the areas of consensus are based on high-quality evidence. This document is thus a framework to guide clinical practice and on which high-quality clinical trials can be developed. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2023;105-B(2):209–214

Aims. The management of fractures of the medial epicondyle is one of the greatest controversies in paediatric fracture care, with uncertainty concerning the need for surgery. The British Society of Children’s Orthopaedic Surgery prioritized this as their most important research question in paediatric trauma. This is the protocol for a randomized controlled, multicentre, prospective superiority trial of operative fixation versus nonoperative treatment for displaced medial epicondyle fractures: the Surgery or Cast of the EpicoNdyle in Children’s Elbows (SCIENCE) trial. Methods. Children aged seven to 15 years old inclusive, who have sustained a displaced fracture of the medial epicondyle, are eligible to take part. Baseline function using the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) upper limb score, pain measured using the Wong Baker FACES pain scale, and quality of life (QoL) assessed with the EuroQol five-dimension questionnaire for younger patients (EQ-5D-Y) will be collected. Each patient will be randomly allocated (1:1, stratified using a minimization algorithm by centre and initial elbow dislocation status (i.e. dislocated or not-dislocated at presentation to the emergency department)) to either a regimen of the operative fixation or non-surgical treatment. Outcomes. At six weeks, and three, six, and 12 months, data on function, pain, sports/music participation, QoL, immobilization, and analgesia will be collected. These will also be repeated annually until the child reaches the age of 16 years. Four weeks after injury, the main outcomes plus data on complications, resource use, and school absence will be collected. The primary outcome is the PROMIS upper limb score at 12 months post-randomization. All data will be obtained through electronic questionnaires completed by the participants and/or parents/guardians. The NHS number of participants will be stored to enable future data linkage to sources of routinely collected data (i.e. Hospital Episode Statistics). Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2024;5(1):69–77

Aims. The aim of this study was to determine the consensus best practice approach for the investigation and management of children (aged 0 to 15 years) in the UK with musculoskeletal infection (including septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, pyomyositis, tenosynovitis, fasciitis, and discitis). This consensus can then be used to ensure consistent, safe care for children in UK hospitals and those elsewhere with similar healthcare systems. Methods. A Delphi approach was used to determine consensus in three core aspects of care: 1) assessment, investigation, and diagnosis; 2) treatment; and 3) service, pathways, and networks. A steering group of paediatric orthopaedic surgeons created statements which were then evaluated through a two-round Delphi survey sent to all members of the British Society for Children’s Orthopaedic Surgery (BSCOS). Statements were only included (‘consensus in’) in the final agreed consensus if at least 75% of respondents scored the statement as critical for inclusion. Statements were discarded (‘consensus out’) if at least 75% of respondents scored them as not important for inclusion. Reporting these results followed the Appraisal Guidelines for Research and Evaluation. Results. A total of 133 children’s orthopaedic surgeons completed the first survey, and 109 the second. Out of 43 proposed statements included in the initial Delphi, 32 reached ‘consensus in’, 0 ‘consensus out’, and 11 ‘no consensus’. These 11 statements were then reworded, amalgamated, or deleted before the second Delphi round of eight statements. All eight were accepted as ‘consensus in’, resulting in a total of 40 approved statements. Conclusion. In the many aspects of medicine where relevant evidence is not available for clinicians to base their practice, a Delphi consensus can provide a strong body of opinion that acts as a benchmark for good quality clinical care. We would recommend clinicians managing children with musculoskeletal infection follow the guidance in the consensus statements in this article, to ensure care in all medical settings is consistent and safe. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2023;105-B(7):815–820

Aims. The aim of this study was to gain an agreement on the management of idiopathic congenital talipes equinovarus (CTEV) up to walking age in order to provide a benchmark for practitioners and guide consistent, high-quality care for children with CTEV. Methods. The consensus process followed an established Delphi approach with a predetermined degree of agreement. The process included the following steps: establishing a steering group; steering group meetings, generating statements, and checking them against the literature; a two-round Delphi survey; and final consensus meeting. The steering group members and Delphi survey participants were all British Society of Children’s Orthopaedic Surgery (BSCOS) members. Descriptive statistics were used for analysis of the Delphi survey results. The Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & Evaluation checklist was followed for reporting of the results. Results. The BSCOS-selected steering group, the steering group meetings, the Delphi survey, and the final consensus meeting all followed the pre-agreed protocol. A total of 153/243 members voted in round 1 Delphi (63%) and 132 voted in round 2 (86%). Out of 61 statements presented to round 1 Delphi, 43 reached ‘consensus in’, no statements reached ‘consensus out’, and 18 reached ‘no consensus’. Four statements were deleted and one new statement added following suggestions from round 1. Out of 15 statements presented to round 2, 12 reached ‘consensus in’, no statements reached ‘consensus out’, and three reached ‘no consensus’ and were discussed and included following the final consensus meeting. Two statements were combined for simplicity. The final consensus document includes 57 statements allocated into six successive stages. Conclusion. We have produced a consensus document for the treatment of idiopathic CTEV up to walking age. This will provide a benchmark for standard of care in the UK and will help to reduce geographical variability in treatment and outcomes. Appropriate dissemination and implementation will be key to its success. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2022;104-B(6):758–764

Aims. Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) is one of the most common hip diseases of adolescence that can cause marked disability, yet there is little robust evidence to guide treatment. Fundamental aspects of the disease, such as frequency, are unknown and consequently the desire of clinicians to undertake robust intervention studies is somewhat prohibited by a lack of fundamental knowledge. Methods. The study is an anonymized nationwide comprehensive cohort study with nested consented within the mechanism of the British Orthopaedic Surgery Surveillance (BOSS) Study. All relevant hospitals treating SCFE in England, Scotland, and Wales will contribute anonymized case details. Potential missing cases will be cross-checked against two independent external sources of data (the national administrative data and independent trainee data). Patients will be invited to enrich the data collected by supplementing anonymized case data with patient-reported outcome measures. In line with recommendations of the IDEAL Collaboration, the study will primarily seek to determine incidence, describe case mix and variations in surgical interventions, and explore the relationships between baseline factors (patients and types of interventions) and two-year outcomes. Discussion. This is the first disease to be investigated using the BOSS Study infrastructure. It provides a robust method to determine the disease frequency, and a large unbiased sample of cases from which treatment strategies can be investigated. It may form the basis for definitive robust intervention studies or, where these are demonstrated not to be feasible, this may be the most robust cohort study

Aims. Perthes’ disease is a condition which leads to necrosis of the femoral head. It is most commonly reported in children aged four to nine years, with recent statistics suggesting it affects around five per 100,000 children in the UK. Current treatment for the condition aims to maintain the best possible environment for the disease process to run its natural course. Management typically includes physiotherapy with or without surgical intervention. Physiotherapy intervention often will include strengthening/stretching programmes, exercise/activity advice, and, in some centres, will include intervention, such as hydrotherapy. There is significant variation in care with no consensus on which treatment option is best. The importance of work in this area has been demonstrated by the British Society for Children’s Orthopaedic Surgery through the James Lind Alliance’s prioritization of work to determine/identify surgical versus non-surgical management of Perthes’ disease. It was identified as the fourth-highest priority for paediatric lower limb surgery research in 2018. Methods. Five UK NHS centres, including those from the NEWS (North, East, West and South Yorkshire) orthopaedic group, contributed to this case review, with each entre providing clinical data from a minimum of five children. Information regarding both orthopaedic and physiotherapeutic management over a two-year post-diagnosis period was reviewed. Results. Data were extracted from the clinical records of 32 children diagnosed with Perthes’ disease; seven boys and 25 girls. The mean age of the children at diagnosis was 6.16 years (standard deviation (SD) 3.001). In all, 26 children were referred for physiotherapy. In the two-year period following diagnosis, children were seen a median of 7.5 times (interquartile range (IQR) 4.25 to 11) by an orthopaedic surgeon, and a median of 9.5 times (IQR 8 to 18.25) by a physiotherapist. One centre had operated on all of their children, while another had operated on none. Overall, 17 (53%) of the children were managed conservatively in the two-year follow-up period, and 15 (47%) of the children underwent surgery in the two-year follow-up period. Conclusion. The results of this case review demonstrate a variation of care provided to children in the UK with Perthes’ disease. Further national and international understanding of current care is required to underpin the rationale for different treatment options in children with Perthes’ disease. Cite this article: Bone Joint Open 2020;1-11:691–695

Aims. High-quality clinical research in children’s orthopaedic surgery has lagged behind other surgical subspecialties. This study used a consensus-based approach to identify research priorities for clinical trials in children’s orthopaedics. Methods. A modified Delphi technique was used, which involved an initial scoping survey, a two-round Delphi process and an expert panel formed of members of the British Society of Children’s Orthopaedic Surgery. The survey was conducted amongst orthopaedic surgeons treating children in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Results. A total of 86 clinicians contributed to both rounds of the Delphi process, scoring priorities from one (low priority) to five (high priority). Elective topics were ranked higher than those relating to trauma, with the top ten elective research questions scoring higher than the top question for trauma. Ten elective, and five trauma research priorities were identified, with the three highest ranked questions relating to the treatment of slipped capital femoral epiphysis (mean score 4.6/ 5), Perthes’ disease (4.5) and bone infection (4.5). Conclusion. This consensus-based research agenda will guide surgeons, academics and funders to improve the evidence in children’s orthopaedic surgery and encourage the development of multicentre clinical trials. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2018;100-B:680–4

A goal attainment scale (GAS) was used to evaluate outcomes of surgical and non-surgical interventions to improve gait in children with diplegic cerebral palsy (CP). Personal goals were recorded pre-intervention from children and/or their carers attending the Edinburgh Gait Laboratory since 2012. Twenty children underwent orthopaedic surgery (Group 1) and 25 children underwent a non-orthopaedic intervention (Group 2). Patients were excluded if the intervention was <9 months before the study period. Post-operatively children and/or their carers were contacted by telephone to complete the mGAS questionnaire, rating the achievement of goals on a 5-point scale. The majority of goals related to structure and function and were similar between groups, with goals relating to stability and lower limb structure most frequently recorded. Attaining an improvement in pain was stated more frequently by Group 1 children. The GAS formula was used to transform the composite GAS into a standardised measure (T-score) for each patient. A t-test was used to determine if the change in T-score was significantly different from 0, i.e. no change. Both groups on average achieved their goals (mean change in T-score for Group 2 11.1, vs 21.1 for Group 1). The difference between these two means was significant (p = 0.012). Additionally 16 children had undergone a follow-up gait analysis, but the relationship between the change in Gait Profile Score and GAS, assessed by Pearson's correlation coefficient was statistically insignificant. Both surgical and non-surgical interventions enabled children to achieve their goals, although Group 1 reported higher achievement. GAS reflect patients’ aspirations and may be as relevant as post-intervention kinematic or kinetic outcomes

Identification of the paediatric orthopaedic patient at high risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) can allow a targeted approach to thromboprophylaxis. There is currently no national consensus on the correct method of risk assessment in this patient group. The Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital has developed a guideline using the evidence available to allow stratification of risk for the paediatric orthopaedic patient. A list of departments offering specialist paediatric orthopaedic surgery was obtained from the member list of the British Society of Paediatric Orthopaedic Surgeons (BSCOS). These hospitals were contacted via telephone interview to determine if they have a specific guideline or risk assessment proforma for paediatric VTE risk. A total of 74 hospitals were identified with a specialist paediatric orthopaedic practice in the United Kingdom. A response rate was gained from 100% of these hospitals. Only 3/74 of these hospitals had a guideline or protocol in place for the formal assessment of VTE risk in the paediatric patient (Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore; Sheffield Children's Hospital; Barts & the London NHS Trust). All three hospitals were able to provide details of their guideline. Both the RNOH and Barts & the London commented that their guideline was based on that of the Sheffield group, with adaptations for their own requirements. The majority of hospitals in the UK with a paediatric orthopaedic interest do not have guidance available for the management of VTE risk. Presented here is the outcome of using the limited evidence available, in combination with expert opinion, to develop a guideline suitable for the requirements of a paediatric unit in an orthopaedic hospital. This may be of benefit to other units producing their own guidelines, producing thought and discussion as to the specific requirements of paediatric patients undergoing orthopaedic procedures

This study aimed to determine the major diagnoses and needs of children in Rwanda with musculoskeletal conditions to enable the Rwandan government to begin to plan orthopaedic and rehabilitation services. BACKGROUND. When faced with developing orthopaedic services for children in Sub-Saharan Africa, there is little objective evidence-based data on the magnitude and type of services needed. Rwanda is a small country that is in the process of developing orthopaedic and rehabilitation services, and its Ministry of Health supported a survey that would provide information necessary for planning such services. METHODS. A national survey of musculoskeletal impairment (MSI) prevalence was undertaken. Of a population of 8.4 million, 8368 people were enumerated. Four thousand one hundred thirty-four were aged 16 years or less. Cases who failed a screening test for MSI were examined, allocated a diagnostic category, and assessed as to treatment needed. RESULTS. Of 4134 people aged 16 years or less who were enumerated, 3526 (85%) were screened and 91 had MSI, giving a prevalence of MSI among children of 2.58% (95% confidence interval; 2.06-3.10). Twenty-three percent of MSIs were a result of congenital deformity, 14% neurologic conditions, 12% trauma, 3% infection, and 46% other acquired pathology. Of the MSIs, 56.7% were mild, 37.8% moderate, and 5.6% severe. Extrapolated treatment needs suggest that 2% of Rwandan children (approximately 80,000) need orthopaedic physical therapy, 1.2% (50,000) need orthopaedic surgery, and approximately 10,000 need orthopaedic appliances. CONCLUSIONS. These results will be of use in planning future paediatric orthopaedic services in Rwanda, and for comparative studies in other low-income countries

The atlas of Greulich and Pyle for skeletal maturity and epiphyseal closure is widely used in many countries to assess skeletal age and to plan orthopaedic surgery. The data used to compile the atlas were collected from institutionalised American children in the 1950s. In order to determine whether the atlas was relevant to subSaharan Africa, we compared skeletal age, according to the atlas, with chronological age in 139 skeletally immature Malawian children and young adults with an age range from 1 year 11 months to 28 years 5 months. The height and weight of each patient were also measured in order to calculate the body mass index. The skeletal age of 119 patients (85.6%) was lower than the chronological age. The mean difference was 20.0 ± 24.1 months (t-test, p = 0.0049), and the greatest difference 100 months. The atlas is thus inaccurate for this group of children. The body mass index in 131 patients was below the normal range of 20 to 25 kg/m. 2. . The reasons for the low skeletal age in this group of children are discussed. Poor nutrition and chronic diseases such as malaria and diarrhoea which are endemic in Malawi are likely to be contributing factors. We did not find any correlation between the reduction in body mass index in our patients and the degree of retardation of skeletal age