Abstract. Background. Tibiotalocalcaneal (TTC) fusion is indicated for severe arthritis, failed ankle arthroplasty, avascular necrosis of talus and as a salvage after failed ankle fixation. Patients in our study had complex deformities with 25 ankles having valgus deformities (range 50–8 degrees mean 27 degrees). 12 had varus deformities (range 50–10 degrees mean 26 degrees) 5 ankles an accurate measurement was not possible on retrospective images. 10 out of 42 procedures were done after failed previous surgeries and 8 out of 42 had talus AVN. Methods. Retrospective case series of patients with hindfoot nails performed in our centre identified using NHS codes. Total of 41 patients with 42 nails identified with mean age of 64 years. Time to union noted from X-rays and any complications noted from the follow-up letters. Patients contacted via telephone to complete MOXFQ and VAS scores and asked if they would recommend the procedure to patients suffering similar conditions. 17 patients unable to fill scores (5 deceased, 4 nails removed, 2 cognitive impairment and 6 uncontactable). Results. In our cohort 33/38 of hindfoot nails achieved both subtalar and ankle fusion in a mean time of 7 months. 25 patients with 26 nails had mean follow up with post op scores of 4 years. Their Mean MOXFQ scores were (Pain: 12.8 Walking: 12 Social: 8) and visual analogue pain score was 3. 85% of patients wound recommend this surgery for a similar condition. 20 complications with 15 requiring surgery(5 screw removals, 1 percutaneous drilling, 1 fusion site injection, 8 nail revisions). Conclusion. In our experience hindfoot nail TTC fusion reliably improves the function of patients with severe symptoms in a variety of pathophysiological conditions and complex deformities. Most of our patients would recommend this procedure. There is a lack of studies with long-term follow-up

Several emerging reports suggest an important involvement of the hindfoot alignment in the outcome of knee osteotomy. At present, studies lack a comprehensive overview. Therefore, we aimed to systematically review all biomechanical and clinical studies investigating the role of the hindfoot alignment in the setting of osteotomies around the knee. A systematic literature search was conducted on multiple databases combining “knee osteotomy” and “hindfoot/ankle alignment” search terms. Articles were screened and included according to the PRISMA guidelines. A quality assessment was conducted using the Quality Appraisal for Cadaveric Studies (QUACS) - and modified methodologic index for non-randomized studies (MINORS) scales. Three cadaveric, fourteen retrospective cohort and two case-control studies were eligible for review. Biomechanical hindfoot characteristics were positively affected (n=4), except in rigid subtalar joint (n=1) or talar tilt (n=1) deformity. Patient symptoms and/or radiographic alignment at the level of the hindfoot did also improve after knee osteotomy (n=13), except in case of a small pre-operative lateral distal tibia- and hip knee ankle (HKA) angulation or in case of a large HKA correction (>14.5°). Additionally, a pre-existent hindfoot deformity (>15.9°) was associated with undercorrection of lower limb alignment following knee osteotomy. The mean QUACS score was 61.3% (range: 46–69%) and mean MINORS score was 9.2 out of 16 (range 6–12) for non-comparative and 16.5 out of 24 (range 15–18) for comparative studies. Osteotomies performed to correct knee deformity have also an impact on biomechanical and clinical outcomes of the hindfoot. In general, these are reported to be beneficial, but several parameters were identified that are associated with newly onset – or deterioration of hindfoot symptoms following knee osteotomy. Further prospective studies are warranted to assess how diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms based on the identified criteria could be implemented to optimize the overall outcome of knee osteotomy. Remark: Aline Van Oevelen and Arne Burssens contributed equally to this work

Abstract. Objectives. Currently, the golden standard for the management of ankle fractures is open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF), a procedure which preserves joint anatomy and function. However, ORIF is associated with high risk of infection, especially in the elderly population, who tend to suffer from osteoporosis and vascular disease. Studies recommend hindfoot nailing (HFN) as a safe and efficient management alternative for this demographic. Unlike ORIF, HFN allows immediate weight-bearing, which has been linked to a lower rate of complications. This study aims to evaluate the outcomes of hindfoot nailing in ankle fractures using a case series of 43 patients. Methods. This is a retrospective study with a sample size of 43 patients, that have a mean age of 77.3 years and several medical conditions. These patients experienced ankle fractures that were treated with HFN. Data collected included injury patterns, operative complications, rate of radiological union, comorbidities and changes in mobility and housing before and after surgery. Results. Before their fracture, 62.8% of patients mobilised using a walking stick or a wheeled frame. Following surgery, 52.4% experienced decreased level of mobility. 50% of patients achieved radiological union at the time of data analysis, whereas 52.4% of patients reported a post-operative complication, most commonly soft tissue or bone infection. Conclusions. Our study has a large sample size compared to previous research. The follow-up period varies depending on patient attendance to follow-up clinical appointments. Our patient cohort exhibits significantly lower rates of radiological union, higher incidence of complications and poor post-operative functional outcomes associated with HFN. These data contradict previous studies suggesting HFN for the surgical management of ankle fractures in the elderly and frail population and demonstrate that a more thorough evaluation of HFN is needed

Patients with a hindfoot deformity impose a particular challenge when performing a total knee arthroplasty (TKA). This could be attributed to the lack of insights concerning the outcome towards the hindfoot alignment. Our objective was to perform a systematic review of the literature to investigate the influence of TKA on hindfoot alignment and vice-versa. In accordance with the Methodological Index For Non-Randomized Studies (MINORS) statement standards, we performed a systematic review. Electronic databases Pubmed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Google Scholar and Cochrane Library were searched to identify capable studies studying the influence between TKA and hindfoot malalignment. We indentified four prospective cohort studies, seven retrospective cohort studies and one case-control study. All twelve articles addressed the influence of TKA on hindfoot alignment. Seven out of nine studies which noticed an improvement of hindfoot alignment after TKA, found a significant improvement (p<0.05). Aditionally three of these studies reported a significant improvement only in valgus hindfeet (p<0.05). On the topic of hindfoot alignment influencing TKA, we identified two studies. These studies reported an impact of hindfoot alignment on the weightbearing and described that 87% of hindfeet remained in valgus alignment after TKA. Available data suggests that alignment in valgus hindfeet can improve after TKA, though long term results are not present. Contrary to last, improvement of hindfoot alignment is not expected in varus hindfeet. Furthermore hindfoot alignment deformity may cause a reduction of the long term survival of the knee prosthesis and therefore should be taken in to account

Hindfoot disorders are complex 3D deformities. Current literature has assessed their influence on the full leg alignment, but the superposition of the hindfoot on plain radiographs resulted in different measurement errors. Therefore, the aim of this study is to assess the hindfoot alignment on Weight-Bearing CT (WBCT) and its influence on the radiographic Hip-Knee-Ankle (HKA) angle. A retrospective analysis was performed on a study population of 109 patients (mean age of 53 years ± 14,49) with a varus or valgus hindfoot deformity. The hindfoot angle (HA) was measured on the WBCT while the HKA angle, and the anatomical tibia axis angle towards the vertical (TA. X. ) were analysed on the Full Leg radiographs. The mean HA in the valgus hindfoot group was 9,19°±7.94, in the varus hindfoot group −7,29°±6.09. The mean TA. X. was 3,32°±2.17 in the group with a valgus hindfoot and 1,89°±2.63 in the group with a varus hindfoot, which showed to be statistically different (p<0.05). The mean HKA Angle was −1,35°±2.73 in the valgus hindfoot group and 0,4°±2.89 in the varus hindfoot group, which showed to be statistically different (p<0.05). This study demonstrates a higher varus in both the HKA and TA. X. in valgus hindfoot and a higher tibia valgus in varus hindfoot. This contradicts the previous assumption that a varus hindfoot is associated with a varus knee or vice versa. In clinical practice, these findings contribute to a better understanding of deformity corrections of both the hindfoot and the knee

To be able to assess the biomechanical and functional effects of ankle injury and disease it is necessary to characterise healthy ankle kinematics. Due to the anatomical complexity of the ankle, it is difficult to accurately measure the Tibiotalar and Subtalar joint angles using traditional marker-based motion capture techniques. Biplane Video X-ray (BVX) is an imaging technique that allows direct measurement of individual bones using high-speed, dynamic X-rays. The objective is to develop an in-vivo protocol for the hindfoot looking at the tibiotalar and subtalar joint during different activities of living. A bespoke raised walkway was manufactured to position the foot and ankle inside the field of view of the BVX system. Three healthy volunteers performed three gait and step-down trials while capturing Biplane Video X-Ray (125Hz, 1.25ms, 80kVp and 160 mA) and underwent MR imaging (Magnetom 3T Prisma, Siemens) which were manually segmented into 3D bone models (Simpleware Scan IP, Synopsis). Bone position and orientation for the Talus, Calcaneus and Tibia were calculated by manual matching of 3D Bone models to X-Rays (DSX Suite, C-Motion, Inc.). Kinematics were calculated using MATLAB (MathWorks, Inc. USA). Pilot results showed that for the subtalar joint there was greater range of motion (ROM) for Inversion and Dorsiflexion angles during stance phase of gait and reduced ROM for Internal Rotation compared with step down. For the tibiotalar joint, Gait had greater inversion and internal rotation ROM and reduced dorsiflexion ROM when compared with step down. The developed protocol successfully calculated the in-vivo kinematics of the tibiotalar and subtalar joints for different dynamic activities of daily living. These pilot results show the different kinematic profiles between two different activities of daily living. Future work will investigate translation kinematics of the two joints to fully characterise healthy kinematics

Fragility ankle fractures are traditionally managed conservatively or with open reduction internal fixation (ORIF). Tibiotalocalcaneal (TTC) fusion is an alternative option for the geriatric patient. This systematic review and meta-analysis provides a detailed analysis of the functional and clinical outcomes of hindfoot nailing for fragility ankle fractures presented so far in the literature. A systematic search was performed on MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science, identifying fourteen studies for inclusion. Studies including patients over 60 with a fragility ankle fracture, treated with TTC nail were included. Patients with a previous fracture of the ipsilateral limb, fibular nails, and pathological fractures were excluded. Subgroup analyses were performed according to (1) open vs closed fractures, (2) immediate post-operative FWB vs post-operative NWB, (3) majority of cohort are diabetics vs minority of cohort are diabetics. Meta-regression analyses were done to explore sources of heterogeneity, and publication bias was assessed using Egger's test. The pooled proportion of superficial infection, deep infection, implant failure, malunion, and all-cause mortality was 0.10 (95%CI:0.06-0.16; I2=44%), 0.08 (95%CI:0.06-0.11, I2=0%), 0.11 (95%CI:0.07-0.15, I2=0%), 0.11 (95%CI:0.06-0.18; I2=51%), and 0.27 (95%CI:0.20-0.34; I2=11%), respectively. The pooled mean post-operative OMAS score was 54.07 (95%CI:48.98-59.16; I2=85%). The best-fitting meta-regression model included age and percentage of male patients as covariates (p=0.0263), and were inversely correlated with higher OMAS scores. Subgroup analyses showed that studies with a majority of diabetics had a higher proportion of implant failure (p=0.0340) and surgical infection (p=0.0096), and a lower chance of returning to pre-injury mobility than studies with a minority of diabetics (p=0.0385). Egger's test (p=0.56) showed no significant publication bias. TTC nailing is an adequate alternative option for fragility ankle fractures. However, current evidence includes mainly case series with inconsistent outcome measures reported and post-operative rehabilitation protocols. Prospective RCTs with long follow-up times and large cohort sizes are needed to clearly guide the use of TTC nailing for ankle fractures

Background. A calcaneal medial osteotomy (CMO) is a surgical procedure frequently performed to correct a valgus alignment of the hindfoot. However currently little is known on its accurate influence on hindfoot alignment (HA). Aim. To assess the influence of a CMO on HA in both 2D and 3D measurements using weightbearing CT (WBCT). Methods. Twelve patients with a mean age of 49,4 years (range 18–67yrs) were prospectively included. Indications for surgical correction by a CMO with a solitary translation of the calcaneus consisted of an adult acquired flat foot stage II (N=10) and a talocalcaneal coalition (N=2). Fixation of the osteotomy was performed either using a step plate or double screw. A WBCT was obtained pre- and post-operative. HA was assessed by an angle between the anatomical tibia axis and the axis connecting the inferior calcaneus point and the middle of the talus in the coronal plane (HA. 2D. ) using Curvebeam® software. The tibia in the HA was separately assessed by the anatomical tibia axis (TA. X 2D. ). The same method was translated in 3D using 3-Matic® software with a Cartesian coordinate system originating in the inferior point of the calcaneus (HA. 3D. and TA. x 3D. ). Results. Both the mean pre-op HA. 2D. =12.8°± 4.5 and HA. 3D. =21.1°± 8.4 of valgus improved significantly post-operatively to a HA. 2D. =4.2°±4.5 and a HA. 3D. =11,9°± 6.1 (P < 0.001). Additionally, the mean pre-op TA. X 2D. = 4°± 2.6 and TA. X 3D. = 7,2 °± 3.2 showed a significant improvement to a TA. X 2D. = 3.1°± 2.7 and a TA. X 3D. = 6.1 °± 3.4 post-operatively (P < 0.05). The inter-rater reliability of the 2D measurement method with a mean ICC. HA2D. =0.74 and a mean ICC. TA2D. = 0.77 showed to be lower when compared to the 3D measurement method with a mean ICC. HA3D. =0.94 and a mean ICC. TA3D. =0.89. Conclusion. This study shows an effective correction of the valgus position from the calcaneus measured both in 2D and 3D when using a surgical CMO. The novelty is the marked influence on the tibia, which could now be accurately assessed using a weightbearing CT and additional 3D measurements. This resulted in 10% of the achieved HA correction, when analyzed both in 2D and 3D. This information could be of use when performing a pre-operative planning of a hindfoot deformity

Varus ankle osteoarthritis (OA) is typically associated with peritalar instability, which may result in altered subtalar joint position. This study aimed to determine the extent to which total ankle replacement (TAR) in varus ankle OA can restore the subtalar position alignment using 3-dimensional semi-automated measurements on WBCT. Fourteen patients (15 ankles, mean age 61) who underwent TAR for varus ankle OA were retrospectively analyzed using semi- automated measurements of the hindfoot based on pre-and postoperative weightbearing WBCT (WBCT) imaging. Eight 3-dimensional angular measurements were obtained to quantify the ankle and subtalar joint alignment. Twenty healthy individuals were served as a control groups and were used for reliability assessments. All ankle and hindfoot angles improved between preoperative and a minimum of 1 year (mean 2.1 years) postoperative and were statistically significant in 6 out of 8 angles (P<0.05). Values The post-op angles were in a similar range to as those of healthy controls were achieved in all measurements and did not demonstrated statistical difference (P>0.05). Our findings indicate that talus repositioning after TAR within the ankle mortise improves restores the subtalar position joint alignment within normal values. These data inform foot and ankle surgeons on the amount of correction at the level of the subtalar joint that can be expected after TAR. This may contribute to improved biomechanics of the hindfoot complex. However, future studies are required to implement these findings in surgical algorithms for TAR in prescence of hindfoot deformity

3D accurate measurements of the skeletal structures of the foot, in physiological and impaired subjects, are now possible using Cone-Beam CT (CBCT) under real-world loading conditions. In detail, this feature allows a more realistic representation of the relative bone-bone interactions of the foot as they occur under patient-specific body weight conditions. In this context, varus/valgus of the hindfoot under altered conditions or the thinning of plantar tissues that occurs with advancing age are among the most complex and interesting to represent, and numerous measurement proposals have been proposed. This study aims to analyze and compare these measurements from CBCT in weight-bearing scans in a clinical population. Sixteen feet of diabetic patients and ten feet with severe adult flatfoot acquired before/after corrective surgery underwent CBCT scans (Carestream, USA) while standing on the leg of interest. Corresponding 3D shapes of each bone of the shank and hindfoot were reconstructed (Materialise, Belgium). Six different techniques found in the literature were used to calculate the varus/valgus deformity, i.e., the inclination of the hindfoot in the frontal plane of the shank, and the distance between the ground and the metatarsal heads was calculated along with different solutions for the identification of possible calcifications. Starting with an accurate 3D reconstruction of the skeletal structures of the foot, a wide range of measurements representing the same angle of hindfoot alignment were found, some of them very different from each other. Interesting correlations were found between metatarsal height and subject age, significant in diabetic feet for the fourth and fifth metatarsal bones. Finally, CBCT allows 3D assessment of foot deformities under loaded conditions. The observed traditional measurement differences and new measurement solutions suggest that clinicians should consider carefully the anatomical and functional concepts underlying measurement techniques when drawing clinical and surgical conclusions

A medializing calcaneal osteotomy (MCO) is one of the key inframalleolar osteotomies to correct progressive collapsing foot deformity (PCFD). While many studies were able to determine the hind- and midfoot alignment after PCFD correction, the subtalar joint remained obscured by superposition on plain radiography. Therefore, we aimed to perform a 3D measurement assessment of the hind- and subtalar joint alignment pre- compared to post-operatively using weightbearing CT (WBCT) imaging. Fifteen patients with a mean age of 44,3 years (range 17-65yrs) were retrospectively analyzed in a pre-post study design. Inclusion criteria consisted of PCFD deformity correct by MCO and imaged by WBCT. Exclusion criteria were patients who had concomitant midfoot fusions or hindfoot coalitions. Image data were used to generate 3D models and compute the hindfoot - and talocalcaneal angle as well as distance maps. Pre-operative radiographic parameters of the hindfoot and subtalar joint alignment improved significantly relative to the post-operative position (HA, MA. Sa. , and MA. Co. ). The post-operative talus showed significant inversion, abduction, and dorsiflexion of the talus (2.79° ±1.72, 1.32° ±1.98, 2.11°±1.47) compared to the pre-operative position. The talus shifted significantly different from 0 in the posterior and superior direction (0.62mm ±0.52 and 0.35mm ±0.32). The distance between the talus and calcaneum at the sinus tarsi increased significantly (0.64mm ±0.44). This study found pre-dominantly changes in the sagittal, axial and coronal plane alignment of the subtalar joint, which corresponded to a decompression of the sinus tarsi. These findings demonstrate the amount of alternation in the subtalar joint alignment that can be expected after MCO. However, further studies are needed to determine at what stage a calcaneal lengthening osteotomy or corrective arthrodesis is indicated to obtain a higher degree of subtalar joint alignment correction

Applications of weightbearing computed tomography (WBCT) imaging in the foot and ankle have emerged over the past decade. However, the potential diagnostic benefits are scattered across the literature, and a concise overview is currently lacking. Therefore, we aimed to systematically review all reported diagnostic applications per anatomical region in the foot and ankle. A systematic literature search was performed in the electronic databases PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. Search terms consisted of “weightbearing/standing CT and ankle, hind-, mid- or forefoot”. English language studies analyzing the diagnostic applications of WBCT were included. Studies were excluded if they simulated weightbearing CT, described normal subjects, included cadaveric samples or samples were case reports. The modified Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies (MINORS) was applied for quality assessment. The added value was defined as the review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and registered in the Prospero database (CRD42019106980). A total of 48 studies (prospective N=8, retrospective N=36, cohort study N=1, diagnostic N=2, prognostic comparative study N=1) were found to be eligible for review. The following diagnostic applications were identified per anatomical area in the foot: ankle (osteoarthritis N=5, ligament injury N=6); hindfoot (deformity N=9); midfoot (Lisfranc injury N=2, flatfoot deformity N=13, osteoarthritis N=1); forefoot (hallux valgus N=12). The identified studies contained diagnostic applications that could not be used on plain radiographs. The mean MINORS equaled 10.1 on a total of 16 (range: 8 to 12). Diagnostic applications of weightbearing CT imaging are most frequently studied in hindfoot deformity, but other area's areas are on the rise. Post-processing of images was identified as the main added value compared to WBRX. However, the findings should be interpreted with caution as the average quality score was moderate. Therefore, future prospective studies are warranted to consolidate the role of WBCT in diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms

Plantar fasciitis (PF) is one of the widespread conditions causing hindfoot pain. The most common presenting symptoms are functional limitation and pain (first step and activity) on plantar surface of the foot. The non-operative treatments provide complete resolution of pain in 90% of patients, but functional limitation still remains as a risk factor for recurrency of PF. Although the number of non-operative treatment options showing efficacy on pain and functional limitation are excessive, the evidences are limited for functional limitation. Additionally, Mulligan mobilization with movement (MMWM) in Chronic Plantar Fasciitis has been poorly studied in the literature. According to these findings, the study was aimed to determine effectiveness of Mulligan mobilization with movement on Chronic Plantar Fasciitis. A total of 25 patients (40 feet) with chronic PF were included in the study. The patients were randomly divided into Mulligan concept rehabilitation group (PF-M, n=20 feet) and Home Rehabilitation group (PF-H, n=20 feet). (MMWM), Foot and ankle exercises program were applied to PF-M, twice a week totally 8 week (16 sessions) and foot- ankle exercises as a home program were given for PF-H, 8 weeks. The range of motion (ROM) for dorsiflexion and plantar flexion was measured by using a manual goniometer. Pain, disability and activity restriction were assessed by Foot Function Index (FFI) . The first step morning pain was evaluated by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Kinesiophobia was also reported by using Tampa Scale (TSK). Patients were evaluated at baseline and 8 weeks. FFI, VAS, TSK, ROM values improved in all groups (intragroup variability) at 8th week (P < .05). The other result indicated that ROM values for DF and PF and TSK scores in PF-M had more significant improvement than PF-H (p<.05). To the best of our knowledge this is the first randomised controlled trial for investigating Mulligan Concept efficiancy on chronic PF. Both Mulligan mobilization with movement (MMWM) and exercise protocols are effective for chronic PF. Furthermore, The Mulligan concept seems more effective treatment option in reducing kinesiophobia and improving functional capacity

Osteoarthritis of the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP1) joint is a common disorder in elderly, resulting in pain and disability. Arthrodesis of this joint shows satisfactory results, with relieve of pain in approximately 85% of the patients. However, the compensation mechanism for loss of motion in the MTP1 joint after MTP1 arthrodesis is unknown. A reduced compensation mechanism of the foot may explain the disappointing result of MTP1 arthrodesis in the remaining 15% of the patients. This study was conducted to elucidate this compensation mechanism. We hypothesize that the ankle and forefoot are responsible for compensation after MTP1 arthrodesis. Gait was evaluated in eight patients with arthrodesis of the MTP1 joint (10 feet) and twelve healthy controls (21 feet) by using a sixteen-camera Vicon-system. The four-segmental, validated Oxford-Foot-Model was used to investigate differences in range of motion of the hindfoot-tibia, forefoot-hindfoot and hallux-forefoot segment during stance. For statistical analysis, the unpaired t-test with Bonferroni correction (p<0.0125) was performed. No differences in spatiotemporal parameters were observed between both groups. In the frontal plane, MTP1 arthrodesis decreased the range of motion in midstance, while an increased range of motion was observed in terminal stance for the hindfoot relative to the tibia in the transversal plane. Subsequently range of motion in the forefoot in preswing was increased. This resulted in less eversion in the hindfoot during midstance, increased internal rotation of the hindfoot during terminal stance and more supination in the forefoot during preswing in the MTP1 arthrodesis group. Motion of the hallux was restricted in the loading response (i.e. plantar flexion) and terminal stance (i.e. dorsiflexion). As hypothesized, both the ankle and the forefoot are responsible for compensation after MTP1 arthrodesis, because arthrodesis causes less eversion and increased internal rotation of the hindfoot and increased supination of the forefoot. As expected, both dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of the hallux was restricted due to arthrodesis. These findings suggest a gait pattern in which the lateral arch of the foot is more loaded and the stiff hallux is avoided during the stance phase of gait. Our results indicate that proper motion of the forefoot and ankle joint is important when considering arthrodesis of the MTP1 joint. Therefore, we emphasize careful assessment the range of motion in the forefoot and ankle joint in the pre-operative situation, since patients with a decreased range of motion in the forefoot and ankle joint have a less functioning compensation mechanism. We currently perform a study to evaluate the strength of the positive correlation between the pre-operative range of motion in the forefoot and ankle joint and the clinical outcome

Compartment syndrome of the foot requires urgent surgical treatment. Currently, there is still no agreement on the number and location of the myofascial compartments of the foot. The aim of this cadaver study was to provide an anatomical basis for surgical decompression in the event of compartment syndrome. We found that there were three tough vertical fascial septae that extended from the hindfoot to the midfoot on the plantar aspect of the foot. These septae separated the posterior half of the foot into three compartments. The medial compartment containing the abductor hallucis was surrounded medially by skin and subcutaneous fat and laterally by the medial septum. The intermediate compartment, containing the flexor digitorum brevis and the quadratus plantae more deeply, was surrounded by the medial septum medially, the intermediate septum laterally and the main plantar aponeurosis on its plantar aspect. The lateral compartment containing the abductor digiti minimi was surrounded medially by the intermediate septum, laterally by the lateral septum and on its plantar aspect by the lateral band of the main plantar aponeurosis. No distinct myofascial compartments exist in the forefoot. Based on our findings, in theory, fasciotomy of the hindfoot compartments through a modified medial incision would be sufficient to decompress the foot

The aim of this study was to evaluate the time of return to play of elite basketball and voleyball players (both grouped together as jumper) with Haglund deformity after surgical resection of the prominence in the postero-superolateral aspect of the calcaneum. Haglund deformity is a prominence in the postero superolateral aspect of the calcaneum, causing a painful bursitis, which may be difficult to treat by non-operative techniques. In this study, we evaluated the duration that is needed to reach a level that a player perform regularly in a competition. This study consists of players operated by the same surgeon with same technique from 2011 to 2019. Twenty eight feet of 22 patients underwent resection of Haglund deformity with lateral approach and the outcome was analysed using AOFAS Ankle-Hind Foot Scale for hindfoot and time to restart a full range regular training was reported. All players received one dose (5–6 cc) platelet rich fibrin to attachement site of Achilles tendon peroperatively just after decompression of prominence. The mean AOFAS score at the follow up was 90/100, at the end of first year and the majority of players returned to play at 4th to 8th month of follow-up. Only two players with deformity of three feet could start to perform after one year. We conclude that minimal invasive approach ostectomy is an effective treatment for players suffering from Haglund deformity and the results were from good to excellent. However, the player should be well informed that the recovery and returning to play can take a longer time than they expect

Syndesmotic ankle injuries are present in one fourth of all ankle trauma and may lead to chronic syndesmotic instability as well as posttraumatic ankle osteoarthritis. The main challenge remains distinguishing them from other types of ankle trauma. Currently, the patient's injured and non-injured ankles are compared using plain radiographs to determine pathology. However, these try to quantify 3D displacement using 2D measurements techniques and it is unknown to what extent the 3D configuration of the normal ankle syndesmosis is symmetrical. We aimed to assess the 3D symmetry of the normal ankle syndesmosis between the right and left side in a non- and weightbearing CT. In this retrospective comparative cohort study, patients with a bilateral non-weightbearing CT (NWBCT; N=28; Mean age=44, SD=17.4) and weight-bearing CT (WBCT; N=33; Mean age=48 years; SD=16.3) were analyzed. Consecutive patients were included between January 2016 and December 2018 when having a bilateral non-weightbearing or weightbearing CT of the foot and ankle. Exclusion criteria were the presence of hindfoot pathology and age less than 18 years or greather than 75 years. CT images were segmented to obtain 3D models. Computer Aided Design (CAD) operations were used to fit the left ankle on top of the right ankle. The outermost point of the apex of the lateral malleolus (AML), anterior tubercle (ATF) and posterior tubercle (PTF) were computed. The difference in the coordinates attached to these anatomical landmarks of the left distal fibula in the ankle syndesmosis with respect to right were used to quantify symmetry. A Cartesian coordinate system was defined based on the tibia to obtain the direction of differences in all six degrees of freedom. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test to allow comparison between measurements from a NWBCT and WBCT. Reference values were determined for each 3D measurement in a NWBCT and WBCT based on their 2SD. The highest difference in translation could be detected in the anterior-posterior direction (Mean AP. NWBCT. = −0.01mm; 2SD=3.43/Mean AP. WBCT. =−0.1mm; 2SD=2.3) and amongst rotations in the external direction (Mean AP. NWBCT. =−0.3°; 2SD=6.7/Mean AP. WBCT. =-0,2°; 2SD=5.2). None of these differences were statistically significant in the normal ankle syndesmosis when obtained from a NWBCT compared to a WBCT (P>0.05). This study provides references values concerning the 3D symmetry of the normal ankle syndesmosis in weightbearing and non-weightbearing CT-scans. These novel data contribute relevantly to previous 2D radiographic quantifications. In clinical practice they will aid in distinguishing if a patient with a syndesmotic ankle lesion differs from normal variance in syndesmotic ankle symmetry

Displaced intraarticular calcaneal fractures are debilitating injuries with significant socioeconomic and psychological effects primarily affecting patients in active age between 30 and 50 years. Recently, minimally and less invasive screw fixation techniques have become popular as alternative to locked plating. The aim of this study was to analyze biomechanically in direct comparison the primary stability of 3 different cannulated screw configurations for fixation of Sanders type II-B intraarticular calcaneal fractures. Fifteen fresh-frozen human cadaveric lower limbs were amputated mid-calf and through the Chopart joint. Following, soft tissues at the lateral foot side were removed, whereas the medial side and Achilles tendon were preserved. Reproducible Sanders type II-B intraarticular fracture patterns were created by means of osteotomies. The proximal tibia end and the anterior-inferior aspect of the calcaneus were then embedded in polymethylmethacrylate. Based on bone mineral density measurements, the specimens were randomized to 3 groups for fixation with 3 different screw configurations using two 6.5 mm and two 4.5 mm cannulated screws. In Group 1, two parallel longitudinal screws entered the tuber calcanei above the Achilles tendon insertion and proceeded to the anterior process, and two transverse screws fixed the posterior facet perpendicular to the fracture line. In Group 2, two parallel screws entered the tuber calcanei below the Achilles tendon insertion, aiming at the anterior process, and two transverse screws fixed the posterior facet. In Group 3, two screws were inserted along the bone axis, entering the tuber calcanei above the Achilles tendon insertion and proceeding to the central-inferior part of the anterior process. In addition, one transverse screw was inserted from lateral to medial for fixation of the posterior facet and one oblique screw – inserted from the posterior-plantar part of the tuber calcanei – supported the posterolateral part of the posterior facet. All specimens were tested in simulated midstance position under progressively increasing cyclic loading at 2 Hz. Starting from 200N, the peak load of each cycle increased at a rate of 0.1 N/cycle. Interfragmentary movements were captured by means of optical motion tracking and triggered mediolateral x-rays. Plantar movement, defined as displacement between the anterior process and the tuber calcanei at the most inferior side was biggest in Group 2 and increased significantly over test cycles in all groups (P = 0.001). Cycles to 2 mm plantar movement were significantly higher in both Group 1 (15847 ± 5250) and Group 3 (13323 ± 4363) compared to Group 2 (4875 ± 3480), P = 0.048. Medial gapping after 2500 cycles was significantly bigger in Group 2 versus Group 3, P = 0.024. No intraarticular displacement was observed in any group during testing. From biomechanical perspective, screw configuration implementing one oblique screw seems to provide sufficient hindfoot stability in Sanders Type II-B intraarticular calcaneal fractures under dynamic loading. Posterior facet support by means of buttress or superiorly inserted longitudinal screws results in less plantar movement between the tuber calcanei and anterior fragments. On the other hand, inferiorly inserted longitudinal screws seem to be associated with bigger interfragmentary movements

A cavovarus foot deformity was simulated in cadaver specimens by inserting metallic wedges of 15° and 30° dorsally into the first tarsometatarsal joint. Sensors in the ankle joint recorded static tibiotalar pressure distribution at physiological load. The peak pressure increased significantly from neutral alignment to the 30° cavus deformity, and the centre of force migrated medially. The anterior migration of the centre of force was significant for both the 15° (repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), p = 0.021) and the 30° (repeated measures ANOVA, p = 0.007) cavus deformity. Differences in ligament laxity did not influence the peak pressure. These findings support the hypothesis that the cavovarus foot deformity causes an increase in anteromedial ankle joint pressure leading to anteromedial arthrosis in the long term, even in the absence of lateral hindfoot instability

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) is regarded as an uncommon clinical complication to orthopaedic surgery. Few have looked into its prevalence in foot and ankle surgery. This is a retrospective cohort study of all patients undergoing foot and ankle surgery, operated on by the foot and ankle team in our department in 2009. The objectives of this study was to determine the prevalence CRPS in these patients post-operatively and to examine the associated factors. 17 patients from 390 (4.4%) were identified as meeting the IASP (International Association for the Study of Pain) criteria for the diagnosis of CRPS. Of these, the majority were female (n = 14, 82.4%) and the average age was 47.2 (SD 9.7). All were elective patients. The majority involved operating on the forefoot (n = 9, 52.9%), followed by the hindfoot and ankle (3 cases each, 17.6%). Most of these patients had new onset CRPS (n = 12, 70.6%), with no previous history of the condition. 3 patients (17.6%) had documented nerve damage and therefore suffered from CRPS Type 2. Blood results were available for 14 (82.4%) patients at a minimum of 3 months post-operatively, and none had elevated inflammatory markers. 5 of the patients (29.4%) were smokers and 8 (47.1%) had a pre-existing diagnosis of anxiety or depression. At present, based on our findings, we recommend that middle-aged women, with a history of anxiety or depression, undergoing elective foot surgery be specifically counselled on the risk of developing CRPS at consenting. We recommend similar studies to be undertaken in other West of Scotland orthopaedic units