We created TiO. 2. nanotubes (TNTs) on the surface of titanium (Ti) implants with subsequential loading with gentamicin and chitosan, acting as a control release agent, by electrophoretic deposition (EPD). We hypothesized femoral implants with TNTs loaded with gentamicin and chitosan would localize antibiotic to the implant and surgical site and prevent PJI in a mouse model. Ti-6Al-4V ELI wires underwent TNT surface modification by two-step anodization. EPD was then used to load gentamicin and chitosan onto the Ti wire with surface TNTs. Control Ti wires contained TNTs with EPD of chitosan only. 12-week-old male C57BL/6J mice underwent received a right femoral intramedullary implant followed by inoculation at the surgical site with 1×10. 3. CFUs of bioluminescent Xen36 Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Mice were randomly divided into two implant groups: 1) Gentamicin + Chitosan Group (n=7; experimental group); 2) Chitosan Group (n=7; control group). Outcomes included: 1) Relative S. aureus abundance by bioluminescence imaging; 2) Quantification of S. aureus at the implant and surrounding tissue by colony forming unit (CFU) analysis; 3) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for implant bacterial biofilm; 4) Radiographic signs of PJI. Over 14 days assessment following wire implantation and inoculation with S. aureus, the experimental group had no evidence of infection based on i) no increased Xen36 S. aureus bioluminescence signal and ii) no CFUs present. All control had increased bioluminescence signal, above baseline, at all time-points and presence of CFUs. Ti femoral implants modified with surface TNTs and coated with gentamicin and chitosan through EPD prevented PJI in all mice through 14 days. In comparison, all control mice demonstrated evidence of PJI over 14 days. Implants with TNTs and EPD of gentamicin were highly effective in this mouse PJI model

Bone cement containing gentamicin may release antibiotic when fractured during revision operations. Tissue samples taken during surgery may be contaminated by gentamicin and give inaccurate microbiological assessment. We studied five patients in whom cement containing gentamicin had been used in the primary procedure. During revision hip replacement, samples of joint fluid, tissues and cement were taken both before and after disruption of the cement. With the exception of one sample of joint fluid, low concentrations of gentamicin were recorded in the samples taken before the cement was disrupted, but after disruption the specimens contained gentamicin at concentrations high enough to inhibit or prevent growth of sensitive organisms. The cement contained very high levels up to ten years after insertion. Our findings suggest that no reliance can be placed on the microbiological assessment of specimens taken once cement splitting has started and that specimens should therefore be taken as early as possible

We performed a randomised, radiostereometric study comparing two different bone cements, one of which has been sparsely clinically documented. Randomisation of 60 total hip replacements (57 patients) into two groups of 30 was undertaken. All the patients were operated on using a cemented Charnley total hip replacement, the only difference between groups being the bone cement used to secure the femoral component. The two cements used were Palamed G and Palacos R with gentamicin. The patients were followed up with repeated clinical and radiostereometric examinations for two years to assess the micromovement of the femoral component and the clinical outcome. The mean subsidence was 0.18 mm and 0.21 mm, and the mean internal rotation was 1.7° and 2.0° at two years for the Palamed G and Palacos R with gentamicin bone cements, respectively. We found no statistically significant differences between the groups. Micromovement occurred between the femoral component and the cement, while the cement mantle was stable inside the bone. The Harris hip score improved from a mean of 38 points (14 to 54) and 36 (10 to 57) pre-operatively to a mean of 92 (77 to 100) and 91 (63 to 100) at two years in the Palamed G and Palacos R groups, respectively. No differences were found between the groups. Both bone cements provided good initial fixation of the femoral component and good clinical results at two years

Introduction. Vancomycin is commonly added to acrylic bone cement during revision arthroplasty surgery. Proprietary cement preparations containing vancomycin are available but significantly more expensive. We investigated whether the antibiotic elution and mechanical strength of ‘home-made’ vancomycin containing bone cement was comparable to commercial vancomycin-impregnated cement. Methods. A total of 18 cement discs of constant size, containing either proprietary CopalG+V. ®. ; or ‘home-made’ CopalR+G. ®. with vancomycin added by hand, were made. Each disc contained the same antibiotic quantities (0.5g gentamycin, 2g vancomycin) and was immersed in ammonium acetate buffer in a sealed container. Fluid from each container was sampled at eight time points over a two week period. The concentration of gentamicin and vancomycin in the fluid was analysed using high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. The impact strength of each PMMA cement preparation was measured using a Charpy-type impact tester. Results. Highest peak antibiotic concentrations were observed from the ‘home-made’ vancomycin containing cement, added as in the operating theatre. Overall antibiotic elution was, five-fold (vancomycin) and two-fold (gentamicin), greater from the ‘home-made’ mix compared to commercially mixed cement. However the ‘home-made’ cements showed greater variation in elution kinetics compared to the commercial mix. Use of a vacuum during mixing had no significant effect on antibiotic elution in any of the samples. Impact strength testing showed no significant differences between the groups. Discussion. Our findings suggest the addition of 2g vancomycin powder to gentamicin-impregnated bone cement in theatre, significantly increases elution of both antibiotics, with no significant loss of strength, compared to commercially prepared cement. Conclusion. We have found no significant advantages of expensive off-the-shelf vancomycin-impregnated bone cement and recommend the addition of vancomycin powder by hand when making cement beads and spacers

Treatment of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) can include local delivery of antibiotics. A frequently used medium is absorbable calcium sulphate beads. The aims of this study were to:. identify how often organisms in infected THRs are sensitive to the added antibiotics. establish the incidence of persistent wound discharge and hypercalcaemia. All patients who received an antibiotic loaded calcium sulphate carrier (Stimulan, Biocomposites, Keele, UK) for either confirmed infection, presumed infection or for prophylaxis between July 2015 and July 2020 were included. Stimulan use was at the discretion of the surgeon, and between 10 and 40cc was used. In the absence of a known organism we routinely used 1g vancomycin and 240mg gentamicin per 10 cc of calcium sulphate. Post-operative sensitivities for all organisms cultured were compared to the antibiotics delivered locally. Persistent wound drainage was defined as discharge beyond the third postoperative day. Patients had serum calcium measured if they developed symptoms consistent with hypercalcaemia (Ca >2.6 mmol/L) or the clinical team felt they were at high risk. 189 patients (mean age 66.9 years, mean BMI 28.9, 85 male, 104 female) were included. 11 patients had a native joint septic arthritis, 42 presented with acute PJI and 136 presented with chronic PJI. 133 patients grew an organism, of which 126 were sensitive to the added antibiotics. Of the seven patients with resistant growth five had vancomycin-resistent Enterococcus, one Pseudomonas and one multi-organism growth including coagulase negative Staphylococcus. 40 patients experienced persistent wound discharge, with eight requiring re-operation. All other cases settled with dressing management. 12 patients developed hypercalcaemia (3/64 10cc, 7/117 20cc, 0/2 30cc and 2/6 40cc). The peak calcium reading ranged between the second and twelfth post-operative day. The addition of vancomycin and gentamicin to absorbable calcium sulphate covers the majority of organisms found in culture positive infection in our cohort. It also appears safe, with an acceptable incidence of hypercalcaemia or wound discharge. Further work is required to identify patients at greatest risk of culturing resistant organisms or delayed wound healing

In 2022, approximately 60% of inserted cups and stems in Sweden utilized cemented fixation. Two predominant brands, Refobacin Bone Cement R and Palacos R+G, both incorporating gentamicin, were employed in over 90% of primary cemented Total Hip Arthroplasties (THAs) between 2012 and 2022. This study investigates whether the choice between these cement types affects the risk of revision. The five most frequently used cemented cups and the three most common stems were studied. Inclusion criteria encompassed hips with non-tumour diagnoses, operated through a direct lateral or posterior incision, featuring a 28–36 mm metal or ceramic head. Outcomes were assessed for cup revisions (n=55,457 Refobacin, 37,210 Palacos), stem revisions (n=51,732 Refobacin, 30,018 Palacos), and all-cemented THAs with either brand (n=45,265 Refobacin, 26,347 Palacos). Kaplan-Meier life tables and hazard ratios (HR) utilizing Cox regression were computed, adjusting for age, sex, diagnosis, implant type, femoral head size, and material. Over a 10-year period, the cumulative percent revision with Refobacin was consistently higher than Palacos in all three analyses (cups: Refobacin 2.4 (2.3–2.5), Palacos 2.1 (2.0–2.2); stems: Refobacin 2.6 (2.5–2.7), Palacos 2.1 (2,0–2,2); all-cemented: Refobacin 3.2 (2.9–3.5), Palacos 2.9 (2.6–3.2)). Both unadjusted and adjusted HR were 13–25% lower with Palacos. In the analysis of all-cemented THAs, the adjusted HR for Palacos was 0.85 (0.76–0.95). Separating revisions into infectious and non-infectious reasons revealed a lower risk of infectious revisions with Palacos in all three analyses (all-cemented: adjusted HR infection 0.66 (0.56–0.78); non-infectious 1.10 (0.94–1.28)). Hips cemented with Refobacin may face an increased risk of infection, potentially due to a smaller release of antibiotics into surrounding tissues. Unaccounted factors like different mixing systems or unknown biases could also influence outcomes, emphasizing the need for further investigation

Introduction. We aim to evaluate the outcome of debridement and implant retention (DAIR) procedures performed for primary total hip prosthetic joint infections (PJI) and to identify factors correlating with a successful outcome. Methods. Patients were identified from theatre records. Electronic and paper notes were reviewed. Results. Fifty-four DAIR procedures for infected, elective, primary total hip replacements were performed between 2010 and 2017. Complete records were available for 44 procedures. There were 22 males and 22 females. Mean age was 71 (38–89) years. Mean follow-up was 21.6 (2–52) months. Ninety-one percent of DAIRs were performed for exogenous infections. Procedures were performed on average 23 days from the primary procedure in exogenous infections and 11 days from onset of symptoms in haematogenous infections. Nine of 40 cases for exogenous infection were performed more than 28 days from the primary procedure. The procedure resulted in a successful outcome in 34 cases (77%). There was no significant difference in the time to DAIR from the primary procedure comparing successful and unsuccessful cases. A successful outcome was associated with changing the femoral head, the procedure being performed by a revision hip surgeon, not inserting gentamicin impregnated fleece, and positive identification of the infecting organism. Discussion. Prompt treatment with DAIR of suspected primary hip PJI can result in a high rate of successful outcome. The femoral head should always be exchanged and a delay to DAIR is preferable to the procedure being performed by a surgeon who does not routinely perform revision hip surgery

Aims

The duration of systemic antibiotic treatment following first-stage revision surgery for periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) after total hip arthroplasty (THA) is contentious. Our philosophy is to perform an aggressive debridement, and to use a high local concentration of targeted antibiotics in cement beads and systemic prophylactic antibiotics alone. The aim of this study was to assess the success of this philosophy in the management of PJI of the hip using our two-stage protocol.

Introduction. The Opera acetabular component (Smith & Nephew Ltd) shares many same design features with the Ogee (Depuy Int.). Differences are a malleable flange, instrumentation designed to improve cement pressurisation and the specifics of the UHMW-poly used. Methods. Data was collected prospectively on 419 consecutive replacements (390 patients), performed between March 2000 and February 2005. A posterior approach was used, and the acetabulum was prepared with multiple key holes. Palacos-R bone cement containing Gentamicin was used with a cement pressuriser. Results. There were 243 Operas (221 patients) and 176 Ogees (169 patients). There were 262 in female patients (62.5%) and age at surgery averaged 68.3yrs (25–92). Average follow-up of surviving patients was 185 months (165 – 225). Acetabular abduction angle in both groups averaged 46° (25–65). Opera group: 27 (11.1%) acetabular components loosened aseptically, all associated with rapid wear. 16 (6.6%) acetabular components were revised (15 (6.2%) - aseptic loosening and 1 late infection. At 10 years 85% were graded Hodgkinson 0 or 1. Six femoral implants loosened (2.5%), 2 of which have been revised. Ogee group: 3 acetabular components (1.7%) were revised (2 - aseptic loosening (1.1%) and 1 for recurrent dislocation). None are currently loose. At 10 years 99% were graded Hodgkinson 0 or 1. There was no femoral loosening. Conclusions. In the Opera group aseptic acetabular loosening (11.1% v 1.1%), acetabular revision for aseptic loosening (6.2 v 1.1%), aseptic femoral loosening (2.5% v 0) and Hodgkinson grading > 1 at 10 years (15% v 1%) were more common and associated with rapid wear. This must be attributable to poorer wear properties of the UHMW-poly of the Opera implant and patients with these components require regular surveillance to detect loosening

Introduction. Metal alloys have been commonly used for surgical applications due to their suitable mechanical characteristics and relatively good biocompatibility. However, direct cellular corrosion of orthopaedic implants remains a controversial topic and is still not fully understood. This study aims to examine a possible aspect of this corrosion mechanism by determining if macrophages can attach and directly affect the surfaces of 316L stainless steel, Ti6Al4V, and CoCrMo by releasing components of the alloy oxide layer. Methods. IC-21 ATCC peritoneal macrophages were cultured with growth medium of RPMI 1640 with 10%FBS, L-glutamine, and gentamicin. Interferon Gamma (IFNy) and Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were used to induce activation of macrophages. Stainless Steel, CoCr, and Titanium disks cut, polished, and placed into a 96 well plate. Stainless steel testing included 6 groups: standard medium, 20,000 cells, 40,000 cells, 20,000 activated cells, 40,000 activated cells. CoCr and Ti testing included the following: medium, 40,000 cells, 20,000 activated cells, cells, no disk + 20,000 cells, no disk + 40,000 cells. After cells were attached to the surface, culture media was replaced and collected every 24 hours for stainless steel and every 12 hours for Ti and CoCr. ICP-MS, conducted at Brooks Applied Labs (Bothell, WA), was used to determine metal concentrations found in the supernatant. Results. A Kurskal-Wallis test and Tukey test were used to compare the groups in Table 2 (medium only, IFNy/LPS 20K, medium 20K cells, medium 40K cells). On stainless steel, both non-activated and activated cell groups were shown to have a statistically significant increase in metal ion release for Cr, Fe, and Ni (p<0.05) compared to medium only. On Ti, there was a significant increase in Al (<0.001) and decrease in V (p=0.003) among all groups compared to medium. No differences were seen among disk groups on CoCr. No difference was seen among activated and non-activated cells placed on all three types of disks. Discussion. This study was successful in showing that macrophages are capable of affecting the oxide layer of stainless steel and Ti by releasing more components of the oxide surface within 30 days. A significant increase in Cr, Fe, and Ni ion release was realized when cells were cultured on the surface of stainless steel disks for 30 days. A previous study, also involving 316L stainless steel, has shown that osteoclasts cause a greater increase in Cr compared to Ni under similar conditions. Our results show that macrophages lead to a greater increase of Ni ions compared to Cr. This suggest that various cell types may effectively change metal ion release profiles in different ways. Surprisingly, V content decreased when cells were attached to Ti disks, possibly indicating uptake of the V particles into the cells instead of release into the supernatant. No differences where seen among CoCr disk groups, therefore we cannot determine if corrosion is occurring during the 30 period. To get a more accurate representation a longer testing time may be necessary. For any tables or figures, please contact the authors directly

Aims

Dislocation remains a leading cause of failure following revision total hip arthroplasty (THA). While dual-mobility (DM) bearings have been shown to mitigate this risk, options are limited when retaining or implanting an uncemented shell without modular DM options. In these circumstances, a monoblock DM cup, designed for cementing, can be cemented into an uncemented acetabular shell. The goal of this study was to describe the implant survival, complications, and radiological outcomes of this construct.

Aims

This study aimed to assess the carbon footprint associated with total hip arthroplasty (THA) in a UK hospital setting, considering various components within the operating theatre. The primary objective was to identify actionable areas for reducing carbon emissions and promoting sustainable orthopaedic practices.

Aims

The aim of the HIPGEN consortium is to develop the first cell therapy product for hip fracture patients using PLacental-eXpanded (PLX-PAD) stromal cells.

The Morscher-Spotorno (MS-30) femoral stem is a stainless-steel, straight, three-dimensionally tapered, collarless implant for cemented fixation in total hip replacement. We report the results at ten years of a consecutive series of 124 total hip replacements in 121 patients with the matt-surfaced MS-30 stem and an alumina ceramic head of 28-mm diameter. All the stems were fixed with Palacos bone cement with gentamicin using a modern cementing technique. They were combined with an uncemented, press-fit cup. The mean period of observation was 10.2 years (8.3 to 12.1) and no patient was lost to follow-up. Twenty-seven patients (22%) died with the implant in situ. Nine could only be interviewed by telephone. We included 85 patients with 88 hips in the clinical and radiological follow-up examinations. None of the stems or cups had been revised. The Harris hip score was excellent or good in 97% (85 hips) and moderate in 3% (three hips). Radiologically, six hips (6.8%) had osteolysis adjacent to the stem, mostly in Gruen zone 7. Twenty (22.7%) showed one or more radiolucent lines. Twenty-two stems (25%) had subsided by 2 mm to 5 mm. In these cases two showed osteolysis (9.1%) with subsidence and four without (6.1%). Radiolucent lines were seen in seven with migration (31.8%) and in 13 without (19.7%). No infections and no acetabular osteolysis were observed. The clinical results were excellent with survivorship after ten years of 100% and only a slightly statistically non-significant higher rate of osteolysis and radiolucency in cases of subsidence

Aims

One-stage revision hip arthroplasty for periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) has several advantages; however, resection of the proximal femur might be necessary to achieve higher success rates. We investigated the risk factors for resection and re-revisions, and assessed complications and subsequent re-revisions.

Aims

Bone stock restoration of acetabular bone defects using impaction bone grafting (IBG) in total hip arthroplasty may facilitate future re-revision in the event of failure of the reconstruction. We hypothesized that the acetabular bone defect during re-revision surgery after IBG was smaller than during the previous revision surgery. The clinical and radiological results of re-revisions with repeated use of IBG were also analyzed.

Aims

The aim of this study was to investigate whether the use of antibiotic-loaded bone cement influenced the risk of revision surgery after primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) for osteoarthritis.

Aims

This study aimed to determine if macrophages can attach and directly affect the oxide layers of 316L stainless steel, titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V), and cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloy (CoCrMo) by releasing components of these alloys.

Aims

The increasing infection burden after total hip arthroplasty (THA) has seen a rise in the use of two-stage exchange arthroplasty and the use of increasingly powerful antibiotics at the time of this procedure. As a result, there has been an increase in the number of failed two-stage revisions during the past decade. The aim of this study was to clarify the outcome of repeat two-stage revision THA following a failed two-stage exchange due to recurrent prosthetic joint infection (PJI).

Aims

We studied the impact of direct anterior (DA) versus non-anterior (NA) surgical approaches on prosthetic joint infection (PJI), and examined the impact of new perioperative protocols on PJI rates following all surgical approaches at a single institution.